Module 9

The chart below shows data for a fictional global outbreak. Which country has the highest prevalence? A.China B.Singapore C.Japan D.Hong Kong E.Thailand F. South Korea G.USA H.Taiwan I.Malaysia J.Vietnam K.Germany L.Australia M.France N.Macao O.UK

C.Japan

__________ cause an excessive activation of the immune system and can lead to life threatening fever, inflammation, and shock. A.Intracellular targeting toxins B.Membrane disrupting toxins C.Superantigens D.Superinfection

C.Superantigens

___________ cause an excessive activation of the immune system and can lead to life threatening fever, inflammation, and shock. A.Intracellular targeting toxins B.Membrane disrupting toxins C.Superantigens D.Superinfection

C.Superantigens

Which of these graphs represents a probable contact transmission spread for a disease? Graph A B.Graph B C.You cannot make a probable presumption based on these graphs.

C.You cannot make a probable presumption based on these graphs.

When aerosols containing pathogens spread disease from a distance of less than one meter, it is considered ______. A.vector transmission B.airborne transmission C.contact transmission D.waterborne transmission

C.contact transmission

The most common portal of exit for a respiratory infection is via ______. A.defecation B.vomiting C.coughing and sneezing D.bleeding E.insect bites

C.coughing and sneezing

Superantigens produce intense immune responses by stimulating lymphocytes to produce ___. A.endotoxins B.exotoxins C.cytokines D.leukocidins E.interferons

C.cytokines

A cold transmitted by a facial tissue is an example of ____. A.direct contact B.droplet transmission C.fomite D.vector E.vehicle transmission

C.fomite

The following bacterial structures may be used as adhesins except _____. A.fimbriae B.glycoproteinsC.plasma membranes

C.plasma membranes

If Dr. Fauci said there were 43,103 confirmed cases of the Novel Coronavirus worldwide on February 11, 2020, he would be talking about the ________________ of the disease. A.mortality Rate B.morbidity rate C.prevalence D.incidence E.etiology

C.prevalence

A(n) _______________ is a disease that is increasing in frequency after a previous period of decline. A.emerging disease B.reoccurring disease C.reemerging disease D.iatrogenic disease E.nosocomial disease

C.reemerging disease

If an A-B toxin is missing its B component it cannot cause an intoxication because ____. A.the toxin does not have enzymatic activity B.the toxin will get degraded in the cell C.the toxin cannot bind to its target D.the toxin cannot be produced

C.the toxin cannot bind to its target

A disease transmitted by a flea is an example of ____ transmission. A.direct contact B.vehicle C.vector D.fomite

C.vector

The fimbriae of Neisseria gonorrhea and enteropathogenic E. coli are examples of: A. Adhesions B. receptors C. ligands D. Adhesions and ligands E. Adhesions, ligands, and receptors

E. Adhesions, ligands, and receptors

What is a sign? A.Any condition in which the normal structures or functions of the body are damaged or impaired. B.The successful colonization of a host by microbes. C.A condition that is objective and directly observed by a doctor. D.A condition that is observed and experienced by the patient.

C.A condition that is objective and directly observed by a doctor.

What is the presence of bacteria in the blood known as? A.Toxemia B.Viremia C.Bacteremia D.Septicemia

C.Bacteremia

Which of these toxins is the least deadly given their LD50 values? A.Sarin - 17 mg/kg B.VX nerve gas - 0.14 mg/kg C.E. coli O157:H7 - 27 mg/kg D.Tetanus toxin - .000002 mg/kg

C.E. coli O157:H7 - 27 mg/kg

Which of these definitions is NOT matched correctly? A.Sporadic - Diseases that are seen only occasionally, and usually without geographic concentration. B.Epidemic - Diseases for which a larger than expected number of cases occurs in a short time within a geographic region. C.Endemic - Diseases that are occasionally present in a population within a particular geographic region. D.Pandemic - An epidemic that occurs on a worldwide scale.

C.Endemic - Diseases that are occasionally present in a population within a particular geographic region.

Ringworm is a mycosis (fungal disease) that affects the surface of the skin. What type of infection is ringworm? A.Local infection B.Systemic infection C.Focal infection D.Septicemia

C.Focal infection

Why is a release of endotoxin into the bloodstream potentially deadly? A.Endotoxin can quickly enter the brain from the bloodstream, causing brain damage. B.It causes necrosis of the liver. C.It can lower blood pressure and cause the patient to go into shock. D.It results in dehydration of the patient.

C.It can lower blood pressure and cause the patient to go into shock.

If a doctor takes your temperature, she is recording a ____. A.sign B.symptom C.hermistat D.syndrome

A.sign

What is a disease referred to when symptoms develop rapidly and it runs its course rapidly? A.Acute infection B.Subacute infection C.Chronic infection D.Subclinical infection

A.Acute infection

Lyme disease is a disease caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi in the US. It is transmitted by tick bites, and is characterized by recurring fever, headaches, fatigue and depression over a long period of time. Based on the above information, how is Lyme disease transmitted? A.By vectors B.Airborne C.By fomites D.By direct contact

A.By vectors

Which of these two graphs represents a probable propagated spread for a particular disease? A.Graph A B.Graph B C.You cannot make a probable presumption based on these graphs.

A.Graph A

Endotoxins are also known as _____. A.Lipid A B.cytokines C.prostaglandins D.interleukin-1 E.enzymes

A.Lipid A

In this type of study, data are gathered from study participants through measurements (such as physiological variables like white blood cell count), or answers to questions in interviews (such as recent travel or exercise frequency). A.Observational B.Prospective C.Retrospective D.Analytical E.Descriptive

A.Observational

How are superantigens different from other types of exotoxins? A.Superantigens cause an overstimulation of the host immune system. B.Superantigens only act against host neurons. C.Superantigens must be endocytosed into a target cell before becoming active. D.Superantigens are comprised of two functional domains.

A.Superantigens cause an overstimulation of the host immune system.

View the figure below of the incidence of influenza in a typical year. Which letter on the graph shows the epidemic level? A.a B.b C.c D.d

A.a

An infection confined to a specific area of the body is a(n) _____ infection. A.local B.focal C.systemic D.latent

A.local

Which of these scenarios is NOT matched correctly to its definition? A.Sporadic disease - Single case of histoplasmosis was diagnosed in a community. B.Endemic disease - About 60 cases of gonorrhea are usually reported in a region per week, which is more than the national average. C.Pandemic disease - Over 20 million people worldwide died from influenza in 1918-1919. D.Epidemic disease - 22 cases of legionellosis occurred within 3 weeks among residents of a particular neighborhood (usually 0 or 1 per year).

B.Endemic disease - About 60 cases of gonorrhea are usually reported in a region per week, which is more than the national average.

What is hyaluronidase that is produced by microbes an example of? A.Exotoxins B.Exoenzymes C.Adhesin D.Hemolysins

B.Exoenzymes

What does the spread of a pathogen throughout local tissues or within the body refer to? A.Adhesion B.Invasion C.Infection D.Exposure

B.Invasion

View the table of ID50 values. Which of the following organisms is most virulent? A.E. coli O157:H7 B.Legionella pneumophila C.Shigella D.Treponema pallidum

B.Legionella pneumophila

_____________ are reported by physicians and tracked by epidemiological studies and the data is used to inform health-care providers and the public about possible risks. A.Outbreaks B.Notifiable diseases C.Pandemics D.Endemics E.Koch's Postulates

B.Notifiable diseases

Which one of the following contains endotoxins? A.Streptococcus pyogenes, a gram-positive bacterium that causes strep throat. B.Shigella flexneri, a gram-negative bacterium that causes dysentery. C.Candida albicans, a fungus that causes many secondary infections. D.Plasmodium falciparum, a protist that causes malaria.

B.Shigella flexneri, a gram-negative bacterium that causes dysentery.

What is the presence of viruses in the blood known as? A.Toxemia B.Viremia C.Bacteremia D.Septicemia

B.Viremia

The 2009 "Swine Flu" pandemic was caused by a virus that had 6 of its 8 genes from an influenza virus normally found in North American pigs, whereas the other 2 genes were from an influenza virus normally found in Eurasian pigs. This is an example of _______. A.antigenic drift B.antigenic shift C.viral mutation D.antibiotic resistance

B.antigenic shift

Toxoplasmosis is caused by a protozoan parasite called Toxoplasma gondii. This parasite reaches sexual maturity in cats and undergoes asexual reproduction in its other host, which is usually a rat or a bird. It can cause aberrant behavior in the prey organisms it infects, such as making the scent of cat urine appealing to rodents. Humans can become infected and affected by this eukaryotic single-celled organism, but the organism does not reproduce sexually in human tissues nor is it transmitted to other organisms by humans. In this scenario, T H E C A T is the _____ to Toxoplasma gondii? A.dead-end host B.definitive host C.vector D.intermediate host E.Fomite

B.definitive host

You are feeling ill. You tell the doctor that you feel tired all the time. You are describing your _____. A.signs B.symptoms C.syndromes D.pathology

B.symptoms

Sepsis is caused by a bacterial infection. Signs and symptoms include fever, chills, and shock. Sepsis is an example of a _____ infection. A.local B.systemic C.focal

B.systemic

Biological transmission differs from mechanical transmission in that biological transmission A. requires an arthropod B. Involves Fomites C. Involves specific diseases D. requires direct contact E. works only with noncommunicable diseases

C. Involves specific diseases

An emerging infectious disease is either new to the human population or has shown an increase in prevalence in the previous ______ years. A.30 B.5 C.2 D.20 E.10

D.20

What is a symptom? A.Any condition in which the normal structures or functions of the body are damaged or impaired. B.The successful colonization of a host by microbes. C.A condition that is objective and directly observed by a doctor. D.A condition that is observed and experienced by the patient.

D.A condition that is observed and experienced by the patient.

Which of the following can act as a reservoir of infection? A.A sick person B.A healthy person C.A sick animal D.All of the above

D.All of the above

Which of the following definitions is incorrect? A.Acute - a short lasting primary infection. B.Chronic - a disease that develops slowly and lasts for months. C.Primary infection - an initial illness. D.Secondary infection - a long lasting infection

D.Secondary infection - a long lasting infection

Which of these is an example of vehicle disease transmission? A.The transmission of MRSA from skin to skin contact. B.Touching a telephone with cold viruses on its surface. C.The bite of a mosquito containing malaria. D.The presence of Listeria on undercooked chicken served for dinner. E.Transmission of influenza via contacting a door handle from a taxi cab

D.The presence of Listeria on undercooked chicken served for dinner.

Toxoplasmosis is caused by a protozoan parasite called Toxoplasma gondii. This parasite reaches sexual maturity in cats and undergoes asexual reproduction in its other host, which is usually a rat or a bird. It can cause aberrant behavior in the prey organisms it infects, such as making the scent of cat urine appealing to rodents. Humans can become infected and affected by this eukaryotic single-celled organism, but the organism does not reproduce sexually in human tissues nor is it transmitted to other organisms by humans. In this scenario, T H E R A T is the _____ to Toxoplasma gondii? A.dead-end host B.definitive host C.vector D.intermediate host E.fomite

D.intermediate host

A disease that occurs worldwide is a ______ disease. A.sporadic B.endemic C.epidemic D.pandemic

D.pandemic

The expected prevalence of a disease is _____. A.the total number of cases of a disease over a period of time B.the number of new cases of a disease over a period of time C.the anticipated geographical spread of a disease based on past observances D.the expected occurrence of a disease based on past observations

D.the expected occurrence of a disease based on past observations

Which of these definitions is NOT matched correctly? A.Common Source Spread - people getting infections from bagged lettuce from a specific manufacturer. B.Point Source Spread - a single contaminated potato salad at a group picnic. C.Continuous Common Source Spread - a source of London water taken downstream of the city, which was always being contaminated with sewage from upstream. D.Intermittent Common Source Spread - an area that has an outbreak of disease every time it rains and the storm drains overflow the sewers. E.Propagated Spread - This would be a disease passed from person to person, and is often longer in duration and may have more than one peak. F.It seems these definitions are all correct.

F.It seems these definitions are all correct.

Endotoxins are enzymes True or False

False

Exotoxins are generally enzymes. True or False

True