Motivation- Chapter 11

scientific-management approach (Theory X)

, most employees are lazy, indifferent and not creative. Work should be easy to perform and strictly supervised

Anorexia Nervosa

A condition in which a normal-weight person (usually an adolescent woman) continuously loses weight but still feels overweight.

Bulimia Nervosa

A disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, using laxatives, fasting, or excessive exercise

The Kinsey Survey

Alfred C. Kinsey, 1894, born in Hoboken, New Jersey conducted the first major survey of human sexual behavior. His research is cited as having paved the way for a deeper exploration into sexuality among sexologists and the general public, and as having liberated female sexuality. He attacked the widespread ignorance of sexual structure and physiology He had a large non-random sample. Since it was from only one area of the United States, it is not representative. Still his results are useful because they demonstrate wide variation in human sexual habits and attitudes.

Clark Leonard Hull

Father of Drive Reduction Theory, the first theory for motivation, in 1943.

Leadership

How hard one works at a job is also influenced by perceptions of how your organization is led. It is hard to measure the qualities of an effective leader. In describing the characteristics of an effective leader, an interesting distinction has been made between two main types.

Incentive (external motivations)

If it comes from 'outside/external' sources external stimuli that pull us toward certain actions. It is a thing that motivates or encourages one to do something

a Drive (internal conditions)

If the 'push' comes from within

American Mindset

In America it is common for everyone, especially women, to be unhappy with their physiques. Americans tend to worry more about what they eat. Americans express more interest in obtaining low-fat, low-salt, "health foods." A slender figure is presented as ideal and there is a great deal of social pressure to be very thin.

Obesity and Activity

Lack of exercise is a major contributor to obesity. Just watching TV for two hours resulted in a 23% increase of weight when other factors were controlled

Drive theories

Motivation is the physical and psychological process that drives us toward a certain goal. A person's motivation is a combination of desire and energy directed at achieving a goal. It is the cause of action.

homosexual

People who prefer partners of their own sex

Losing Weight

The use of medications for weight loss remains controversial. Medications act by weakening hunger signals to the brain, blocking absorption of fat in the intestines, or increasing metabolism.

Motivation as an energy

The word motivation is derived from the same root as "motion" - something that moves an organism. It can be defined as what activates and directs behavior.

Properties of motivated behavior

They are goal directed behaviors - motivated individuals keep working until they reach their goal. Motivated behavior is instigated, prompted, activated If an individual varies the behavior and persists until reaching a goal, it is a motivated behavior.

Work Motivation

Unlike hunger, the motivation for achievement is complicated by the fact that there rarely is a point of satiety. People who achieve major goals tend to set new ones and begin striving for them. We would probably be distressed if we had no further goals.

High Goals

Very high goals tend to promote good performance, as long as the goals seem realistic. Students and workers be able to attain the goal and take them seriously. They need to receive specific and frequent feedback. Challenging goals require intrinsic motivation, rewards are less motivating for difficult goals than they are for easy goals.

mere measurement effect (familiarity principle)

a psychological phenomenon by which people tend to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with them.

hypothalamus

a small area on the underside of the brain, contains several sub-areas that contribute in various ways to eating, drinking, sexual behavior, and other motivated activities. is the location of several areas critical to regulation of food intake. The lateral hypothalamus stimulates appetite so we start eating. Damage to it leads starvation through lack of interest in food. It is the "hunger center" of the brain.

Delay of gratification

choosing a smaller payoff now in order to get a bigger payoff later. Sometimes individuals will choose to get an unpleasant event over with to avoid experiencing dread, and will postpone a desirable event to enjoy the anticipation of it.

human-relations approach (Theory Y)

employees crave a sense of responsibility, variety of tasks, and a feeling of accomplishment.

intrinsic motivation

is a motivation to do an act for its own sake. It's stimulation or drive coming from within, an activity we enjoy and find motivating.

Sexual orientation

is a person's preference for male partners, female partners, both, or neither.

extrinsic motivation

is based on the reinforcements and punishments that may follow an action. We get motivated by external forces, not within self. Most motivated behaviors result from a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations.

Gender identity

is the sex that a person regards him- or herself as being.

Transformational Leaders

leaders articulate a vision for the future, and challenge and motivate subordinates to be creative in improving the organization. leaders tend to be viewed as effective across a variety of contexts.

Homeostasis

maintenance of bio conditions. It's equilibrium your body must maintain to keep you alive. Hunger is a homeostatic drive that makes fuel available to the body. Conditions such as temperature, hydration, nutrition, and weight are maintained at a state of equilibrium.

Drive

often the starting point of motivation. This helps individuals focus on specific goals they wish to achieve or how they wish to improve their life. All people have some level of personal drive.

Overjustification

predicts that if people are given more extrinsic motivation than needed to perform a task, the intrinsic motivation declines.

Drive-Reduction Theory

proposes that animals strive to reduce their drives as much as possible, thus, reduce our drives. He proposed that the purpose of biological drives is to correct disturbances of homeostasis. According to Hull, physiological needs result in psychological drive states that direct behavior to meet the needs and, ultimately, bring the system back to homeostasis.

Job Satisfaction

strongly related to overall life satisfaction. Most adults say they are satisfied with their work, but also say that they would choose a different job if they could "start over." Younger workers generally report being less satisfied than older workers. Few people change jobs once they have reached middle age.

Obesity

the excessive accumulation of body fat: serious health risk because it increases the individual's risk of: Diabetes Coronary diseases Some types of cancer Sleep apnea

bisexual

those who like partners of both sexes are

Transactional Leaders

try to make the organization more efficient at what it already does, usually through the use of incentives leaders are described as more effective in stable organizations where activities tend not to vary in the long run.