Multi-Subject Exam Personal Study Guide
Style
manner in which a writer uses a language in prose or poetry
a bag of sugar would be measured in
pounds or grams
moral development in toddlers can't occur without
independence
open world markets to promote economic development and to regulate the economic affairs
main purpose of the World Trade Organization
Langston Hughes, Nella LArsen, Zora Neale Hurston, Claude McKay, Countee Cullen, Jean Toomer
major writers of the Harlem Renaissance
those structures that represent generic concepts stored in our memory
schemata
caused by the unequal heating of the land and an adjacent, large body of water
sea breeze
extends into space. oxygen absorb energy from the sun.
thermosphere
Inorganic (Compound)
Compounds that DO NOT contain carbon (non-living).
Brown v. Board of Education
Court case in 1954 that ruled against segregation in public schools.
Massed learning
Cramming all the information into one session.
Excess cholesterol found in the blood of many people usually comes from internal production true/false
False (excess cholesterol comes from diet rather than internal production)
Fluency checks
Fast tests, usually one-minute timed readings, focusing on accuracy, rate and prosody; what a student's words per minute or words correct per minute are calculated.
Federalism
Government authority shared by national and local governments. Allows states to deal with local problems.
Agricultural Revolution
Gradual transformation of the traditional agricultural system that began in Britain in the 18th century. Aspects of this complex transformation, which was not completed until the 19th century, included the reallocation of land ownership to make farms more compact and an increased investment in technical improvements, such as new machinery, better drainage, scientific methods of breeding, and experimentation with new crops and systems of crop rotation.
Genotype
Includes genes that may not be expressed such as RECESSIVE genes.
Inflectional suffixes
Indicate in:
Monroe Doctrine (1820s)
US foreign policy that warned European nations not to interfere in the Americas. Told Europe that colonization in western hemisphere was no longer allowed.
Blooms tasks for creating
construct, design, develop, predict, compose, invent
a(b+c)= ab + ac
distributive property
Monolith
A figure sculpted or carved from a single block of stone.
An infection of the kidney
Nephritis
Neutrons
Neutral particles found in the nucleus of an atom (that have no charge).
how to solve?
write the proportion comparing the scale to the actual distance
K-W-L
"Know", "Want to Know", "Learned" charts encourage students to use prior knowledge and personal curiosity while researching a subject or a topic.
Which of the following excerpts from the Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments(1848) most clearly illustrates the influence of the American Revolution on the antebellum women's movement in the United States?
"[Man] has usurped the prerogative of Jehovah himself, claiming it as his right to assign for [woman] a sphere of action, when that belongs to her conscience and to her God."
Kansas-Nebraska Act led to
"bleeding Kansas"
Preamble
'We the People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.'
basal reading programs that focus on whole word or meaning based activities (non systematic phonics programs)
-pay only limited attention to letter-sound relationships and provide little or no instruction on how to blend letters to pronounce words
grapheme
-smallest part of written language that represents as a phoneme in the spelling of a word -may be one letter or multiple such as sh, ea,
American History
...
Phases of the Moon
1) New Moon 2) Waxing Cresent 3) First Quarter 4) Waxing Gibbous 5) Full Moon 6) Waning Gibbous 7) Third Quarter 8) Waning Cresent
Steps of Scientific Inquiry
1. Figure out the problem - use 5 senses, observe world around you
Decoding
An ability use sound-symbol correspondence to *sound out new words* or to interpret a word from print to speech.
Matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space. It can be described using physical and chemical properties.
Constructing meaning strategies
1. Prior *Knowledge*
Phonemic Awareness task types
1. Recognize sets of words have *similar sounds* (identifying rhyming words in a sentence)
What are blooms levels
1 remembering 2 understanding 3 applying 4 analyzing 5 evaluating 6 creating
3 feet or 36 inches=
1 yard
Three types of knowledge stored in *long-term* memory
1. *Declarative* (know what to do)
Memory basic operations
1. *Encoding* turns a sensory input into a representation that goes into memory.
Sight-word recognition
1. A word that is immediately recognized as a whole and does not require word analysis for identification.
Cuban Missile Crisis
13-day period in October 1962 when Soviet nuclear missile were pointed at the United States in Cuba.
what is the area of a square whose sides are 13 feet?
169(solve by doing l x w)
when was the constitution written
1787
Manifest Destiny
1800s belief that Americans had the right to spread across the continent (from coast to coast).
Seneca Falls Convention (NY)
1848; 1st Women's Rights convention organized by women. Produced the Declaration of Sentiments.
US representatives are elected for how many years
2
Together, a pen and pencil coat 2.59$. The pen cost 1.79$ more than the pencil. What is the cost of the pencil? Create a sentence
2.59 = X +( x+ 1.79)
For an effective aerobic workout, exercise should be performed at an individual's target heart rate for a minimum of
20 minutes
how many amendments does the constitution have
27
Chemical Change
A change in the composition of the substances in question. Examples:
Antagonist
A character or force in conflict with the main character.
How to solve?
A Taxi equation: y=1x +4
Marshall Plan (1948-1952)
A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe after WWII.
Pearl Harbor (1941)
A base in Hawaii that was bombed by Japan on December 7, 1941, which prompted America to enter the war.
Situated learning perspective
A belief that social factors form an important part of the context responsible for how well people learn.
Ocean
A body of saline water that composes much of a planet's hydrosphere. The four major sections are the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, and Arctic. Smaller regions are called seas, gulfs, and bays, such as the Mediterranean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and the Bay of Bengal.
Dorothea Dix
A civil rights activist on behalf of mentally ill patients - created first wave of US mental asylums.
Mimicry
A defense in which one organism resembles another that is dangerous or poisonous. Also used to lure prey.
Antithesis (Figure of Speech)
A direct opposite, a contrast. The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, often in parallel structure. Example: "Many are called, but few are chosen." Matthew 22:14.
Waves
A disturbance that carries energy not matter
Population Crash
A dramatic decline in the size of a population over a short period of time. This would happen BEFORE extinction.
Metaphor (Figurative Language)
A figure of speech comparing to unlike things (WITHOUT using like or as). Examples: 1) The snow is a white blanket. 2) Life is a rollercoaster.
Dictatorship
A form of government in which the leader has absolute power and authority.
Vocabulary
A language user's knowledge of words. Important in pre-reading activities.
Thematic Map
A map that emphasizes a single idea or a particular kind of information about an area.
Topographic Map
A map that shows the surface features of an area.
Mixed Economy
A market-based economic system with limited government involvement (the US).
pH
A measure of how acidic or basic a solution is. A constant (unchanging) pH is necessary in living cells...and if that changes, the cells could die.
Density
A measure of how much mass is contained in a given volume (total mass divided by its total volume).
Fresco
A painting applied to wet plaster.
Pharynx
A passageway that is shared by both the digestive and respiratory system.
Recession
A period of declining economic growth.
Commensalism
A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected.
Compromise of 1850
A series of laws intended to settle the major disagreements between free states and slave states. California came in as a free state.
Baluster
A small, curved post or pillar.
Inaugural Address
A speech given by a person being formally inducted into office.
Punnett Square
A square diagram that is used to predict an outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment. The diagram is used by biologists to determine the probability of an offspring having a particular genotype.
kelvin
A temperature scale in which: - 1 degree Kelvin equals 1 degree celsius - 0 degrees Kelvin is about -273 degrees celsius. - 0 degrees Kelvin is called absolute zero because there is no movement of molecules.
Nucleon
A term that refers collectively to protons and neutrons.
Analytic Rubric
A type of assessment rubric in which component categories are broken down.
Meiosis
A type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half and produces four gamete cells. This process is required to produce egg and sperm cells for sexual reproduction.
Situational Irony
A type of irony in which events turn out the opposite of what was expected.
Conjunction (Part of Speech)
A word that joins words or groups of words such as and, or, as, because...
Pronouns (Part of Speech)
A word that takes the place of a noun in a sentence such as she, he, it, them.
The Compromise of 1850
Admitted California to the Union as a free state and banned the slave trade in Washington, D.C.
half of the 1800s?
Africa had a wealth of natural resources.
Aerobic dance tests
Agility, coordination
The American West was the desert in early 1800s, and in 1900 many saw the west as full of potential. What caused this change
Agricultural advancements based on the use of technology and transportation. The rail roads.
Theory of Relativity
Albert Einstein -- Determined that the laws of physics are the same for all non-accelerating observers, and he showed that the speed of light within a vacuum is the same no matter the speed at which an observer travels.
Fugitive Slave Law (of 1850)
Allowed slave owners to go into free states to retrieve their slaves.
Graphophonemic awareness is also known as the
Alphabetic principle
(Sherman) Anti-Trust Act
An 1890 law that banned the formation of trusts and monopolies in the United States.
Proposition
An abstract way of representing the underlying (or "deep structural") relations among things. For example, the statement "John is heavier than Sam" might be represented in terms of the proposition HEAVIER (John, Sam).
Running record
An assessment which measures a child' fluency during oral reading
Command Economy
An economy in which production, investment, prices, and incomes are determined centrally by a government. The government or a collective owns the land and the means of production. It doesn't rely on the laws of supply and demand that operate in a market economy. A command economy also ignores the customs that guide a traditional economy.
What is the Abolitionist Movement?
An effort to end slavery in a nation that valued personal freedom and believed "all men are created equal." Over time, abolitionists grew more strident in their demands, and slave owners entrenched in response, fueling regional divisiveness that ultimately led to the American Civil War.
Free Verse
An open form of poetry that does not use consistent meter patterns, rhyme, or any other musical pattern.
Atrium
An open rectangular shaped court, often in front of churches.
Parasite
An organism that lives on or in a host and causes harm to the host.
United Nations
An organization founded after World War II (in 1945) to promote international peace and cooperation (i.e., prevent war).
Meridians
Another name for lines of longitude.
Cognition
Another word for thinking that also includes the mental processes of understanding, reasoning, and knowing.
Satire
Any literary text that uses critical humor to reveal vice and foolishness in individuals and institutions. It may include the use of sarcasm, irony, mockery, exaggeration, etc.
Motif
Any recurring element that has symbolic significance in a story and is seen repeatedly throughout the text. It contributes to the development of the theme.
Ethos (Rhetorical Support)
Appeal to ethics.
Pathos (Rhetorical Support)
Appeals to emotions.
Logos (Rhetorical Support)
Appeals to logic.
Retrieval cues
Approaches that enhance accessibility of stored information
Pie x r^2
Area of a circle
Civil War (1861-1865)
As a result of Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857), slaves were classified as property which fueled the flames that began this war.
(A+b) +c= a + (b+c)
Associative property
Isotopes
Atoms of the same element that have the same atomic number (the same number of protons) but a different number of neutrons. Example:
Tone
Attitude of the writer or narrator, e.g., serious, humorous, satiric, stoic, cynical, flippant, surprised
Solar flares and magnetism
Aurora borealis
Which of the following lists correctly matches the four numbers on the map to the body of water to which they correspond? Map has four numbers.
Baltic Sea.
Influences readers by telling them that all of their friends own this particular item(one way of using this device)
Bandwagon
Division of Powers
Basic principal of federalism...certain powers are assigned to the National Government and others are reserved for the states.
Left-right tracking is used primarily for
Beginning readers
Common Good
Benefits, or beneficial conditions, for all members of a group.
Powers not mentioned in the Constitution shall be retained by the states or the people
Bill of rights
A large area of land with characteristic climate, soil, and mixture of plants and animals
Biome (think like tundra or jungle)
Lakes
Bodies of water surrounded by land, form in different ways in surface depressions and in low areas.
Weight lifting is exercise specifically targeted to increase
Bone mass
We start by ordering our data in numerical order. Then we find the median of our data. The median divides the data into two halves. To divide the data into quarters we then find the median of two halves
Box and whisker plot
Judicial Branch
Branch of government that decides if laws are carried out fairly.
Executive Branch
Branch of government that enforces the laws.
Phoneme segmentation
Breaking a word into separate sounds and counting them
An inflammation of the bronchial tubes
Bronchitis
Which is the most significant contribution Mexico made to the USA in the 1860's
Building the transcontinental railroad.
Microprocessors are circuits that directs the other units in computers and in ---
Calculator
Displacement
Change in position of an object
Phoneme substitution
Changing one phoneme for another to make a new word
Emergent reader
Can distinguish between fiction and nonfiction; can recognize that reading has a variety of purposes. Has command of many high frequency words.
Bloom's Q for (6) create
Can the student *create a new product* or point of view?
Bloom's Q for (4) analyze
Can the student *distinguish* between the *different parts*?
Bloom's Q for (2) understand
Can the student *explain* ideas or concepts?
Bloom's Q for (5) evaluate
Can the student *justify* a stand or decision?
Physical Change
Change in matter's physical appearance is altered, but composition remains unchanged.
Communism
Classless political system in which citizens gain control over the means of production, and goods are available to all as needed so that wealth becomes relatively evenly distributed.
Chemical Properties
Chemical properties of matter describes its "potential" to undergo some chemical change or reaction by virtue of its composition.
this country is considered by some historians to be the oldest uninterrupted civilization in the world
China
Plays a vital role in brain function, assists in the creation of certain hormones and is produced in the liver
Cholesterol
Bloom's tasks for (3) apply
Choose, *demonstrate*, dramatize, employ, illustrate, interpret, solve
C=pie x d(diameter)
Circumference of a circle
Which factor made Athens' direct democracy different from representative democracy?
Citizens directly made the laws
14th Amendment
Citizenship to everyone born in U. S. (due process or equal rights guaranteed).
Schemas
Cognitive connections that are formed in an individual's mind over time and shape a person's worldview.
If a poem is written in old English using words like tiz or not standard English like the days be hot then the type of writing is
Colloquial
Boston Tea Party
Colonists dumped 18,000 pounds of tea into Boston Harbor in 1773 to protest the Tea Act (which imposed taxes).
Serial-position curve
Combination of phenomena in which items near the beginning of a list and near the end of a list are remembered best.
Anticipation guides
Comprehension strategy that is *used before reading to activate students' prior knowledge* and build curiosity about a new topic. They help students make connections between new information and prior knowledge. Used to motivate reluctant readers by stimulating their information
Spreading activation
Connective Vista model where stimulus activates nodes. Activation of one node may prompt activation of another, connected node.
Consonant Clusters
Consonants that occur *side by side within the same syllable*. No intervening vowel sound. Also called blends.
What form of government relates to the phrase "reigns but does not rule?"
Constitutional monarchy: The Queen of England
Bloom's tasks for (6) create
Construct, design, develop, predict, compose, *invent*
The monotheism of the ancient Hebrews spread throughout the ancient world and led to the formation of Christianity and Islam. This is an example of
Cultural diffusion
Influenced by their belonging to a particular group or culture
Cultural identity
Symbolic representations
Declarative memories that rely on arbitrary symbols that they are no obvious relation to whatever is being represented. For example, the word "dog" bears no physical resemblance to a dog, even though it represents the concept of a dog.
Bloom's tasks for (1) remember
Define, duplicate, list memorize, *recall*, repeat, reproduce, state
If a math problem gives you two different fractions try and make them have the same
Denominator
Treasury Department
Department that deals with financial matters in the United States.
Cause-and-effect
Determine *why something happens* as well as the *results*.
Information Revolution
Development in technology (such as computers, digital communication, microchips) in the second half of the 20th century that has led to dramatic reduction in the cost of obtaining, processing, storing, and transmitting information in all forms (texts, graphs, audio, video).
Oral language
Development of spoken language system
The Dred Scott decision of 1858 stated that
Dred Scott was a slave, therefore he was property and could not sue.
Biome
Distinct biological communities that have formed in response to a shared physical climate. There are 8 of these:
a(b + c) = ab + ac
Distributive property
Most western music is based on what type of rhythm
Divisive
What is the main geographical problem facing Nevada, Arizona, and Colorado in recent years?
Drought causing problems with Lake Mead and Lake Powell.
Horace Mann
Education Reform leader- "Father of American Public Schools"
Who proposed the relative theory of E=mc^2(speed of light)
Einstein
What invention helped Abolitionists push for the ending of slavery?
Eli Whitney invented the Cotton Gin. Abolitionists argued that slave labor was no longer needed due to machinery.
Lung disease that is generally caused by smoking or air pollution
Emphysema
Endothermic (Reaction)
Energy is absorbed. A chemical reaction that absorbs heat from the surroundings.
Exothermic (Reaction)
Energy is released. A chemical reaction that releases energy by light or heat.
Pepsin (and Amylase)
Enzyme that assists in the digestion of food.
Is means
Equals
Constitution of 1787
Established a Gov't run by people for the people.
Northwest Ordinance (1787)
Established an orderly way for new territories to become states.
Imperialism
Establishing control over foreign lands and people.
World War I (1914-1918)
European World War (Allies v. Central Powers). This was the first war to be fought on a global scale. The direct cause was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand at Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. The four main causes were:
During the 19th century the Native American Indian population decreased primarily due to which of the following:
European diseases (smallpox, influenza, measles and typhus) to which the native populations had no resistance decimated the American population.
Falling Action
Events that follow the climax in which tension decreases.
Scarcity
Ever-present situation in all markets whereby either less goods are available than the demand for them, or only too little money is available to their potential buyers for making the purchase.
What became an important goal of the Native American cultures in North America during the 1960s and 1970s?
Every effort was made to preserve the culture.
Short vowel sounds
Every vowel has two sounds, the vocal cords are more relaxed when producing the short vowel sound because of this the sounds are often referred to as lax.
Checks and Balances
Extension of the separation of powers doctrine, under which each branch of a government can (if necessary) counter the actions or decisions of the other branches.
In McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that "the States have no power, by taxation or otherwise, to retard, impede, burden, or in any manner control, the operations of the constitutional laws enacted by Congress to carry into execution the powers vested in the general government." The court's decision in this case clarified which of the following features of the government established by the U.S. Constitution?
Federalism
How to solve?
Find the LCD(Find the LCD of 9 and 10 which is 90. 9 x 10=90 so -4 x 10=-40. 10 x 9=90 so -7 x 9=-63. -40 + -63= -103 so -103/90)
Main idea identification
Find the topic or subject of a text. Look at the details that the author uses to clarify his / her topic.
How to solve?
First draw 5/10, second draw 4/9. Multiply two probabilities and reduce to lowest terms.
The sit and reach measures
Flexibility
Newton's Third Law (Force)
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Example:
mass x acceleration
Force
Sir Walter Raleigh
Founder of England's first American colony (1585).
The -- of a wave is associated with its pitch
Frequency
Adjustment of various electoral districts in order to achieve a predetermined goal
Gerrymandering
Use of an emotionally appealing word or concept to gain approval without thinking
Glittering generality
Carbon dioxide and methane
Global warming
Discuss
Group connection-making after reading. Includes *literature circles, Socratic seminars and fishbowls*.
Nation
Group of people distinguished by common identity and government.
GRTA
Guided reading-thinking activities that offer support by engaging students in the reading and improving comprehension of narrative text.
an Babylonian code of laws. an eye for an eye
Hammurabi's code
What was the name of the cultural revival after the Civil War that took place in NY?
Harlem Renaissance
Performance of two or more different pitches simultaneously
Harmony
Water
Has a density of 1 gram per cubic milliliter.
Swimming and bicycling are aerobic exercises designed to increase
Heart rate
Visual Clues
Helps students construct meaning from unfamiliar text
Syntactic Cues
Hints that rely on language structure or rules (sometimes called grammatical cues). Grammatical information in a text that readers process to construct meaning.
scientific revolution
Historical changes in thought and belief, to changes in social and institutional organization, that unfolded in Europe roughly between 1550-1700. - Nicholas Copernicus: asserted helio-centric (sun centered) cosmos - Isaac Newton: proposed universal laws
Short term memory
Holds relatively limited amounts of info (about 7 items) for a few seconds to 2 min.
Ethiopia
Hottest place on Earth.
Total time hypothesis
How much you learn depends on time spent studying. There are three constraints:
Excessive secretion of thyroid hormones
Hyperthyroidism
In an if then question the if is called the ---- and the then is called the ----
Hypothesis, conclusion
Inadequate secretion of thyroid hormones
Hypothyroidism
How to solve?
Identify the 1st term
Content Standards
Identify what students are supposed to learn throughout a given time period in a specific subject area.
Word recognition
Identify words in print, which is vocabulary development
Treaty of Paris
In 1783, this treaty was negotiated between the United States and Great Britain and officially ended the revolutionary war (and recognized American independence).
Phoneme
In a spoken language, the *smallest distinctive sound* unit
Biomass
In ecology, this refers to the mass of one or all of the species in an ecosystem or area.
Canon
In literature, this is a group of works that are considered to be culturally, artistically, or historically significant.
Parallel distributed processing (PDP) model
In network representation, the *key to knowledge representation* lies in the *connection* among the nodes, not in the nodes themselves.
Verbal Irony
In this type of irony, the words literally state the opposite of the writer's true meaning.
Weft
In weaving, the thing threads that are actually woven.
Modern times is a classic film that shows the dehumanization of ---. It's classic scene depicts Charlie Chaplin as a cog in an ever-turning machine
Industrialization
Cloze exercise
Involves getting students to *fill in words deliberately omitted* from a passage of text; assists students in the predictions and the use of context clues.
Response logs
Involves reading, viewing, and listening, students record thoughts and feelings as they read, listen to or watch literary, factual or media texts.
Phonological sensitivity
Involves understanding that words are made up of smaller sounds like syllables and phonemes
How does a "third party" contribute to the voting process?
It increased voter turn out. (The more people feel they are represented, the more they are interested in the political process)
A genre of art that makes self-conscious break with previous traditional genres
Modern art
Opinion
Something that is believed to be true. When used to support an argument, position is weakened. Also, revelatory of writer's bias and perspective.
Symbolism (Figurative Language)
Something that stands for something else.
first eight lines(the octave), abbabba; then the sestet, the last 6 lines add new rhyme sounds in almost any variation does not end in a couplet
Italian sonnet (or Petrarchan)
Keynesian economics:
Keynesian economics is a theory of total spending in the economy (called aggregate demand) and its effects on output and inflation.
Procedural knowledge
Knowing how to do specific things. Procedural knowledge appears to be represented in the form of productions, or condition action sequences. These forms of storage tell us, "if this, do that."
area of a rectangle
L X W
Prose
Language as it is ordinarily spoken, used for everyday communication. Found in textbooks, memos, reports, short stories, novels, etc.
Making up words using given letters which requires students think of words and phrases
Language skills
Figurative Language
Language that cannot be taken literally since it was written to create a special effect or feeling.
Prior Knowledge
Learner's preexisting attitudes, experiences, and knowledge.
A sofa sells for $520. If the retailer makes a 30% profit, what was the wholesale price? How to solve?
Let x be the wholesale price
How to solve?
Let x=price of a dress
Latitude
Lines that run horizontally around the Earth, parallel to the equator. This is an indicator or climate and is the distance North or South from the equator (measured in degrees, minutes, and seconds).
Episodic memory
Long term memories that hold knowledge of *personally experienced events or episodes.* Used when people learn lists of words or need to recall something they learn in a particular personal context.
Reading in a word-by-word shows that a student is having trouble with the level of reading so ----- would be useful
Lower level materials
Study of the Gross Domestic Product
Macroeconomics
John Philip Sousa was known as the "king of ---". One of his most famous marches are "stars and stripes forever"
March
U.S program for rebuilding the economic foundation of Western Europe following WWII
Marshall Plan
Dioecious
Means distinctly male or female (refers to most animal species).
Origins of the names of the following: Massachusetts, Brooklyn, El Paso?
Massachusetts --Native American origin
Histidine
Vitamin B
Levels-of-processing model
Memory is not made up of any specific number of separate stores. Instead, storage varies along a continuous dimension in terms of depth of encoding.
An inflammation of the brain that affects the spinal cord
Meningitis
The ---- has a famous permanent exhibition of Egyptian art and artifacts
Metropolitan Museum of Art
PQ4R
Mnemonic device for the steps in the study method: *p*review, *q*uestion, *r*ead, *r*eflect, *r*ecite and *r*eview.
Is considered an impressionist
Monet
Study of word structure
Morphology
Interest always indicates
Multiplication
Nationalism
Nationalism, ideology based on the premise that the individual's loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual or group interests.
Commodities
Natural resources or raw materials (that do not have to be created) that can be bought and sold.
Electrons
Negatively charged particles found outside the nucleus of an atom.
was already the nation's financial center in the mid-19th century
New York
Abiotic
Non-living parts of an ecosystem.
Civic Responsibility
Not required by law. Includes actions like registering to vote and voting, and serving on statutory boards and committees. These activities are paramount to the success of democracy and philanthropy.
Leucine
Vitamin D
Stem and leaf plot shows the data in
Numerically increasing order
Foreshortened
Objects painted or drawn as though they were seen from an angle projecting into space.
Lysine
Vitamin E
Methionine
Vitamin K
10^6
One million
Dred Scott Case
One of the leading causes of the Civil War. A slave who had lived in the free state of Illinois and the free territory of Wisconsin before moving back to the slave state of Missouri, had appealed to the Supreme Court in hopes of being granted his freedom (based on the "once free, always free" moto). This was an 11-year court case.
Major Native American tribe that resided in New York State before the 1700s?
Oneida, Lenni-Lenape, Wappinger
Autotrophs
Organisms that are able to make their own food (e.g., plants).
Homologous (Structures)
Organs or skeletal elements of animals and organisms that, by virtue of their similarity, suggest their connection to a common ancestor. These structures do not have to look exactly the same, or have the same function.
Ballet
Originated in Renaissance Italy. Characteristics: light, graceful, fluid movements and use of pointe shoes.
Chlorofluorocarbons and sunlight
Ozone depletion
Abolishionists
People looking to get rid of slavery.
Bottom-up processing
Perceiving based on noticing separate *defining features* and *assembling*them into a recognizable pattern. Also called data-driven.
Main Literary Elements
Plot, character, setting, theme, point-of-view, tone.
Ecology
Political movement that seeks to protect the environment, especially from pollution.
Whig Party
Political party formed in 1834 to oppose policies of Andrew Jackson.
Fascism
Political system based on a strong, centralized government headed by a dictator.
Authorizes federal spending for special projects such as airports, rivers, or dams in the home state or district of a congressman. Meant to help the entire district or syate
Pork barrel legislation
Protons
Positively charged subatomic particles found inside the nucleus of an atom. The number of these determine the type of atom. Example:
Checks and Balances
Powers are balanced so that one branch can prevent excessive control of another by checking its actions.
Diagonals are only equal if the --- is a rectangle
Properties of a parallelogram
Physical Properties
Properties that do not change the chemical nature of matter. - color, size, texture, length, volume, density
Summarize
Pull together the important information.
What is the "Push Pull Factor?"
Push Factors: Reasons for emigrating (leaving a place) because of a difficulty (such as a food shortage, war, flood, etc.).
Impeachment
Putting the president on trial for breaking the law.
QAR
Question-answer relationship; readers learn how to answer questions, delineate between explicit and implicit information, and draw on background knowledge: "right there," "think and search," "author and you," and "on your own" questions.
Stanine Score
Range from one through nine, scores of four through six are considered to be average.
Choral reading and poetry give students an opportunity to practice their
Rate of reading
Schema theory
Readers understand what they read only as it relates to what they know
Retelling (written or oral)
Reading, silently or aloud, then expressing what has been read.
The representation of objects as they actually are without idealizing them
Realism
Implicit memory
Recall and recognize information without consciously being aware of doing so.
Use of instructional strategies that make learning --- to individual student interests is a powerful motivating force that facilitates learning and independent thinking(most important choice)
Relevant
Natural Rights
Rights that are universal, an automatic for all humans that precede all other rights.
T-S
Text-Self. Part of a code students use to highlight passages to which they personally relate
Propositional networks
Schematic integration of interrelated propositions.
Screening
Screening instrument is used to assess students at the beginning of the year to identify the student's reading level and capabilities. Can show growth over time.
Fables
Short stories that are intended to teach moral lessons.
Declaration of Independence
Signed in 1776 by US revolutionaries; it declared the United States as a free state.
If the give you a large triangle broken into two triangles then assume they are
Similar triangles(then you can set up a proportion 3/7=5/x)
If they ask you to do a pie chart remember it's 360 degrees. So you solve by:
Simplify the fraction then multiply by 360
Literature Circles
Small groups who read and discuss same materials together (facilitator, connector, summarizer, vocabulary master, illustrator).
Prokaryotic (Cells)
Smaller and simpler cells that do not have a nucleus.
Atom
Smallest particle of an element.
Berlin Address
Speech made by JFK which expressed sympathy for West Berliners in their conflict against the Soviets.
Wavelength and frequency are directly related by the ---- of sound
Speed
Jim Crow Laws
State and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States.
Nation-State
State that provides a sovereign territory for a single nation.
15th Amendment
States cannot deny any person the right to vote because of race.
Script
Stereotypical story outline for how events typically proceed.
Long term memory
Stores info for very long periods of time, possibly indefinitely. Examples: the name of your favorite candy bar; how to open your bicycle lock; the square root of 144 is 12.
Fairy Tales
Stories that involve magical creatures such as elves and fairies.
Myths
Stories that often involve Gods or demigods, that attempt to explain certain practices or phenomena.
Question Generating
Students generate their own questions to be answered as they read
Sequential multitasking
Switching back and forth from one task to another, but focus on only one at a time.
Sensory Memory
System that holds sensory information very briefly. Lasts less than 3 seconds; capacity is very large.
Recognition tasks
Tasks that require a person to select or identify something he or she has learned.
Recall tasks
Tasks which require a person to produce information from memory, including free recall, serial recall, and paired associates recall.
Custom Duties
Taxes on foreign imported goods.
Phonics and spelling
Teach children to *segment words into phonemes* and *create words by writing letters for phonemes*
10^4
Ten thousand
Norm-referenced test
Test that *develops average scores of the populations* to serve as comparison points.
What is the Connecticut Compromise?
The Connecticut Compromise blended the Virginia and New Jersey Plans as a model for representation in the two houses of Congress: equal representation in the Senate and proportionate in the House.
Geocentric (View of the Universe)
The Earth is at the center of the universe. This was an early theory (Claudius Ptolemy).
What did the English Parliament create in 1689?
The English Bill of Rights
What was the Magna Carta?
The Magna Carta is Latin for "Great Charter". It set down rights which became part of English law and which are now the foundation of the constitution of all countries which speak English.
What was King John of England forced to sign in 1215?
The Magna Carta.
2. Moon Phases
The Moon has phases because it orbits Earth, which causes the portion we see illuminated to change.
Atomic Number (Mass Number)
The SUM of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom that tells the mass of the atom. It is a UNIQUE IDENTIFIER.
Mesopotamia was located on a flat plain between what two rivers?
The Tigris and Euphrates River
Memory
The active mental mechanisms that enable people to retain and retrieve information about past experience.
Government
The authority that sets rules for a society, helps its members relate to one another and to others, and keeps it running smoothly, securely, and peacefully.
Atomic Weight
The average mass of all the isotopes of a certain type. It is a weighted average that takes into account the abundances of all of the different isotopes.
Mean
The average of the numbers: a calculated "central" value of a set of numbers. To calculate: Just add up all the numbers, then divide by how many numbers there are.
What are the main bodies of water in the Middle East ?
The bodies of water in the Middle East include the Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, Gulf of Aqaba, and the Gulf of Aden.There are five seas as well, including the Aral Sea, Caspian Sea, and the Red Sea. The remaining two seas are the Arabian and Mediterranean.
Water Cycle (Hydrologic Cycle)
The continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth.
Range
The difference between the lowest and highest values.
Rhythm (a Poetic Device)
The drumbeat or heartbeat of a poem. It is the pattern of accentuated sounds, which creates or heightens the emotional effect of language.
Great Depression (1929-1930s)
The economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s (the U.S. economy faltered and unemployment soared). Herbert Hoover was president.
Kinetic Energy
The energy an object has due to its motion.
Biomagnification
The increased concentration of pollutants at each step up a food chain.
Define Tribal sovereignty in the United States?
The inherent authority of indigenous tribes to govern themselves within the borders of the United States of America. It is recognized by the federal government.
Metamemory skills
The knowledge and control of one's memory.
Greenland
The largest island on Earth.
Protagonist
The main character in the story.
Central Conflict
The main struggle of opposing forces around which the plot revolves.
Kinetic Theory of Gases
The molecules are in constant, random motion and frequently collide with each other and with the walls of any container.
Abolishionism
The movement to end slavery.
Onset
The part of a *syllable* (or the one-syllable word) that *comes before the vowel* (e.g., "str" in "string").
Rhyme Scheme (a Poetic Device)
The pattern of rhyme among lines of poetry [denoted using letters, as in ABAB CDCD EE].
Fresh Water
The percentage of the Earth's water that is available for human consumption is only .009% (ond only 2% of that is surface water). 96% of the earth's water is salt water which must be desalinized to be consumed.
Point-of-View (Literary Element)
The perspective from which the action in a story is told.
First-Person
The point of view in which the narrator is a character in the story. Uses the "I" pronoun.
Cellular Respiration
The process by which cells use oxygen to produce energy from food.
Euphony
The quality of being pleasing to the ear, especially through a harmonious combination of words.
Acceleration
The rate at which velocity changes.
Rehearsal
The repeated recitation of an item. Rehearsal is a learned process.
Alliteration (Figure of Speech)
The repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words. Example sentence:
Niche
The role of a species within a community.
Cartography
The science or art of making maps.
Astronomy
The scientific study of celestial objects, space, and the physical universe as a whole.
Plot
The sequence of events in a literary work.
Cells
The smallest structural and functional unit of an organism, typically microscopic and consisting of cytoplasm and a nucleus enclosed in a membrane.
Ecology
The study of how living things interact with each other and their environment.
Mineralogy
The study of minerals.
Petrology
The study of rocks, including their composition, structure, occurrence, mode of formation, and history.
Semiotic (Analysis)
The study of symbols or signs that may require analyzing and identifying a symbol or a sign from literary work, or write an analysis of a specific cultural for instance cultural fascination with a toy.
Folk Dance
The term "folk dance" is sometimes applied to dances of historical importance in European culture and history; typically originating before the 20th century. For other cultures the terms "ethnic dance" or "traditional dance" are sometimes used, although the latter terms may encompass ceremonial dances.
Atomic Theory
The theory that all matter is made up of tiny indivisible particles (atoms).
What contributed to the difficulty in development and population growth in South America?
The topography of the land.
What is The Silk Road?
The trade route that extended from Asia to the Mediterranean Basin.
Clouds
These are clasified according to the altitude above the Earth's surface.
Seasons (on Earth)
These are primarily related to the tilt of the Earth's axis. The earth is actually closer to the sun in the winter, but is tilted away from the sun.
How to solve?
They can raise 32000 or more.
Inference-building approaches
Think-alouds, referents, asking questions that are often "Think and Search." Write down a sequence of events from the story line and ask students to script the missing pieces using what they know about characters, setting and other related clues.
Chromosomes
Threadlike structures of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information (DNA) in the form of genes.
Which of the following best describes a major role of labor unions in the U.S. economy?
To improve wages and working conditions
Bevel
Tool to round off a sharp edge.
Kinesthetic awareness deals with sense of
Touch
Low point of the recession
Trough
Louisiana Purchase
Trritory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million. This doubled the size of the United States.
President Harry S. Truman's foreign policy declaring the United States "leader of the free world"
Truman Doctrine
Double-entry journal
Two column format; left column is used to *record specific statements from a text* that are important to the reader in understanding the text. The right column is used to record *responses and reactions*to those statements
Lewis and Clark (1803)
Two explorers sent by the president (Jefferson) to explore the Louisiana Purchase (they explored and studied the Indians, animals, and plants in the area).
Polymorph
Two minerals with the same chemical composition, but different chemical structure.
Print Concept
Understanding how text works to communicate a message. Includes handing of books and orientation of text.
Biscuit
Unglazed porcelain.
Brigham Young
United States religious leader of the Mormon Church after the assassination of Joseph Smith.
Legends
Universal stories that seem to have a degree of realism about them.
How to solve?
Use (1-x) as the discount. 3.75x=120
How to solve?
Use (1-x) as the discount. 375(1-x)=120
Celsius
Use the base reference point of water freezing at 0 and boiling at 100.
Arabesque
Very intricate designs based on plant forms.
Situated learning
View suggesting that social factors and specific learning environments form an important part of the context responsible for how well people learn.
Left-right tracking and is an important pre-reading skill
Visual tracking
Arginine
Vitamin A
Number of cubic units in a solid
Volume
V=Bh
Volume of a prism
V=lwh
Volume of a rectangular right prism
V= pie r^2 h
Volume of the right circular cylinder
El Nino
Warming of Pacific Ocean seawater along the coast of South America that leads to significant weather changes in the United States.
Mechanical (Waves)
Waves that require a medium to travel through.
--- tend toward a literal use of line, color, and texture to convey a concise, detailed, complicated view. Rely on literal color usage or emotional choices of color. Art is more individualized
Western art
Encoding specificity principle
What is encoded determines in large part what is later retrieved.
December 21
Winter solstice (when we have the least amount of sunlight).
Loaded word
Word used to evoke very strong positive or negative attitudes toward a person, group, or idea by using connotation
How do you solve it?
Write an equation
How to solve?
Write an equation
How to solve?
Write an equation.
Alphabetic principle
Written language is comprised of *letters (graphemes)* that represent *sounds (phonemes)* in spoken words
chemotherapy
a cancer treatment that includes chemical toxic to malignant (infected cells)
haploid cell
a cell with one set of chromosomes, which is half of the regular diploid number
diploid cell
a cell with two copies of each chromosome
what is an amendment
a change or addition to the constitution
carbon dioxide (co2)
a colorless, odorless gas that is important in the earth's atmospheric greenhouse effect
nimbostratus
a dark cloud, but not a thundercloud, that frequently produces rain
cell
a fundamental unit of all light. the cell consists of an outer plasma membrane, the cytoplasm, and genetic material (DNA)
angiosperm
a group of plants that produce seeds enclosed within an ovary, which may mature into a fruit
what is insulin
a hormone needed to transport glucose to cells
canopy
a layer of tree branches and other vegetation elevated above the ground
carcinoma
a malignant (infectious) tumor, which forms in the skin and outside of internal organs
marsupial
a mammal whose young crawl into its mothers pouch to complete development
estauary
a place where freshwater and seawater mix
enzyme
a protein that aids biochemical reactions
commensalism
a relationship between two organisms where one organism benefits from teh other without affecting it
bacillus
a rod-shaped bacteria
chromosome
a single DNA molecule, a tightly coiled strand of DNA, condensed into a compact structure
carcinogen
a substance that can lead to cancer
Celsious
a temperature scale which freezes at 0 degrees and boils at 100 degrees
cloud
a visible group of water or ice particles in the atmosphere
chinook wind
a warm, dry wind on the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains
phonemic awareness
ability to hear, identify, and manipulate the individual sounds (phonemes) in spoken words
chemicals should be stored
according to reactivity
if a=b and c=d, then a+c=b+d
addition property
prefixes
affix word part fixed to the beginning of words
suddixes
affix word part fixed to the end of words
who does a senator represent
all the people in the state
lenticular cloud
an almond shaped cloud usually seen on windy days
Capitalism definition:
an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.
ceilometer
an instrument that measures cloud height
altimeter
an instrument that uses air pressure to record height, such as the height of an airplane
-21 x 5= 3 x -35= -105
associative
if alliteration occurs at the beginning of a word and rhyme at the end, --- takes the middle territory. --- occurs when the vowel sound within a word matches the same sound in a nearby word, but the surrounding consonant sounds are different
assonance
number of protons in an atom
atomic number
isotope
atoms of the same chemical element with a different number of neutrons but the same number of neutrons and protons. same atomic number, but may have a different mass
area of a parallelogram
bh
what is the reason why some states have more representatives than others
bigger populations
unrhymed iambic pentameter
blank verse
definite pause within a line of music
caesura
Blooms Q for creating
can the student create a new product or point of view?
Blooms tasks for applying
choose, demonstrate, dramatize, employ, illustrate, interpret, solve
white and feathery; high in the sky
cirrus
Blooms tasks for understanding
classify, describe, discuss, explain, locate, recognize
most educators believe that children learn
cognitively
example: -2 x 6= 6 x -2= -12
commutative
the----property states that you can change the order of the terms or factors
commutative
lipids
compouns that are fats and oils
THEN negate both the new hypothesis and the new conclusion
contrapositive
the original conclusion then becomes the new hypothesis
converse statement
two-line stanza, usually rhymed
couplet
thick, white fluffy
cumulus
change communication signals into messages
decode
Map has letters over Central Africa and Saudi Arabia
desert
the air temperature at which water vapor begins to condense
dew point
what is style affected by
diction or word choices sentence structure and syntax types and extent of use of figurative language patterns of rhythm and sound conventional or creative use of punctuation
accepted procedures for preparing solutions should be made with
distilled water
the following terms indicate: quotient, divided by, ratio
division
if a = b and c = 0, then a/b = b/c
division property
the gas molecules -- expand in size when heated but the spaces between increase as the molecules move faster
do not
sometimes called a Shakespearean sonnet. Rhymes cohere in four clusters: abab cdcd efef gg
english sonnet
the faerie queene is an
epic poem
paradise lost is an -- poem in ----
epic, blank verse
inclusion and transportation of surface materials by another moveable material, usually water, wind, or ice
erosion
on the choice of books is an
essay by thomas carlyle
John C. Fremont, Zebulon Pike, Kit Carson
explorers
Literary device used to introduce background information about events, settings, characters etc. to the audience or readers. Leads up to the climax
exposition
the depth of water in a pool would be measured in
feet or meters
NY has many areas of --- but --- soil
fertile, rocky
cross pollination
fertilization of one plant by pollen from a different plant
how to solve?
find the unit price
no pattern of rhyme, stanza, or meter
free verse
what is one reason colonist came to america
freedom, political liberty, and religious freedom
children discover that print can be used for a variety of purposes and functions, including entertainment and information
functions of print
paint would be measured in
gallons or liters
society
group of people who reside in a particular territory. a society may have it own culture and may or may not be a part of a civilazation
two rhymed lines of iambic pentameter, the first ending in a light pause, the second more heavily end-stopped
heroic couplet
the development of power-driven machinery leading to the accelerated growth of industry with large factories replacing homes and small workshops as work centers
industrial revolution
onset
initial sound of a syllable, sw in swim b in bag
Robert Fulton, Cyrus McCormick, Eli Whitney
inventors
the confederacy of Haudenosaunee tribes, the League of Peace and Power
iroquois
an intensive phonics program includes drill and practice may be effective with some students it ---- the most effective way to teach students to read
is not
Blooms tasks for evaluating
judge, select, choose, decide, justify, select, support, argue, verify, discus, criticize
adding phonics workbooks (non systematic phonics programs)
just adding phonics work to programs not effective -addons can confuse children -need explicit, systematic program
What measure would be used to report the distance traveled in walking around a track?
kilometers
a breeze that blows from the land to the ocean or a large lake
land breeze
studies led by Chomsky which formulated the theory that language ability is innate and develops through natural human maturation as environmental stimuli trigger acquisition of syntactical structures appropriate to each exposure level
linguistic approach
coldest layer of the atmosphere
mesosphere
the pattern of the rhythm
meter
coastline of florida would be measured in
miles or kilometers
designed to assess the strategies that children use in their reading
miscue analysis
heavy, dark clouds that represent thunderstorm clouds
nimbus
what is rule of law
no one is above the law
plot, characters, settings, themes, interpretations, opinions, theories, and research can be found in what type of literature
nonfiction
what is the aurora borealis
northern lights, light emission from the upper atmosphere that appear in many shapes and colors
Bing Crosby, Frank Sinatra, Don Redman, Fletcher Henderson, Count Basie, Benny Goodman, Billie Holiday, Ella Fitzgerald, the Dorsey Brothers
notable musicians of the Big Band era
what is third person point of view
omniscient or limited
sight word programs (non systematic phonics programs)
only after learning sight words do they learn alphabetic principle
eight-line stanza of iambic pentameter rhyming abababcc
ottava rima
a dime would be measured in
ounces or grams
medicine would be measured in
ounces or milliliters
annuals
plants that die after one growing season
"A Doll's House" is a
play written by henrik ibsen
phonics
predictable relationship between phonemes and graphemes
affix that is placed at the start of a root word, but can't make a word on its own
prefix
what is one power of the states
providing schooling and education, providing safety and protection, give authorization to drive
phonics-
relationship between letters (graphemes) of a written language and the sounds (phonemes) of a spoken language -teaches children relationship and use to read and write words
---measures the percentage of water vapor in the air
relative humidity
the actual amount of water vapor in a certain volume of air compared to the max amount of water vapor this air could hold at a given temperature
relative humidity
The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1858 increased sectional tension because it
reopened the issue of slavery in a territory north of 36º30'
what stops one branch of government from becoming too powerful
separation of powers or checks and balances
the --- field is the highest employing field in NY state
service
six six-line stanzas and a tercet. Repeats in each stanza the same six end-words in a different order
sestina
dilation
shrinks or enlarges a transformation
occurs when the final consonant sounds are the same, but the vowels are different. Occurs frequently in Irish, Welsh, and Icelandic verse. Examples include: green and gone, that and hit, ill and shell
slant rhyme
what is interefron
small proteins that stimulate viral resistance
phoneme
smallest part of spoken language that makes a difference in the meaning of a word
other theorists in the 70s proposed that language development results from sociolinguistic competence. language, cognitive, and social competencies are interactive elements of total human development. emphasis on verbal communication as the medium for language expression resulted in the inclusion of speech activities in most language arts curricula.
sociocognitive approach
what is one right or freedom from the first amendment
speech
nine lines, rhyming ababbcbcc for eight lines then concludes with an Alexandrine
spenserian stanza
a group of a certain number of lines with a rhyme scheme or a particular rhyme
stanza
what is a tariff
taxes on foreign goods that encourage the consumption of domestic products
in an experiment measuring the growth of bacteria at different temperatures, what is the independent variable?
temperature
a three-line stanza, which, if rhymed usually keeps to one rhyme sound
tercet
a line of iambic hexameter
the alexandrine
Supply and Demand definition :
the amount of a commodity, product, or service available and the desire of buyers for it, considered as factors regulating its price.
four iambic feet in lines one and three, three in lines two and four. Rhyming is abcb
the ballad stanza
What is the supreme law of the land?
the constitution
what is the bill of rights?
the first 10 amendments to the constitution
Antoinette Louisa Blackwell
the first female minister
Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell
the first woman doctor
convection
the movement up in the atmosphere of heated moisture. thunderstorms are often caused by convection
core
the portion of the earth from beneath the mantle of the earths center
who is in charge of the executive branch of government
the president
four-line stanza, the most popular in English
the quatrain
a line or lines repeated in a ballad as a chorus
the refrain
what are the two parts of the US congress
the senate and house of representatives
economics
the study of how people produce, distribute, and use resources to satisfy their wants and needs
what is highest court in the US
the supreme court
a brief, local storm produced by the rapid upward movement of warm, moist air within a cumulo-nimbus cloud
thunderstorm
The Erie Canal was significant because it
tied the manufacturing of the East to the farming of the West.
direct relationship between what is taught in school and what is learned in school. if you want improvement in writing they need --- to write
time
What was the usual role of the chief in primitive societies?
to coordinate economic activity
what is one power of the federal government
to declare war, print money, make an army, make treaties
Which of the following best describes a major function of the World Bank?
to encourage private investment in
author's attitude as is reflected in the statement or passage
tone
a school bus would be measured in
tons or kilograms
what the paragraph or story is about
topic
indicates what the passage is about
topic sentence
if a=b and b=c, then a=c
transitive property
the first thing children learn is to
trust others
the rhythmic pattern of a single verse
verse form
vitamin C are
water soluble
a swirling, funnel-shaped cloud that extends downward and touches a body of water
waterspout
what are the first three words of the constitution
we the people
what is capital
wealth that can be used to generate more wealth material objects such as tools or money itself
the breaking down of rocks at or near to the earth's surface
weathering
Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton
women's rights
Process readers use to figure out unfamiliar words based on written patterns
word analysis
affixes
word parts that are fixed to either the beginnings or endings og words
How to solve?
x + .30x=520. (x=wholesale price. because of wholesale price must add 1 so sentences becomes 1.30x=520. Divide both sides by 1.30)
in similar polygons, if the perimeters are in a ratio of x:y, the sides are in a ratio of
x:y
the length of a football field would be measured in
yards or meters
what is freedom of religion
you can practice any religion or not practice a religion
Alphabet recognition
*Can identify the letters of the alphabet* both capital and lowercase when asked to do so
1/8 =
0.12 (12 1/2%)
1/6 =
0.16 (16 2/3 %)
1/5 =
0.2 (20%)
1/4 =
0.25 (25%)
1760 yd=
1 mile
5280 feet=
1 mile
knot
1 nautical mile (1.15 mph)
Soliloquy
1) The act of talking to oneself. 2) A poem, discourse, or utterance of a character in a drama that has the form of a monologue or gives the illusion of being a series of unspoken reflections. E.g. Hamlet's "To be or not to be..."
Four elements of working memory
1. Central executive.
Features of Scientific Inquiry
1. Learner engages in scientifically oriented questions
Types and extent of use of *figurative* language
1. Patterns of rhythm and sound
Earth-Moon-Sun Interactions
1. Rotation and Revolution
Memory places where info can be encoded
1. Sensory register
Six Essential Elements of Geography
1. World in spatial terms - study the relationships between people, places, and environments by mapping information about them into a spatial context
branches of government
1. legislative: congress 2. executive: president 3. judicial: supreme court
Pressure
1. the force you produce when you press something: 2. the force that a liquid or gas produces when it presses against an area.
area of a triangle
1/2 bh
area of a trapezoid
1/2h(b1 +b2)
how many US senators are there
100
The force of gravity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance so doubling the distance reduces the gravitational force by a factor of
4
how many voting members does the house of representatives have?
435
--is an effective time period when performing a weight-lifting exercise session
45 minutes
if the radius of a right circular cylinder is doubled its volume is
4X the original
Water makes up what percentage of the human body?
55%-75%
what makes up the constitution
7 articles, and 27 amendments
Andrew Jackson
7th U.S. President. 1829-1837.
how many justices are on the supreme court
9
If a math problem gives you a set of percentages (say 5 of them) and it says they were hoping for a specific percentage(say 90%). Then it asks for how many more percentage points should he have earned solve it by
90 x 5=450. Add his scores together then subtract it from 450
Friction
A force that opposes motion between two surfaces that are in contact.
Mass
A measure of the amount of substance in an object. If one went to the moon, this would stay the same...but weight would change.
Phonological memory
Ability to hold sound based information in immediate memory
Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide
Acid rain
Pre-reading
All knowledge, skills and experience that come before conventional literacy.
Schema
An internal representation of the world. Needs to be activated before learning something new.
Newton's First Law (Inertia)
An object tends to resist a change in its motion. The more mass something has, the more inertia something has, and the more it resists a change in motion.
Neutral
Anything with a pH of 7 (pure water)
Doubles Winner must score 15 points. Singles must score to 21 with a margin of 2 points
Badminton
Bloom's Q for (1) remember
Can the student *recall* the information?
Boston Massacre
Clash between British soldiers and a Boston mob, March 5, 1770, in which five colonists were killed (during the American Revolution).
Orthographic knowledge
Comprehending that *sounds in language are represented by symbols* (printed or written)
Fluency
Coordinate the words and meaning so reading becomes automatic
If there are m different ways to choose a first event and n different ways to choose a second event, then there are m x n different ways of choosing the first event followed by the second event
Counting principle
Physical Development Levels
During adolescence, young people go through many changes as they move into physical maturity. Early, prepubescent changes occur when the secondary sexual characteristics appear.
Confederate States of America
During the Civil War (1861-1865), these 11 Southern States formed their own country and fought against the United States of America in an attempt to preserve the institution of slavery. Jefferson Davis was president of this group.
Roger Williams
English clergyman and colonist who was expelled from Massachusetts for criticizing Puritanism. He called for separation of church and state. Established Rhode Island.
Displacement of solid Earth surfaces such as rock and soil. Often a result of wind, water, or ice acting on surfaces with loose particles, such as sand, loose soils, or decomposing soil
Erosion
Absolute Location
Exact location of a place on the earth described by global coordinates.
Embedded phonics
Explicit instruction for using letter-sound relationships during the reading of connected text to sight read new words
Drama
Expressive writing that tells a story to an audience through the actions and dialogue of characters, which are brought to life by actors who play the roles onstage. These are also called "plays" and can be written in poetic or lyrical verse, or in regular prose.
How to solve?
Factor 30 into 2 factors
-usually begins in kindergarten
Four basic features of alphabetic principle
Lesions in the stomach lining
Gastric ulcers
British Literature
Generally, this type of literature reflects changes in culture and thinking over time and is therefore, usually studied chronologically by period.
Economics is defined as a study of
How scarce resources are allocated to satisfy unlimited wants
Retrieval
How you gain access to information stored in memory.
Unity
In writing, this demands that the details included in a sentence, paragraph, or text share a main idea.
Research Question
In writing, this is the question about your topic you seek to answer.
Which of the following is the best measure of productivity growth in the U.S. economy?
Increases in national income per
-dealing children a deck of picture cards and having them sound out the words for the pictures on their cards or calling them for a picture by asking for its first and second sound
Instructional methods that may be effective for teaching phonemic awareness
Research on the effectiveness of day care shows that
Intellectual performance of underprivileged children will increase
Bloom's tasks for (5) evaluate
Judge, select, choose, *decide*, justify, select, support, argue, verify, discus, criticize
Which is the correct chronological order to illustrate a cause and effect relationship among the following events leading to the Civil War?
Kansas Nebraska Act, Dred Scott decision, Lincoln-Douglas debates, election of Lincoln, South Carolina secedes
Congressional act that allowed the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to decide for themselves whether to allow slavery
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Print awareness
Knowing the basic concepts about written words.
Declarative knowledge
Knowledge described as "*knowing that*," e.g., knowing that the sun rises in east. Categorical knowledge is declarative. Stored in semantic to episodic memory.
Culture
Knowledge, beliefs, practices, and values shared by a society at a particular time.
Tundra.
Line 2 which says:
Denotations
Literal definitions of words.
Suicide is attempted more by -- than ---
Males, females
Holistic Rubric
Meant to assess students work as a whole, overall structure/quality of the work.
Mineral
Naturally occurring, inorganic solids with a definite chemical composition and orderly internal crystal structure. These have only one single chemical composition (unlike rocks). Classified by their chemical compostion.
What would be the Absolute Location of New York City on a map?
New York is positioned in both the northern and western hemisphere and its exact co-ordinates are: 40º 43' N, 74º 0' W.
Weathering
Physical, chemical, and biological process where rock is broken down into smaller pieces.
Juxtaposition
Placement of two things closely together to emphasize comparisons or contrasts. Example: "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times."
Print knowledge basics
Print carries meaning, is organized in a specific way, there are rules for how you read and write
Dichotomous Thinking
Refers to black and white thinking. Viewing all situations as black and white; good or bad...with no in-between.
Consonance
Repetition of a consonant sound within two or more words in close proximity.
Assonance
Repetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity.
Elements (Chemistry)
Represented in upper case letters.
June 21
Summer solstice (when we have the most amount of sunlight).
Bill of Rights
The first ten amendments to the Constitution that includes a formal listing of the basic rights of U.S. citizens (1791).
Judicial Review
The power of the courts to declare laws unconstitutional. (established by Marbury v. Madison)
Orogeny
The process of mountain formation (especially by the upward displacement of the earth's crust).
Geology
The study of the planet earth as it pertains to the composition, structure, and origin of its rocks.
Word structure
The way in which the parts of a word are arranged together-used to determine a word's meaning
The tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy were distinctive in that they:
They formed the most important Native American political organization to confront the colonists.
Domain-Specific vocabulary words
Used when reading nonfiction to *develop content clues*.
Electromagnetic (Waves)
Waves that transfer electric and magnetic energy through a vacuum (in space).
The measure of the pull of the earth's gravity on an object is called
Weight
double helix
a term used to describe the coiling strands of DNA molecules that resembles a spiral staircase
Benjamin Lundy, David Walker, William Lloyd Garrison, Isaac Hooper, Arthur and Lewis Tappan, Theodore Weld, Frederick Douglas, Harriet Tubman, James G. Birney, Henry Highland Garnet, James Forten, Robert Purvis, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Wendell Phillips, and John Brown
abolition of slavery and the Underground Railroad
clone
an identical copy of an organism
Which of the following best describes a major consequence of the growing interdependence of contemporary economic systems?
an increase in the global
anemoteter
an instrument to measure wind speed
nebula
an interstellar cloud of dust and gas
nucleus
an organelle in a cell that contains chromosomes
carnivor
an organism that eats meat, which includes animals, fungi, and plants
at what point does exposition occur within a story
before the rising action
Blooms Q for analyzing
can the student distinguish between the different parts?
Blooms Q for understanding
can the student explain ideas or concepts?
Blooms Q for evaluating
can the student justify a stand or decision?
Blooms Q for remembering
can the student recall the information?
Blooms Q for applying
can the student use the information in a new way?
what is the economic system in the US
capitalist economy
overgrazing and overuse of farmland
caused the drought of the 1930s
mitosis
cell division consisting of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase that usually creates in two nuclei, each with a full set of chromosomes
the state of political tension and military rivalry between the Soviet Union and the West from the end of WWII to the 1980s
cold war
Blooms tasks for analyzing
compare, distinguish, examine, experiment, test, question, contrast
p is the hypothesis q is the conclusion
conditional statement
who makes federal laws
congress
what are the branches or parts of government
congress, legislative, president, executive, the court, or judicial
glass of milk would be measured in
cups or liters
plot follows the following sequence
exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, denouement
Louisa Mae Alcott, James Fenimore Cooper, Washington Irving, Walt Whitman, Henry David Thoreau, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Herman Melville, Richard Henry Dana, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, John Greenleaf Whittier, Edgar Allan Poe, Oliver Wendell Holmes
famous writers
vitamin D, E, and K are
fat soluble
the sweeping changes during the latter half of the 20th century as a result of technological advances and a new respect for knowledge or info provided by trained, skilled, and experienced professionals in a variety of fields
information revolution
during this stage, children learn how to hold a book, where to begin, the left-to-right motion, and how to continue from one line to another
language and conventions of print
Buddy Bolden, Joseph "King" Oliver, Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong, Jelly Roll Morton
leading jazz musicians
a group of sentences about one main idea
paragraph
rime
part of a syllable that contains the vowel and all that follows it -ag in bag
esophagus
part of the gut that connects the pharynx to the stomach
onse and rime
parts of language that are smaller than syllables but larger than phonemes -onset-initial sound of a syllable -rime- vowel and following part of syllable
Elihu Burritt and William Ladd
peace movements
socialism
political system that reflects collective ownership of the means of production and the distribution of goods, resulting in a relatively even distribution of wealth
unitary state
political system, also known as a non-federal system, in which authority is centralized. authority may be transferred to lower levels, but those levels do not maintain independent authority.
requires oxygen, continuous and rhythmic, uses major muscle groups
principles of aerobic conditioning
chemical properties
properties that do change the chemical nature of matter, change results in an entirely different kind of matter, burning, tranishing, rusting, decomposing
asexual reproduction
reproduction involving one parent only
what does the judicial branch do
review laws
the recurrence of stresses at equal intervals
rhythm
if an angle has a measure of 90 degrees then it is a
right angle
seven-line stanza in iambic pentameter w/ rhyme ababbcc
rime royal
a 14 line poem in iambic pentameter
sonnet
Both --- and --- have the power to lay and collect taxes and to borrow money
state, federal government
Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, Stephen Douglas, John C Calhoun
statesmen(skilled political leader)
if a=b, then b may be substituted for a in any other expression
substitution property
the middle line of the tercet rhymes with the first and third lines of the next tercet
terza rima
closest to the Earth's surface, all weather occur here. Air temperature decreases with increasing altitude
troposphere
Diagnostic assessment
*Standardized tests* that aim to determine a student's strengths and weaknesses.
Bloom's tasks for (4) analyze
*Compare*, distinguish, examine, experiment, test, question, contrast
Bloom's 6th level
*Create* (Generating, Planning, Producing)
7/8 =
0.87(87 1/2%)
Autocracy
A country that is run according to the interests of the ruler rather than the people.
Oxymoron
A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms together (in a two-word phrase). Examples: bitter sweet, jumbo shrimp, etc.
Hyperbole (Figurative Language)
A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. Example: I'm so hungry I could eat a horse.
Oligarchy
A government ruled by a few powerful people.
Story map
A graphic organizer of major events and ideas from a story to help guide students' thinking and heighten their awareness of the structure of stories.
Galaxy
A gravitationally bound system of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter.
Theory (Scientific)
A greater body of accepted knowledge, principles, or relationships that might explain fact.
Elegy
A meloncholy poem of serious reflection, typically a lament for the dead.
Nation-State
A nation state is a type of state that joins the political entity of a state to the cultural entity of a nation, from which it aims to derive its political legitimacy to rule and potentially its status as a sovereign state.
Food Web
A natural interconnection of food chains and a graphical representation (usually an image) of what-eats-what in an ecological community. Also called a "consumer-resource system."
Agricultural Revolution
A period of agricultural development between the 18th century and the end of the 19th century, which saw a massive and rapid increase in agricultural productivity and vast improvements in farm technology.
Foreshadowing (Figurative Language)
An author's use of hints or clues to suggest events that will occur later in the story.
Renewable (Resources)
A resource which can be used repeatedly and replaced naturally. Examples include oxygen, fresh water, solar energy and biomass. New resources may include goods or commodities such as wood, paper and leather.
Renaissance
A rebirth of art, culture, and intellect that started in Italy from the 14th through the 16th centuries.
Compound
A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds.
Prefix
A syllable or word that comes before a root word to change its meaning
Performance-based assessment
Also known as authentic assessment.
Metacognition
Also known as the "monitor and clarify" strategy. Readers think about what they are thinking so that they can immediately recognize any confusion or uncertainty with the text.
3. Eclipses
An eclipse occurs at those times when the Moon moves into a position of direct alignment with the Sun and the Earth.
Communism
An economic and political system based on one-party government and state ownership of property.
Industrialism
An economic system built on large industries rather than on agriculture or craftsmanship.
Command Economy
An economic system in which the government makes all economic decisions.
Capitalism
An economic system in which the means of production, distribution, and exchange are privately controlled, so that individual profit is obtained through labor and capital investment.
Connectionist model of memory
Focuses on the ways *declarative and procedural knowledge* are combined via *connections* among elements.
Summative Assessments
High stakes projects or tests; given at the end of a chapter or unit.
Young Adult Literature
Includes texts written for adolescent readers, youth up to age 25. This type of literature aims to be relevant to young people, to address their needs and interests, and to allow them to see themselves in the stories.
Mendel's Laws
Includes three laws: 1) the law of dominance 2) the law of segregation 3) the law of independent assortment. Each of these can be understood through examining the process of meiosis.
Which of the following is a correct statement about the use of slave labor in colonial Virginia?
It spread rapidly in the late seventeenth century, as blacks displaced white indentured servants in the tobacco fields.
According to grammatical rule of parallelism if we say I like to go swimming in the morning and ---- we have to use which kind of verb?
Present tense (ing ending)
Abraham Lincoln
President during the Civil War - 16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves.
Metamorphic (Rocks)
Rocks that form as a result of intense pressure and heat from within the earth. Examples are marble, which can be formed from limestone, and slate, which is formed from shale.
Feudalism
Social organization during the Middle Ages based on reciprocal obligations among lords, vassals, and fiefs.
Personification (Figurative Language)
When the author gives human qualities or abilities to an object or animal. It is a literary tool that adds interest and fun to a poem or story. Example: Lightning danced across the sky.
Vernal Equinox
When the sun is directly overt the equinox.
Exposition
The beginning part of a story that introduces the characters, setting, and basic situation. It provides important background information.
Information Revolution
The proliferation of the availability of information and the accompanying changes in its storage and dissemination owing to the use of computers. Development of technology in 20th century.
Usage Conventions
The surface features of writing (mechanics, usage, and sentence formation) which govern word choice and order.
Context
The surroundings, circumstances, environment, background or settings that that frame the author's writing. Refers to both the historical and cultural time a text was written.
Literary Criticism
The formal study, analysis, and evaluation of literary texts.
Metric System
The generally accepted and preferred method for taking measurements. The basic units are meter (length), liter (volume), and gram (mass).
Solar System
The gravitationally bound system comprising the Sun and the objects that orbit it, either directly or indirectly.
Industrial Revolution
The greatly increased output of machine-made goods that began in England in the middle 1700s.
Mt. Everest
The highest geographical point on Earth.
Second-Person
The narrator talks directly to the reader, referring to the reader as "you." Includes the use of "Your."
Congress
The national legislative body of a country that has the power to ratify treaties and delcare war, and the powere to make laws.
Habitat
The natural home or environment of a plant, animal, or other organism. It provides the organisms that live there with food, water, shelter and space to survive.
Civil Rights
The nonpolitical rights of citizens, such as liberty and equality.
Mode
The number in a set of data that appears most often.
Frequency
The number of waves produced in a given amount of time.
Close Reading
The thoughtful, critical analysis of a text that focuses on significant details or patterns in order to develop a deep, precise understanding of the text. It is a key requirement of the Common Core State Standards.
Sedimentary, Igneous, Metamorphic
The three types of rocks. They are classified based on their formation and the minerals they contain.
Magma
This is called lava when it flows out of the Earth's surface.
Writing Conference
This is most commonly done through writing conferences as part of the revision stage. It can happen in pairs, with small groups, or with the teacher. The purpose is to identify the student's strengths and areas that need improving.
Clean Air Act (CAA - 1970)
This legislation set emission standards for cars and limits for release of air pollutants.
Secondary Succession
This occurs after a disturbance or major event that greatly affects a community (such as a wild fire or construction of a dam).
Semi-Colon
Used to make a break between two sentences.
What is the most important invention of the fifteenth century?
When Gutenberg invented the printing press in 1445, he forever changed the lives of people in Europe and, eventually, all over the world.
Robert Owen
a Utopian society
what is an embargo
a ban on trade with other countries
homeostasis
the tendency to resist change in order to mainain a stable, relatively constant internal environment
What information is not needed to figure out the cost of material used to cover the shaded area? (a square inside a square)
the total cost of covering the entire room, cost of covering the inner rectangle
the pacific northwest region's mountain ranges are the main reason for
high precipitation
the higher the --- the higher the water vapor
humidity
storms that develop when warm, moist air carried by trade winds rotate around a low-pressure "eye"
hurricanes
what does the constitution do?
protects the basic rights of Americans
Which of the following best describes the major function of the U.S. Federal Reserve System?
to serve as the monetary agent for
a severe storm with swirling winds that may reach speeds of hundreds of km per hour
tornado
word roots
words from other languages that are the origin of many english words -about 60% of english words have latin or greek origins
niche
an organism's unique place in the environment
neuron
cells that react to stimuli and transmit impulses consisting of a body with a nucleus and dendrites (extends) to receive and axons (projects) to transmit impulses
6 x 5= -24 + 54 = 30
distributive
applied when evidence is seized in violation of due process
exclusionary rule
continental divide
in the US, the part of the western mountains that separates water flowing toward opposite side of the country
What best describes the western, or Pacific, region of Canada comprising BC and Yukon
includes tallest, oldest trees in Canada. Full of rugged mountains with high plateaus and desert-like areas
moves from specific to general and is usually based on observations
inductive reasoning
the operations undo each other(for example: multiplying 11 by 3 gives 33, dividing 33 by 3 then takes you back to 11)
inverse operations
a line of one foot
monometer
>___
more than or equal to
if a = b and c = 0, then ac = bc
multiplication property
has the longest wavelength
red light
primary base of a word
root word
area of a square
s^2(side=s)
if a=b, then b=a
symmetric property
Inferential Comprehension Skills
"Reading between the lines. "
Phoneme isolation
*Recognize separate sounds* in words
Economics
...
Geography
...
Questions About Slavery in the US
...
12 inches =
1 foot
Arkansas
11 states of the Southern Confederacy
we elect a US senator for how many years
6
Nerve
A bundle of neurons or nerve cells.
DNA
A molecule that contains the instructions an organism needs to develop, live and reproduce (an abbreviation for deoxyribonucleic acid). Replication requires enzymes and catalysts (making it a catalytic process).
Mitosis
A process where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells (cell division). The major purpose is for growth and to replace worn out cells.
Annotation
A purposeful note-taking system that encourages close-reading and literary analysis.
Balustrade
A railing usually supported by balusters.
Reciprocal Teaching
A reading comprehension strategy in which teachers model, then help students learn to guide group discussions using four strategies: predicting questioning, summarizing, and clarifying.
Obelisk
A rectangular block of stone, often with a pyramidal top.
Parasitism
A relationship between organisms in which one organism benefits and the other does not die, even though the second organism may be harmed.
Mutualism
A relationship between two species in which both species benefit. Example: birds riding on the backs of elephants and eating the parasites on their skin.
Competition
A relationship in which both organisms are harmed.
Protestant Reformation
A religious movement begun by Martin Luther and others in 1517 to reform the Catholic Church.
Writing Workshop
A research-based writing strategy that provides a support framework that is designed to improve writing skills. The teacher acts as a mentor author, modeling writing techniques and conferring with students as they move through the writing process. Direct writing instruction takes place in the form of a mini-lesson at the beginning of each workshop and is followed by a minimum of 45 minutes of active writing time. Each workshop ends with a sharing of student work. Students have a large amount of choice in their topic and style of writing.
Market Economy
A system based on private ownership, free trade, and competition. An economy in which individual consumers and producers make economic decisions.
Literary Theory
A systematic study of literature using various methods to analyze texts. It involves viewing a single text through a variety of 'different lenses" to allow the reader to gain a deeper understanding that far exceeds what they would develop with a single/straight-forward analysis.
Discourse Competence
A type of competence that involves the ability to understand, create and develop forms of the language that are longer than sentences (stories, conversations, letters, ...) with the appropriate cohesion, coherence and rhetorical organization to combine ideas.
Warp
A type of painting that binds the pigment with a mixture of egg and water OR egg and oil.
Ballad
A type of poem that is a short narrative song about an event that is considered important or reflects a critical situation or action. These are intended to be recited and are often about courage, love, political disputes, or military battles.
Villanelle
A type of poem that is usually 19 lines long with 5 stanzas with 3 lines each, and a final stanza of 4 lines.
Sedimentary (Rocks)
A type of rock that forms through the deposit and solidification of sediment, especially sediment transported by water (rivers, lakes, and oceans), ice ( glaciers ), and wind. These rocks are often deposited in layers, and frequently contain fossils. Limestone and shale are common examples.
Digraph
A union of *two characters representing a single sound*.
Atomic Mass Unit
A unit of mass used to express atomic and molecular weights. 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom.
Allele
A variation of a gene (also known as a trait) -- it determines the manifestation of a gene.
Scientific Notation
A way of expressing numbers that are too big or too small to be conveniently written in decimal form.
Word sorts
A word-study activity in which words on cards are grouped according to designated categories, as by spelling or vowel patterns, or meanings, etc. Helps students make sense of new vocabulary
Cliche (Figurative Language)
A worn-out idea or overused expression.
Constitution
A written plan of government. In other words, a document establishing the structure, functions, and limitations of a government.
13th Amendment
Abolished slavery. First of three "Reconstruction Amendments" passed after Civil War (1865-70)
Bloom's Q for (3) apply
Can the student use the information in a *new way*?
What does Chain Migration have to do with clustering?
Chain migration results in migration fields. The clustering of people from a specific region into certain neighborhoods or small towns.
(Captain) John Smith
English explorer who helped found the colony at Jamestown, Virginia.
Newton's Second Law (Momentum)
Force equals mass times acceleration. The greater the force, the greater the acceleration. The greater the distance. Example:
The structure of the English language consists of rules of ---, ---, and ---
Grammar, capitalization, and punctuation
Base
Has a pH higher than 7 (anything with a pH higher than water). Characteristics:
Acid
Has a pH of less than 7. Examples include urine, vinegar, hydrochloric acid. Characteristics:
The contrapositive is obtained by swapping the hypothesis and conclusion phrases and also negating them. So the statement: if the turnips are not blue, then the sky is falling what would also be true?
If the sky is not falling then turnips are blue
Area of the faces excluding the bases
Lateral area
Missouri Compromise
Laws enacted in 1820 to maintain balance of power between slave and free states. Slavery could not extend to states above the 36, 30 line.
Susan B Anthony
Leader of the women's Suffrage movement (the right to vote), voted and was arrested for civil disobedience.
Longitude
Lines that run vertically around the globe through the poles and are measured in 15-degree increments from east to west. Sometimes called meridians.
Congressional practice of trading votes on different bills
Logrolling
Phoneme addition
Make new words by *adding* a phoneme to a word
Inferencing
Making predictions before, during, and after reading
Top-down processing
Making sense of information by using context and what we already know about the situation; sometimes called conceptually driven perception.
Poetry or verse
Manipulation of language with respect to meter, meaning, sound, and rhythm
Climax
Most exciting moment of the story; turning point
Prejudice
Negative attitudes towards members of a group, resulting from mirror membership in the group. - racism, sexism, ageism
Phonograms
Often called *word families*, these end in high frequency rimes that vary only in the beginning consonant sound to make a word. For example, back, sack, black and track.
Understanding that words are composed of sounds
Phonemic awareness
Parallelism
Phrases or sentences of a similar construction/meaning placed side by side, balancing each other.
Perennials
Plants that live through more than one growing season.
Blank Verse
Poetry that is written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. This 10-syllable line is the predominant rhythm of traditional English dramatic and epic poetry, as it is considered the closest to English speech patterns.
Democracy
Political system based on self-rule, in which government consists of representatives freely elected by citizens.
Federalism
Political system in which authority is both central and localized. - example: the U.S system in which both federal and state governments have partially independent authority.
Monarchy
Political system that reflects the absolute sovereignty of a single individual. Monarchial systems both overlap with and can be distinguished from aristocrats, dictatorships, oligarchies, and plutocracies.
Phonics
Promotes understanding of alphabetic principles and *relationship between phonemes and graphemes*.
Phoneme blending
Provide a *sequence of spoken phonemes* to form a new word
Map with two bodies of water indicated:
Red Sea and Mediterranean.
When all the people in a certain area have the same religious beliefs
Religious homogeneity
(Continents are Europe and Africa)
River systems have helped development in
What is Plessy vs Ferguson (1896)
Supreme court ruling that provided from separate but equal segregation of races
Total area of all the faces, including the bases
Surface area
S=2(lw+hw+lh) (where l=length w=width h=height)
Surface area of a rectangular right prism
S= 2 pie(r +h)
Surface area of the right circular cylinder
Median
The "middle" value in a set of numbers.
Closed word sort
The *teacher defines the process* for categorizing the words. This requires students to engage in critical thinking as they examine sight vocabulary, corresponding concepts, or word structure.
What was the impact of the 24th Amendment?
The 24th amendment was important to the Civil Rights Movement as it ended mandatory poll taxes that prevented many African Americans from voting. Poll taxes, combined with grandfather clauses and intimidation, effectively prevented African Americans from having any sort of political power, especially in the South
What were some differences between the Iroquois and Algonquin tribes?
The Algonquins traced their ancestry through their fathers line (patrilineal).
Johnson v. State (1967)
The RULE OF LAW was used in this case to refute the charges. A reasonable person would not have known in advance that the behavior would be considered illegal.
Miranda (v. Arizona)
The accused must be notified of their rights before being questioned by the police.
Why was The Ottoman Empire connected with the Age of Exploration?
The age of exploration was largely driven by the spice trade. To get to India or China from Europe, you had to go through the Ottoman Empire, and pay taxes.
Mnemonic techniques
The approaches that students or teachers can use to improve memory and learning. These include categorical clustering; interactive images; peg word; the method of loci; acronyms; acrostics and keywords.
Tone (Literary Element)
The attitude of the author toward the audience and characters (e.g., serious or humorous).
Electric Force
The attractive force between charged objects (between the electrons and the nucleus).
Climate
The average weather for a particular area over time (typically for at least 30 years).
Genes
The basic physical and functional unit of heredity. They are made up of DNA which act as instructions to make molecules called proteins.
Legislative Branch
The branch of government that has the power to make and pass laws.
Resolution
The end of the story where the conflict has been resolved and loose ends are tied up.
Tidal Force
The force that changes the levels of the oceans, which is technically the difference in the strength of gravity between two points on a body.
Nile River
The longest river on Earth.
House of Representatives
The lower house of the United States Congress. They have the sole power of impeachment.
Dead Sea
The lowest geographical point on Earth.
What did the Medieval Manor represent?
The medieval manor was an agricultural estate. It was usually comprised of tracts of agricultural land, a village whose inhabitants worked that land, and a manor house where the lord who owned or controlled the estate lived. Manors were largely self-sufficient.
Referents
The objects, events, ideas, or relationships referred to by the words
One can best distinguish totalitarian from authoritarian governments by examining which of the following aspects of their political systems?
The pervasiveness of government control over non- governmental sectors of society.
Phenotype
The physical, visual manifestation of genes.
Weathering
The process in which rocks and minerals are broken down by the elements of nature into smaller pieces.
Perception
The process of *assigning meaning* to a detected stimulus. Based on both physical representations from the world and our existing knowledge.
Golden Ratio
The proportion of approx. 1.6 to 1, which is said to represent the most pleasing artistic proportion.
Plot Structure
The sequence of events or actions (exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, resolution).
Primary Succession
The series of changes that occur in an area where no soil or organisms exist. For example: Over hundreds of years, bare rock decomposes to sand, which eventually leads to soil formation, which eventually leads to the growth of grass and trees.
Rising Action
The series of conflicts or struggles that build a story toward a climax (i.e., the events leading up to the climax).
What was the Slave Trade Compromise?
The slave trade compromise was an agreement during the Constitutional Convention of 1787, protecting the interests of slave-holders, that forbid Congress the power to act on the slave trade for twenty years.
Diphthong
The sound produced by combining *two vowels in to a single syllable* or running together the sounds.
Velocity
The speed of an object in a particular direction.
Meteorology
The study of the atmosphere as it pertains to weather.
Geography
The study of the earth's surface, climate, continents, countries, peoples, industries, and products.
Heliocentric (View of the Universe)
The sun is at the center of the universe (Copernicus).
Laws of Motion
The three laws that govern the motion of material objects (Isaac Newton). Every object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless compelled to change its state by the action of an external force. This is normally taken as the definition of inertia.
23.5 degrees
The tilt of the Earth's axis that causes the seasons.
Literary Devices
The typical structures used by writers in their works to convey his or her messages in a simple manner to the readers. When employed properly, they help readers to appreciate, interpret and analyze a literary work. Examples include, allusion, diction, euphemism, foreshadowing, imagery, metaphor/simile, personification, etc..
Nucleus (of an atom)
The very small and dense central part of an atom which contains protons and neutrons.
Ocean Currents
These strongly influence the Earth's weather patterns.
Spiraling (Reading Instruction Strategy)
This occurs when a teacher regularly revisits or reviews a concept throughout his/her instruction.
Isoleucine
Vitamin C
Resource Partitioning
When species divide resources so they don't compete for the same food. An example would be birds eating from a very specific portion of a spruce tree.
Scarcity economics definition:
(Scarcity, Economic) In economic terminology, "scarcity" refers to the fact that the same resource - regardless of its quantity - cannot be put to more than a single use at a time.
Carpet question. The room is a rectangle measuring 14 feet by 20 feet. She wants no carpet seams on her floor, even if it means some carpeting will go to waste. The carpeting she wants come in 16 foot wide rolls. Question asks: what's is the minimum amount of carpeting that will have to be wasted? Solve by??
(She would have to buy 20 ft of carpet meaning she would have to buy 320 square feet. Area of the carpet is 280(14x20) so) 320-280=40
Bloom's 3rd level
*Apply* (Executing, Implementing)
Early emergent reader
*Beginning to learn sound/symbol relationship*; can read cvc words.
Explicit memory
*Consciously* recallable information, e.g., words from a list.
CVC
*Consonant-vowel-consonant *pattern which produces a short vowel sound or a closed syllable.
Comprehension
*Construct understanding* and/or meaning from the words
Paideia Seminars
*Conversations about text rich in ideas* meant to improve abstract thinking and problem-solving skills.
Analogical representations
*Declarative memories that preserve many of the aspects of the original stimulus* (object or event).Example: mental imagery i.e., when you recall a mental picture of what the something looked like.
Criterion-referenced tests
*Determine the point* at which the student has achieved *mastery.* They enable educators to assess whether a student has met a *predetermined goal.*
Concluding
*Drawing together the main ideas* of something and *restating* them in a succinct way.
Bloom's 5th level
*Evaluate* (Checking, Critiquing)
Explicit vs. Implicit memory
*Explicit memory*: Consciously acting to recall/recognize particular info, e.g., trying to remember a list of words you just saw.
Attention
*Focus on a stimulus.* Involved in all three memory processes: Sensory Memory, Long-Term Memory, and Working Memory.
Chunking
*Grouping items of information*, which expands the amount of information that can be stored in short-term memory.
Phoneme deletion
*Identify the word that remains* when a phoneme is removed from an existing word
Conditional knowledge
*Knowing when and how to apply* the declarative and procedural knowledge you have learned. Might be stored as cognitive strategies, or information about the conditions under which declarative and procedural knowledge is useful.
Rehearsal types
*Maintenance rehearsal*: simply repeat items to be learned.
Constructivist approaches
*Memory is largely built on prior experience* in context. It is not merely reproductive. People often use existing cognitive frameworks, or schemas, to construct organizations for new information. Mental scripts, or stereotypical sequences of events, also can affect students' expectations and memories.
Characteristics of prose
*No formal arrangement* but there *may be* some sort of *rhythm*
Code
*Notes made on the reading* that highlight *passages that "speak"* to them personally
Bias uncovering
*Question sources* writer uses, use of *fact or opinions* to support claim, what was *left out*, how they *address contrary evidence* or opinions.
Bloom's 1st level
*Remember* (Recognizing, Recalling)
Phonological access
*Retrieval of sound based codes* from memory
Cueing systems
*Semantic*: did that sentence make sense? *Syntactic*: does that sound right? *Graphophonemic*: does that look right?
Onset-rime phonics
*Separates onsets and rimes* in words so students may read them and *blend parts into words*
Anecdotal notes (records)
*Short written observations*made by the teacher while student's work making notes on their progress to look back at later.
Bloom's 2nd level
*Understand* (Interpreting, Exemplifying, Classifying, Summarizing, Inferring, Comparing, Explaining)
Self-monitoring techniques
- Asking oneself whether this makes sense.
Farenheit
- Boiling = 212 degrees
Print concept facilitation approaches
-Combine movement activities to convey bottom, top side.
What affects a persons income?
-Education
Reading Assessment types
-Norm-referenced tests
phonemic awareness instruction helps children read
-aids in reading comprehensions through influence on word reading -helps with decoding and subsequent fluency so kids can focus attention on meaning
phonological awareness
-broad term (including phonemic awareness) can involve work with rhymes, words, syllables, onsets, and rimes
Texts Literary forms
-children's literature -poetry -epic -lyric (and fable) -romance (and legend) -satire (and dogegrel) -short story -novel (and biography)
phonemic awareness helps children spell
-how to segment words into phonemes helps children spell -understand that sounds and letters are related in a predictable way -able to relate sounds to letters as they spell words
cooperative learning
-students work together as partners or small groups on clearly defined tasks -work together to understand content-level areas, helping learn and apply comprehension strategies 1. ask questions about what they're reading 2. summarize parts of text 3. clarify words and sentences 4. predict what might occur next
fluency
-to read a text accurately and quickly -recognize words automatically and group to gain meaning -bridge between word recognition and comprehension (can concentrate on meaning because not concentrating on decoding)
phonemic awareness most effective when taught to manipulate phonemes using letters of alphabet
-when children are taught to use letters as they manipulate phonemes -teaching sounds along with letters phonemic awareness instruction should focus on only one/two types of phoneme manipulation
Questions about Native American Culture
...
1/10 =
0.1 (10%)
1/3 =
0.33 (33 1/3%)
3/8 =
0.37 (37 %)
Periodic Table
A chart of all chemical elements currently known, organized by their properties.
A Caste system is part of the mixed culture of India, and a class system is part of American Culture. What is the difference?
A class system has more flexibility than a caste system. You are born into the caste system and remain there for your entire life.
Circuit
A closed path that electric current follows. Electric currents experience resistance as they travel through this.
American Revolution
A colonial revolt that took place between 1765 and 1783. The American Patriots in the Thirteen Colonies won independence from Great Britain, becoming the United States of America. They defeated the British through an alliance with France and others.
Ecosystem
A community of living and non-living things that work together. These have no particular size and can be as large as a desert or a lake or as small as a tree or a puddle.
Conceit
A comparison between two very unlike things, whose dissimilarity is very obvious. Used to create unique comparisons that describe unlikely situations. Ex. Marriage is like getting a root canal.
Ecosystem Stability
A concept that states that a stable ecosystem is perfectly efficient. Four principles:
Think-aloud
A modeling activity in which the teacher verbalizes the teacher's thoughts while reading; used to model ways in which skilled readers make predictions, use visualization, related prior knowledge, and monitor and self-correct their comprehensions.
Pantomime
A pantomime (often shortened to Panto) is a musical-comedy family-orientated theatrical production traditionally performed in United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Zimbabwe, Jamaica, South Africa, India, Ireland, Gibraltar, and Malta, at Christmas-time. The panto often features slapstick or messy comedy routines, children dancing, recent songs, spectacular sets and colorful costumes, and is often themed around a fairy story or nursery rhymes.
Industrial Revolution
A period during the 18th and 19th centuries in which predominantly agrarian, rural societies in Europe and America became industrial and urban.
Militarism
A policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war.
Authoritarianism
A political system that denies the people participation in government (a non-democratic system of government).
Ecologic Succession
A predictable, stage-like, development of an ecosystem over time.
Paradox
A seemingly absurd or contradictory statement or proposition which when investigated may prove to be well founded or true. Example: "I can resist anything but temptation."-Oscar Wilde
Blend
A sequence of *consonants before or after a vowel* in each syllable
Folklore
A set of beliefs and stories of a particular people, which are passed down through the generations. It comes in many forms, including fables, fairy tales, myths, and legends.
Bloom's Taxonomy
A set of three hierarchical models used to classify educational learning objectives into levels of complexity and specificity.
Anecdote
A short and amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person.
Essay
A short piece of writing that addresses a scholarly audience. The author explores a single topic in order to pursuade the reader.
Scarcity
A situation in which unlimited wants exceed the limited resources available to fulfill those wants
Irony (Figurative Language)
A situation or statement in which the actual outcome or meaning is opposite to what was expected.
Buffer
A solution whose pH remains relatively constant when a small amount of a base or an acid is added (blood is an example).
What is the difference between a chiefdom and a state.
A state, like a chiefdom, is centralized and stratified, however the level of stratification is based on classes or castes. States are lead by a powerful official like a king,
Citizenship
A status held by a person that entitles the person to certain rights, privileges and protections of a state, and also imposes duties and obligations on the person to the state. This can be established in two different ways:
Analogy-based phonics
A strategy taught to help students *use parts of words they have learned* to attack words that are unfamiliar
Nationalism
A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country.
SQ3R
A study method incorporating five steps: *s*urvey, *q*uestion, *r*ead, *r*ehearse, *r*eview
Rhetorical Strategy
A technique that an author or speaker uses to evoke a response in the audience. These responses are central to the meaning of the work or speech, and help get the audience's attention.
Plate Tectonics
A theory explaining the structure of the earth's crust and many associated phenomena as resulting from the interaction of rigid lithospheric plates that move slowly over the underlying mantle.
Queer Theory
A theory that involves investigating texts by asking questions about both gender and sexuality. This lens involves recognizing and challenging all cultural assumptions related to sex and gender.
Atmosphere
A thin layer of gases that hover above our planet's surface and provide us with oxygen to breathe, shelters us from solar UV radiation and warms Earth's surface via the greenhouse effect. It is 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1 argon. The five main layes (from lowest to highest) are:
Sociolinguistic Competence
A type of competence that involves knowing when to change your language for the people you talk to. (Integrative Function)
Linguistic Competence
A type of competence that involves the ability to produce and understand well-formed, meaningful sentences. It includes a speaker's knowledge of the phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics of a particular language.
Strategic Competence
A type of competence that involves the ability to recognize and repair instances of "communication breakdown" by strategic planning and/or redirecting.
Igneous (Rocks)
A type of rock that forms through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava (also known as magmatic rocks).
Reading Fluency
Ability to decode words quickly and accurately in order to read text with appropriate word stress, pitch, and intonation pattern (prosody). This skill requires automacity of word recognition and reading with prosody to facilitate comprehension.
What do geographers use to indicate absolute location?
Absolute location is determined by a reference system, usually expressed in degrees north and south latitude and east and west longitude.
Biomes
Also known as vegetation zones. Refers to zones where a certain mix of plants has adapted to similar conditions.
Thermal Mass
Also referred to as heat capacity - refers to the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of an object (and is measured in Joules per Kelvin).
William Lloyd Garrison
An United States abolitionist who published an anti-slavery journal (1805-1879).
Interjection
An abrupt remark, made especially as an aside or interruption.
Working memory
An active part of long-term memory that also includes short-term memory. Holds the most recently activated portion of long-term memory and moves these activated elements into and out of brief, temporary memory storage.
Say Something
An activity during reading that helps students monitor their reading comprehension. In small groups, students take turns reading and commenting on text. Shared observations help students get meaning from text
Rock
An aggregate of one or more minerals, and may also contain mineraloids (minerals lacking a crystalline structure) and organic remains.
Slippery Slope
An argument that suggests that one thing will lead to another, oftentimes with disastrous results.
Describe the Romantic Era.
An artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century. Partly a reaction to the Industrial Revolution, it was also a revolt against the aristocratic social and political norms.
Phonological awareness
An awareness of the ability to manipulate the sounds of spoken words; it is a broad term that includes:
Logical Fallacy
An error in reasoning that renders an argument invalid.
Frederick Douglass
An escaped slave who became a noted abolitionist leader, government official, and writer.
Meter (a Poetic Device)
An established rhythm within a poem, in which accentuated syllables are repetitive and predictable.
Law (Scientific)
An explanation of events that always lead to the same outcome.
Global Warming
An increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere.
Hasty Generalization
An inference drawn from insufficient evidence.
Constructivism (Teaching Approach)
An interactive approach to reading instruction that involves using the bulk of class time to read and discuss a variety of texts. It is based on the belief that readers use their prior knowledge to construct meanings. Teachers must provide students with the background information necessary for them to understand the text.
Allegory
Art that represents or symbolizes some idea or quality.
Canals
Artificial waterways that were built because waterways were the cheapest way to transport goods.
When the bronchial tubes do not allow sufficient air to pass through the lungs
Asthma
Open Form (Poetry)
Broadly speaking, a form of poetry that does not make use of established poetic forms, regular meter, regular rhyme schemes, or any regular pattern that you might find in a closed poem. These poems tend to follow the natural pattern of speech when it comes to their phrasings and line lengths, and they do not follow any identifiable formal conventions. They do not have regular stanza structures and do not typically look like other forms of poetry.
Organic (Compound)
Carbon-containing compounds that make up living tissue. These are formed by covalent bonds.
Eukaryotic (Cells)
Cells that are more complex and have a "true" nucleus containing their DNA. Includes both plant and animal cells.
Reader-Response Theory
Centered on the idea that as readers read, they experience a transaction with the text. The reader's interpretation is affected by his or her feelings and associations with the text, thus, there is no single, correct interpretation.
Bloom's tasks for (2) understand
Classify, describe, discuss, *explain*, locate, recognize
Which of the following elements of the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) contributed most to rising intersectional tensions between the North and the South?
Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in the territories.
Protecting the environment and wildlife is
Conservation
A political point of view that espouses keeping status quo in society
Conservatism
Excise Tax
Consumer tax on a specific kind of merchandise, such as luxury items or tobacco.
Context clues
Content in *surrounding text* that help the reader determine the meaning of an unknown word.
Charles Darwin
Contributed to the theory of survival of the fittest through natural selection (theory of evolution).
Synthetic phonics
Convert letters into sound sequences and blend sounds to form words
Mercantilism
Dominant approach to economy in Europe during the 16th-18th centuries which assumed that the government would tightly control national economy by increasing exports, restricting imports, and acquiring capital.
a sweater's price was cut by half therefore it needs to be --- to sell at the original price
Doubled (or sold at 100%)
To convey reality ---- generally prefer to use line, local color, and a simplistic view. Portray the human figure with symbolic meanings and little regard for muscle structure. Use arbitrary choices for color. Tends to be more universal in nature
Eastern artists
Market Economy
Economic system in which economic decisions and the pricing of goods and services are guided solely by the aggregate interactions of a country's individual citizens and businesses. There is little government intervention or central planning.
Textual Evidence
Evidence from a text (fiction or nonfiction) that can be used to illustrate ideas and support arguments (i.e., support a specific point).
Microevolution
Evolutionary change within a species or small group of organisms, especially over a short period of time. Affects a single population.
Ben Bernanke, an American economist, explained the Great Depression in the United States as specifically related to?
Failure of banks due to lack of regulation.
Federalism
Federalism is the mixed or compound mode of government, combining a general government (the central or 'federal' government) with regional governments (provincial, state, cantonal, territorial or other sub-unit governments) in a single political system.
Retroactive interference (retroactive inhibition)
Forgetting caused by activity that occurs after something is learned.
Interference theory
Forgetting is caused by competing information that renders the sought-after information inaccessible.
Coral Reef
Formed from millions of tiny, tube-shaped polyps, an animal life-form encased in a tough limestone skeletons. The most diverse of all marine ecosystems. They teem with life, with perhaps one quarter of all ocean species depending on reefs for food and shelter.
pay attention to when a question says the word or because it indicates
addition
the following terms indicate: sum, greater than, and, more than, increased by, added to
addition
example: 17 + 0=17
additive identity (property of zero)
example: 25 + -25= 0
additive inverse(property of opposites)
Metaphysical Poetry
Highly intellectualized poetry marked by bold and ingenious conceits, incongruous imagery, complexity and subtlety of thought, frequent use of paradox, and often by deliberate harshness or rigidity of expression.
Content Objectives
Identify what students should be able to do at the end of a content area lesson or unit of study. They should be clear, objective, and transferable to other contexts.
Formative Assessments
Informal assessments used to help teachers make instructional decisions based on what students know. Examples include low-stakes quizzes, observation, in-class assignments, homework, etc.
Contempt
Lack of respect accompanied by a feeling of intense dislike.
Seas
Large bodies of salt water; smaller than ocean; often landlocked. Includes the Mediterranean, Baltic, Caspian, Caribbean, and Coral.
Oceans
Large bodies of saltwater divided by continents (cover nearly 71% of the Earth's surface). There are five -- Atlantic, Pacific (largest and deepest), Indian, Arctic, and Southern (surrounds Antartica).
Macroevolution
Large-scale evolutionary changes that take place over long periods of time (above the species-level). This can explain the existence of various types of plants, mammals, insects, sea creatures and other living things. It is believed to have happened in the past and is currently happening.
Carbon
Largely responsible for creating biological diversity. All living things are made of this.
Gilded Age
Late 1800s to Early 1900s - time of large increase in wealth caused by industrialization.
Maintenance rehearsal (rote learning)
Learning strategy that involves learning and memorizing new information by simply repeating it.
Rote learning
Learning through repetition (maintenance rehearsal) with little attempt to add or find meaning in the info.
Distributed learning
Learning/study spaced out over *several sessions*.
Cornel Notes Method
Left side is for recording *main idea*, right side is for *details* about the main ideas. Bottom = *summary*
How do you solve?
Let x=the price of one aardvark dinner
An activity directed towards members of congress not done by one of them
Lobbying
Semantic memory
Long term memories that hold our general knowledge and are not unique to people as individuals, e.g., what a zebra is or what "bitter" means
Style
Manner in which a writer uses a language in prose or poetry. Style is affected by diction (word choices), sentence structure, and syntax.
--has declined in NY but remains significant in numbers of people
Manufacturing
Analytical Reading
Much more than just basic comprehension, this is an approach that probes more deeply to understand the message and goal of a portion of text.
What is a similarity between the hierarchy of Feudalism demonstrated by both the Shogun in Feudal Japan and Catherine the Great.
Noble classes became more powerful
Reconstruction
Period after the Civil War when the federal government took action to rebuild the South.
Taking a --- is not necessary at the sixth grade level when teaching about career awareness
Personality inventory
Physical Properties
Physical properties can be observed or measured without changing the composition of matter. Physical properties are used to observe and describe matter. Physical properties of materials and systems are often described as intensive and extensive properties. This classification relates to the dependency of the properties upon the size or extent of the system or object in question.
Details
Pieces of information that *support or tell more about the main idea*. Uses words like who, what, where, when, how and why to identify main ideas. News articles are good for practicing.
Jefferson Davis
President of the Confederate States of America (during the Civil War). He persuaded Congress to restrict federal control over slavery in the territories.
Ozone Layer
Prevents most harmful UVB wavelengths of ultraviolet light (UV light) from passing through the Earth's atmosphere. Damage to this layer is hazardous to humans, plants, and animals.
The Nile River is more predictable than
Rainfall
How would the Federal Reserve Board most likely use its monetary power during a period of inflation?
Raise the reserve requirements of member banks
Sequence of events identification
Recognize the order that actions or ideas occurred in a text and then recall them in chronological order. Words such as now, before, first, following and since are important cues.
Miscue analysis
Recording and analyzing student's oral reading errors in order to gain insight into the reading process they employ. (retell what you just read so you know you've understood the text).
Insolation
Refers to incoming solar radiation. The greatest amount occurs at noon.
Allegiance
Refers to loyalty to a cause or nation. This is one of the primary responsibilities of citizenship. Violating this is called TREASON.
Hydrosphere
Refers to oceans and waters of the Earth.
Homoplastic (Structures)
Refers to organs or parts, as the wings of birds and insects, that resemble one another in structure and function but not in origin or development.
Syntax
Refers to sentence structure or the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.
Letter-sound correspondence
Refers to the identification of sounds associated with individual letters and letter combination.
Literal comprehension
Refers to the understanding of information that is explicitly stated in a written passage.
Opportunity Cost
Refers to what must be given up in order to take an opportunity. It's not the opportunity we chose, but the value of the next best alternative we didn't choose. Every major choice presents this.
V= 1/3 Bh
Regular pyramid (or right circular cone)
Self-reference effect
Relating words meaningfully by determining whether the words describe something already meaningful to the reader.
If a child drastically changes behavior over a break from school
Report the change to administration. Do not call parents until admin decides a course of action
---are not generally warm blooded
Reptiles
Civic Duty
Required by law. Examples include obeying the laws of the country, registering for the military, paying the taxes levied by the government, or serving on a jury or as a witness in court.
How to solve?
Restate the problem. 90% of what number is 558?
Circular Argument
Restating the argument repeatedly rather than offering any evidence or proof.
Paraphrase
Restating the speakers meaning in your own words.
Jim Crow Laws involve
Restrict the freedom of African Americans
Phases of the Moon
Result from changes in the angle of the earth, moon, and sun. The cycle is 30 days.
A nomadic lifestyle would most likely be found in the
Sahara desert(weather and limited resources does not allow for more permanent lifestyles)
Why did some states reject the Virginia Plan?
Smaller states, however, objected to the proportional representation and responded with the New Jersey Plan, which called for all states to have equal representation in Congress, similar to the Articles of Confederation.
Erosion
Soil compaction, low organic matter, loss of soil structure, poor internal drainage, salinisation and soil acidity problems are other serious soil degradation conditions that can accelerate the soil erosion process.
Topic sentence
States the main idea of the text; what the paper will be about. In nonfiction, it is often stated directly in the text. To find the central idea in a story requires higher-level thinking skills.
Balanced literacy models
Strategies teachers use to allow for *different learning styles*
Phonics analytics
Students *apply letter sound relationships* from learned words to those not familiar while not pronouncing sounds in isolation
Think-aloud benefits
Students who understand their own reading behavior are more likely to recognize when they do not understand what they are reading. They can adjust using various reading comprehension strategies.
Diminished means
Subtracted
Story walk
Teacher synopsizes a story, showing the text in the order of events as they are described.
Cognitive science
The *interdisciplinary study of thinking*, language, intelligence, knowledge creation, and the brain.
Morpheme
The *smallest unit* of language *that has meaning* and may be a part of a word
What was the main difference between China's Revolution and the Russian Revolution?
The Chinese Revolution lasted about 28 years, while the Russian Revolution only lasted about one year.
What happened at the Constitutional Convention?
The Virginia Plan demonstrated Montesquieu's influence on Madison, as it called for separation of powers among three branches of government: executive, legislative, and judicial. It created a bicameral legislature with both houses based on proportionate representation.
Biotic Potential
The ability of a population of living species to increase under ideal environmental conditions - sufficient food supply, no predators, and a lack of disease.
Syllabication
The ability to conceptualize and separate words into their basic pronunciation components.
Nationalism
The belief that the activities and obligations of citizens should be defined in terms of a single national identity.
Thermodynamics
The branch of physics that deals with the relationships between heat and other forms of energy. Energy transferring through the earth is an example of this law.
Specific Gravity
The comparison of the density of one object to water (ratio). No units.
Which of the following breakthroughs of the Scientific Revolution of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries presented a major challenge to traditional religious conceptions in Europe?
The discovery that the earth and the other planets revolved around the sun. Shifting from a geocentric to a heliocentric perspective.
Separation of Powers
The distribution of political authority that provides a system of checks and balances to ensure that no single branch becomes too powerful or infringes on the rights of the citizens.
Scientific Inquiry
The diverse ways in which scientists study the natural world and propose explanations based on the evidence derived from their work.
Articles of Confederation
The first constitution of the United States (in 1777 when there were only 13 colonies). It was too weak because the government had no power to tax, etc.
Information processing
The human mind's activity of taking in, storing, and using information.
Climate
The long-term average weather conditions of a place. The 5 zones include tropical, dry, temperate, continental, and polar.
1. Rotation and Revolution
The moon and Earth revolve and rotate. Rotation is when a planet or moon turns all the way around or spins on its axis one time.
5. Tides
The moon causes many of the tides in the Earth's oceans.
Remembering
The most basic skill in Bloom's Taxonomy.
New Deal
The name of President Roosevelt's program for getting the United States out of the depression.
Third-Person
The narrator is an outsider who sees into the mind of one of the characters. Includes the use of "He," "She," "Her," "They," "Them," and character names.
Marxism definition:
The political and economic philosophy of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in which the concept of class struggle plays a central role in understanding society's allegedly inevitable development from bourgeois oppression under capitalism to a socialist and ultimately classless society.
Gravitational Energy (or Force)
The potential energy based on height. As the height of an object increases (above the ground), this form of energy increases.
Cold War (1947-1991)
The power struggle between the Soviet Union and the United States after World War II. The effects if this war include:
Marxist Theory
The practice of looking at the socio-economics and power relationships within a piece of literature.
Electrolysis
The process of decomposing a chemical compound by the passage of an electric current. Example: the decomposition (breakdown) of water into hydrogen and oxygen by means of an electric current.
Photosynthesis
The process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms' activities (energy transformation). This is a complex series of chemical reactions.
4. Seasons
The seasons are the result of the tilt of the Earth's axis. The Earth's axis is tilted from perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic by 23.45°. This tilting is what gives us the four seasons of the year - spring, summer, autumn (fall) and winter. Since the axis is tilted, different parts of the globe are oriented towards the Sun at different times of the year. Summer is warmer than winter (in each hemisphere) because the Sun's rays hit the Earth at a more direct angle during summer than during winter and also because the days are much longer than the nights during the summer. During the winter, the Sun's rays hit the Earth at an extreme angle, and the days are very short. These effects are due to the tilt of the Earth's axis.
Sun
The star at the center of the Solar System. It is a nearly perfect sphere of hot plasma, with internal convective motion that generates a magnetic field (responsible for ocean tides). It is by far the most important source of energy for life on Earth. The maine layers are the:
The main source of wealth and power among the empires of West Africa between A.D. 400 and 1500 was control of:
The trans-Saharan salt and gold trade.
Convection
The transfer of thermal energy (heat) by the circulation or movement of a liquid or gas (fluid). This has to do with DENSITY. Example:
Conduction
The transfer of thermal energy (heat) from one substance to another through direct contact (atoms touching atoms). Examples include:
Individualism
The value that is committed to independence, self-sufficiency, private initiative, and personal economic growth. Individuals must be in control of their own lives and be able to make decisions without undue influence from government or society.
Liberty
The value that proclaims that people should be free to think, speak, and act as they choose as long as they do not offend the freedom and rights of others.
War of 1812
The war between the United States and Great Britain from 1812 to 1815 that started because the US was being blocked from trade routes. This war motivated Americans to become more self-sufficient due to increased manufacturing and fewer imports.
Factors that Influence Weather
The water cycle - sun warms the surface of Earth, water rises in form of vapor (evaporation) Vapor provides moisture that forms clouds; eventually returns to Earth in form of precipitation.
Mood
The way the author makes the reader feel as they interact with the text.
Plant Cells
These cells have a thick, rigid wall and chloroplasts, which are used during the process of photosynthesis.
Think-Aloud
These have been described as "eavesdropping on someone's thinking." With this strategy, teachers verbalize aloud while reading a selection orally. The purpose of this strategy is to model for students how skilled readers construct meaning from a text.
Rule of Law
This states that no person, government official or government entity is above the law. It also states that no law can be written that is either outside the law, violates a higher law or doesn't conform with fairness. Laws and statutes must be also clear and on point, enough so that a reasonable person would know that he or she is breaking the law.
What do geographers call the "human-environment" connection.
This theme considers how humans adapt to and modify the environment. Humans shape the landscape through their interaction with the land; this has both positive and negative effects on the environment.
Feminist-Lit Theory
This theory uses the principles and ideology of feminism to critique the language of literature. This school of thought seeks to analyze and describe the ways in which literature portrays the narrative of male domination.
Dramatic Irony
This type of irony occurs when the audience or reader knows more than the characters know.
the rime of the ancient mariner is an
ballad
suggests that people learn socially or through some sort of stimulation or repetition
behavioral learning theory
Bloom's 4th level
*Analyze* (Differentiating, Organizing, Attributing)
Open word sort
*tudents determine how to categorize* words, thereby becoming involved in an active manipulation of words.
1/2=
0.5(50%)
5/8 =
0.62 (62.5%)
2/3 =
0.66 (66%)
5/6
0.83 (83%)
the mass of a cookie is closest to
15 grams
Civil Rights Act
1964 law that prohibits discrimination based on gender, race, or religion.
Gause's Law
Two species that have identical ecological requirements cannot exist in the same area at the same time (the principle of competitive exclusion). - Either a species will go extinct or be forced to undergoe an evolutionary change.
Paired associates recall
Type of memory procedure in which a *person learns pairs of words*. When one word in the pair is presented, the person must respond with the correct matching word.
Serial recall
Type of memory procedure in which a person must recite back a list of learned items, in the same order that the items were originally presented.
Semantic Cues
Use of knowledge about the subject of the text and words associated with that subject to identify an unknown word within a text: meaning cues from each sentence and the evolving whole. Children use their prior knowledge, sense of the story, and pictures to support their predicting and confirming the meaning of the text.
Regression Analysis
Used to analyze data and infer causal relationships between the independent and dependent variables. A way of mathematically sorting out which of those variables does indeed have an impact.
Personal connections
Uses *prior knowledge to understand* characters, draw conclusions, make generalizations, inferences and understand cause and effect relationships.
Volcanism
Various processes and phenomena associated with the surficial discharge of molten rock, pyroclastic fragments, or hot water and steam, including volcanoes, geysers, and fumaroles.
Survey
A brief first look at the text to look for clues to its organization. Bold and italic words, titles and subtitles are noted and used to organize students notes as they read.
Planet
A celestial body moving in an elliptical orbit around a star. My Very Enthusiastic Mother Just Served Us Noodles! Mercury - Venus - Earth - Mars -Jupiter - Saturn - Uranus - Neptune
Subordinating Conjunction
A conjunction (like 'since' or 'that' or 'who') that introduces a dependent clause.
Which of the following is an example of ethnocentrism?
A country develops legislation to restrict the opportunity of immigrants.
Simile (Figurative Language)
A figure of speech that involves a comparison of two unlike things using like or as. Examples: 1) Jim sleeps like a log. 2) Kim is blind as a bat.
Allusion (Figurative Language)
A figure of speech that is a reference to a well-known person, place, event, literary work, or work of art. Example: "This place is like a Garden of Eden."
Angiosperm
A flowering plant which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary.
Cognitive approaches
A focus on *changes and thought that are part of learning.* They differ from behavioral approaches in that they emphasize the mental mechanisms that underlie the processing and representation of information during learning.
Closed Form (Poetry)
A form of poetry that consists of poems that follow patterns of lines, meter, rhymes, and stanzas. The poet follows specific rules to fit a model.
What is an oligarchy?
A form of power structure in which power effectively rests with a small number of people.
Cognitive view of learning
A general approach that views *learning as an active mental process* of acquiring, remembering, and using knowledge.
World War II (1939-1945)
A global war fought between 1939 and 1945 which was the most destructive war the world has ever seen. Franklin D Roosevelt was president.
Suffix
A group of letters placed at the end of a word to change its meaning
Clause
A group of related words in a sentence that contain a subject and a verb (predicate).
Solution (Chemistry)
A homogeneous mixture in which substances are dissolved (and are uniform in their composition). Consists of:
Euphemism (Figure of Speech)
A indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant. Example: Passed away instead of died.
Rivers
A large natural stream of water flowing in a channel to the sea, a lake, or another such stream.
Kansas-Nebraska Act
A law that allowed voters in Kansas and Nebraska to choose whether to allow slavery.
Charle's Law
A law that states that as temperature decreases so does volume and vice versa.
Salt
A less stable foundation than other rocks and is more easily weathered by wind, water, and changing temperatures.
Viscosity
A liquid's resistance to flowing.
Inference
A logical conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning. It hasn't been directly stated by the author...
Sonic Boom
A loud noise caused by a shock wave when an object exceeds the speed of sound.
Sonnet
A lyrical poem composed of fourteen lines, usually written in iambic pentameter.
Theme
A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be stated directly or indirectly.
Temperature
A measure of the average kinetic energy of an object's particles.
Productivity
A measure of the efficiency of a person, machine, factory, system, etc., in converting inputs into useful outputs.
Weight
A measure of the force of gravity on an object.
Volume
A measurement of how much space is occupied.
Civil Society (Third Sector of Society)
Voluntary organizations that allow communities to flourish. Refers to nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and associations that people belong to for social and political reasons. Examples include: churches and church groups, community groups, youth groups, service organizations, interest groups, and academic institutions and organizations.
Vietnam War (1955-1975)
War between North and South Vietnam in order to prevent South Vietnam from becoming communist. The U.S. government viewed its involvement in the war as a way to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam. This was part of the domino theory of a wider containment policy, with the stated aim of stopping the spread of communism.
Korean War (1950-1953)
War that began when North Korea invaded South Korea during the early 1950s. Truman ordered US troops to get involved to prevent North Korea from taking over all of Korea. It also showed that America was willing to send troops to contain communism and that Soviet Union was willing to send troops to expand communism.
Mental representations
Ways in which knowledge is stored in memory.
Natural decomposition of the Earth's surface from contact with the atmosphere. It is not the same as erosion, but can be a factor in erosion
Weathering
Cuneiform
Wedge shaped writing associated with the Babylonians and Sumerians.
What does "Chain Migration" mean?
A series of migrations within a family or defined group of people. A chain migration often begins with one family member who sends money to bring other family members to the new location.
Haiku
A short poem format, created in Japan, that consists of three lines and seventeen syllables.
Thesis Statement
A short statement that summarizes the main idea or claim of a piece of writing.
Physical Change
A type of change in which there is a difference in the appearance, smell, or simple display of a sample of matter WITHOUT a change in composition. Examples:
Colon
A type of punctuation that comes before an explanation, description, definition, or list.
Multisyllabic technical reading foundation term details the theory that written words are composed of patterns of letters that represent the sounds of spoken words
Alphabetic principle
Covalent Bond
Also known as a molecular bond...this chemical bond is formed when two atoms share electrons.
Chemical Change
Alters the composition of the original matter.
League of Nations
An organization of nations formed after World War I to promote cooperation and peace.
Mirror systems
Areas of the brain that activate both:
Avant-Garde
Art considered ahead of its time.
Availability vs accessibility
Availability: is info *stored in long term* memory? Accessibility: *how easily* is info *retrieved*?
Red Herring
When a writer raises an irrelevant issue to draw attention away from the real issue (i.e., creates a distraction).
Sensory register
Where info is first stored when it is sensed. It holds relatively small amounts of info for brief moments of time. It is pre-categorical; not yet understood and categorized.
Technology
Where we apply science to create devices that can solve problems and do tasks. This is literally the application of science.
the knights tale is a romantic poem from the longer
Canterbury Tales by Chaucer
Intentional organization and arrangement of material to make one position look good and another position look bad
Card-stacking
In an if then question, only the ---- is guaranteed to have the same truth
Contrapositive
To teach perspective and to show distance how should they draw
Draw the object darker
Potential Energy
Energy stored due to an object's position or arrangement.
Proactive interference (proactive inhibition)
Forgetting caused by activity that occurs before something is learned.
People engaged in geographic planning mining operations, and large scale engineering projects would likely find which of the following types of maps useful?
Graphic-relief map
Encoding
How you *transform a sensory input* into representation that can be placed into memory.
Connotations
Implied meanings of words. A commonly understood cultural or emotional association that some word or phrase carries, in addition to its explicit or literal meaning. This is often considered either positive or negative, with regard to its pleasing or displeasing emotional connection.
What event most contributed to the "Push Factor" of Irish immigration to the United States during the 1900s?
In Ireland, the Great Famine was a period of mass starvation, disease and emigration between 1845 and 1852. It is sometimes referred to as the Irish Potato Famine
Coherence
In writing, this refers to the logical flow and progression of words, sentences, and paragraphs.
Domain-specific knowledge
Information that applies *mainly to one specific topic*.
American Literature
Literature that is usually studied chronologically or thematically, beginning with texts from the early colonists, who wrote about exploration.
Biotic
Living parts of an ecosystem.
Phototaxis
Movement in response to light (either toward it or away from it).
Sons of Liberty
Organizations formed by Samuel Adams, John Hancock, and other radicals in response to the Stamp Act (during the American Revolution).
Vestigial (Structures)
Organs or parts that have no apparent function in a particular organism (perhaps once they did). They appear to be a residual part of a past ancestor. For example, as in snakes, they have pelvic bones although they do not have legs because they are descendants of reptiles which possess legs.
Traditional Economy
Original economic system in which traditions, customs, and beliefs help shape the goods and the services the economy produces, as well as the rules and manner of their distribution. Countries that use this type of economic system are often rural and farm-based. Traditional economies depend on agriculture, fishing, hunting, gathering or some combination of the above. They use barter instead of money.
Onset and rime
Parts of words in the spoken language *smaller than syllables*
Priming
Preparing students with background information and concepts related to the topic.
Teacher wants students to have an idea about the subject they will be studying. This is an example of
Prereviewing
Erosion
Process by which weathered rock and soil are moved from one place to another.
Emancipation Proclamation (1863)
Proclamation issued by Lincoln, freeing all slaves in areas still at war with the Union.
Mitochondria
Produce energy from food in animal cells.
The process of putting the features of the Earth onto a flat surface is called
Projection
Joseph Smith
Religious leader who founded the Mormon Church in 1830 (1805-1844)
Water Vapor
Required for cloud formation (the KEY ingredient).
Nonrenewable (Resources)
Resources that cannot be renewed including: gasoline, coal, natural gas, diesel, plastics and other fossil fuels.
Jim Crow Laws dealt with
Segregation
A mother clearly favors her eldest son. This son does very well in school and his career. This is an example of
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Progressive Movement
Social reform movement in the early 20th century
Batten
Strips of wood use as a base for plastering or for attaching tile.
Track Print
Student understands the direction of the text
Is scored to 21 and must be won by a margin of 2 points
Table tennis
Phonemic Awareness
The ability to hear, identify, and manipulate the individual sounds, phonemes, in oral language.
Automaticity
The ability to perform thoroughly *learned tasks without much mental effort.* Examples include riding a bike and driving a car.
Radiation
The direct transfer of thermal energy (heat) through space by electromagnetic waves. Examples:
Which of the following was the most frequent source of conflict between church and state in Europe throughout the Middle Ages?
The doctrine of papal supremacy: The Catholic Pope
Feudalism
The dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection.
Which of the following played a major role in the spread of both communist and fascist ideologies in Europe between World War I and World War II?
The economic devastation caused by the Great Depression
What segment of the population usually has the highest voter turn out?
The elderly.
Magnetic Field
The energy field created by the spinning of the inner and outer cores.
Fossils
The evidence in rock of the presence of a plant or an animal from an earlier geological period.
the produce of domestic can be brought there as cheaply as that of foreign industry, the regulation is evidently useless. If it cannot, it must generally be hurtful.
The law of supply and demand
Naturalization
The legal process by which a person is granted citizenship. The process is available to those over 18 who have permanently resided in the U.S. for 5 years. However, if a person is married to a U.S. citizen, they are eligible after three years of residency.
Rime
The vowel and the ending consonants after the onset.
Prepositions
These set up the relationship between time (after the party) and space (under the cushions) in a sentence.
Author's Purpose
This should be the guiding question in successful English classrooms.
Mixture (Chemistry)
Two or more substances are mixed together, but not combined chemically.
Model (Scientific)
Used to explain something on a smaller scale or in simpler terms to provide an example.
Setting (Literary Element)
When and where the story takes place.
Summer Solstice
When the sun is the highest in the sky and directly above the Tropic of Cancer. - Typically falls on June 22nd.
diabetes
a disease related to lowered levels of insulin
what is tone
attitude of the writer or narrator: serious, humorous, satiric, stoic, cynical, flippant, suprised
suggests that learning takes place in the mind and that the mind processes ideas through brain mapping and connections with other material and experiences
cognitive learning theory
children learn more from a text if the teacher helps them figure out how the book was put together. it also helps them read the text
critically
a literary device which can be defined as the resolution of the issue of a complicated plot in fiction. Majority of the examples of denouement show the resolution in the final part or chapter that is often an epilogue. usually driven by the climax
denouement
Emma Hart Willard, Catherine Esther Beecher, and Mary Lyon
education for women
different types of phoneme
isolation-recognizing individual sounds in a word identity-recognizing the same sounds in different words categorization-recognize a word with a sound that does not match the sounds in other words blending-combining the phonemes to form a word. then write and read the word segmentation- breaking a word into its separate sounds saying each sound deletion-recognizing a word that remains when a phoneme is removed from another word addition-make a new word by adding a phoneme to an existing word substitution-substituting one phoneme for another to make a new word
early theories of language dev. were formulated from learning theory research. the assumption was that language development evolved from learning the rules of language structures and applying them through imitation and reinforcement. approach also assumed that language, cognitive, and social developments were independent of each other
learning approach
<__
less then or equal to
amount of matter in an object
mass
the following terms indicate: difference, fewer than, minus, less than, decreased by
subtraction
What is Brown vs the board of education (1954)
supreme court ruling that segregation in public schools in unconstitutional
six-line stanzas, more frequent than 5 line
terminal refrain
chlorophyll
the green substance that absorbs light during photosynthesis
DNA (deoxyribonuleic Acid)
the primary component of chromosomes carries an organisms genetic code
In which of the following situations would a manufacturing firm's demand for labor most likely decrease?
when the price of using capital
children who have access to books can first tell the story through the pictures. Gradually they begin to realize the connection between the spoken words and the printed words. beginning of letter and word discrimination
word consciousness
the process of automatically determining how to pronunciate and identify the meaning of an unknown word
word recognition
how to solve?
write a proportion comparing the distance and time
ab is a real number. example: since 3 and 4 are both real numbers, 12 is also a real number. The sum or product of two real numbers is a real number
closure
researchers in the 1970s proposed that language knowledge derives from both syntactic and semantic structures. drawing on the studies of Piaget and other cognitive learning theorists, supporters of the cognitive approach maintained that children acquire knowledge of linguistic structures after they have acquired the cognitive structures necessary to process language
cognitive approach
begins with a generalization and supports that generalization with the specifics
deductive reasoning
Blooms tasks for remembering
define, duplicate, list memorize, recall, repeat, reproduce, state
legal concept that every citizen is entitled to equal treatment under the law
due process
atmosphere
earth's atmosphere is primarily nitrogen and oxygen atmosphere extends to the surface of about 10km stratosphere extends from 10km to 50km mesosphere extends from 50km to 80km thermosphere extends beyond 80km
takes notes
effective listening skills for students
the best way to teach children to read, regardless of grade level, is to use a program of --- that includes pattern books and journal writing with invented spelling
emergent literacy
the splitting of an atomic nucleus which releases large amounts of energy
fission
blood
fluid that circulates throughout the body of an animal, distributing nutrients, usually oxygen
the joining of atomic nuclei, which results in the release of large amounts of energy
fusion
metamorphosis
in most amphinians, a process in which larva goes through significant changes, including a pupa stage, before becoming an adult
the thickness of a book would be measured in
inches or centimeters
the width of a ribbon would be measured in
inches or millimeters
what are three rights in the declaration of independence
life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
states the important idea(s) that the author wants the reader to know about a topic
main idea
total number of protons and neutrons in the atom
mass number
moraine
material deposited by a glacier and often marking a glaciers furthest advance
Congressional solution to the addition of slave states to the union; it forbade slavery to the north
missouri compromise
huge wind systems that cover large geographic areas and that reverse direction seasonally
monsoons
the following terms indicate: product, times, multiplied by, twice
multiplication
a x 1= a
multiplicative identity (property of one)
example: 5 x 1/5 = 1
multiplicative inverse
Horace Mann, Henry Barmard, Calvin E. Stowe, Caleb Mills, and John Swett
public education
bottle of soda would be measured in
quarts or liters
what are the articles of confederation
ratified in 1781, this document known as the US's first national constitution, gave states more power than the federal government
managing the tension between long and short term goals is important in sticking to a family budget as well as -------
record-keeping
a=a
reflexive property
Dorothea Lynde Dix
reforms in prisons and insane asylums
containing very little water, ozone layer located in the upper portion of this. Air temp is constant but does increase with height due to the absorption of solar energy and uv rays from the ozone layer
stratosphere
layers of clouds cover most of the sky
stratus
if a=b and c=d, then a - c=b - d
subtraction property
follows the root word to which it attaches and appears at the end of the word
suffix
provide more information and details about the topic and the main idea
supporting sentences
Kindergartners doing an art project. They fold paper in half. On one half, they paint a design. Then they fold the paper closed and reopen. Resulting picture is a butterfly with matching sides. What math principle is this?
symmetry
what do we call the first ten amendments to the constitution
the bill of rights
meiosis
the process in which a diploid cell divides to form haploid cells
