Module 5: Early Childhood (Part 2)

_________________ involves the ability to recognize a potential behavior before it occurs and stop the initiation of behaviors that could result in undesired consequences.

Response inhibition

What is a "pal" parent?

The permissive parent who wants to be their child's friend.

Define: Gender constancy

The understanding that superficial changes do not mean that gender has actually changed.

The anal stage begins (when?) and lasts until the child is (how old?). During the anal stage, Freud believed that the __________ source previously shifted from where to where?

around 18 months of age three years old libido the mouth to the anus

Parenting styles tend to become more (authoritative/authoritarian) when parents are tired and perhaps more (authoritative/authoritarian) when they are more energetic.

authoritarian authoritative

Define: Athletic coach style of parenting

These parents help their children understand what needs to happen in certain situations (whether in friendships, school, or home life) and encourages and advises children about how to manage these situations. These parents do not intervene or do things for their children.

How do children acquire the appropriate gender roles?

Through socialization

A child around 2 years of age selfishly engages in the world with the goal to please the him/herself, but as the child learns through social experiences, by the age of 6 the child learns how to?

To empathize with others, make friends, and navigate the social sphere

Why do children compare themselves to others?

To understand what they are "good at" and what they are not as good at.

__________ stress comes from adverse experiences that are more intense in nature but short-lived and can usually be overcome.

Tolerable

________ stress is one that exceeds a child's ability to cope, especially in the absence of supportive caregiving from adults.

Toxic

___________ stress is an extreme, long-lasting stress in the absence of supportive relationships to buffer the effects of a heightened stress response can produce damage and weakening of bodily and brain systems, which can lead to diminished physical and mental health throughout a person's lifetime.

Toxic

(T/F): Another problem with punishment is that when a person focuses on punishment, they may find it hard to see what the other does right or well. Punishment is stigmatizing; when punished, some people start to see themselves as bad and give up trying to change.

True

(T/F): Children may go through a range of experiences that classify as psychological trauma, these might include neglect, abandonment, sexual abuse, physical abuse, parent or sibling treated violently, separation or incarceration of parents, or having a parent with a mental illness. These events have profound psychological, physiological, and sociological impacts and can have negative, lasting effects on health and well-being.

True

(T/F): Early childhood is a time of forming an initial sense of self.

True

(T/F): Positive reinforcement is an extremely effective learning tool, but it can also be counterproductive in certain situations.

True

(T/F): The best advice for parents is to try not to take the child's actions personally, and be as objective as possible.

True

(T/F): With chronic toxic stress, children undergo long term hyper-arousal of brain stem activity. This includes an increase in heart rate, blood pressure, and arousal states.

True

(T/F): Working class parents are more likely than middle-class parents to focus on obedience and honesty when raising their children.

True

What is the initial stage of when we are considering how people view us (socialized self)?

"Taking the role of the significant other"

There is another parenting model created by Lemasters and Defrain. What does their parenting model say?

(It looks at the motivations of the parent) It says that parenting styles are often designed to meet the psychological needs of the parent rather than the developmental needs of the child.

(T/F): Often, punished behavior doesn't really go away. It is just suppressed and may reoccur whenever the threat of punishment is removed.

True EX 1: A child may not cuss around you because you've washed his mouth out with soap, but he may cuss around his friends. EX 2: A motorist may only slow down when the trooper is on the side of the freeway.

(T/F): Traumatic experiences during childhood are a root cause of many social, emotional, and cognitive impairments.

True They can lead to an increased risk of unhealthy self-destructive behaviors, risk of violence or re-victimization, chronic health conditions, low life potential, and premature mortality.

Of the 3 Baumrind Parenting Styles, which one does this describe? Parents who are disengaged from their children.

Uninvolved parenting

Of the 3 Baumrind Parenting Styles, which one does this describe? Parents who do not make demands on their children and are non-responsive to them.

Uninvolved parenting

Of the 3 Baumrind Parenting Styles, which one does this describe? These children can suffer in school and in their relationships with their peers.

Uninvolved parenting

What type of childhood play is the following example? A child who is playing and just observing. A child may be standing in one spot or performing random movements.

Unoccupied play

How was the ability to delay gratification was traditionally assessed in young children?

Via the "Marshmallow Test"

What is food insecurity?

When a family has limited or uncertain availability of safe, nutritious food.

When does the "me" or the socialized self begin?

When we are able to consider how one important person views us.

Where did Charles Cooley suggest that our self-concept comes from? What is this process called?

When we look at how others respond to us. The looking-glass self

What is the most effective behaviorism model to teach a person or animal a new behavior?

With positive reinforcement.

(Working/Middle) class parents are rewarded for being obedient, reliable, and honest in their jobs, so they reward honesty and obedience in their children.

Working

(Working/Middle) class parents are rewarded for being obedient, reliable, and honest in their jobs. They are not paid to be independent or to question the management.

Working

Do Chodorow and Freudian's models have common grounds? How

Yes because both models assume that early childhood experiences result in lifelong gender self-concepts. EVEN THOUGH... gender socialization is a process that continues throughout life.

After forming an initial self-concept, we may use our existing self-concept as ____________________ out those responses that do not seem to fit our ideas of who we are.

a mental filter screening

(Boys/Girls) are encouraged to think for themselves when they encounter problems, and (boys/girls) are more likely to be given assistance even when they are working on an answer.

boys; girls

With positive reinforcement, we must provide appropriate reinforcement, and be careful to ensure that the reinforcement (does/does not) undermine intrinsic motivation.

does not

Tammy is playing blocks with a friend when she suddenly reaches for one of her friend's blocks and takes it. Right after she does this, Tammy says out loud in a scolding voice, "don't take from others without asking". According to Mead, what part of self is Tammy developing here? A. Us B. You C. Me D. I

C. Me Tammy sees herself in her caregiver's eyes. Maybe there was an incident when Tammy took from others and the caregiver sclded her. So when Tammy realized that she was doing the same thing, she reiterrated what her caregiver said as she saw herself in her caregiver's eyes.

Which one of Lemasters and Defrain's Parenting Model does this scenario describe? This parent helps the child understand what needs to happen in certain situations whether in friendships, school, or home life and encourages and advises the child about how to manage these situations. The parent does not intervene or do things for the child; the parent's role is to provide guidance while the child learns first hand how to handle these situations.

Athletic coach style of parenting

Which one of Lemasters and Defrain's Parenting Model is considered the best form of parenting?

Athletic coach style of parenting

Of the 3 Baumrind Parenting Styles, which one does this describe? Children reared in this way may fear rather than respect their parents and, because their parents do not allow discussion, may take out their frustrations on safer targets - perhaps as bullies toward peers.

Authoritarian parenting

Of the 3 Baumrind Parenting Styles, which one does this describe? Parents make the rules and children are expected to be obedient.

Authoritarian parenting

Of the 3 Baumrind Parenting Styles, which one does this describe? These parents tend to place maturity demands on their children that are unreasonably high and tend to be aloof and distant.

Authoritarian parenting

Parents who are both warm and responsive while still maintaining a high level of control are displaying what kind of parenting style?

Authoritative

Of the 3 Baumrind Parenting Styles, which one does this describe? A popular parenting program that is offered in many school districts is called "Love and Logic" and reflects the democratic style of parenting just described.

Authoritative parenting

Of the 3 Baumrind Parenting Styles, which one does this describe? Parents allow negotiation where appropriate and discipline matches the severity of the offense.

Authoritative parenting

Of the 3 Baumrind Parenting Styles, which one does this describe? This parenting involves being appropriately strict, reasonable, and affectionate.

Authoritative parenting

Of the 3 Baumrind Parenting Styles, which one is the traditional model of parenting?

Authoritative parenting

This helps the child to structure pretend play into a story and to utilize cause-and-effect thinking. A. Fantasy B. Organization D. Comfort

B. Organization

For as long as Alessandro can remember his parents have been constantly arguing, often ignore him and his siblings for long periods of time, and he often does not get enough to eat. What sort of stress is Alessandro likely suffering from? A. Stressors B. Toxic Stress C. Tolerable stress D. Eustress

B. Toxic Stress

Ralphie and Braya are playing at the beach. Ralphie wants Braya to play with him, but she is picking up seashell. Ralphie starts yelling "Braya, play! Braya, play!" He continues to yell until Braya comes over to play with him. Which type of conditioning is Ralphie using to increase Braya's time playing with him? A. pos. reinforcement B. neg. reinforcement C. neg. punishment D. pos. punishment

B. neg. reinforcement

According to Freud, a person who does not exhibit the appropriate gender behavior (such as a woman who competes with men for jobs or a man who lacks self-assurance and dominance) will? This person will continue to struggle with his or her own ___________ as an adult.

Be stuck in this stage because they have not successfully completed this stage of development. gender identity

Freud theorized about parental introjection, where children learn that parents seem pleased by certain behaviors, so the child wants to do what? And displeased by other behaviors, so the child wants to do what?

Behave more to get rewards and love. Act out less to avoid punishment and loss of love.

How did George Herbert Mead explain how we develop a social sense of self?

By being able to see ourselves through the eyes of others

How are we able to develop a sense of self?

By having interaction with others.

Four-year-old Carmen is at the checkout counter with her mother. She sees a candy bar that she really wants. When her mother isn't looking, she grabs one, opens it, and takes a bite from it. Her mother notices the chocolate on her face as they are leaving and asks Carmen where she got chocolate. Carmen happily shows her mom the chocolate bar. Carmen's mom tells her that she should not steal and tells Carmen that she is now in trouble. Carmen never steals again. According to Freud, why would Carmen never steal again? A. Carmen is now afraid of her mother. B. Carmen now understands that stealing is morally wrong. C. Carmen sees that her mother's reaction is negative, and through parental introjection, Carmen incorporates the idea that stealing is bad into her value system so that she will not lose the love from her mother. D. Carmen's Electra Complex will drive her avoidance of stealing in the future.

C. Carmen sees that her mother's reaction is negative, and through parental introjection, Carmen incorporates the idea that stealing is bad into her value system so that she will not lose the love from her mother.

Delia is trying to help two-year-old Simon understand that he should eat his cereal and not throw his cereal to the ground. When she first gives Simon his cereal, before he has had a chance to really throw it, Delia tells Simon, "Simon, I like the way you are eating your cereal!" What type of conditioning is Delia using to help Simon learn? A. Classical conditioning B. Punishment conditioning C. Operant conditioning D. Social - cognitive conditioning

C. Operant conditioning

Ferdinando and Phylis decide to sit Lornia in time out each time she throws sand. They believe this will teach Lornia to stop throwing sand. What type of operant conditioning are they using? A. pos. reinforcement B. neg. reinforcement C. neg. punishment D. pos. punishment

C. neg. punishment

Ferdinando and Phylis are taking their child, Lornia, to the beach. To their dismay, Lornia has a bad habit of throwing sand at the beach. They would like to devise a plan to teach Lornia to stop throwing sand. Using operant conditioning, which of the following principles could be applied? A. pos. reinforcement B. neg. reinforcement C. neg. punishment D. pos. punishment

C. neg. punishment D. pos. punishment

Who believed that mothering promotes gender stereotypic behavior? What this person a Freudian or a neo-Freudian?

Chodorow non-Freudian

A classic study on social class and parenting styles called ________ was conducted by _______ to explain that parents tend to emphasize qualities that are needed for (what?) when parenting their children.

Class and Conformity Kohn their own survival

What type of childhood play is the following example? A child engaging in dramatic play activities with roles, like playing school, or a game with rules, such as freeze tag.

Cooperative play

What type of childhood play is the following example? A child who is interested both in the people playing and in the activity they are doing. The activity is organized, and participants have assigned roles. There is also increased self-identification with a group, and a group identity may emerge.

Cooperative play This is more common toward the end of the early childhood stage.

The Love and Logic approach emphasizes the importance of providing loving support while helping children learn to be respectful and responsible. Which parenting style is similar to the Love and Logic approach? A. Permissive B. Uninvolved C. Authoritarian D. Authoritative

D. Authoritative

This is used to assess the ease and pleasure in the engagement in play. A. Fantasy B. Organization D. Comfort

D. Comfort

One of the most important factors to consider in choosing a daycare is A. The number of toys available B. The location C. Whether or not the workers have college degrees D. The student to teacher ratio

D. The student to teacher ratio

Lornia has been in time out three times today for throwing sand. Her parents decide to pop her hand each time she throws sand. They hope that adding this adverse stimulus will teacher her to stop throwing sand. What form of operant conditioning are they using? A. pos. reinforcement B. neg. reinforcement C. neg. punishment D. pos. punishment

D. pos. punishment

______________________ refers to the process of forgoing immediate or short-term rewards to achieve more valuable goals in the longer term.

Delayed gratification

Based on Chodorow's idea of how mothering should be when raising girls? What was the result of this type of mothering?

Girls are kept dependent too long and are given unnecessary and unwelcome assistance from their mothers. Girls learn to underestimate their abilities and lack assertiveness but feel comfortable with intimacy.

Johann is five years old and even though he really struggles with shoe tying, he rejects help from his parents. According to Erikson, Johann does this because?

Johann is exploring his autonomy.

What is "the looking-glass self"?

Looking at how others seem to view us and interpreting this as we make judgments about whether we are good or bad, strong or weak, beautiful or ugly, and so on.

Of the 3 Baumrind Parenting Styles, which one does this describe? Children are allowed to make their own rules and determine their own activities.

Permissive parenting

Of the 3 Baumrind Parenting Styles, which one does this describe? Children may fail to learn self-discipline and may feel somewhat insecure because they do not know the limits.

Permissive parenting

Of the 3 Baumrind Parenting Styles, which one does this describe? Parents are warm and communicative but provide little structure for their children.

Permissive parenting

Of the 3 Baumrind Parenting Styles, which one does this describe? This parenting involves being a friend to a child rather than an authority figure.

Permissive parenting

________ stress arises from brief, mild to moderate stressful experiences, buffered by the presence of a caring adult who can help the child cope with the stressor. This type of stress causes a minor increase in heart rate and a change in hormone cortisol levels.

Positive

What operant conditioning (behaviorism) is the following? Adding something in order to decrease the likelihood that a behavior will occur again in the future.

Positive punishment

What operant conditioning (behaviorism) is the following? Spanking a child, or even receiving a speeding ticket.

Positive punishment

_____________ stress (also called _____________) is necessary and promotes resilience, or the ability to function competently under threat.

Positive; eustress

Based on Chodorow's idea of how mothering should be when raising boys? What was the result of this type of mothering?

Push their sons away too soon and direct their attention toward problem-solving and independence. Sons grew up confident in their own abilities but uncomfortable with intimacy.

(Reinforcers/Punishers) are used to encourage behavior; (reinforcers/punishers) are used to stop the behavior.

Reinforcers; punishers

When we are more self-conscious (whether it may be because of a new school, new job, or are taking on a new role in our personal live) we tend to use _______________- to help see ourselves in others eyes and gauge our own performance.

looking-glass self

If the brain is exposed to long periods of severe stress, it can develop a ______ threshold, making a child hypersensitive to stress in the future.

low

Children with a (lower/higher) tolerance for stressors are more susceptible to alarm and find a broader array of events to be stressful. These children often experience what type of stress?

lower; chronic or toxic stress

Which one of Lemasters and Defrain's Parenting Model does this scenario describe? A parent's good deeds may be used later if the parent needs to "manipulate" the child and appeal too the child's guilt if the child does not want to perform the request.

martyr

Households with children are (less/more) at risk for food insecurity.

more

The younger the children, the (less/more) teachers required for a given number of children.

more

The lower the teacher to child ratio, the (less/more) time the teacher has for involvement with the children and the (less/more) stressed the teacher may be so that the interactions can be more relaxed, stimulating and positive.

more; less

Which one of Lemasters and Defrain's Parenting Model does this scenario describe? Parents giving the child tasks that are really designed to check on their level of obedience.

police officer/drill sergeant

Which one of Lemasters and Defrain's Parenting Model does this scenario describe? Similar to the authoritarian parent from Baumrind's model.

police officer/drill sergeant

Which one of Lemasters and Defrain's Parenting Model does this scenario describe? A type of parent that has a difficult time allowing the child to grow and learn to make decisions independently.

police officer/drill sergeant (The child may have a lot of resentment toward the parent that is displaced on others.)

The first day of school, a family wedding or making new friends are all examples of ___________ stressors.

positive

This ability to delay gratification in young children has been shown to predict many (positive/negative) outcomes.

positive

What operant conditioning (behaviorism) is the following? A stimulus is added to the situation to increase a behavior

positive reinforcement

What operant conditioning (behaviorism) is the following? Offering dessert after dinner, praising children for cleaning their room or completing some work, offering a toy at the end of a successful piano recital, or earning more time for recess.

positive reinforcement

Stress hormones can do what to the immunity of diseases?

reduce immunity

High levels of the stress hormone cortisol can do what to the hippocampus and effect a child's memory abilities?

reduce the size

Adults who are anal (expulsive/retentive) tend to be stubborn, very neat, rigid, and stingy.

retentive

Harsh parents will make children in the anal stage become anal (expulsive/retentive).

retentive

Preschoolers often like to exaggerate their own qualities or to ______________ as the biggest or smartest or child who can jump the highest.

seek validation

As the child grows and is exposed to many situations and rules of culture, he begins to view the self in the eyes of many others through these cultural norms or rules. This is referred to as "____________________" and results in a sense of self with many dimensions (i.e. sense of self as a student, as a friend, as a son, etc.)

taking the role of the generalized other

Which one of Lemasters and Defrain's Parenting Model does this scenario describe? Children get more of a sense of pride from assessing their own performance than from having others praise their efforts.

teacher-counselor parenting

Which one of Lemasters and Defrain's Parenting Model does this scenario describe? Parent decides to help the child build self-esteem and has read that telling the child how special he or she is or how important it is to compliment the child on a job well done

teacher-counselor parenting

What is one very important consideration when determining the quality of child care?

teacher:child

The effects of stress in a child can be minimized if what?

the child has the support of caring adults.

Family disruptions, accidents or the death of a loved one are all examples of ___________ stressors.

tolerable

The body's stress response to __________ stress is more intensely activated due to severe stressors; however, the response is still adaptive and temporary.

tolerable

Exposure to ________ stress can result in the stress response system becoming more highly sensitized to stressful events, producing increased wear and tear on physical systems through over-activation of the body's stress response. This wear and tear increases the later risk of various physical and mental illnesses.

toxic

What type of childhood play is the following example? A child who is interested in the people playing but not in coordinating their activities with those people, or when there is no organized activity at all. There is a substantial amount of interaction involved, but the activities are not in sync.

Associative play

Stress is encountered in four different stages, what are they?

1. Alarm 2. Find meaning from the event 3. Seeking out coping strategies 4. Execute one of the Coping strategies

What are Baumrind's 3 Parenting Styles?

1. Authoritarian Parenting 2. Permissive Parenting 3. Authoritative Parenting

What 2 interactionist theorists offered two interesting explanations of how a sense of self develops?

1. Charles Cooley 2. George Herbert Mead

Early childhood play can be understood by observing what 3 elements?

1. Fantasy 2. Organization 3. Comfort

Parental reactions during potty training may set-up their child to react in one of two ways. What are the 2 ways?

1. Harsh Parents - Parents who are harsh or who ridicule the child for mistakes may have children who stubbornly hold on to their feces in an effort to not have an accident. 2. Easy-going Parents -Parents who are too easy going may have a child who reacts by purposefully making a mess.

How do children learn that they have their own limits?

1. Learning that other people have capabilities as well 2. The child's own capabilities may differ from those of other people

Researchers have proposed that there are 3 distinct types of responses to stress in young children. What are they?

1. Positive stress 2. Tolerable stress 3. Toxic stress

One important aspect of self-concept is how we understand our ability to exhibit what 2 things?

1. Self-control 2. Delay gratification

What are the 2 parts of the self that Mead came up with?

1. The "I" 2. The "me"

What are the 2 problems with the teacher-counselor parenting style?

1. The parent feeling that it is their fault/responsible for the child behavior. - (Parents can certainly influence children, but thinking this is faulty. A parent can only do so much and can never have full control over the child.) 2. It may give child an unrealistic sense of the world and what can be expected from others. - (A child may come to expect that all of his efforts warrant praise (because his parent does this) and in the real world, this is not something one can expect.)

Mildred Parten Newhall observed American children at free play and recognized 6 different types of play, what are they?

1. Unoccupied play 2. Solitary (independent) play 3. Onlooker play 4. Parallel play 5. Associative play 6. Cooperative play

A _______-year-old does not have a good grasp on their emotions, but by the time a child is _______, they understand their emotions better.

2 6

The phallic stage of psychosexual development occurs from ages _____ to ______.

3 to 6

What is a "teacher-counselor" parent?

A parent who pays a lot of attention to expert advice on parenting and who believes that as long as all of the steps are followed, the parent can rear a perfect child.

What is a "martyr" parent?

A parent who will do anything for the child, even tasks that the child should do for himself or herself.

Define: Introjection

A process Freud described where children incorporate values from others into their value set.

Define: Socialization

A process in which people learn to behave in a particular way as dictated by societal values, beliefs, and attitudes.

What is "Stages of play"?

A theory and classification of participation in play

Which scenario depicts an athletic coach parenting style? A. "Dinner was at six o'clock." B. "You know dinner was at six. If you expect me to get up and make something for you now, you have got another thing coming! You're grounded until further notice!"

A. "Dinner was at six o'clock."

An essential behavior the child engages in during pretend play. A. Fantasy B. Organization D. Comfort

A. Fantasy

Studies have shown that children will most likely choose to play with: A. Gender appropriate toys B. Cross-gender toys Why?

A. Gender appropriate toys Because parents give children positive feedback (in the form of praise, involvement, and physical closeness) for gender normative behavior.

Four-year-old Amy is playing with a truck. Which of the following is NOT likely to be true? A. The other children are probably making fun of Amy. B. The adults around are likely fine with Amy's behavior. C. The other children are likely fine with Amy's behavior. D. Amy is probably using gender stereotyes.

A. The other children are probably making fun of Amy.

Ralphie and Braya's parents are happy that their children are playing together. They want to increase the likelihood that Ralphie and Braya will play together in the future. Which types of operant conditioning could Ralphie and Braya's parents use to increase the amount of time their children play together? A. pos. reinforcement B. neg. reinforcement C. neg. punishment D. pos. punishment

A. pos. reinforcement B. neg. reinforcement

Define: Superhero paraphernalia

Active toys that promote motor skills, aggression, and solitary play.

What is childhood trauma referred to as?

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)

The parents of 3 year old Tristan took him to the toy store. While there, he wanted to buy a Barbie. Which of the following would be the best parental response to the situation if Tristan's parents wanted him to do less gender stereotyping as he grew older?

Allow Tristan to purchase the Barbie

At what stage in Freud's theory does a child understand that they have some amount of control over their lives?

Anal stage

Describe the "Marshmallow Test."

During this experiment, participants were presented with a marshmallow (or another small treat) and were given a choice to eat it or wait for a certain period of time without eating it, so that they could eventually have two marshmallows.

Raising a child to be independent is very important in collectivistic cultures or in an economy based culture?

Economy based culture

(T/F): Sons are often given dolls and dress-up apparel that foster nurturing, social proximity, and role play.

False daughters

(T/F): Girls may have a harder time breaking gender norms than boys do.

False; boys may have a harder time

(T/F): When we feel more sure of who we are, we focus less on how we appear to others and engage more in "looking-glass self".

False; engage less

(T/F): Boys are discouraged from showing off and may learn to minimize their accomplishments as a result.

False; girls

(T/F): The schedule of reinforcement does not have an impact on how long a behavior continues after reinforcement is discontinued.

False; it does have an impact

(T/F): It is good to know that the lack of proper nutrition is not a cause of stress on the body in general.

False; it is a cause of stress on the body because children who are undernourished may have physical developmental delays.

(T/F): Parenting is less difficult when you are tired and have psychological needs that interfere with the relationship.

False; more difficult

(T/F): Young children are capable of understanding their own limits.

False; they are not capable until middle childhood

(T/F): Parents typically supply girls with trucks, toy guns, and superhero paraphernalia.

False; they supply boys not girls

(T/F): We are always correct with our interpretation of other people's responses to how they view us.

False; we do not always interpret their responses accurately so our self-concept is not simply a "mirror reflection" of the views of others.

___________ is the process of make-believe.

Fantasy

______________________ is a result of the ways in which parents, teachers, friends, schools, religious institutions, media, and others send messages about what is acceptable or desirable behavior for males or females.

Gender role socialization

(Working/Middle) class parents are required to get the job done without being told exactly what to do. They are asked to be innovative and to work independently.

Middle

(Working/Middle) class parents who work as professionals are rewarded for taking initiative, being self-directed, and assertive in their jobs, so they reward honesty, obedience, self-reliance and independence in their children.

Middle

Who developed the "Stages of Play" theory?

Mildred Parten Newhall

What operant conditioning (behaviorism) is the following? Putting a child in time out especially if the child enjoys social interaction; or even taking away a child's technology privileges.

Negative punishment

What operant conditioning (behaviorism) is the following? Removing something that is desired in order to decrease the likelihood that a behavior will occur again in the future.

Negative punishment

What type of childhood play is the following example? A child who watches others at play but does not engage in it. The child may engage in forms of social interaction, such as conversation about the play, without actually joining in the activity.

Onlooker play This type of activity is also more common in younger children.

Define: Gender stereotyping

Overgeneralizing about the attitudes, traits, or behavior patterns of women or men.

What type of childhood play is the following example? A child who plays separately from others but close to them and mimicking their actions.

Parallel play (adjacent play) This type of play is seen as a transitory stage from a socially immature solitary and onlooker type of play, to a more socially mature associative and cooperative type of play.

What is a "police officer/drill sergeant" parent?

Parent focuses on making sure that the child is obedient and that the parent has full control of the child.

If a parent decides to use reinforcement actions, how should it be taught to the child for them to maintain the taught behavior?

STEP 1: Children will learn quickest under a continuous reinforcement (or intermittent) schedule. STEP 2: Then the parent should switch to a schedule of partial reinforcement to maintain the behavior.

What type of childhood play is the following example? A child who plays alone and maintains focus on their activity. Such a child is uninterested in or is unaware of what others are doing.

Solitary (independent) play More common in young children (age 2-3) as opposed to older ones.

What are the 2 stages that children pass through in Freud's theory during early childhood?

Stage 2 (anal stage) Stage 3 (phallic stage)

What part of the self is the following example? The part of the self that is spontaneous, creative, innate, and is not concerned with how others view us.

The "I"

What part of the self are we all born in? How do we act?

The "I" Without concern about how others view us.

What part of the self is the following example? The social definition of who we are

The "me"

What are two learning outcomes that children will learn from matry parents?

The child learns to be dependent and manipulative.

Define: Self-concept

The idea of who we are, what we are capable of doing, and how we think and feel is a social process that involves taking into consideration how others view us.

One of the ways to gain a clearer sense of self is to ________________ those qualities that are to be incorporated into the self.

exaggerate

Adults who are anal (expulsive/retentive) tend to be messy, wasteful, and harsh.

expulsive

Easy-going parents will make children in the anal stage become anal (expulsive/retentive).

expulsive

Another important part of Freud's phallic stage is that during this time the child is learning right from wrong through the process of _____________.

introjection

What structures in the midbrain (or _________ system) can be vulnerable to prolonged stress?

limbic the hippocampus and amygdala

Which one of Lemasters and Defrain's Parenting Model does this scenario describe? A child not folding clothes and putting them away properly in the drawer might be scolded or punished for not doing things "right."

police officer/drill sergeant

What operant conditioning (behaviorism) is the following? An aversive stimulus is removed to increase a behavior.

negative reinforcement

What operant conditioning (behaviorism) is the following? EX 1: The "beep, beep, beep" sound of not buckling up in a car. EX 2: Riders apply pressure and then remove the pressure when the horse performs the desired behavior.

negative reinforcement

Which one of Lemasters and Defrain's Parenting Model does this scenario describe? Perhaps the parent is lonely, or perhaps the parent is trying to win a popularity contest against an ex-spouse.

pal

Which one of Lemasters and Defrain's Parenting Model does this scenario describe? Similar to the permissive parent from Baumrind's model.

pal

Which one of Lemasters and Defrain's Parenting Model does this scenario describe? The parent lets the child do what they want and focus most on being entertaining and fun. They set few limitations and raise their child to have little self-discipline and may try to test limits with others.

pal

According to Freud, during the ________ stage, the child develops an attraction to the opposite sex parent, which is called the _________ for boys and the _______ for girls.

phallic boys: Oedipus Complex girls: Electra Complex

One way children learn gender roles is through ______.

play