MSTE Terms

3.35 meters

Basic lane width appropriate for national road

Formwork

Because concrete is unable to maintain a particular shape before it sets, it must be placed in a form or mold. In building construction, this is called?

Road Network

A hierarchy in terms of road types and according to the major functions the roads will serve. The main classification is whether the road is to be used primarily for movement or for access.

Cat's Eye (Reflective Road Stud)

A retroreflective safety device used in road marking and was the first of a range of raised pavement markers.

Sieche

A standing wave in an enclosed or partially enclosed body of water such as lakes, reservoirs, and swimming pools.

Slip Lane

A turning movement lane separated from an adjacent lane by a triangular island.

Traffic Characteristics

Any characteristic of the traffic stream that may affect capacity, free-flow speed, or operations, including the percentage composition of the traffic stream by vehicle type and the familiarity of drivers with the freeway.

Intersection

Any level crossroad, junction, including open areas formed by such crossroad.

Highway

Any public thoroughfare, public boulevard, and avenue, but shall not include roadway upon grounds owned by private persons, universities, or other similar institutions.

Pier

Any structure built into the sea but not parallel to the coast line and includes any stage, stair, landing place, landing stage, jetty, floating barge or pontoon, and any bridge or other works connected therewith.

Road Markers

Any traffic control device marked on the surface of the carriageway used to regulate traffic or to warn or guide road users.

Tack Coat

Are obtained by spraying asphalt, immediately covering it with aggregates, and then rolling the aggregates into the asphalt. It can be used to restore surface of old pavements.

Barangay Roads

Are rural roads located either outside the urban area of city or outside industrial, commercial or residential subdivisions which act as feeder farm-to-market roads, and which are not otherwise classified as national, provincial, city or municipal roads.

Wave Base

At a certain distance from the wave interface where there is hardly any motion due to wave activity.

Traffic Cones

Devices which may be conical in shape or tubular shaped capable of performing channelization of traffic which may be set on the surface of the roadway or rigidly attached for continued use.

EBB Tides

The period between high tide and low tide during which water flows away from the shore.

Nadir

The point on the celestial sphere exactly opposite of the zenith.

Zenith

The point on the celestial sphere vertically above the observer. It is located to a point where a plumb line projected upwards meet the surface of the celestial sphere.

Drainage

The primary consideration in the design of geometric cross-sections for highways, runways, and taxiways.

Emotion Time

The time elapsed during emotional sensations and disturbances such as fear, anger, or any other emotional feelings with reference to the situation.

Perception Time

The time required for a driver to realize that brakes must be applied.

Cycle Length

The time required for one complete sequence of signal indications

Slack

The time that an activity can be delayed beyond its earliest start time without delaying the completion of the overall project.

Magnetic Dip

The vertical angle which the magnetic needle makes with the horizontal due to uneven magnetic attraction from the magnetic poles.

Pessimistic time, Optimistic time, Probable time

Time scheduling to consider in the preparation of a PERT CPM network diagram?

Volition Time

Time taken for final action.

Reaction Time

Time taken from the instant the object is visible to the driver to the instant the brakes are effectively applied.

Explementary/Conjugate Angles

Two angles whose sum is 360-degrees.

Swell

Uniform, symmetrical waves that travel outward from storm area. It has long, rounded crests and transports energy at long distances.

Seal Coat

Used for asphalt based pavements that acts as protection to increase durability of surface course. It may define as a very thin surface treatment or single coat surface dressing. Which is either applied as a final surface or to the existing surface, which cracks or is worn out, "applied as a final step in construction".

Hazard Markers

Used to emphasize to the approaching driver a marked change in the direction of travel and the presence of an obstruction.

Roadwork Signs

Warn or advise of temporary hazardous conditions that could endanger road users or the men and equipment engaged on roadwork.

Flashing Lamps

Warning devices used to supplement other controls and devices necessary to alert motorists of construction and maintenance activities or obstructions in the roadway.

Shallow-Water Waves

Water depth is less than or equal to 1/20 of the wavelength, wave feels bottom because water is shallower than wave bases. "The deeper the wave, the faster the wave travels."

Wind Waves

Water surface waves that occur on the free surface of the oceans and other bodies. They result from the wind blowing over an area of fluid surface.

Deep-Water Waves

Water wave greater than wave base, no interference with ocean bottom, and wave speed is proportional to wavelength. "The longer the wave, the faster is travels."

Progressive Waves

Waves that travel without breaking.

Breaking Waves

Waves which fall forward since the forward velocity of the crest particles exceeds the velocity of propagation of the wave length L is less than 7 times the wave height.

Activity

a job that must be completed as part of a project.

Branch

a line in a PERT network indicating an activity (in AOA) or precedence (in AON), also called an arc.

Activity List

a list of jobs in a project with their immediate predecessors, expected times, and resources required.

Breakwater

a massive port structure made of masonry or large stone blocks lain in the sea to protect the harbor from stormy waves and current.

Erosion

a natural process that causes rocks or soil to be loosened or wore down from the Earth's surface.

locus of points

a pattern of a point that describes its relation to distance of a point (x,y) from one fixed entity to that of another entity

Refraction

a phenomenon where waves are being deflected when passing obliquely through the interface between two medium of varying density.

Harbour

a place of security and comfort, a small bay or other sheltered part of an area of water, usually well-protected against high waves and strong currents, and deep enough to provide anchorage for ships and other craft.

Object Height

a possible object in the path of a vehicle.

Vector

a quantity that has magnitude and direction that is commonly represented by a directed line segment whose length represent the magnitude and whose orientation in space represent the direction

Pier

a raised structure in a body or water, typically supported by well-spaced piles or pillars.

Path

a sequence of activities leading from the starting node to the completion node of a network.

Jetty

a small pier fir boats, yachts, or fishing boats. It is a long, narrow structure that projects a coastline from the currents and tides. It is a solid structure than projects into the sea perpendicular to the shore.

Theodolite

a surveying instrument with a rotating telescope for measuring horizontal and vertical angles.

Mistakes

inaccuracies in measurements which occur because some aspect of a surveying operation was performed with carelessness, poor judgment and improper execution

Port or Seaport

includes the harbour and the adjacent town or city suitable for loading goods and embarking men, a location on a shore containing one or more harbors where ships can dock and transfer cargo or people. "General Structure".

Bulking

increase in volume of earthwork after excavation.

Set

It is a gathering together into a whole of definite, distinct objects of our perception or of our thought.

Level of Service

index of the operational performance of traffic on a given traffic lane, roadway or intersection, based on service measured such as delay, etc.

Water/Water interface

internal waves

Overflow

interrupted traffic condition when a number of queued vehicles are not able to depart due to insufficient capacity during a traffic signal.

Piles

is nothing more than a column driven into the soil to support a structure by transferring building loads to a deeper and stronger layer of soil or rock.

Storm Surges

large wave moving with a storm.

Delinators

light retro-reflecting devices mounted at the side of the roadway, in series to indicate the roadway alignment.

Sight Distance

longest distance a driver can see in front of him.

Hydrographic Surveys

mapping bodies of water

Topographic Surveys

mapping natural or mad-made feature on the ground as well as obtain elevations.

Mine Surveys

mapping on-ground or underground points for the purpose of exploiting and utilizing mineral deposits.

Chevron Signs

signs used to guide drivers through a change in horizontal alignment of the road

Track Gauge

spacing of the rails and measured between the inner faces of the load bearing rails.

Free Flow Speed

speed at which the density of traffic is approaching zero

Construction Surveys

stake-out, lay-out or setting out, establishes reference points and markers that guides construction.

Tacheometry

surveying method to quickly determine horizontal distance to, and elevation of, a point.

AADT (Annual Average Daily Traffic)

the 24-hr traffic volume over a year

Event

the completion of all activities leading into a node in a PERT network using AOA.

Delay

the difference between the actual travel time at a given segment of a transportation system and some ideal travel time for that segment.

Errors

the difference between the true value and the measured value of a quantity

Earliest Start Time

the earliest moment at which an activity can start.

Latest Start Time

the latest moment at which an activity can start without delaying completion of the overall project.

Latest Finish Time

the latest time at which an activity can be completed without delaying the completion of the overall project.

Equinox

the moment where daytime and nighttime are approximately equal in duration.

Probability

the number of times something will probably occur over the range of possible occurrences.

Driver Eye Height

the observed height of a driver.

Dredging

the process of widening, enlarging, clearing, or deepening of channels in harbors, rivers and canals.

Municipal Roads

these roads / streets within the poblacion area of a municipality to be designated as such by the Sangguniang Bayan.

City Roads

these roads / streets within the urban area of the city to be designated as such by the Sangguniang Panglungsod.

Wave Period

time for one wave length to pass fixed point.

Time Headway

time interval between the passage of successive vehicles moving in the same lane measured from head-to-head.

Gap

time interval between two vehicles based on clear distance

Binder Course

transmit load from the surface to the base course.

Sleepers

transverse members of trackwork, made of wood, concrete or steel, which are used to secure rails at the correct gauge.

Pedestrian Crossing

transverse strip of roadway marked for the use of pedestrians.

Queue

vehicles/individuals lining up and waiting for service

Waves

visual proof of the transmission of energy across the ocean.

Borrow

volume of material bought into a section due to deficiency.

Waste

volume of material taken from a section due to excess.

Splash Waves

waves caused by coastal landslides, calving icebergs.

Tides

waves caused by gravitational attraction among moon, sun and earth.

Seismic Wave or Tsunami

waves caused by sea floor movement

Wake

waves caused by ships.

Solstice

when the day time or night time is longest, summer solstice or winter solstice.

Abcissa

x-coordinate

Ordinate

y-coordinate

Lane

One of the longitudinal strips from which the carriageway can be divided, whether or not defined by longitudinal road markings.

Compacted

Material after compaction. A unit volume is identified as a compacted cubic yard (CCY) or compacted cubic meter (CCM).

Bank

Material in its natural state before disturbance. Often referred to as "in-place" or "in situ". A unit volume is identified as a bank cubic yard (BCY) or a bank cubic meter (BCM).

Loose

Material that has been excavated or loaded. A unit volume is identified as a loose cubic yard (LCY) or loose cubic meter (LCM).

50 kph

Max design sped through a roundabout for rural areas.

40 kph

Max design speed through a roundabout in urban areas.

100 kph

Maximum design speed for high-standard expressways

80 or 90 kph

Maximum design speed for low-standard expressway

3.65 meters

Maximum width of a road.

Damping Capacity

Measure of material's ability to dissipate or deaden mechanical vibrations.

Direct Leveling

Measurements obtained for leveling instruments. Includes differential leveling, profile leveling, profile leveling, reciprocal leveling.

Ave daily demand: 240-410kpa Max daily demand: 240-410kpa Max hourly demand: 240-410kpa Fire situation: >140kpa Emergency conditions: >140kpa

Minimum Acceptable Pressures in Distribution Systems

Provincial Roads

Roads connecting one municipality with another; all roads extending from a municipality or form a provincial road to a public wharf or railway station; and any other road to be designated as such by the Sangguniang Panlalawigan.

Urban Roads

Roads where speed limit is 60kph or less.

Rural Roads

Roads where speed limit is over 60kph.

Temporary Curbing

Roadwork devices consisting of pre-cast concrete sections, sandbag, and others which, may be used to guide traffic at the construction site.

Pentagon

Shape Exclusively used for school advance warning sign.

Octagon

Shape exclusively for STOP sign.

Equilateral Triangle (One Point Down)

Shape exclusively used for "Yield" or "Give Way" sign.

Crossbuck

Shape exclusively used for railroad grade crossing.

Circle

Shape exclusively used for some regulatory signs and railroad grade crossing advance warning.

Rectangle (Long Horizontal Dimension)

Shape used for guide signs, some warning signs, and some temporary traffic control signs.

Rectangle (Long Vertical Dimension)

Shape used for regulatory signs.

Diamond

Shape used for warning signs.

Overhead Signs

Signs which provide means of displaying essential traffic information on wide multi-lane roads, where some degree of lane use control is required or where side of road clearance is insufficient to accommodate a road side sign.

Tack Coat

Tar or asphalt which provides proper bonding. It is the single initial application of bituminous material to an existing bituminous, portland concrete, or block surface or base.

Phase

That part of a signal cycle during which one or more movements receive right of way subject to resolution of any vehicle or pedestrian conflicts by priority rules.

Plate line capacity

The bucket volume contained within the bucket when following the outline of the bucket sides.

Merge

The converging of separate streams into a single stream.

Number of Traffic Lanes

The design element which is the most affected by the volume of traffic.

Mean Range of Tide (MN)

The difference in height between MHW and MLW.

Great Diurnal Range (GT)

The difference in height between the MHHW and MLLW.

Max Tide/Highest Observed Tide

The maximum height reached by a rising tide.

ADT (Annual Daily Traffic)

24-hr traffic volume over a period less than a year

Fairway

A body of water with navigable depth leading to a harbour.

Node

A circle in a PERT network indicating the completion of certain activities and the initiation of others (in AOA) or the activity itself (AON).

Cycle

A complete sequence of signal phases.

Mass Diagram

A continuous curve representing the accumulated volume of earthwork plotted against the linear profile of a roadway.

Analemma

A diagram showing the variation of the position of the sun in the sky over a course of a year, as viewed at a fixed time of day and from a fixed location on the earth.

Trigonometric Leveling

A leveling process in which the elevation of a point or the difference of elevation between points are measured indirectly using trigonometric relations.

Highest Wave

A maximum wave height and wave period of the maximum wave height in wave train.

Loadability

A measure of the difficulty in excavating and loading of soil

Astronomical Observation

A method of determining directions or azimuths by observing the positions of the sun or certain stars.

Benching

A method of protecting workers from cave-ins by excavating the sides of an excavation to form one or a series of horizontal level or steps, usually with a vertical or near vertical surfaces between levels.

Sag Vertical Curve

A negative grade followed by a positive grade.

Continuity Line

A pavement line, which is used to indicate that portion of a carriageway assigned to through traffic. It is intended to be crossed by traffic turning at an intersection or entering or leaving an auxiliary lane at its start or finish. This line is generally 1-m long, 100 to 200-mm wide with gaps of 1 meter.

Base Coat

A plaster coat applied prior to application of the finish coat.

Summit Vertical Curve

A positive grade followed by a negative grade.

Beta Distribution

A probability distribution used to model the activity times in PERT.

Plane Concrete Pavement

A type of rigid pavement, which has no temperature steek or dowels for the load transfer. This type of pavement is used mainly on low-volume highways or when cement stabilized soils are used as subbase material.

Rumble Strip

A type of thermoplastic lane marking designed to aid and provide motorist with visual, audio, and motion warning on the road.

remain constant

A wave generated in deep water, when reaching shoaling waters, changes not only in its height but also in its length but the period will?

Trafficability

Ability of a soil to support the weight of vehicles under repeated traffic.

4 times its own weight

Capacity requirement for all scaffoldings

Reflection

Change in direction of motion of an oncoming wave upon hitting a reflecting surface.

Zenith Distance

Complement of altitude.

Climbing Lanes

Considered as a special form of overtaking lanes but are only provided on inclines.

Transverse Cracks

Cracks approximately at right angles to the pavement centerline. These may be caused by shrinkage or differential thermal stress of the asphalt concrete or maybe reflective cracks.

Shrinkage

Decrease in volume of earthwork after deposition and compaction.

Pavement markings, signs, guide posts, reflective dealinators, lighting, curb or other physical devices

Delineation is generally provided by the use of the which devices?

Traffic Signs

Device mounted on a fixed support or portable support whereby a specific message in conveyed by means of words or symbols placed or erected for the purpose of regulating, warning, or guiding traffic.

Flexible Post or Bollard

Device used in place of rigid barrier posts or traffic cones with a minimum of 450mm by 500mm wide with alternate bands of contrasting color as seen by approaching traffic for delineation of traffic.

All of the above

Different types of road safety barriers systems include: I. Flexible Wire Rope safety barrier systems II. Semi Rigid Systems III. Rigid System IV. Road Work Systems

Azimuth

Direction of a horizontal line, taken from the south, clockwise being positive.

Fetch

Distance of uninterrupted winds

Profile

Drawing has elevation as its vertical axis, and horizontal distance as measured along the centerline of the facility, (or other reference line) as its horizontal axis.

Navigation, Guidance and Control

Driving Tasks?

Directional Design Hourly Volume (DDHV)

Expected number of vehicles in one hour in one direction

6.7 meters (3.35 x 2-lanes)

For a two-lane national road, the minimum width is?

Ballast

Gravel used as the base below the track for rail.

Barriers

Highway appurtenances design to prevent vehicular penetration from the travel way to areas behind it such as to minimize damage to impacting vehicles and their occupants, and to reduce the risk of injuries to pedestrians and workers.

Slump Test

How do you test the relative consistency of concrete?

2000 vehicles per hour

Ideal capacity of of a road.

Agonic Lines

Imaginary line passing through places having zero declination.

Isogonic Lines

Imaginary lines passing through places having the same magnetic declinators.

Isoclinic Lines

Imaginary lines passing through points having the same magnetic dip.

The point is reached at which speed declines noticeably

In the measures of congestion of highway capacity, what will happen as the density continues to increase?

Toolbox Meeting

Informal group discussion that focuses on a particular safety issue. These promotes department safety culture as well as facilitate health and safety discussions.

Space Mean

harmonic mean of the speeds observed

Prime Coat

It is the first application of low viscosity liquid bituminous material and is applied to existing bases of the previous surface like the WBM road. Before the application of only bituminous treatment to the surface of the road. Applied to previously prepared and untreated road base.

Turnout

It is where a single track split to become two tracks and equipped with moving rails to change the route.

Transverse Lines

Laid across the direction of travel including stop line, give-way lines, pedestrian crossing markings, and round-about holding lines.

Longitudinal Lines

Laid in the direction of travel including center line, lane line, double yellow line, "No Passing" Zone markings, pavement edge line, continuity lines, and transition lines.

Min Tide/Lowest Observed Tide

Minimum height reached by a falling tide.

Batching

Most important process to prepare concrete?

Profile

Occur after the completion of construction, and the resolution of the majority of punch list and commissioning issues.

Air/Ocean Interface

Ocean Waves

Maximum expected time

Of all paths through the network, the critical path has the? a. maximum actual time b. minimum expected time c. minimum actual time d. maximum expected time

Age of Tides

Owing to retardation of the tidal wave in the ocean by frictional force, as the earth revolves daily around its axis and as the tide tend to follow the direction of the moon, the highest tide for each location is not coincident with conjunction and opposition but occurs at some constant time after new and full moon. This interval which may amount to as much as two and a half days is known as?

74%

Packing factor for uniform sphere of 1 inch diameter, when most densely packed.

Carriageway

Part of the road normally used by vehicular traffic.

Peak Period

Period with highest demand volume of traffic during the day.

Curing

Process of providing the required water and maintaining a favorable temperature for a period of time after placing concrete is referred to as

Route Surveys

Provides data needed for horizontal and vertical alignment, earthwork quantities and design of linear structures.

Specifications

Provides detailed requirements for the materials, equipment, and workmanship to be incorporated into the project.

1. Selection of Materials 2. Handling and storage of Materials 3.Sampling and Testing of Materials 4. Proper Construction Methods/Procedures 5.Inspection and monitoring

Quality control procedures?

Skid Resistance/Coefficient of Friction

Ratio between parallel forces divided by the normal forces (in banking of curve).

Guide Signs

Signs that inform road users about the direction and distances of destinations on the route they are following or along other roads that intersect their route.

Regulatory Signs

Signs that inform road users of traffic laws and regulations which, if disregarded, will constitute an offense.

Special Instruction Signs

Signs that instruct road users to meet certain traffic rule requirements on road condition.

Two-Peg Test

Simple but relatively easy way to determine the error in the line of sight of a level. It can also determine the correction needed to make the line of sight horizontal.

Raised Pavement Markers

Small devices which are fixed to the concrete pavement surface to stimulate or supplement painted pavement markings.

Magnetic Declination

The angle that a magnetic meridian makes with the true meridian.

Airport Apron

The area of an airport where aircraft are parked, unloaded or loaded, refueled, or boarded.

Mean Tide Level (MTL)

The average of MHW and MLW.

Mean High Water (MHW)

The average of all the high-water heights.

Mean Low Water (MLW)

The average of all the low water heights.

Diurnal Tide Level (DTL)

The average of the MHHW and MLLW.

Mean Sea Level (MSL)

The average of the heights observed at an interval of time usually every 1 hour.

Mean Higher High Water (MHHW)

The average of the higher high water of each tidal day.

Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW)

The average of the lower low water heights of each tidal day.

2.5 seconds

The average reaction time of a normal person (considering factor of safety).

1.5 Seconds

The average reaction time of a normal person.

Haul Distance

The distance from the working face of the excavation to the tipping point.

Headlight Sight Distance

The distance visible to a driver during night driving under the illumination of the head lights.

Diverge

The dividing of a single stream of traffic into separate streams.

Earliest Finish Time

The earliest moment at which an activity can be completed.

Highest Astronomical Tide

The elevation of the highest predicted astronomical tide expected to occur at a specific tide station.

Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT)

The elevation of the highest predicted astronomical tide expected to occur at a specific tide station.

Lowest Astronomical Tide (LAT)

The elevation of the lowest astronomical predicted tide expected to occur.

Domestic Legislation

The entire body of national or local laws and regulations in force in the country.

Road

The entire surface of any street open to traffic, including shoulder and sidewalk.

Level Surface

The equipotential surface of the earth's gravity field. It is a curved surface and every element of which is normal to the plumb line. (Body of water is the best example).

Roadway Characteristics

The geometric characteristics of the freeway segment under study, including the number and width of lanes, right shoulder clearances, interchange spacing, vertical alignment, and lane configurations.

Peak-Hour Factor

The hourly volume during the maximum-volume hour of the day divided by the peak 15-min. flow rate within the peak hour.

4.0 meters

The lane width for a single lane road traffic.

Super Elevation Run-Off

The length of super elevation development from zero cross-slope to full design super elevation in a circular curve alignment.

Volume

The maximum number of vehicles, passengers, pedestrians or the like, which can be accommodated by a given facility under a given level of service.

Freeway Capacity

The maximum sustained 15-min flow rate, expressed in passenger cars per hour per lane, that can be accommodated by a uniform freeway segment under prevailing traffic and roadway condition in one direction of flow.

Wharf

The oldest term in referring to port structures. It denotes any structure of timber, masonry, cement or other material, built along or at an angle to the navigable waterway with sufficient depth of water to accommodate vessels and receive and discharge passengers or cargo. "No artificial harbor, parallel."

Forward Pass

The process of moving along a network from beginning to end, computing the earliest start time and earliest finish time for each activity.

Backward Pass

The process of moving backward along a network from end to beginning, computing the latest finish time and then the latest start time for each activity.

Barrier Attenuation

The reduction of the intensity of sound using a barrier.

Ebb Current

The return current toward the sea.

Flood Tides

The rising ride of an ocean, opposite of ebb tide.

Median Speed

The speed at the middle value in a series of spot speeds that are arranged in ascending order.

Vertical Alignment

Thee longitudinal profile along the centerline of the road, made up of a series of grades and vertical curves.

Unsafe Condition

These are circumstances or deviation from standard condition which could permit an occurrence of accident or incident.

Aggregate Seals

These are obtained by spraying asphalt, immediately covering it with aggregates, and then rolling the aggregates into asphalt. It can be used to restore surface of old pavements.

Spiral Curve

These are used to provide gradual transitions in a horizontal curve.

Rigid Pavements

These have high flexural rigidity and are able to transmit loads into a wide area.

Pozzolan

They are used in a concrete mix to reduce the heat of hydration, increase the workability and reduce the segregation of a mix.

Risk

This can be defined as the combination of likelihood and the consequence of a crash occurring.

Flexible Pavement

This derives its strength from the layers of soil bases that it supports. It basically transfers the stress into a series of layers thus reducing the stress absorbed by the flexible pavement itself.

Horizontal Control

This is commonly identified as primary, secondary, and working control on the jobsite.

Raveling

Wearing way of the pavement surface caused by dislodging of aggregated particles and binder. This is usually a result insufficient asphalt binder in the mix or stripping of asphalt from particles of aggregate.

Batching

What is the process of proportioning cement, water, aggregates and additives prior to mixing concrete called?

Spring Tides

When earth, sun, and moon are nearly in alignment causing the average tidal ranges to be slightly larger. This usually happens during full moon or new moon. High tides are higher and low tides are lower than average.

Neap Tides

When high tides are lower and low tides are higher.

Wind Sea

When the wind wave system is directly generated and affected by local waters.

Screeding

______ to level a floor or layer of concrete with a straight edge using a back and forth motion while moving across the surface.

Sloping

_________ involves cutting back the trench wall at an angle inclined away from the excavation.

Shielding

_________ protects workers by using trench boxes or other types of supports to prevent soil cave-ins.

Shoring

_________ requires installing aluminum hydraulic or other types of supports to prevent soil movement and cave-ins.

Barometric Leveling

a barometer is used tp determine the difference in elevation between points by obtaining their atmospheric pressures.

Reverse Curves

a combination of two or more circular curves with the center of curvature on the opposite side of the curve.

Runway

a defined surface on an airport prepared or suitable for landing or take off of planes.

Sub-Grade

a duly compacted top layer of soil which is prepared to receive all the stress from the layers above.

Horizon

a great circle on the celestial sphere whose plane is perpendicular to any vertical circle.

Platoon

a group of vehicles or pedestrians waiting to proceed through an intersection.

Sextant

a hand-held device well suited to hydrographic work which allows measurement of angles in any plane.

Industrial Surveys

alignment of machineries and optical tooling, requires accuracy and precision.

Stopping Sight Distance

also known as the absolute minimum sight distance.

Dummy Activity

an imaginary activity that requires no time and is used to maintain the appropriate precedence relationships in a PERT network diagram using AOA.

Surveyor's compass

an instrument used for measurement of horizontal angles and bearing of a line of sight. It is commonly referred to as the "Circumferentor". It consists of a graduated horizontal circle, a pivoted magnetic needle, and a sighting device.

Altitude

angular distance from the observer's horizon to the celestial body.

Time Mean

arithmetic mean of the speeds observed

Air/Air Interface

atmospheric waves

Pier

berth structure projecting out from the shoreline, "specifically perpendicular"

Shockwaves

by-products of traffic congestion and queueing. Defined as the transition between two traffic states that are dynamic.

Electronic Distance Measuring Device

can be used to layout distances in three dimensions through a beam of infrared light.

Secular Variation/Geomagnetic Secular Variation

changes in the earth's magnetic field on time scales of about a year or more.

Transitional Waves

characteristics of both deep and shallow water waves

Dioptra

classical instrument used in astronomical observations.

Clearance

clear distance between two vehicles

Orbitals

combination of longitudinal and transverse waves.

Base Course

composed of crushed stone, crushed slag, and other materials. It provides additional load carrying capacity.

Quays

concrete, stone or metal platform lying alongside or projecting into water (perpendicular) for loading and unloading ships. "Artificial harbor"

Pier

construction work extending into the harbour, also used as a promenade or landing place for passengers.

Asphalt

dark brown to black cementitious material or semi-solid consistency in which the predominating constituent is bitumen which occur in nature as residue in refining petroleum.

Overtaking Sight Distance

defined as the sight distance required for a safe passing of vehicles.

Intermediate Sight Distance

defined as twice the stopping sight distance.

Probable Error

defines a quantity which when added to or subtracted from the most probable value, defines a range wherein there is a 50% chance that the true value of the measured quantity lie inside the limits.

Jam Density

density at which speed of traffic is approaching zero

Plumb Line

direction of the lines of force of earth's gravity field or the direction of a freely suspended plumb-bob.

Parallax

displacement or difference in the apparent position of an object viewed along two different line of sight.

Space Headway

distance between successive vehicles moving in the same lane measured by head-to-head distance

Braking Distance

distance required for the vehicle to slow down and stop.

Speed

distance traveled per unit of time

Reaction Distance

distance travelled while the driver perceives a hazard, decides to take action, then acts by applying brakes and slowing down.

Contract

formal or legally binding agreement between two parties.

Network Diagram

graphical method of representing a project with nodes and arcs.

Capacity/Max Flow

max number of vehicles that can pass at a given time

Design Speed

maximum speed at which vehicles can continuously travel safely under favorable conditions.

Fully Developed Sea

maximum wave height, wave length for a particular fetch, speed and duration of winds at equilibrium conditions.

Protective System

method of protecting employees from cave-ins from material that could fall or roll from excavation face into an excavation collapse of adjacent structures.

Cone Distribution Approximation

method used in design of pavements which is based on elastic theory and assumes that the pressure distribution forms 45 degrees.

Passing Sight Distance

minimum sight distance that will permit a driver to complete a passing maneuver without colliding.

Stadia Leveling

modified trigonometric leveling wherein a stadia instrument is used. Application of Tacheometry or Optical Geometry.

Traffic Density

number of vehicles occupying a length of roadway (veh/km)

Wave Frequency

number of wave crests passing fixed location per unit of time, inverse of period or 1/T

Photogrammetric Survey

obtains reliable spatial information from photographic images.

Impact

occurs when two bodies collide with each other during a very short period of time, causing relatively large (impulsive) forces to be exerted between the bodies.

Pole

points where the earth's rotational axis intersects the celestial sphere.

Overhaul

products of volumes by their respective haul distance.

Latitude of a line

projection on a north and south line.

Departure of a line

projection on the east and west line.

Sub-Base Course

provides an intermediate support for the pavement structure with functions practically same with base course.

Longitudinal Waves

push/pull waves in direction of energy transmission.

Arrival Rate

rate at which vehicles arrive at the queue point

Departure Rate

rate at which vehicles leave queue point

Traffic Flow

rate at which vehicles pass at a given point in a roadway (veh/hr).

Jerk

rate of change of acceleration

Traffic Intensity

ratio of arrival rate and departure rate

Wave Steepness

ratio of wave height to wave length

Accuracy

refers to the closeness of a measurement to its true value.

Precision

refers to the degree of consistency of a group of observation.

Cadastral Surveys

relates to laws of land ownership including establishment or reestablishment of real property boundaries.

National Roads

roads continuous in extent that form part of the main trunk line system; all roads leading to national ports, national seaports, parks or coast-to-coast roads.

Delinators

roadside markers used to guide drivers through turns, especially at night or at poor visibility.

Signal Phasing

sequential arrangement of separately controlled groups of vehicles and pedestrian movements within a signal cycle to allow all vehicle and pedestrian movements to proceed.

Kendall's Notation

set of notations which have become standard in the literature of queuing models. A general queuing system in denoted by a/b/n