Monarchs and Age of Exploration

Prince Henry the Navigator

(1394-1460) Portuguese. He was responsible for the early development of European exploration and maritime trade with other continents. He patronized Portuguese explorers, allowing for colonies to be set up at Madeiras and Azores and for Diaz's reaching of the Cape of Good Hope. He never actually sailed to any of the places himself.

Bartholomew Diaz

(1450-1500) a Portuguese navigator and explorer and member of the royal household. Sent by the Portuguese king in search of a way to the Indian Ocean, he sailed around the southernmost tip of Africa in 1488, the first European known to have done so. This point was named the Cape of Good Hope. He opened the sea route to Asia via the Atlantic and Indian oceans. He was lost at sea in 1500.

Christopher Columbus

(1451-1506) While searching for a direct route to Asia for the Spanish crown, he discovered the Western Hemisphere, and despite opening the "New World," he laid the foundations for Europeans' oppression and exploitation of native peoples. In 1492 he attempted his journey across the Atlantic.

Ferdinand of Aragon

(1452-1516) He was king of Aragon, Sicily, Naples, Majorca, Valencia, Sardinia, and Navarre. He married Isabella, thereby becoming king of Spain. He, along with his wife Isabella, was the first king of a unified Spain. His campaign against the kingdom of Granada and victory made it possible for Columbus' voyages. He began Spain's entry into the modern period of imperial expansion. He financed Christopher Columbus's voyage to Asia by heading west.

Jacob Fugger

(1459-1525) a major merchant, mining entrepreneur, and banker of Europe. His family became very rich through the textile trade with Italy. He was involved in European politics; he made considerable contributions to secure the election of Charles V. Thanks to him, his family became very rich.

Francisco Pizarro

(1475-1541) A Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca Empire. After a few failed attempts, he went back to Spain and got Charles I's support. He went on to defeat the Incas and take their capital, completing the conquest of the Incan empire.

Ferdinand Magellan

(1480-1521) a Portuguese explorer who circumnavigated the globe for Spain. His expedition (1519-1522) became the first expedition to sail from the Atlantic into the Pacific Ocean. He set out with 5 ships in search of a western sea route to the Spice Islands. He discovered what is now the Strait of Magellan. He did not complete his journey because he died during the Battle of Mactan in the Philippines, but he did orchestrate it. Only one ship returned home and only 18 of the 270 man crew returned.

Bartolome de las Casas

(1484-1566) Spanish historian, social reformer, and Dominican friar. His writings cover the first decades of colonization of the Indies, especially the atrocities committed by the colonizers against the indigenous peoples. He was one of the first European settlers in the Americas and participated in the atrocities, but eventually reformed his views. He went in front of Charles V to argue for the natives' rights. He has been called the Father of anti-imperialism and anti-racism. He was partly responsible for the repeal of the laws that allowed the Indians to be used in slave labor gangs. He attempted to set up a model colony in Venezuela, where the native people would be treated right, but failed. Eventually the econmienda (which were plantations operated by Indian labor) system was put back in place. His works include: A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies and Historia de Las Indias

Duke of Alva

(1507-1582) a trusted advisor of Charles V and Philip II. He was a noble, a soldier, and a diplomat. He was a great general and brutally suppressed the Dutch uprising. He boasted of killing 18,000 people in 6 years. He conquered Portugal for Philip II.

Philip II

(1527-1598) a King of Spain and Portugal. He was a big supporter of the Catholic and Counter Reformations. During his reign, Spain was the foremost Western European power. Under his rule, explorers colonized many areas. He was a devout Catholic who organized the Spanish Armada. He was married to Queen Mary I, otherwise known as "Bloody Mary." He tried to get Mary Queen of Scots to replace Elizabeth I, which, when discovered, led to Mary's execution. He failed to suppress the Dutch Revolt. The Philippines are named after him. His reign marked the beginning of the Spanish Golden Age.

Dutch Revolt

(1566 or 1568-1648) was the successful revolt of the Protestant Seventeen Provinces of the defunct Duchy of Burgundy in the Low Countries against the ardent militant religious policies of Roman Catholicism pressed by Philip II of Spain. King Philip was initially successful in suppressing the rebellion, but in 1572, the rebels won a victory at Brielle and the rebellion resurged. The Northern Provinces became independent while the Southern Provinces remained under Spanish rule. This victory allowed the Dutch Republic to emerge a world power through its merchant shipping and experience a period of economic, scientific, and cultural growth. The French allied themselves with the Dutch and annexed some of the Southern Province's land.

James I

(1567-1625) King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. He was the first to call himself King of Great Britain. He was the first Stuart monarch. Since Elizabeth had had no children, they looked to Scotland and found her nearest relative, James. He was Charles I's father. He fought with Parliament often, helping to cause the English Civil War. He practiced some religious toleration of Catholics. Catholic extremists attempted to blow him and Parliament up, the Gunpowder Plot.

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

(1572) A targeted group of assassinations and a mob that attacked the Huguenots. Believed to have been instigated by Catherine de Medici. It occurred after Henry of Navarre's wedding to one of Catherine's daughters. Somewhere between 5,000 to 30,000 people died. It renewed the brutal civil war.

William Laud

(1573-1645) Archbishop of Canterbury and religious adviser to King Charles I of Great Britain. Because he opposed radical forms of Protestantism, persecuted religious dissidents, and supported King Charles I, he was tried and beheaded by order of theHouse of Commons during the English Civil War.

Cardinal Richelieu

(1585-1642) He was Lois XIII's prime minister. Under his intelligent guidance, the central government brought peace, prosperity, and stability to the realm during the first half of the 17th century. He revoked the Hugeunots territorial and military rights. During the Thirty Years' War, he offered subsidies to the Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus, even though Adolphus was Protestant, to encourage him to enter the fight, so that the Hapsburgs could be weakened. By weakening the power of the nobles, he made France a strong, centralized state.

Oliver Cromwell

(1599-1658) a Puritan leader of Parliament. He led his New Model Army of Puritans against the Cavaliers at Marston Moor and defeated them decisively. He led his Independents, who favored religious toleration, in Parliament. After Charles sided with the Scots and once again attacked Parliament, he defeated the Scots at the Battle of Preston and helped purge the Presbyterians from Parliament, thereby creating the Rump Parliament, which voted to behead Charles for treason in 1648. In 1653, he was appointed Lord Protector by Parliament and ruled with the support of Parliament until his death in 1660. He dominated the short-lived Commonwealth of England. He defeated the Royalist faction in Ireland. Charles II was named king after his death.

Gunpowder Plot

(1605) was an attempt by disgruntled Catholics, led by Guy Fawkes, to kill blow up the king and Parliament. The Catholics were angry with King James I because of his enforcement of laws that required participation in Anglican services. Catholics had expected James to be friendly to them, but instead he tried to straddle both sides. The conspirators managed to put 36 barrels of gunpowder into a cellar under the House of Lords. The plot was discovered before it could blow up the government.

Petition of Right

(1628) a major English constitutional document that sets specific liberties of the subject that the king is prohibited from infringing. Parliament demanded that Charles I sign it before they granted him funds to deal with his wars. It stated that Parliament alone could levy taxes; martial law cannot be declared in peacetime; soldiers may not be quartered in private homes; imprisonment requires a specific charge.

James II

(1633-1701) a Stuart monarch and the son of Charles I. During the English Civil War, he was captured but managed to escape to France and make a name for himself as a soldier. Upon his brother's restoration, he returned to England. He converted to Catholicism and protested against anti-Catholic laws, such as the Test Act. He attempted to get rid of anti-Catholic laws and put Catholics into more government positions. Because many in Parliament feared a Catholic succession, they called on William of Orange and his wife Mary. When William landed with a strong army, James, abandoned by his military, fled to France. After an attempt to be put back onto the throne failed, he lived out the rest of his life in exile. Only ruled England for 3 years (1685-1688)

English Civil War

(1642-1649) After Charles lost the Bishops' War, he was forced to call Parliament back to vote for funds. Parliament refused to do so until Charles impeached his top adivisors, allowed Parliament to meet every 3 years without his summons, and promised not to dissolve Parliament without its consent. Charles attempted to seize opposition members in 1642. Parliament then took control of the army and Charles gathered his own army. The Scots originally allied with the Roundheads. Cromwell led his New Model Army to victory at Marston Moor. Charles surrendered to the Scots in 1645 and was given over to Parliament in 1647. But later in 1647, Charles, who promised that he would impose Presbyterianism on England, allied with Scotland. Charles was defeated at the Battle of Preston and the Rump Parliament voted to have him beheaded. Cromwell became virtual dictator during the Commonwealth Period. This war established that the monarchy couldn't rule without Parliament's consent.

Titus Oates

(1645-1705) an English perjurer and a renegade Anglican priest who fabricated the "Popish Plot" of 1678, a supposed Catholic conspiracy to kill King Charles II and put his Catholic brother James on the throne. He claimed this would be followed by a period when thousands of Protestants would be killed purely as a result of their beliefs. Oates's allegations that Roman Catholics were plotting to seize power caused a reign of terror in London and strengthened the anti-Catholic Whig Party. He was arrested in 1685 and found guilty of perjury. He was imprisoned for life and punishment also included that he should be regularly whipped.

Pride's Purge

(1648) an event that took place during the English Civil War, when troops removed from the Long Parliament all those who were not supporters of the grandees in the New Model Army and the Independents. Colonel Thomas Pride and his soldiers arrested 45 members and barred 186. Arguably the only coup d'etat in English history. It came about because many MPs believed they couldn't trust the king and some of the MPs weren't willing to punish the king. The members who were left, known as the Rump Parliament, established a trial of Charles I. Despite sentiment against the trial, a verdict of guilty was pushed through. King Charles I was beheaded.

Commonwealth of England

(1649-1660) Following Charles I's beheading, England was ruled as a Republic under the leadership of Cromwell. It was declared by an act from the Rump Parliament. From 1653-1659, England was a Protectorate under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell. England was ruled without a king. Fighting continued during this period.

Prince William of Orange

(1650-1702) Dutch and King of England. William and his wife Mary were crowned joint monarchs of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Their ascension, known as the "Glorious Revolution," marked an important transition toward parliamentary rule. His ousting of the Catholic James II ensured the primacy of the Protestant faith in Britain. He founded the Bank of England. He accepted, as a condition of his reign, the Bill of Rights, which gave Parliament more power.

Test Act

(1673) English penal laws that served as religious test for public office as diminishment of civil rights for Roman Catholics and non-conformers. Established to ensure that only people belonging to the established Church of England could hold public positions.

Glorious Revolution

(1688) Because James II had given Catholics positions of power and had given the appearance of trying to impose Catholicism on England, important nobles invited William of Orange and Mary, James's oldest child, to take the throne. The new monarchs accepted, as a condition of their reign, the Bill of Rights. It was the culmination of an evolutionary process over centuries which had given Parliament power over the monarchy. The King came to reign while Parliament came to rule. Parliament came to represent the people, though it originally only represented the wealthy. Permanently ended any chance of Catholicism being re-imposed. It set Britain on the path to a constitutional monarchy.

Bill of Rights

(1689) a part of the English constitution. When William and Mary arrived in England, James fled to exile in France, the new monarchs accepted from Parliament the Bill of Rights. It stated that (1) Only Parliament can impose taxes, (2) Laws can be made only with the consent of Parliament, (3) A standing army can be maintained only through the consent of Parliament, (4) The people have the right of petition, (5) Parliament has the right of free speech, (6) The people have the right to bear arms, (7) People have the right to due process, trial by peers, and reasonable bail, (8) Parliament is to be freely elected and dissolved only by its own consent.

Act of Settlement

(1701) Because Queen Elizabeth had failed to have any children, the Stuarts had become monarchs. King William of Orange failed to have any children, so England was worried the Catholic James II would be recoronated as King of England. It was designed to secure the Protestant succession to the monarchy. It elevated Princess Sophia of Hanover to queen and her successors. Scotland and England unified due to this. The King or Queen had to be an Anglican in order to rule. The Hanovers became the ruling family all the way through the reign of Queen Victoria.

Enclosure Movement

(18th century) a push to take land that had formerly been owned in common by all members of a village, or could be used by everyone to graze, and change it to privately owned land. They would fence in the land. The nobles were pushing the poor subsistence farmers out of common land. Nobles started using crop rotation to increase productivity. The Enclosure movement was sometimes accompanied by force, resistance, and bloodshed; remains among the most controversial areas of English agricultural and economic history. Sparked agricultural revolution, which later leads to the Industrial Revolution.

South Atlantic

(Come back) Check with Ms. Hilaman to see what I need to know.

Charles II

(Ruled 1661-1685) Son of Charles I and King of England. During the Commonwealth period, Charles was in exile. After Cromwell died, Cromwell's son Richard succeeded him but was a far less capable ruler. Charles II was then proclaimed king. Due to fears that his brother was a Catholic, some whig rulers were killed. He converted to Catholicism on his deathbed.

Charles I

(r. 1625-1649) a Stuart family member. He was devoted to the divine-right theory of the monarchy and woefully inept at dealing with Parliament. Embroiled in wars on the continent, he called for Parliament to vote funds, which it refused to do until he signed the Petition of Right in 1628. After he lost the Bishops' War, he was forced to call Parliament to grant him funds for indemnities. The Long Parliament demanded that Charles, in return for paying for his defeat, impeach his top advisors; allow Parliament every three years without his summons, and promise not to dissolve Parliament without its consent. When Charles tried to seize opposition leaders, Parliament took control of the army. Charles gathered his forces, and the English Civil War (1642-1649) began. After he was captured by the Scots, they turned him over to the rebels, but Charles reversed course and allied with the Scots. He was defeated and the Rump Parliament voted to behead him for treason in 1648.

Stadholder

A de facto "head of state" for the Dutch Republic. The stadholder would keep peace and order in the republic. William of Orange was the first stadholder and was successful in the Dutch revolt against the Spanish empire.

New Monarchies

Characteristics- they offered the monarchy as a guarantee of law and order; they proclaimed that hereditary monarchy was the legitimate form of public power; they enlisted the support of the middle class in towns; they would have to get their monarchies sufficiently organized and in reliable order; they would break down the mass of inherited, customary, or common law in which the rights of the feudal classes were entrenched; the kings would make and enact law regardless of previous customs. The Holy Roman Emperor and Spanish monarchs were Hapsburgs. The Tudors ruled England and brought stability. The Bourbons in France replaced the Valois kings. Louis XIV ruled France, incurred a large debt, and increased the power of the monarchy. They centralized government, making the age of colonization and economic growth possible.

Cavaliers

During the English Civil War, the Anglican clergy, the majority of the nobility, and the peasants backed the king and were referred to as Cavaliers. Also known as Royalists.

New Model Army

Formed in 1645 by Parliament in the English Civil War. Its soldiers became full-time professionals, rather than part-time militia. Oliver Cromwell was one of the main leaders. The army was based on a person's ability, not social status, which made it easier for talented people to rise to positions of power. Many of the soldiers were Puritans. Defeated the royalist forces and won the war for Cromwell.

Jean Baptiste Colbert (ADDED)

Served as finance minister under King Lois XIV. He tried to slow Louis XIV's spending but always had to cave to his wishes.

Conquistadors

Soldiers, explorers, and adventurers at the service of the Spanish empire and Portuguese empire. They sailed beyond Europe, opening up new trade routes and colonizing much of the world for Spain and Portugal; conquered Mexico and Peru.

Whigs

The Cavalier Parliament (1660-1679) marked the development of the Tory and Whig parties. The Whigs, mainly middle class and Puritan, favored Parliament and religious toleration. The Whigs, during the Whig Parliament, were suspicious of Charles II's absolutist and pro-Catholic tendencies, and enacted the Habeas Corpus Act, which limited royal power by enabling judges to demand that prisoners be in court, requiring just cause for continued imprisonment, providing for speedy trials, and forbidding double jeopardy (being charged for a crime that one had already been acquitted of). The Whigs were enemies of the Stuart kings. With the Hanoverian succession, they remained dominant until the reign of King George III.

War of the 3 Henrys

The final conflict of the French Wars of Religion. The war was fought between the royalists, led by Henry III of France, the Huguenots, led by Henry of Navarre, and the Catholic League, led by Henry I and supported by Philip II of Spain. Henry IV won the war and reconverted to Catholicism to unite the country. Due to this war, the Bourbon family became the ruling family and the Edict of Nantes was passed.

Roundheads

The middle class, the merchants, the major cities, and a small segment of the nobility supported Parliament in the English Civil War and were known as Roundheads.

Politiques

Those in a position of power who put the success and well-being of the state above all else. Henry IV is an example of a politique, as he reconverted to Catholicism to become King of France. Elizabeth I was also a politique because she did not punish people for their beliefs but also made Protestantism mandatory for people in government positions.

William and Mary

William was Dutch and Mary was James II's eldest daughter. Out of fear of James II's policies of putting Catholics into positions of power and getting rid of laws that took away Catholic rights, English nobles invited them to take the throne, which they did. After they landed, James fled. As a condition of their rule, they accepted the English Bill of Rights. They ruled England together. Their signing of the Bill of Rights led to more cooperation between the monarchy and Parliament, leading to a greater measure of personal liberty and democracy in Britain.

Don Quixote

Written by Miguel de Cervantes, a Spaniard. He satirized his society's anachronistic glorification of chivalry and medieval institutions in one of the world's greatest novels. The novel follows Alonso Quijan, who has read so many chivalric novels that he decides to set out to revive chivalry. One of the most influential books from the Spanish Golden Age.

Tories

a British political party. Pro-inclusion and supported by Charles II. The Cavalier Parliament marked the beginning of the Tories and the Whigs. The Tories were conservative. Remain a political party today. Usually advocate for monarchism and against the liberalism of the Whig faction.

Diggers

a group of Protestant English agrarian communists. Came about after the English Revolution. Started by Gerard Winstanley. They called themselves True Levellers. They wanted to reclaim the freedom they felt they had lost by claiming all land and ruling it jointly, effectively ending property. They were too radical for the Levellers, for the levellers were trying to negotiate a settlement with the existing social order.

Escorial

a historical residence of the King of Spain in the town of San Lorenzo de El Escorial, about 45 miles from the capital, Madrid. It was at once a monastery and a palace. Philip II, King of Spain, who worked to fight the spread of Protestantism, decided to build the palace. Built in a plan in the form of a grill. It is the most important architectural monument of the Spanish Renaissance. UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Subsistence Economy

a non-monetary economy that relies on natural resources to provide for basic needs, through hunting, gathering, and subsistence farming. Subsistence means supporting oneself at the minimal level. In a subsistence economy, surplus is minimal and only used to trade for basic goods, and there is no industrialization, as people are focused on day to day survival. In the 16th century, many countries had subsistence economies.

Levellers

a political movement during the English Civil War which emphasized popular sovereignty. They could be found in regiments in the New Model Army and in London. They believed that all men were born free and equal and possessed natural rights that resided in the individual, not the government. They believed the law should protect both poor and wealth alike. Their enemies coined the term "levellers". Unlike the Diggers, they denied that they favored the abolition of property rights and the equalization of wealth.

Poor Laws

a system of poor relief that existed in England and Wales that developed out of late-medieval and Tudor-era laws. The history of the poor laws is divided into the Old Poor Law and the New Poor Law. The Old Poor Law was parish-centered, haphazardly implemented, locally enforced, and some of its developments, such as the operation of workhouses, were voluntary. The New Poor Law aimed to introduce a rigorously implemented, centrally enforced, standard system that was to be imposed on all and which centered on the workhouse. The new law offered no relief to able-bodied poor. Fell into decline at the beginning of the 20th century.

Writ of Habeus Corpus

a writ (legal action). Passed by the Whig Parliament, which feared Charles II's absolutist and pro-Catholic tendencies. It limited royal power by enabling judges to demand that prisoners be in court, requiring just cause for continued imprisonment, providing for speedy trials, and forbidding double jeopardy (being charged for a crime that one had already been acquitted of). Very important in the English constitution

Protestant Wind

the nickname for the wind that either a. wrecked the Spanish Armada and saved England from a Spanish takeover or b. the favorable winds that allowed William of Orange to invade England and depose James II.