MOTIVATIONAL NEEDS AND PROCESSES

Equity theory is a _____ based motivation theory.

cognitive

According to Porter and Lawler, effort does not lead directly to performance but is moderated by all of the following EXCEPT:

discipline

When Mark is late for his economics presentation. Which of the following attribution is Mr. Rutherford, his economics lecturer, making if he assumes that Mark is not interested in the subject?

dispositional

Which of the following is a characteristic of the need for achievement?

doing better than competitors

The key to understanding the process of motivation lies in the meaning of and the relationship among all these EXCEPT:

education

An incentive is defined as anything that will alleviate the needs and increase the drive.

false

Which one of the following would NOT be classified as a primary motive?

having a secure job

The chances for making attributions to internal or personal causes for the behavior are higher when all of the following characteristics are present EXCEPT:

high consensus

According to research by David McClelland, the derived specific characteristics of high achievers are summarized as being all of the following EXCEPT:

high risk taking

This by definition, occurs when a person perceives that the ratio of his or her outcomes to inputs and the ratio of a relevant other's outcomes to inputs are unequal.

inequity

Which of these is NOT a category of the need for affiliation?

influencing people to change their attitude

Using this, work behavior may be explained by whether employees perceive their outcomes as being controlled internally or externally.

locus of control

Among the following, who believed that once a given need is satisfied, it no longer serves to motivate?

maslow

Avoiding tasks or decisions with a risk of failure and blame can be categorized under which one of the following needs?

needs for security

All of these consist of the negative extrinsic motives EXCEPT:

pay

The strength of the attempt to restore equity, which in essence is motivation, is in direct proportion to the _____ that exists.

perceived inequity

This according to Maslow, corresponds to the unlearned primary needs.

physiological needs

This model starts with the premise that motivation (effort or force) does not equal satisfaction or performance.

porter lawler model

Fasting for a religious, social, or political cause is an example of _____ motive being preceded over by the other motives.

primary

According to the two-factor theory, all these can be considered as belonging to the category of hygiene factors EXCEPT:

responsibility

Identify the second need that correctly fits Maslow's needs hierarchy principle.

safety needs

According to the two-factor theory, all these can be considered as belonging to the category of motivators EXCEPT:

salary

Glen meets with an accident while returning from work. Which of the following attribute is one of the bystanders making, if he blames the accident to a mechanical defect in Glen's car rather than Glen's negligence while driving?

situational

What ascribes a person's behavior to external factors such as equipment or social influence from others?

situational attributes

In a workplace, which of the following can be categorized as an intrinsic motivator?

-Accomplishment

In an organization, the interests of the top management is in conflict with that of the middle management. Which of the following theory is consistent with this situation?

-Agency theory

Which of the following consists of an individual's cognitive evaluation regarding whether or not the amounts and allocations of rewards setting are fair?

-Distributive

An individual who believes in the statement, "Your fate was decided the day you were born," is said to have which of the following attribution?

-External locus of control

A person who does not like the idea that someone or something controls their lives is said to have which of the following attribution?

-Internal locus of control

An individual who believes in the statement, "I make my own fate", is said to have which of the following attribution?

-Internal locus of control

Which of the following can help explain why employees retaliate against both inequitable outcomes and inappropriate processes?

-Organizational justice

These people express the greatest desire to be socially accepted by others.

-People with high need for affiliation.

Which dimension of justice can raise issues of equality as opposed to equity?

-Procedural justice

In explaining victories, athletes commonly credit themselves, but they are more likely to attribute losses to bad breaks, poor officiating, or the other team's superior effort. This is an example of which one of the following attribution biases?

-Self-serving bias.

According to which of the following theory, extrinsic motivators may actually undermine intrinsic motivation?

-The Cognitive Evaluation Theory

Management often faces the problem of having employees who are not motivated despite being provided with high salaries, excellent fringe-benefit packages etc. Which theory offers an explanation for this type of behavior?

-Two-factor theory.

Kelly suggests three dimensions that will affect the type of attributions that are made. To keep these dimensions straight, it can be remembered that _____ relates to other people, _____ relates to other tasks, and _____ relates to time.

-consensus; distinctiveness; consistency

Having a degree from the right university can be categorized under:

-need for status.

Attaining an incentive will:

-reduce or cut off the drive.

All of the attribution theories share the following assumptions EXCEPT:

-we seek to enhance our status through performance

This theory is based mainly on the cognitive concept of expectancy.

Process theories.

Severance pay, health insurance, and seniority plans fall under which of the following category in the hierarchy of work motivation?

Security needs

In order to be included under the category of secondary motives, the motive must be learned.

TRUE

The fact that there are a higher number of employees who are dissatisfied with the raise they get points out that the hygiene factors seem to be important in preventing dissatisfaction but do not lead to satisfaction.

TRUE

Motivation is a hypothetical construct that is used to help explain behavior; it should not be equated with behavior.

True

Motivation is a process that starts with a physiological or psychological deficiency or need that activates a behavior or drive that is aimed at a goal or incentive.

True

Primary motives must be unlearned, and it must be physiologically based.

True

In a workplace, extrinsic motivators include all of these EXCEPT:

achievement

Which of the following theory is concerned with the relationship between personal social perception and interpersonal behavior?

attribution theory