Motor Development Test 1

3 primary categories created by Karl Newell

1. constraints come from individual properties, ex. walking: no strength, lack of motivation; 2. movement goal, ex. walking: slower=waddle..faster=more mature pattern; 3. environment, ex. walking: uneven vs. even terrain; CHANGES AREN'T MADE COGNITIVELY

2 functions of people in field of motor development

1. explain how motor patterns change at different ages: guidelines are fundamental (phylogenetic) motor skills; 2. reasons why motor patterns change

early adulthood: motor development milestone 7/10

18-23 yrs; increase in lean body mass; no more clumsy years; increase in physical activity

young adulthood: motor development milestone 8/10

23-35 yrs; ends with decrease in metabolic rate - leads to increased body weight; physical activity drops off

middle age: motor development milestone: 9/10

35-45 yrs; ends with another decrease in metabolic rate

old age: motor development milestone 10/10

45+; most variable of all milestones of motor development; increase in variability of individuals with movement; ONLY consistent thing is inconsistency in movement patterns

antropomology: birth-18 yrs growth pattern

LOOK AT GRAPHS IN NOTES; growth rate is higher in first year of life than in puberty; weight graph is almost identical to height; no differences between girls and boys from 5-12 (only exception is they are socialized into different activities); body fat graph is different

absolute vs relative efficiency in movement

absolute - figuring out whether you move as efficiently as possible in a global state w/out comparison to others given individual constraints you may have (ex. good 12 month old walker by himself); relative - comparing efficiency to mature/global patterns (ex. 12 month old walker compared to adult walker)

constraint

anything that constrains and individual and guides individuals toward a particular way of movement; can originate from anywhere for any movement pattern

types of reflexes: diagnostic

babinski reflex: stroke bottom of foot...toes extend; plantar grasp reflex: pressure bottom of foot...toes curl up

neo-natal: motor development milestone 2/10

birth to first voluntary movement (1-2 months); most movements are reflexive activities w/ first voluntary movement acquired being turning head to familiar sound

prenatal: motordevelopment milestone 1/10

conception to birth (36-40 weeks); has dramatic effect on motor development

PRENATAL

dramatic effect on motor skills; delayed phylogenetic dev.; first 2 weeks - form blastocysts (premature body structures); 3-4 weeks - neural tube forms (base of NS) and somites (cells that form into dif tissues); 8 wks - 1st human form; 9 wks - inc. in ossification and muscle dev.; 10 wks - way more oss, identify sex, now called fetus, dev of first senses (hearing is 1st); 20 wks - first movement: startle reflex (protective) and stretch reflex (felt by mother at 6-7 mo); 24 wks - fetus breaths amniotic fluid; 7 mo - fetus has formed all organ and muscle systems; 7-9 mo - maturation of organ systems, important time in motor D; 36 wks - lungs give off surfactin which triggers labor; birth - has effect on motor D, correlation between non-natural births and delayed motor D

shelton's body types: # range from 1-7 for each

endomorphs: high % of body fat; mesomorphs: muscular; ectomorphs: low % lean body mass and fat; prepubescent males and females are mix of all three; postpubescent females more likely to be endomorphs while males are closer to mesomorph and ectomorph; postpubescent males have more lean body mass so more strong

early childhood: motor development milestone 4/10

first step to sudden increase in lean muscle mass (1-5/6); first start to develop fundamental (phylogenetic) motor skills

infancy: motor development milestone 3/10

first voluntary movement to first step ALL ON BABY'S OWN (12 months); better to walk later in life because of development of back problems after age 35 but need to walk by 16 months

neonatal

frontal lobe isn't fully developed until age 9; motor cortex isn't too operational; reflexing in first month of life; taste, hearing, and proprioception is good; respond to high pitch voices and mom's touch; prefer symmetrical faces; valitional reflex - instigated but not controlled (random=obligatory)

stretch reflex: mature fusor motor loop

gamma e to spindle to gamma a to muscle; spindle gets longer, activity in polar regions increases>>stretch reflex

miscellaneous reflexes

grasping; asymmetric neck reflex: if infant turns head to one side, it facilitates muscles to contract on that side (adults in sleep); symmetric neck reflex: infant flexes neck down...flex limbs (predator stalking prey), extend neck up...extend limbs

childhood: motor development milestone 5/10

increase in lean muscle mass to puberty (5/6-12 for females or 13/14 for males); reach mature stage in fundamental skills (3-4 years of age for walking)

neural recruitment of muscle tissue: co-contraction

increase of co-contraction early in life and diminishes by age 9; agonist and antagonist muscles contracting simultaneously; EMG (NOT co-contraction but normal contraction) shows contraction of tricep would occur after bicep stops to slow down movement; the co-contraction graph shows impulses produces by both muscles are almost identical at same time; conclusions: not good at recognizing size of impulses (how fast move), causes variability in movement (hitting target is more difficult), slows movement, good thing for limb to move slow when learning system, moving limb WITH FORCE is not done as effectively

types of reflexes: preparatory (infancy)

like fundamental motor skills, debate: some say motor programs in place at birth while others say mvmt occurs when constraints to system are lifted; examples: 1 mo infant walking pattern (walking reflex); pull up reflex: pull infant toward you they tend to pull too; crawling reflex (7-12 mo): place in prone position and stimulate bottom of foot...push themselves along; stereotyped reflex (12-18 mo and adults): adults bounce leg, babies rock while creeping, purposes - calm ppl down, prep for more complex movements

anthropometrics: sit-standing height ratio

look at graph on notes; emphasizes differences between males and females w/ torso vs. leg size; conclusions: females have proportionately shorter legs than males FOLLOWING puberty

mature vs. immature patterns of movement

mature - adult type of pattern (global pattern/state), reach highest level of efficiency; immature - anything less than global/mature patterns

reaction time

measure of latency; time of decision of movement to when movement begins (see graph on notes)

physiological factors related to anthropometrics

nerve conduction speed changes dramatically from birth to 6 - birth: neuron carries message at 20 m/s, 1 yr: 40 m/s, adults (9+): 60-70 m/s; 90% of reaction time is deciding HOW TO REACT so this has less effect than we think - children only have less reaction time because they can't make the decision as fast

correlations to delayed motor development

non-natural birth; parents <16 yrs or >36 yrs; too much or too little exercise

patterns of coordination (obligatory is neonatal and others are infancy)

obligatory coordination (0-1 months) - randomized movements figuring out what can and cannot do [STARTLE, STRETCH]; individuation (1-3 mo) - move one limb w/out effect on another [ROOTING]; reintegration (3-5 mo) - one muscle contracts in A limb, so some activity occurs with other muscles (INTRA-limb synergy - ex. closing fist causes flexion of elbow); late reintegration (~5 mo) - synergy spreads to other limbs (INTER-limb synergy) [MORROW, BABINSKI]; joint individuation (5+ mo) - inter/intra synergy, complex movements [WALKING]

phylogenetic motor skills vs. ontogenetic motor skills

phylogenetic - skills that develop whether or not anyone tells you how to do that skill, natural progression through attractor levels (walking, running, throwing, kicking, swinging bat); ontogenetic - skills that need to be taught (golf, tennis)

dramatic differences between pre and post pubescent in terms of aerobic and anaerobic activity (*can't treat children same as adults*)

pre: 12 mg/mL hemoglobin in blood, post: 16 mg/mL hemoglobin in blood (better oxygen exchange); pre can't maintain exercise as long - aerobic: run around then abrupt stop, anaerobic: less PFK which is necessary for ATP needed for anaerobic work; pre: 40% less sweat glands (inefficient heat dissipation [females better than males at all ages]); cardiac output - birth: 0.5 L/min, age 2: 2 L/min, age 3: 3 L/min, post: 5 L/min; stroke volume - birth: 0.65 L/min, post: 6.5 L/min; breath rates - birth: 40 breaths/min, age 5: 25-40 breaths/min, post: 12-15 breaths/min (^ in alveoli in lungs [10M-200M])

process vs. product of motor development

process - can be blocked out or shadowed by performance, if develop mature pattern too soon then may not develop as well later (attractor levels 1-4 w/ 4 being most mature, need to go through these levels over time not all at once); product - most people evaluate based on performance and not process)

adolesence: motor development milestone 6/10

puberty to slow down of growth period (18 yrs); rapid growth; lousy individuals (principle of simitude - as objects increase in size, only increase in strength to the square which means they don't get proportionately stronger); can't adapt fast enough to growth

anthropometrics: biochromial bicristal ratio

skeletal measure; strength difference; measure between acromion processes of elbow divides by measure of from flare to flare of opposite iliac crests; conclusions: one of the most dramatic differences between males and females, mechanical advantage in terms of upper body strength (move force for less effort)

equation to estimate lean body mass by AGE 9

square ratio formula (based on height): example - 2 kids... smaller kid=1; taller % higher; so first kid = 3 ft tall and and 2nd is 4.5 ft>>>> ratio is 1:1.5; if you square the larger number then that is the % lean body mass more the tall kid has

antropomology

study of growth patterns of individuals; ex. proportions of arm length to body wt? difference in world?; when baby is born, head is 25% (any head movement changes center of gravity so fall down, its a constraint that prevents infants from walking)

types of reflexes: nurturing (neonatal)

sucking: feeding stimulus activates it (3-4 days after birth); rooting: stimulate one side of neonate, move mouth toward stimulus; palmar mandibular: PRESSURE to palm causes head to drop; palmar mouth: SCRATCH to pal causes mandible to lower

types of reflexes: protective

swimming (5 mo): hold infant prone over water, instigate doggy paddle; morrow reflex: hold infant in prone position and drop suddenly...extend limbs; startle reflex (6-12 mo): sudden loud noise...flex limbs to protect; parachuting reflex (8-9 mo [byproduct of morrow]): vertical direction drop.. extend limbs;