Motivation Final Review

According to Lazarus, a(n) _________ appraisal, which occurs immediately following stimulus exposure, involves an estimate of whether one has anything at stake in the stimulus encounter. a. Primary b. secondary c. tertiary d. outcome-driven

a. Primary

________ describes the extent to which the individual accepts versus denies and rejects the full range of his or her personal characteristics, abilities, desires, and beliefs. (a) Congruence and incongruence (b) Self-actualization and self-deactualization (c) Self-definition and social definition (d) Subjective well-being and eudaimonic well-being

(a) Congruence and incongruence

In the social sharing of emotion, which of the following statements is the only false one? a. Social-affective sharing helps the sharer categorize the emotional episode as a generally positive one or as a generally negative one. b. Social-affective sharing yields little benefit beyond temporary relief from the negative affect. c. Social sharing of emotion is the norm, not the occasional exception, in emotional experience. d. Social sharing of emotion tends to bring the sharer and listener closer together.

a. Social-affective sharing helps the sharer categorize the emotional episode as a generally positive one or as a generally negative one.

Strong self-efficacy beliefs are associated with all of the following except: a. altering attributions from external to internal. b. allowing problem solving to remain task-focused and thinking to remain efficient rather than erratic. c. predicting how much effort a performer exerts in the face of adversity. d. quieting doubt during failure or rejection.

a. altering attributions from external to internal.

The differential reaction to failure shown by a mastery-oriented versus a helpless-oriented individual is most pronounced and obvious during tasks that are: a. challenging, where success is not guaranteed b. easy c. problems with one clear right answer d. problems that are open-ended and do not have a clear single right answer

a. challenging, where success is not guaranteed

Which of the following is not a way in which goal-setting improves performance? Goal-setting: a. decreases stress. b. directs the individual's attention to the task. c. increases persistence. d. mobilizes effort.

a. decreases stress.

When one adopts performance-avoidance goals, goal pursuit tends to produce: a. dissatisfaction and negative affect b. physiological arousal c. intrinsic motivation d. positive results

a. dissatisfaction and negative affect

According to the facial feedback hypothesis, facial feedback does one thing, namely: a. emotion activation. b. emotion balancing. c. emotion cueing. d. emotion filtering.

a. emotion activation

When a person automatically mimics another's emotional expression and begins to synchronize his or her own emotion with the other person's in terms of expression, vocalization, postures, and movements, what emotional phenomena has occurred? a. emotional contagion b. emotional contact c. emotional reversal d. emotional sociology

a. emotional contagion

The purpose of the cross-cultural investigations that tested whether human beings display similar facial expressions of emotion regardless of cultural/national differences was to demonstrate that: a. facial behavior has an innate, unlearned component. b. facial behavior has a learned, voluntary component. c. some cultures express positive emotions clearly but negative emotions only vaguely. d. some cultures are more emotionally expressive than are other cultures.

a. facial behavior has an innate, unlearned component.

Who wrote the following: "The organism has one basic tendency and striving—to actualize, maintain, and enhance the experiencing self." (a) Anna Freud (b) Sigmund Freud (c) Abraham Maslow (d) Carl Rogers

d) Carl Rogers

Which of the following statements is the most accurate? (a) Contemporary emotion research largely discounts the biological and cognitive approaches and instead focuses on a social-cultural approach. (b) The biological approach provides a better, more accurate, perspective on understanding emotion than does the cognitive approach. (c) The cognitive approach provides a better, more accurate, perspective on understanding emotion than does the biological approach. (d) Together, the cognitive and biological approaches provide a comprehensive picture of the emotion process.

d) Together, the cognitive and biological approaches provide a comprehensive picture of the emotion process.

Which of the following statements best reflects an effective implementationintention? a. "If I focus clearly on my goal, I will be able to attain it." b. "If I believe in my goal and rehearse it coming true, I will be able to attain it." c. "When I create choices among my goals, I will have the flexibility to succeed." d. "When I encounter situation X, I will perform behavior Y."

d. "When I encounter situation X, I will perform behavior Y."

You might hear a person who is experiencing learned helplessness saying each of the following except: a. "I feel low; depressed." b. "I failed, but it wasn't my fault." c. "No matter why I tried, nothing seemed to work." d. "Why try?"

d. "Why try?"

Which of the following sequence of events best reflects the James-Lange theory of emotion? a. I see a dog, I appraise the situation as harmful, I feel fear, my heart races. b. I see a dog, I feel fear, relief replaces fear, and relief fades away. c. I see a dog, I feel fear, my heart races. d. I see a dog, my heart races, I feel fear.

d. I see a dog, my heart races, I feel fear.

Value is defined as: a. a mental state of the future. b. extent of effort applied to the task. c. the gradient for success. d. The perceived attractiveness of a task.

d. The perceived attractiveness of a task.

________ involve(s) the ongoing maintenance and persistence of motivated action because it involves all the post-decisional processes that sustain ongoing activity. a. Goal setting b. Goal strivings c. Plans of action d. Volition

d. Volition

Corrective motivation is an improvement over the concept of a plan because it: a. mimics a computer simulation of persistence. b. emphasizes that behavior can and does change over time. c. emphasizes that difficult-to-accomplish plans energize greater motivation than easy-to-accomplish plans. d. emphasizes that plans, like behaviors, are modifiable and can change in response to circumstances.

d. emphasizes that plans, like behaviors, are modifiable and can change in response to circumstances.

In considering how motivation and emotion relate to one another, which of the following statements is most accurate? (a) Emotions function as one type of motive. (b) Emotions and motivation are so similar that it makes sense to treat them as synonyms. (c) Motivation is more sensitive to changes in the environment, while emotion is more sensitive to changes in the person. (d) Motivational states act as an ongoing readout about the person's emotional experience.

(a) Emotions function as one type of motive.

Reappraisal involves: (a) changing the meaning of a situation. (b) redirecting one's attention, as with either distraction or rumination. (c) repeating an emotion a second time after its first initial experience. (d) thinking twice about one's emotional response.

(a) changing the meaning of a situation.

Humanistic theorists emphasize that human beings are motivated to: (a) develop their full potential. (b) find ways to merge intimately and completely with another person or with other people. (c) reduce anxiety. (d) resolve unconscious conflicts from childhood that would otherwise undermine self-actualization.

(a) develop their full potential.

Maslow estimated that _____ % of the population reaches self-actualization. (a) less than 1 (b) about 5 (c) about 10 (d) about 25

(a) less than 1

The most important single theme that emerges from Plutchik's chicken-and-egg analysis of the cause of emotion is: (a) biological determinants are primarily, but not exclusively, responsible for emotion. (b) cognitions do not directly cause emotions any more than biological events do. (c) cognitive determinants are primarily, but not exclusively, responsible for emotion. (d) that since biological responses come first, they should be the most important element in the cause of emotion.

(b) cognitions do not directly cause emotions any more than biological events do.

Which of the following group of theorists would most likely agree with this statement: "Before emotion can occur, a person engages in a meaning interpretation of the event to evaluate its importance or relevance to personal well-being." (a) biological emotion researchers only (b) cognitive emotion researchers only (c) both biological and cognitive emotion researchers (d) neither biological nor cognitive emotion researchers

(b) cognitive emotion researchers only

Validation-seeking individuals strive to: (a) create opportunities for personal growth, learning, and self-improvement. (b) prove their self-worth, competence, and likeability. (c) reject controlling conditions of worth imposed upon them by parents and society. (d) reject stereotypical identities imposed upon them by society.

(b) prove their self-worth, competence, and likeability.

When looking at all possible emotion regulation strategies, in general and overall, ________ and ________ regulate emotion well while ________ does not. (a) attentional focus and situation modification; reappraisal (b) reappraisal and attentional focus; suppression (c) reappraisal and suppression; situation modification (d) situation selection and situation modification; attentional focus

(b) reappraisal and attentional focus; suppression

Carl Rogers did not like the term teacher because he felt that the only learning that mattered was student-initiated learning. Instead of teacher, he preferred the term: (a) coach (b) educator (c) facilitator (d) instructor

(c) facilitator

Positive psychology investigates: (a) amotivation. (b) overt measurable behaviors, not subjective experiences. (c) positive subjective experiences, such as creativity. (d) the ongoing intrapsychic clashing of mental forces.

(c) positive subjective experiences, such as creativity.

According to humanistic psychology, the everyday choice of following one's inner nature or following cultural priorities is not a neutral one. People generally follow social preferences and priorities because: (a) following social messages predicts adjustment, while following inner guides predicts maladjustment. (b) following social messages corresponds with high interpersonal competence, while following inner guides corresponds with low interpersonal competence. (c) social messages are strong, while inner guides are subtle. (d) social messages are reliable and valid, while inner guides are unreliable and invalid.

(c) social messages are strong, while inner guides are subtle.

According to the broaden-and-build theory of positivity, people flourish when they experience what ratio of positive emotions to negative emotions in their daily life? (a) 1.5 to 1 (b) 2 to 1 (c) 2.5 to 1 (d) 3 to 1

(d) 3 to 1

According to a cognitive view of emotion, about how many different emotions are there? (a) two—love and hate (or life and death) (b) a small number—between 2 and 10 (c) 25—as represented by the 5 x 5 emotion grid (d) an almost limitless number

(d) an almost limitless number

The _______ component of emotion gives emotion its communicative aspect. (a) bodily arousal (b) feelings (c) sense of purpose (d) expressive

(d) expressive

According to Plutchik's analysis of emotion, which of the following does not contribute to the mix of experience that causes emotion? (a) arousal (b) cognition (c) facial expressions (d) social roles

(d) social roles

Compared to people who pursue inner guides such as self-actualization, people who devote their lives to the pursuit of the American dream (money, fame, popularity): (a) come from small families (i.e., there are few children in the household). (b) have a greater capacity to experience flow. (c) show gains in psychological well-being. (d) suffer more psychological distress.

(d) suffer more psychological distress.

Self-efficacy is not the same as ability. In what way does self-efficacy predict coping and performance above and beyond how one's ability predicts coping and performance? a. Circumstances are always ambiguous and unpredictable and hence require coping. b. Emotions are always ambiguous and unpredictable and hence require suppressing. c. Self-efficacy is a more important predictor of task performance than is ability. d. Self-efficacy predicts actual performance, whereas ability predicts only potential performance.

a. Circumstances are always ambiguous and unpredictable and hence require coping.

Which of the following is not a valid criticism of the James-Lange theory of emotion? a. Different patterns of bodily arousal produce different emotional states. b. People experience emotion even after surgery makes it impossible for the brain to monitor visceral activities. c. People experience emotion faster than the body's physiological reactions can produce them. d. Stimulant drugs do not seem to cause specific emotional reactions.

a. Different patterns of bodily arousal produce different emotional states.

When placed into an achievement situation, a person with a growth mindset is most likely to adopt which type of achievement goal? a. Mastery b. performance-approach c. performance-avoidance d. all of the above

a. Mastery

The finding that heart rate and skin temperature increase for one emotion (e.g., anger) but decrease for another emotion is an important finding because it _______ of emotion. a. supports the James-Lange theory b. refutes the James-Lange theory c. supports Cannon's criticism of the James-Lange theory d. refutes Cannon's criticism of the James-Lange theory

a. supports the James-Lange theory

For a person with a fixed mindset, the meaning of effort tends to be: a. "It is a tool, the means by which I can turn on and capitalize on my skills." b. "The harder you try, the dumber you therefore must be." c. "The more you try and the more you learn, the better you get. d. "effort leads to learning"

b. "The harder you try, the dumber you therefore must be."

A _____ theory of motivation focuses on mental processes as "springs to action" that energize and direct behavior in purposive ways. a. biological b. cognitive c. personality d. social

b. cognitive

Initiation rituals in groups such as the military, fraternities, and athletic teams increase acceptance by group members. Initiation rituals increase acceptance by capitalizing on what dissonance-arousing process? a. choice b. effort justification c. insufficient justification d. new information

b. effort justification

A _____ is a future-focused cognitive representation of a desired end state that guides behavior. a. discrepancy b. goal c. simulation d. strategy

b. goal

Bem's self-perception theory challenged the basic tenet of cognitive dissonance theory by arguing that cognition-behavior: a. consistencies produce both positive and negative emotions. b. inconsistencies do not necessarily produce an aversive motivational state. c. inconsistencies only rarely produce the attributional search necessary to generate dissonance arousal. d. inconsistencies rarely occur, except in the laboratory.

b. inconsistencies do not necessarily produce an aversive motivational state.

According to Lazarus, a(n) _________ appraisal, which occurs after some reflection, involves an estimate of whether one can do anything to cope with a potential stressor. a. primary b. secondary c. tertiary d. outcome-driven

b. secondary

Which of the following parenting styles is most likely to lead children to experience pressure-driving functioning, emotional suppression, and a tendency to self-aggrandizement after success and self-criticism after failure: (a) autonomy support (b) laissez-faire (c) positive conditional regard (d) negative conditional regard

c) positive conditional regard

Which of the following is a good example of an effective implementation intention? a. "I will decide which goal I should pursue." b. "If I can accomplish my goal, then I will be happy." c. "If I see that the television is on, then I will ignore it." d. "When I am feeling low (distressed), I will set a goal."

c. "If I see that the television is on, then I will ignore it."

Which of the following relations represent a person's efficacy expectations? a. Action Control b. Action Outcomes c. Self Action d. Self Control

c. Self Action

The motivational spring to action that results when a person's present state falls short of their hoped-for ideal is referred to as a(n): a. attribution. b. cognitive interruption. c. discrepancy. d. displacement.

c. discrepancy.

Some facial expression of emotion are more difficult to recognize than are other facial expressions of emotion. Which of the following emotions is considered the most difficult for people to recognize from the facial expression alone? a. anger b. disgust c. fear d. joy

c. fear

The person who experiences increased heart rate and decreased skin temperature is probably feeling: a. anger. b. disgust. c. fear. d. guilt.

c. fear.

Specific, difficult, and concordant goals enhance performance, but an additional variable that is crucial to allow goals to translate into effective performance is: a. concrete intentions. b. extrinsic motivation. c. feedback. d. internal attributions for success.

c. feedback.

Parental and teacher ability praise ("You are so smart!") tends to develop in children a ________ mindset. a. fragile b. fixed c. growth d. positive

c. growth

The cognitive foundation underlying personal empowerment is: a. high enculturation. b. high reactance. c. high self-efficacy. d. high self-esteem.

c. high self-efficacy.

During failure feedback, mastery-oriented individuals generally focus on: a. their bad luck. b. how much they would benefit from assistance, such as coaching or social support. c. how they can remedy the failure. d. their low ability.

c. how they can remedy the failure.

"Failure as a challenge" means that the meaning of failure is a(n): a. attributional phenomenon that raises an energizing reactance response. b. danger signal to our well-being that needs to be taken seriously. c. opportunity for learning and personal growth. d. second chance to prove one's otherwise uncertain ability level.

c. opportunity for learning and personal growth.

A(n) _______ is the personal tendency to explain why bad events happen to the self by using attributions that are unstable and controllable. a. depression-prone explanatory style b. helpless explanatory style c. optimistic explanatory style d. pessimistic explanatory style

c. optimistic explanatory style

In the pursuit of a goal, a person experiences positive emotions and feelings when the: a. goal is set. b. goal-performance discrepancy fluctuates. c. person adopts a viable implementation intention. d. rate of progress is better than expected.

c. person adopts a viable implementation intention.

In Weiner's attributional analysis of emotion, the immediate consequence of an outcome is an outcome-dependent emotional response, which Weiner calls a _________ of the outcome. a. causal analysis b. retrospective analysis c. primary appraisal d. secondary appraisal

c. primary appraisal

All cognitive emotion theorists endorse the position that: a. emotion activation arises from a felt tendency to approach or avoid the stimulus event. b. emotion activation arises from the combination of cognitive and biological events. c. the appraisal, not the stimulus event itself, causes emotion. d. the stimulus event, not the appraisal, causes emotion.

c. the appraisal, not the stimulus event itself, causes emotion.

People who write down when and where they will carry out their goal-striving behavior are more likely to actually attain their goals than people who set the same goal but do not write down how they will do it. The motivational construct that explains this effect is: a. the attributional analysis. b. the goal. c. the implementation intention. d. personal striving.

c. the implementation intention.

Helplessness is: a. caused by the failure to construct pre-performance implementation intentions. b. dependent on self-efficacy. c. innate. d. learned.

d. learned.

n the learned helplessness experiments with human beings as subjects, what stimulus is typically used to deliver the aversive, traumatic event? a. cold water b. electric shock c. hot room temperature d. noise

d. noise

Who is the most susceptible to the illusion of control phenomenon? a. depressed individuals in situations that allow high or very high actual control b. depressed individuals in situations that allow little or no actual control c. nondepressed individuals in situations that allow high or very high actual control d. nondepressed individuals in situations that allow little or no actual control

d. nondepressed individuals in situations that allow little or no actual control

Expectancy best predicts ________, while value best predicts ________. a. mastery motivation, self-efficacy b. self-efficacy, mastery motivation c. choices, performance d. performance, choices

d. performance, choices

Cognitive dissonance theory predicts that once a difficult choice between equally attractive alternatives is made, people experience: a. counter-reaction balancing. b. effort justification. c. insufficient justification. d. post-decision regret.

d. post-decision regret.

According to appraisal theories, which emotion would a person experience following these three appraisals of an emotional situation? An important goal was at stake; the goal was attained; the self was the causal agent in bringing the positive outcome to fruition. a. gratitude b. hope c. liking d. pride

d. pride

Higgins (1997) suggests that depending on the individuals' regulatory mindset, success and failure means different things. Which focus (mindset) best represents the statement "success means the presence of gain"? a. deliberative b. implemental c. prevention d. promotion

d. promotion

People with specific goals outperform people with vague goals. This is because specific goals: a. are created by people who have more persistence. b. have more implementation intention. c. deal with mental simulations of successful outcomes. d. reduce ambiguity in thought and variability in performance.

d. reduce ambiguity in thought and variability in performance.

The following question represents which motivational construct: "If things start to go wrong during my performance, do I have the resources within me to cope successfully and turn things around for the better? a. attributional style b. learned helplessness c. reactance d. self-efficacy

d. self-efficacy

A person with a performance goal generally strives to: a. improve by asking for information and help from others. b. make incremental (bit-by-bit) progress. c. overcome obstacles, difficulties, and setbacks with the application of greater effort. d. succeed with little apparent effort.

d. succeed with little apparent effort.

A strong sense of efficacy allows a performer to remain highly ___, even in the face of situational stress and problem-solving dead-ends. a. outcome-focused b. reactance-focused c. self-conscious d. task-focused

d. task-focused

Lazarus's theory of emotion is a cognitive-motivational-relational one. What does it mean to say that the theory is relational? Relational means that emotion arises from one's relationship: a. with ongoing motivational states. b. with cognitive activity. c. with other people. d. to environmental threats and benefits.

d. to environmental threats and benefits.

When one student who doubts his computer skills watches another student cope very well with the demands of a computer, the first student's efficacy expectation rises. The student's increased efficacy expectation was due to the influence of: a. outcome feedback. b. personal behavior history. c. social contagion. d. vicarious experience.

d. vicarious experience.

_______ can be understood through the analogy of pain—the person adjust his or her way of behaving to alleviate an aversive, uncomfortable psychological experience. a. deliberative b. dissonance c. implemental d. promotion

dissonance

TOTE unit—Test, Operate, Test, Exit—is a cognitive mechanism that explains how ______ energize and direct motivated action. a. attributions b. goals c. implementation intentions d. plans

plans