Motivation and Emotion

Which of the following statements best depicts the concept of incentive theory?

Jennifer studies hard because her parents reward her by paying $20 for each superior grade that she brings home.

positive reinforcement Which of the following characteristics of the Type A personality is most positively correlated with having a heart attack?

Hostile

Gustav was out for his daily walk when he was approached by a thief who demanded his wallet. He immediately felt an increase in his breathing and heart rate. Which of the following accurately describes Gustav's physiological response?

Alarm Reaction

A technique that enables a person to control physiological responses that are normally involuntary, such as level of blood pressure, is known as *

Biofeedback

Which of the following argues that physiological needs create aroused psychological states that cause us to try to satisfy those needs?

Drive reduction theory

Which of the following theories suggests that a physiological need creates a state of tension that motivates an organism to satisfy the need?

Drive-reduction

Homeostasis is most closely associated with which motivation theory?

Drive-reduction theory

Which of the following relates most to the lowest level of Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Intrinsic motivation

Which of the following most accurately characterizes the role of the hypothalamus in the regulation of hunger?

It acts with the endocrine system to control hunger and satiety

Which of the following behaviors best demonstrates an emotional response associated with the short route from the THALAMUS to the AMYGDALA, as described by Joseph LeDoux?

Miguel jumps up on a chair because he thinks he sees a spider moving along the wall. When he realizes it was just a dust ball, he gets off the chair

Melinda went skydiving. As soon as she landed, a handsome man helped her gather her parachute. Melinda's heart was beating quickly and her hands were perspiring. Melinda inferred that she must be attracted to him. Which of the following is a theory of emotion that would best explain the relationship between Melinda's physiological state and her apparent attraction to the man that helped her?

Schachter two-factor

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormones (LH) are most closely associated with which of the following motivated behaviors?

Sex

Which of the following statements is supported by research on homosexuality?

Studies of twins have shown a genetic predisposition to homosexuality

According to the Yerkes-Dodson model, when facing a very difficult challenge, which level of arousal would probably lead to the best outcome?

a moderately low level

The number one tennis player on last year's squad does not find her name on the list of students who made this year's team. Which stage of Selye's general adaptation syndrome is she most likely experiencing?

alarm

Which of the following topics would a sociobiologist be most interested in studying?

altruistic acts that ensure the survival of the next generation

Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer view emotion as resulting from

cognitive labels of physiological changes

Paul Ekman found that when Japanese students watched films of surgery, they masked their expressions of disgust with a smile when an authority figure entered the room but not when alone. American students maintained their expressions of disgust both alone and in the presence of an authority figure. Ekman's findings illustrate what he calls

display rules

Shaniqua is a fourth grader who loves to read whenever she has free time. To encourage Shaniqua to continue to read, her parents would best be advised to

do nothing additional

The James-Lange theory of emotion states that

emotional expression follows awareness of our physiological response to an arousing event

Incentive theories of motivation explain the desire of people to achieve goals in terms of

external stimuli that have the capacity to affect behavior

Incentive theories of motivation explain the desire of people to achieve goals in terms of?

external stimuli that have the capacity to affect behavior

Although he finds it to be difficult and not much fun, Tomas puts in long hours practicing field hockey in the hope of getting an athletic scholarship to college. This best illustrates the idea of

extrinsic motivation

Pam works hard in school because her parents give her ten dollars for every A she receives. Pam's parents are attempting to influence her academic efforts by capitalizing on?

extrinsic motivation

An animal will gain weight when

its ventromedial hypothalamus is damaged/ releasing factors are present

Which of the following factors stimulate us to eat?

lack of cholecystokinin, high levels of glucagon, and stimulation of the LH

During junior high, the typical student is preoccupied with making friends. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs is he/she satisfying?

love and belonging needs

According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the need to have respect for ourselves and to be valued by others is classified within the category of

self-actualization needs

It is well established that certain autonomic responses such as heart rate, perspiration, and respiration change under stress. In view of the fact that people generally have stronger autonomic responses when lying than when telling the truth, it follows that the polygraph would be a foolproof approach to lie detection. Which statement best explains why the polygraph is not more widely used in courtrooms and in testing of job applicants?

Physiological arousal is much the same for several emotions, so the polygraph cannot always reliably distinguish guilt from other reactions.

Which of the following findings about emotions is well supported by research?

There are several universal emotions.

Selection of moderately challenging tasks characterizes the behavior of people who have a

high need for achievement

When asked why he wants to become a doctor, Tom says, "Because I've always liked biology and being a doctor will allow me to make a good salary to take care of a family." His answer is most consistent with which of the following theories of motivation?

incentive

Karen had been working overtime to complete a project so that she could go skiing at the end of the month. On the day of her trip, Karen got sick with the flu and had to cancel. Stress hormones had most likely affected her immune system by

suppressing white blood cells called T lymphocytes

Homeostasis refers to

the body's tendency to maintain a balanced internal state

Terrence's parents were excited by his recent interest in reading science fiction novels. They bought him toy science fiction characters and praised him for reading the books. When they stopped giving him praise and toys, they were dismayed that he quit reading. Terrence's behavior best illustrates

the overjustification effect

Which of the following situations describes an approach-avoidance conflict?

Anna must decide whether to buy a used car that is in her price range but has several mechanical problems.

After school, George and his friends complain of intense hunger. They go to George's home and immediately open his refrigerator to look for a snack. Which of the following is a theory of motivation that best explains their behavior?

Drive reduction

Which of the following most accurately reflects our current understanding of basic facial expressions?

Facial expressions are universally recognized, but highly variable in how they are displayed.

Which of the following concepts explains motivation in terms of an organism seeking to maintain its biological equilibrium?

Homeostasis

When given a drug that produced general arousal, research participants placed in a room with a happy confederate described their emotional state as happy, while those placed in a room with an angry confederate described their emotional state as angry. Which theory of emotion best explains these results?

Schachter-Singer

Students who enjoyed solving a puzzle were rewarded for doing so. Later, they played less with the puzzle than did their counterparts who were not rewarded for the same task. This illustrates which of the following principles? *

The overjustification effect

Adit really likes the appearance of the Mercedes his friend is selling, but knows he should be more conservative with his money. What type of conflict situation is he facing?

approach-avoidance