Motivation Exam 3

One manifestation of the Eros (instincts for life) is ________, while one manifestation of the Thanatos (instincts for death) is ________.

affiliation; gambling

According to the text, children with unsophisticated emotion knowledge are at risk of developing maladaptive behavior problems. Which of the following are included in the potential problems a child might develop?

aggressive behavior

Compassion can be learned, as through engaging in exercises such as:

meditation training

_____ describes the extent to which the individual accepts versus denies and rejects the full range of his or her personal characteristics, abilities, desires, and beliefs.

Congruence and incongruence

_________ is an example of an immature defense mechanism, and _________ is an example of a mature defense mechanism.

Denial; sublimation

One main difference between Maslow's hierarchy and Alderfer's ERG theory is that:

ERG need categories can operate simultaneously rather than sequentially as Maslow's hierarchy do.

Which motivational theory suggests that social-contextual events that enhance perceptions of competence improve intrinsic motivation?

self-determination theory

The following features describe what aspect of the unconscious mind?: Automatic, intuitive, fast, efficient, and first impressions.

Adaptive unconscious

Which of these recommendations is supported by the job characteristics model?

Employees should understand how their efforts lead to meaningful outcomes.

A(n) ___________ is a step-by-step plan of action to alter some existing condition.

Intervention

Which of the following represents a criticism or recognized shortcoming of the psychoanalytic study of unconscious motivation?

It is a wonderful interpretive device for events that occurred in the past but is woeful as a predictive device.

________ theory studies how people satisfy the psychological need for relatedness through the mental representation of, and actual attachments to, other people.

Object relations

When Sigmund Freud first defined psychodynamics, his central concept was:

Repression

_____ is an inherent developmental striving. It is a process of leaving behind defenses and moving toward autonomous self-regulation.

Self-actualization

Bandura refers to the attention that individuals devote to feedback processes and to understanding their own performance and effort as:

Self-evaluation

_____ individuals accept external definitions that pressure them to identify with stereotypical identities and ways of behaving that are appropriate for their social group.

Socially defined

Which of the following is NOT a core principle that organizes contemporary psychodynamic theory:

Therapy works when the therapist discovers, understands, and removes the client's unconscious childhood traumas.

According to goal-setting theory, motivation is enhanced when employees accept and are committed to specific, difficult goals as well as when they:

are given feedback regarding progress toward those goals.

In the Supporting Psychological Need Satisfaction intervention, 21 experienced middle and high school teachers implemented an Autonomy Support Intervention Program (ASIP). The intervention results showed that:

autonomy support was greater for experimental participants than it was for control participants.

According to Maslow, deficiency needs:

dominate consciousness until gratification submerges them.

An individual's perceived competence in dealing with environmental challenges, demands, and opportunities is _________. The greater this sense of competence is, the stronger the person's desire to seek out new and challenging interactions with the environment.

ego effectance

In the Promoting Emotion Knowledge intervention, researchers developed a program within the context of Head Start to deliver an "Emotions Course" and an "Emotion-Based Prevention Program" to promote children's emotion knowledge. The intervention results showed that:

emotion knowledge was greater for experimental participants than it was for control participants.

Seeking out challenges, exerting effort, being fully engaged and experiencing flow in what one is doing, acting on one's true values, and feeling fully alive and authentic describes:

eudaimonic well-being

Reyna knows that if she puts in longer hours, her performance on her project will improve. However, she feels her boss dislikes her, so even if she improves her performance, she believes she will not receive a raise (which she would really like). According to expectancy theory, Reyna has high _____ and low _____.

expectancy; instrumentality

According to equity theory, which of the following is an outcome?

feelings of satisfaction

The students of teachers in the experimental group from the Supporting Psychological Need Satisfaction intervention showed the following post-intervention benefit:

greater classroom engagement

The students of teachers in the experimental group from the Promoting Emotion Knowledge intervention showed the following post-intervention benefit:

greater positive emotions

The adolescents in the experimental group from the Increasing a Growth Mindset intervention showed the following post-intervention benefit:

greater prosocial behavior

Ella has learned that she will not be getting a bonus this year. She is particularly upset about this because her supervisor has not explained why she won't be getting the bonus and was rude to her when he told her the news. Ella is likely upset because of the low level of:

interactional justice.

The process of increasing the motivating potential of jobs by strengthening the key motivating characteristics identified by job characteristics theory is referred to as:

job enrichment.

According to two-factor theory, "recognition" is an example of a(n) _____, and "supervision" is an example of a(n) _____.

motivator; hygiene

According to the study of psychodynamics, continued suppression of a thought will build up a potent counterforce that drives the unwanted thought toward becoming a(n):

obsession

When participants were asked to rate possible intrinsic goals and extrinsic goals and then, 20 minutes later, were asked to rate how important these two categories of goals were to them, the results showed that during the second (20 minutes) later:

participants increased their ratings of how important the intrinsic goals were to them.

Positive psychology investigates:

positive subjective experiences, such as creativity.

Validation-seeking individuals strive to:

prove their self-worth, competence, and likeability.

Nathan, a college student, diligently attends every class and studies hard for every exam as he is motivated by the need to fulfill his potential. According to Maslow, Nathan has reached the level of the needs hierarchy known as:

self-actualization.

According to humanistic psychology, the everyday choice of following one's inner nature or following cultural priorities is not a neutral one. People generally follow social preferences and priorities because:

social messages are strong, while inner guides are subtle

Angie perceives inequity because when she compares her input/outcome ratio to that of Sally's, the ratios are not equal. Angie frequently volunteers to work many more hours than Sally, but she receives smaller bonuses compared to what Sally receives. According to equity theory, one way Angie can reduce her perceived inequity is to:

stop volunteering to work extra hours.

Which developmental sequence accurately describes the trajectory of mature ego development?

symbiotic, impulsive, self-protective, conformist, conscientious

In the Increasing a Growth Mindset intervention, researchers developed an intervention program to help adolescents endorse a growth mindset. Results of the intervention showed that after 3 weeks:

the growth mindset was greater for experimental participants than it was for control participants.