moral and social problems final

Which of the following is NOT an example of an entity or being having interests?

A computer program that can reason as well as a human being.

According to Warren, a human fetus is not an instance of a person because:

A human fetus isn't fully conscious and can neither reason nor communicate.

Which of the following is the best example of an entity or being having interests?

A nonhuman animal that can experience suffering and enjoyment.

Which of the following is the best example of a nonhuman person?

A nonhuman animal that satisfies the five criteria for personhood.

Which of the following is the best example of a kind of case most similar to Thomson's famous violinist case?

A pregnancy resulting from rape.

Which of the following is an example of an indecent abortion, according to Thomson?

Aborting a fetus that would prevent the mother's planned trip abroad.

Warren argues that:

Abortion is morally permissible since human fetuses satisfy none of the criteria for personhood and therefore are not members of the moral community.

What kinds of wrongdoing commonly associated with consumer products are distinguished by Schwartz?

Actions that cause harm, actions that promote injustice, actions that promote bad consequences, and actions that cause moral offense

Of the following definitions, which most accurately defines the idea of the moral principle of equality?

All interests deserve equal consideration.

The main thesis of the causal account of moral responsibility is:

All of the distractors are correctly present the main thesis of the causal account of moral responsibility

Which of the following are questions Schwartz considers and aims to answer?

All of the distractors include questions Schwartz explores.

Which of the following problems are discussed by Schwartz in relation to the consumption of seafood?

All of the distractors mention problems discussed by Schwartz

Which of the following scenarios is classified by Schwartz within the category of wrongdoing associated with "bad outcomes"?

All of the distractors provide examples of "bad outcomes" discussed by Schwartz

Which of the following is discussed by Schwartz to illustrate wrongdoing that commonly occurs by or during the use of a product?

All of the distractors provide examples of wrongdoing that occurs during the use of a product

Which moral claim is implied by, or follows from, Schwartz's analysis of consumer ethics?

All of the distractors state correct implications of Schwartz's analysis

Of the following definitions, which most accurately defines Warren's idea of the moral community?

All of the entities or beings with full and equal moral rights.

Singer argues that racism and sexism are violations of the principle of equality because:

All races and sexes are equal in that each person's interests ought to be given equal consideration.

Which of the following is NOT an example of speciesism?

All three are examples of speciesism

Which of the following claims accurately describes the wrongdoing associated with the category of "moral offense"?

Although instances of moral offense cause people emotional distress, not all instances of moral offense are instances of wrongdoing, according to Schwartz

Schwartz's methodology relies on the following:

An appeal to the person's moral intuitions, or convictions they are assumed to possess already, including values and ideals

Which of the following is NOT an example of a human nonperson, according to Warren?

An extraterrestrial that satisfies the five criteria for personhood.

Which of the following can we infer from Singer's argument that we should prevent something bad from happening if it is within our power to do so and we need not sacrifice anything of comparable moral importance?

Any time someone buys a product that is not a basic need, one is failing to adhere to Singer's principle because there are others in the world who do not have their basic needs met.

Schwartz mentions Waldron's interpretation of Mill's harm principle in order to:

Argue that decisions to boycott products based on personal and political beliefs are best understood as choices of character rather than as genuine moral obligations

What is the purpose of the discussion of the concept of a "wrongful life" in Schwartz's consumer ethic?

Both violate society's deepest sense of justice and fairness

What is the traditional distinction between duty and charity that Singer questions?

Charity is an act of generosity that is good to do but not wrong not to do, whereas duty is what we must do and what is wrong not to do.

Which of the following products are associated with questionable moral practices in their production or manufacturing, according to Schwartz?

Chocolate from Ivory Coast

Which of the following best captures the basic question that Nell is trying to answer in this paper?

Do people have a duty to try to prevent famine deaths?

Which of the following best captures the basic question that Singer is trying to answer ?

Do we have an obligation to prevent something bad from happening if we can do so?

How does Rachels respond to the objection that passive euthanasia is relevantly different than active euthanasia because in cases of passive euthanasia doctors do nothing to cause the death of the patient?

Doctors cannot be said to do nothing in cases of passive euthanasia because the act of stopping treatment is itself an action intended to cause the death of the patient.

Which of the following consequentialist responses to the collective-action problem is defended by Schwartz?

Each participant involved in a collective-action problem does have an effect, large or small, on the outcome, and this effect can be estimated with enough and reasonable accuracy

Which of the following is the best analogy comparing Earth to lifeboat scenarios, according to Nell?

Earth is similar to a lifeboat in which first-class passengers have the food and water for all passengers stowed in their quarters.

Which of the following would count as an objection to Gay-Williams's argument from nature?

Euthanasia is not against humans' natural purposes because humans have no such inherent purposes.

Which of the following best captures Gay-Williams's main conclusion?

Euthanasia is wrong both inherently and because of its practical effects.

Which of the following claims is consistent with Schwartz's understanding of the connection between individual action and bad outcomes?

Even if the effects of my particular boycott of a product on actual production are small, sometimes the more substantive difference actually comes from the influence my decision asserts on others, who in turn can influence others, and so on

Thomson argues that:

Even if we grant that a fetus is a person with the right to life, some abortions are still morally permissible.

Thomson's main conclusion in "A Defense of Abortion" is:

Even if we grant that a fetus is a person with the right to life, some abortions are still morally permissible.

Warren's main conclusion in "On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion" is that:

Human fetuses satisfy none of the criteria for personhood and therefore are not members of the moral community.

Fetuses are like human adults in which of the following morally relevant respects, according to Marquis?

Fetuses have futures like ours

Which of the following best captures Warren's main argument for the claim that abortion is permissible?

Fetuses satisfy none of the criteria for personhood and therefore are not members of the moral community.

How does Schwartz define the specific form of wrongdoing labeled as "harm to others"?

Harm distinctively involves the damaging another person's interests (thwarting, setting back, or defeating an interest)

Which of the following would count as an objection to Warren's argument that abortion is morally permissible?

Human fetuses satisfy the criteria for personhood. Therefore, they have full and equal moral rights, including the right to life.

The individual difference principle states that:

I am accountable for a harm only if what I have done made a difference to that harm.

Which of the following best captures the basic question that Thomson is trying to answer in "A Defense of Abortion"?

If a fetus is a person, does it follow that abortion is morally wrong?

Which of the following is implied by Nell's claim that we have a duty to try to prevent famine deaths?

If we do nothing to prevent and postpone famine deaths, then we are blameworthy to some extent for those deaths.

For what purpose does Schwartz introduce a distinction between "claims of character" and "claims of moral obligation"?

In order to claim that the choice whether to purchase from the "Blondbeast" vendor is best understood not as a moral obligation but as a contingent choice of character.

Which of the following is NOT a premise in Rachels's argument against the traditional doctrine regarding active and passive euthanasia?

In passive euthanasia, the patient's condition and not the doctor is the cause of death.

Which of the following statements about "injustice" as a form of wrongdoing is true?

Injustice entails a persistent pattern of discrimination that undermines fairness

Per the traditional distinction that Rachels identifies, which of the following would be best regarded as an instance of active euthanasia?

Intentionally administering a lethal dose of painkillers.

Which of the following best captures the central question Rachels is addressing in "Active and Passive Euthanasia"?

Is there a meaningful moral distinction between active and passive euthanasia?

What role does the claim that genetic humanity is not sufficient for personhood play in Warren's paper?

It allows Warren to claim that some humans (e.g., fetuses) are not persons.

Nell's main conclusion in this paper is:

It follows from the claim that people have a right not to be killed unjustifiably that we have a duty to try to prevent famine deaths.

Gay-Williams argues that euthanasia requires that we regard ourselves or others as less than fully human because:

It is always contrary to mankind's inherent natural goal of survival.

Schwartz remarks that the burden of living an ethical consumer life is in many ways a burden of knowledge. What does this mean?

It is difficult for people to take distance from the consumer culture in which they are embedded to see clearly the problems associated with the products they choose

What role does the claim that it would be wrong to kill nonhumans who have futures like ours play in Marquis's argument?

It is entailed by (or follows from) his theory about what makes killing a human being wrong.

What is Schwartz's overall position on environmental degradation?

It is genuine harm because of the effects it has on humans alone, regardless of any other effects

Which of the following claims most accurately captures the idea of speciesism?

It is right to give unequal consideration to the interests of members of one's own species.

How does Schwartz handle the objection to consequentialism, that it is difficult to assess accurately the causal and moral effects of individual consumer choices?

It is unrealistic and mistaken to expect precise quantification of the outcomes of individual choices

The term "caveat emptor", in the context of Schwartz's discussion, means:

It refers to the potential danger consumers pose to others through their purchasing habits and considers this danger as a moral risk of incurring in significant wrongdoing

Which of the following does NOT, according to Thompson, follow from the fetus being a person?

It would be wrong to kill the fetus.

Which of the following best captures Singer's response to the objection that his position requires too drastic of a revision to our traditional moral scheme?

Just because a position requires significantly departing from expected and ordinary moral standards is not evidence against that position, but may be evidence against our traditional moral codes.

Which of the following best captures Thomson's argument that abortion is sometimes morally permissible?

Justly killing a fetus does not violate its right to life, and some abortions are cases of just killing.

Which of the following best captures Marquis's main argument for the claim that the vast majority of abortions are morally wrong?

Killing a fetus deprives it of a future like ours, which is wrong.

Which of the following is NOT an example of depriving a being of a future like ours?

Killing a plant.

What, according to Marquis, makes most cases of killing adult human beings morally wrong?

Killing deprives the victim of future life and its value.

Which of the following does Rachels believe to be illustrated by his imagined drowning case involving Smith and Jones?

Killing someone is not necessarily morally worse than letting him or her die.

Which of the following can we infer from Nell's argument that a person's right not to be killed can be violated even if his or her death is the result of the actions of many and is not immediate, certain, or intended?

Many kinds of deaths (not just famine deaths), such as those resulting from poverty, vastly inequitable distributions of global resources, and the devastation of climate change, may violate people's right not to be killed.

Many people claim that the moral status of abortion depends on whether a fetus is the kind of being whose life it is immoral to end. What role does this claim play in Marquis's argument?

Marquis assumes that this claim is true.

What role does the distinction between killing someone and allowing someone to die play in Nell's paper?

Nell argues that famine deaths are cases of killing, which we have duties to prevent, and not simply of allowing someone to die, which we have no duties to prevent.

Which of the following best captures Nell's main argument for the claim that we have a duty to prevent famine deaths?

Nell argues that famine deaths violate people's right not to be killed unjustifiably even when they are the result of the actions of many, not immediate, uncertain, and unintended.

Why does Nell discuss lifeboat situations in her paper?

Nell discusses lifeboat situations to show that there are cases where the right not to be killed unjustifiably is violated although the death is the result of the action and is not an immediate, certain, and intended consequence.

Why does Nell bring up the claim that unavoidable killings and cases of self-defense are justifiable killings?

Nell wants to demonstrate that famine deaths cannot count as unavoidable deaths or cases of self-defense and so cannot be justified on those grounds.

The purpose of Schwartz's discussion in "The Consumer as a Causal Agent" is:

None of the distractors captures the purpose of Schwartz's discussion

Which of the following are relevant to whether a being has a future like ours?

None of the distractors presented in this question

Which of the following is not a premise in Singer's argument that we should extend the principle of equality to nonhuman animals?

Nonhuman animals and human beings have equal capacities for reason.

Assume that Singer is correct that the traditional distinction between charity and duty should be overturned. Which of the following could you infer from that claim?

People should not be praised for their generosity when contributing to charities any more than they should be praised for fulfilling their obligations, and people should be condemned if they do not contribute enough to famine relief.

Which of the following is NOT a premise in Gay-Williams's "Argument from Self-Interest"?

Permitting euthanasia necessarily allows for the possible abuse of the practice by doctors and/or social policy makers.

What is the difference between killing someone and allowing someone to die, according to Nell?

Person A kills person B when A causes B's death and B would not have died if A did other acts or had no causal effect on the situation. A allows B to die if B would have died anyway, even if A had no causal effect on the situation.

Collective-action problems are best described as:

Problems where if a large enough group of people do perform the act that brings about bad consequences, then the results will be bad overall, but where it seems that it makes no difference to the outcome what any given individual does

Which of the following products is first in order of moral severity (or is the most morally troubling), according to Schwartz?

Products that involve harm to others

How does Schwartz use the notion of "moral complicity" in the first chapter of Consuming Choices?

Purchasing a product made using enslaved workers renders the consumer morally complicit in a practice that is morally wrong

What is the purpose of the discussion of the concept of a "wrongful life" in Schwartz's consumer ethic?

Schwartz suggests that the suffering of the animals raised in CAFO farms far exceeds the quality of the live they can have in those farms and that in this sense, the animals would have been better off not having lived

What is Schwartz's response to the view of economists like Krugman, who argue that sweatshops are morally permissible because they are preferable to unemployment and portend future prosperity?

Schwartz thinks that, even if you granted the argument, this may not change our moral obligations because not all of the products we consume come from sweatshops

Why does Schwartz consider Parfit's "shortcut across the grass" scenario?

Schwartz thinks there is a relevant similarity between the "shortcut across the grass" scenario and consumer purchases, in that it is plausible that each consumer purchase (or walker pedestrian) can make an imperceptible but real difference to bad outcomes

What role does the claim that the capacity for suffering and enjoying things is prerequisite for having interests play in Singer's paper?

Singer argues that nonhuman animals have this capacity, and therefore, they have interests, which, according to the principle of equality, ought to be given equal consideration.

Why does Singer discuss Bentham's and Sidgwick's notions of equality in this paper?

Singer considers their notions as helpful in understanding what the principle of equality means.

How does Singer understand the phrase "without sacrificing anything of comparable moral significance"?

Singer thinks it means one should not cause anything comparably bad from happening, do something wrong in itself, or fail to promote a good comparable in significance to the bad one can prevent.

Which of the following is the best example of a morally relevant human capacity, according to Steinbock?

The capacity to be held responsible for their actions.

What role does the claim that nonhuman animals can feel pain play in Steinbock's argument?

Steinbock argues that this fact does not settle the issue of whether it is justified to privilege the interests of humans over those of non-human animals.

Which of the following claims is implied by Gay-Williams's "Argument from Nature"?

Suicide is always contrary to man's natural goal of survival.

Which of the following is a key premise of Gay Williams's "Argument from Nature"?

Survival is, inherently, a natural purpose of every human being.

Of the following definitions, which most accurately defines the idea of sentience?

The capacity for suffering or enjoyment.

What is Schwartz' analysis of "Good Neighbor"?

The case is relevantly different from all the others in that the prima facie wrong- doing in this case is not directly related to the production of the goods purchased

What is Schwartz's position on the value of virtue theory for a consumer ethic?

The choices consumers make symbolize their character and values but an ethic that appeals only to character is not strong enough to generate a strong sense of moral obligation in consumers

Which of the following is a key premise in Gay-Williams's "Argument from Practical Effects"?

The practice may have a corrupting influence on health-care providers.

Schwartz offers the following justification for the claim that Ted and Alice would be morally culpable in purchasing clothing in the conditions described in the case:

The purchase would be an initial and necessary causal step in a chain of events culminating in a significant net increase in overall suffering, and so it is morally wrong

Of the following definitions, which most accurately defines Thomson's notion of the right to life?

The right to not be killed wrongfully.

Which of the following statements about "slave holding", as distinguished from "slave owning", is correct?

The term "slave holding" is used to distinguish traditional slave "owning" from ownership of persons without the traditional obligations of slave owners to their slaves

Which of the following does NOT, according to Thompson, follow from the fact (if it is one) that you ought to let the violinist use your kidneys?

The violinist has a right to use your kidneys and you are being unjust if you refuse.

Marquis argues that:

The wrongness of killing can be extended to fetal life since fetuses have a future like ours.

The main conclusion of "Speciesism and the Idea of Equality" is:

There are morally relevant differences between human and nonhuman animals that justify our giving greater weight to human interests.

Which of the following would count as an objection to Rachels's position that a doctor's letting someone die for humane reasons is not relevantly different than a doctor's actively euthanizing a patient for humane reasons?

There is an important distinction between active and passive euthanasia because in cases of passive euthanasia, it is the disease or defect that kills the patient, not the doctor.

Which of the following best captures Rachels's main argument for the main conclusion in "Active and Passive Euthanasia"?

There is no inherent moral distinction between active and passive euthanasia because the morality of either action must be assessed in large part by the agent's motives for killing or allowing one to die.

Which of the following best captures Rachels's main conclusion in "Active and Passive Euthanasia"?

There is no significant moral distinction between active and passive euthanasia.

Which of the following is NOT a premise in Warren's argument that abortion is morally permissible?

There might be aliens who are persons.

What roles do the claims that it is wrong to kill an innocent human being and that it is wrong to kill a person play in Marquis's paper?

These claims express moral principles pro-choices and antiabortionists use as premises.

What role does the claim that a fetus is a person with the right to life play in Thomson's paper?

Thomson argues that the claim does not entail that abortion is morally wrong.

Schwartz mentions Waldron's interpretation of Mill's harm principle in order to:

To argue that the question whether animal suffering constitutes "harm" depends on what kinds of interests the animals have

Why does Gay-Williams discuss the possibility of "miraculous" recovery?

To demonstrate that euthanasia is never in one's self-interest.

Schwartz's aim in the first chapter of Consumer Choices is:

To present an initial framework for a consumer ethic

Schwartz uses fictional cases about consumer choice for the following purpose:

To test initial intuitions about whether or not moral culpability can attach to the act of purchasing a product

What is the main conclusion of Schwartz analysis of ethical theories?

Utilitarianism and deontology establish by strong argument that consumers are culpable for what they purchase

Why does Warren discuss Noonan's antiabortion argument?

Warren uses Noonan's antiabortion argument as an example of how we often overlook the difference between the genetic sense of "human" and the moral sense of "human."

Which of the following can we infer from Singer's claim that the principle of equality is equality of consideration?

We can meet the demands of the principle of equality and still treat other species differently.

Singer's main conclusion is:

We have an obligation to prevent bad things from happening if it is in our power to do so and it does not require us to sacrifice anything of comparable moral importance.

Singer's main conclusion in "All Animals Are Equal" is:

We ought to extend the principle of equality to nonhuman animals, which means we should give their interests equal consideration.

Which of the following captures best the basic question that Steinbock is trying to answer in "Speciesm and the Idea of Equality"?

What differences exist between human beings and non-human animals such that unequal consideration of interests is justified?

Which of the following best captures the basic question Singer is trying to answer in "All Animals Are Equal"?

What does the principle of equality amount to, and why should we extend that principle to nonhuman animals?

Which of the following best captures the basic question that Marquis is trying to answer in this paper?

What features belonging to the fetus and which moral principle make it so that killing it is immoral?

Which of the following best captures the basic question Gay-Williams is attempting to answer in "The Wrongfulness of Euthanasia"?

Why is euthanasia universally wrong?

Which scenarios are considered by Schwartz in his effort to classify the areas in which products can be connected to moral concerns?

Wrongdoing associated with production, use and marketing of goods, and wrongdoing ancillary to the product itself

Which of the following best captures the basic question that Warren is trying to answer in "On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion"?

is abortion morally permissible?