Motor Final

In order to make an efficient reaching movement with the redundant arm muscles (redundancy at the muscle level), we have to constrain the degrees of freedom.

true

Information is a quantity that reduces uncertainty. It plays a role as a constraint that specifies the pattern to be learned, memorized, and performed.

true

T/F: When a muscle generates force, Golgi tendon organ signals the force developed by the muscle. The sensory endings of the Ib afferent generate signals that are propagated to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. The Ib afferent sensory neuron synapses on interneurons in the ventral horn, where the interneurons synapse with alpha motor neurons that can cause inhibition of the contracting muscle.

true

The supplementary motor area (SMA), basal ganglia, and cerebellum are all involved in planning and control of movement

true

In the brain the white matter forms the thin outer cortex with grey matter filling the inside.

false

Compared to running through the woods, using chopsticks would be classified as: a . Gross motor skill b. Fine motor skill c. Discrete motor skill d. Motor ability

b. fine motor skill

T/F: Intrafusal muscle fibers are innervated by alpha motor neurons.

false

________________ carry efferent information away from CNS and are multipolar neurons. a. sensory neurons b. motor neurons c. motor unit d. axons

b. motor neurons

T/F: Smaller receptor fields result in better localization of a stimulus on the body surface by the CNS.

True

According to the mountain of motor development, which is NOT correct characteristics of human motor development? a. a life-span process b. age-determined c. cumulative d. multifactorial

b. age-determined

What is a motor unit? a. An alpha motor neuron and skeletal muscle fibers innervated by that motor neuron b. A collection of motor neurons that innervate the fibers of the same muscle c. An intrafusal muscle fiber and an Ia afferent neuron that receives inputs from the intrafusal muscle fiber d. A Golgi tendon organ and its Ib afferent neuron

a. An alpha motor neuron and skeletal muscle fibers innervated by that motor neuron

When you are curling 500 pounds of weight at the gym (trying to show off), your biceps musclestops contracting and you have to drop the weight. The inhibition of muscle contraction triggeredby Golgi tendon organs (GTOs) to detect dangerously high levels of force is called: a. Autogenic inhibition b. Recurrent inhibition c. Reciprocal inhibition d. Withdrawal inhibition

a. Autogenic inhibition

For visual selective attention to succeed, it must include: a. Coupling of attention and eye movement b. A constant demand on attention c. A conscious decision to pay attention d. Identification of an image

a. Coupling of attention and eye movement

A method used to measure attention to motor performance is: a. Dual tasking b. Postural organization c. Movement rhythmicity d. Sequencing of movement

a. Dual tasking

Which option is not correct? a. In choice reaction time task, one (1) bit of information refers to 4 alternatives. b. When considered in the context of action preparation, reaction time is an index of preparation required to produce an action. c. Reaction time increases logarithmically as the number of stimulus-response choices increases. d. Hick's law correctly predicts RT increases with increasing choice alternatives.

a. In choice reaction time task, one (1) bit of information refers to 4 alternatives.

The process used by receptors to detect and code strength or magnitude of the stimulus is called: a. Intensity Coding b. Adequate Stimulus c. Modality d. Adaptation

a. Intensity Coding

The category of augmented feedback that provides information about the movement characteristics that led to a performance outcome is known as: a. Knowledge of Performance b. Distributed Practice c. Knowledge of Results d. Deliberate Practice

a. Knowledge of Performance

Arya is training to become an archer. Each time she shoots an arrow, her instructor tells her how close her shot was to the target. This type of feedback is: a. Knowledge of Results b. Knowledge of Performance c. Static Feedback d. Terminal Feedback

a. Knowledge of Results

If you have good precision and bad accuracy, which type of error would you most likely to have? a. Low variable error (VE) b. Low absolute error (AE) c. Low radial error (RE) d. Low constant error (CE)

a. Low variable error (VE)

Which of the following is incorrect with respect to degrees of freedom (DOF)? a. Movements that require only a single planned movement will always contain one DOF. b. According to Bernstein, coordination is viewed as constraining the DOF to achieve a specific goal c. Coordinative structures effectively decrease the number of DOF in a system d. DOF are defined as the number of independent elements in a system to be controlled.

a. Movements that require only a single planned movement will always contain one DOF.

_________ is a memory process involving the search through long-tern memory for information needed to perform the task at hand. a. Retrieval b. Serial search c. Encoding d. Recognition

a. Retrieval

Which of the following is a characteristic of a motor ability: a. Underlies the performance of motor skills b. Modified by practice c. Many in number d. Developed

a. Underlies the performance of motor skills

A motor skill with no specified beginning and no specific ending can be classified as: a. a continuous motor skill b. a closed motor skill c. a discrete motor skill d. a fine motor skill

a. a continuous motor skill

Which of the following can help identify a tendency to either undershoot or overshoot when throwing at a target: a. Constant Error b. Absolute Error c. Variable Error d. Standard deviation

a. constant error

The association area of the brain is called that because it: a. stores names for visual images b. connects information between sensory and motor areas c. is the executive controller of the brain d. connects cortex with specific muscle effectors

b. connects information between sensory and motor areas

When performing a fine motor task, such as playing the piano, which efferent pathway is heavilyinvolved? a. Vestibulospinal tract b. Corticospinal tract c. Rubrospinal tract d. Reticulospinal tract

b. Corticospinal tract

Kinematic measures are important descriptors of performance in motor learning and control. Kinematic characteristics include all of the following except: a. Displacement b. Force c. Velocity d. Acceleration

b. Force

Assume that one throws a dart to a target, standing 32 cm away from the target. If the target diameter changes from 2 cm to 8 cm but the distance to the target is the same, how does the index of difficulty change? The index of difficulty = log2 (2D/W) a. Index of difficulty increases b. Index of difficulty decreases c. Index of difficulty stays the same d. None of the above

b. Index of difficulty decreases

Muscle spindles are sensitive to and provide information about: a. Muscle force b. Muscle stretch c. Muscle density d. Muscle stress

b. Muscle stretch

Fast movements that will not allow time for direct involvement of feedback if they are to be successful operate via __________ control. a. Closed-loop b. Open-loop c. In-phase d. Anti-phase

b. Open-loop

Self-feeding and moving through the environment are skills that often developed in the: a. Fundamental pattern period b. Preadapted period c. Skillful period d. Context-specific period

b. Preadapted period

Which of the following directly indicates that learning has occurred? a. Results of post-test b. Retention c. Decay of performance d. Effects of practice on performance

b. Retention

The extent to which the stimulus and its associated response are connected in a "natural" manner is known as... a. Fitts' law b. S-R compatibility c. Hick's law d. Chronometry

b. S-R compatibility

The extent to which the stimulus and its associated response are connected in a "natural" manner is known as... a. Fitts' law b. S-R compatibility c. chronometry d. Hick's law

b. S-R compatibility

In order to recognize that people are disguised as clowns in a crowd, filtering needs to occur at the _____________ stage of the information processing model? a. Response preparation b. Stimulus Identification c. Response Selection d. Sensory feedback

b. Stimulus Identification

When is the most effective time to provide augmented feedback to an expert performer? a. The beginning of the task b. The end of the task c. During the task d. Two days after performing the task

b. The end of the task

All of the following classify motor skills in one-dimension except: a. Stability of the environment b. Variability between individuals c. Size of primary musculature required d. Specificity of where actions begin and end

b. Variability between individuals

The dorsal column is the part of the spinal cord that transmits which information? a. efferent b. afferent c. reflex d. intrafusal

b. afferent

_____________ refers to a sensory receptor's ability to reduce its sensitivity to a continuous unchanging stimulus. a. Modality b. Intensity coding c. Adaptation d. Adequate stimulus

c. Adaptation

According to Winstein and Schmidt's guidance hypothesis how frequently should you provide augmented feedback to improve retention? a. A moderate but consistent amount of feedback at the end of every practice b. Increase feedback frequency continuously during practice c. Decrease frequency of feedback throughout practice d. Increase frequency of feedback as the learner is able to integrate.

c. Decrease frequency of feedback throughout practice

Motor neural pathways that travel from the brain to the spinal cord are called: a. Motor unit b. Ascending tracts c. Descending tracts d. Motor neurons

c. Descending tracts

Which of the following options is considered a process measure? a. Reaction time (RT) to press a button b. Amount of weight I lift up c. Electromyographic (EMG) data recorded during my elbow flexion d. Radial error (RE) based on shooting arrows to a target

c. Electromyographic (EMG) data recorded during my elbow flexion

Amos is narrating an exciting event that took place during his vacation two years ago. Which of the following types of memory will he be expressing? a. Procedural memory b. Semantic memory c. Episodic memory d. Implicit memory

c. Episodic memory

Which of the following types of motor control theories emphasizes the role of a memory representation in the control of coordinated action? a. Chaos theories b. Dynamic systems theories c. Motor program theories d. All of these

c. Motor program theories

What type of memory represents remembering learned procedures for unconscious memory of motor skills and actions? a. Episodic b. Directional c. Procedural d. Semantic

c. Procedural

Michael is currently trying to improve his basketball shooting skills. Each day, he practices free throws first, three-pointers second, and turn-around fadeways third. This type of practice schedule is considered to be: a. Blocked Practice b. Random Practice c. Serial Practice d. Variability Practice

c. Serial Practice

A ___________ is the reaction time when the situation involves only one signal that requires only one response: a. Choice RT b. Discrimination RT c. Simple RT d. Response Time

c. Simple RT

Which type of axon has the slowest conduction speed? a. Large axon diameter with low amount of myelin. b. Large axon diameter with high amount of myelin. c. Small axon diameter with low amount of myelin. d. Small axon diameter with high amount of myelin.

c. Small axon diameter with low amount of myelin.

The mechanism by which the eyes can maintain gaze fixation on an object even while the head is moving is called: a. Reflex inhibition b. Dynamic sensitivity c. Vestibulo-ocular reflex d. Saccades

c. Vestibulo-ocular reflex

Proprioceptors are low threshold mechanoreceptors which means that they_____ a. only fire with high frequency stimulation b. are tonic receptors c. are very sensitive to stimulation d. tell the CNS about body position

c. are very sensitive to stimulation

The process of actively choosing to direct your attention to information in the environment in order to prepare and perform a skill is called: a. saccades b. filtering non-relevant stimuli c. endogenous attention d. exogenous attention

c. endogenous attention

Observation of a tri-phasic EMG burst during a blocked movement is evidence for: a. An equation of constraint b. Closed loop control c. Degrees of freedom d. A motor program

d. A motor program

Understanding the factors underlying the effect of attention on motor skills performance enables the practitioner to: a. Develop intervention strategies to help overcome performance problems b. Identify performance problems c. Evaluate the effectiveness of intervention strategies d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Specialized nerve cells that originate and terminate in the brain or spinal cord and connect theaxons descending with the neurons that innervate muscles are called: a. Sensory neurons b. Glial cells c. Motor neurons d. Interneurons

d. Interneurons

Jaime is trying to learn how to swing a sharp metal sword with his left hand. In order to make the practice easier, he is using a wooden sword, swinging slowly, and receiving auditory cues from his friend Bronn. This overall training method is called: a. Blocked b. Segmentation c. Fractionizing d. Simplification

d. Simplification

Select what is true for Recurrent Inhibition: a. Uses a negative feedback loop to regulate and grade the firing rate of the alpha motor neuron. b. Includes synergists around a joint through Renshaw cells. c. Allows antagonist muscle to assist. d. All of the above

d. all