MUS 306 Exam 1 (Chapters 1/2/Notes)

What is Interpersonal Intelligence?

-Concerned w/ the capacity to understand the intentions, motivations, and desires of other people -Allows us to work effectively with others

What is Logical-mathematical intelligence?

-Consists of capacity to analyze problem logically, carry out math operations, & investigate issues scientifically -Thorough understanding and analysis of all then basic elements of music: rhythm, melody, form, harmony, texture, dynamics, tempo, and timbre, are all dependent on one's ability to use this intelligence

What are these three modes?

-Enactive mode (action-based): The learner manipulates the environment and gains knowledge of it through sensory contact -Iconic mode (image-based): The learner represents this sensory contact in some form that looks like the experience -Symbolic mode (language-based): The learner represents the experience in universally understood symbols

What is Intrapersonal Intelligence?

-Entails capacity to understand oneself and to appreciate one's feelings, fears, and motivations

What is Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence?

-Entails the potential for using one's whole body or parts of the body to solve problems -Capacity to use mental abilities to coordinate bodily movements

What is Naturalistic Intelligence?

-Exemplified by archeologists, and botanists, concerns the ability to distinguish, classify, and use features of the environment -Musical instruments that we use in the classroom every day are integrally connected to this intelligence -How instruments are made, where they originated,how they are categorized, etc.

What is Musical Intelligence?

-Involves skill in performance, composition, and appreciation of musical patterns -Encompasses the capacity to recognize and compose musical pitches, tones and rhythms

What is Spatial Intelligence?

-Potential to recognize and use patterns of wide space and more confined areas

What is Linguistic intelligence?

-Sensitivity to spoken/written language -Includes ability to effectively use language to express oneself rhetorically or poetically and language as a means to remember info -In the classroom, this intelligence is realized in performance, analysis, memorization, and creation of lyrics to song

What are Piaget's stages of cognitive growth?

-Sensorimotor stage: Birth to age 2. Children experience the world through movement and senses -Preoperational stage: Age 2 to 7 (creative thinking predominates). Children acquire motor skills; egocentrism begins strongly and then weakens; children cannot use logical thinking -Concrete operational stage: Age 7-12 (Children begin to think logically but are very concrete in their thinking). Children can now conserve and think logically, but only with practical aids. They are no longer egocentric. -Formal Operational Stage: Age 12 onwards (development of abstract reasoning). Children develop abstract thought /7 can easily conserve and think logically

What should teachers do to help develop sensitivity in themselves and in their students?

1. Be open/honest w/ students from the beginning. Don't avoid answering questions. Hold class discussions. 2. Discuss w/ the class their importance of positive attitudes and instill a sense of responsibility within all children in the classroom setting 3. Use different types of media to display examples of children learning/playing music in diverse settings 4. Emphasis similarities rather than differences 5. Be honest w/ yourself. Find help if you need assistance or advice.

What are the three types of repeats?

1. Double bar with dots 2. D.C. 3. DRAW THIS

What are Gardner's intelligences?

1. Linguistic 2. Logical-mathematical 3. Musical 4. Bodily-Kinesthetic 5. Spatial 6. Interpersonal 7. Intrapersonal 8. Naturalistic

What are the benefits of music in children's development? Page 2

1. Motivates curiosity/creativity in students. Increases students' engagement in learning as well as their social development. (Employers today seek those with skills in creative thinking and collaboration. That's what students do when challenged to create a musical/dance/opera) 2. Directly enhances learning through increased spatial development. (Math and reading improve by learning rhythms and decoding notes/symbols) 3. Improves cognitive skills involved in reading, language development, and mathematics; it also develops problem-solving and critical thinking skills 4. Helps in the development of a student's self-esteem and self-confidence 5. Music reaches/increases communication/performance of students who often struggle to succeed in school, including disadvantaged students, ELL, and students with disabilities 6. Provides new challenges for those students who already excel in their academic performance 7. Activity in music programs motivates students to increase their attendance in school

What are some national content standards for music education?

1. Singing alone and w/ others, a varied repertoire of music 2. Performing on instruments, alone and with others, a varied repertoire of music 3. Improvising melodies, variations, and accompaniments 4. Composing and arranging music with specified guidelines 5. Reading and notating music 6. Listening to, analyzing, and describing music 7. Evaluating music and music performance 8. Understanding relationships between music, the other arts, and disciplines outside the arts 9. Understand music in relation to history and culture Read them aloud on page 10-11

What do dots get?

1/2 the value of the note

What is duple meter?

2/4

What is triple meter?

3/4

What is rodally meter?

4/4

What is a beat?

A constant regular pause

What is a tie?

A curved line joining two rhythm symbols sung or played on the same pitch The first not is held for its duration as well as the duration of the note to which it is tied

What is a dot?

A dot following a note or rest adds to that note or rest one half of its value

What is the area between bar lines?

A measure

What is a triplet?

A note divided into three equal parts becomes a triplet It is chanted tri-o-la

What does this make music?

A prime areas in which inclusion can take place successfully

What is the squiggly thing?

A quarter rest

What can accents be used for?

A series of basic beats can be organized into groups by the placing of accents

What is "Mozart Effect"?

A set of research results that indicated that listening to Mozart's music would induce a short-term improvement on the performance of certain kinds of mental tasks known as "spatial-temporal reasoning"

Who is Jean Piaget?

A swiss psychologist

What is an accent?

A symbol placed above or below a note head to emphasize the sound of that note

What is 2/2 meter signature commonly referred to as?

Alla breve or cut time and is notated as the cent symbol

What does music add?

An important dimension to the emotional and aesthetic growth of all children, regardless of physical/mental limitations

What is "ta" and "ti" used for?

As tools to facilitate the verbalizing of rhythm syllables in the early stages of a child's rhythmic development

What are quarter notes?

Beats or long tones performed in rhyme, rap, and song

How can accents be taught?

By going through students names. The normal accent is normally on the first syllable of each name

How can accented groups be separated?

By the placement of a bar line

What does C mean in place of a time signature?

Common time which is 4/4

Who is Donald A. Hodges?

Covington Distinguished Professor of Music Education and Direct of the Music Research Institute at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro

What did Piaget do?

Described 4 levels of cognitive growth & development in children. He emphasized that young children learn through imitation and active participation. As children grow older, they are able to reason and think more abstractly.

Ch. 1

Donald A. Hodges

What are these symbols called?

Dotted notes and dotted rests

What is meter in 2s often referred to as?

Duple meter

Who is Jerome Bruner?

Educational psychology

What is the name of flags?

Eighth notes

What is rhythm?

Events occurring on the beat/variable

Ways to remember reading music on the staff

FACE on the spaces "Every Good Boy Does Fine" on the lines Always go bottom totop

A whole note contains how many notes?

Four quarter notes

A quarter note contains how many notes?

Four sixteenth notes

What did Jerome Bruner believe and do?

He believed that any subject can be taught effectively in some intellectually honest form if the material is presented at the child's readiness level. This hypothesis served as the philosophical basis upon which the concept of a "spiral curriculum" would evolve.

What did Howard Gardner write and do?

His book is Frames of Mind He formulated a list of intelligences that continues to influence educators in their development of multi sensory educational programs

What did he do?

His research, along with that of countless others, has begun to provide a legit rationale for the value of the arts in the curriculum

The rainbow line and dot over a note means..?

Hold it as long as you want

What is the latest legal addition to inclusion?

IDEA and it was signed by Clinton this means students must plan for at-risk students

Where can a bar line be placed?

In front of each accented note to separate one group from another

What is mainstreaming?

In recent years, the term inclusion has been extensively used to describe a process and philosophy associated w/ mainstreaming law, but is not synonymous w/ the term mainstreaming. Mainstreaming is viewed as a benchmark through which students earn their way back int he classroom, but inclusion establishes the students "right " to be there in the first place

What is IDEA?

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act that was passed in 1975 to accommodate the variations in student abilities. It provides funds to assist states in the education of students w/ disabilities and requires that states make sure they receive an individuals education program based on their unique needs.

What happens to a composition beginning with an anacrusis?

It has an incomplete final measure; the combination of the final measure and the anacrusis equals a complete measure

What is stick notation used for?

It is a convenient shorthand method for designating notes and can be used at all grade levels. It is generally used when notating rhythm activities

What is a time OR meter signature?

It is found at the beginning of a musical work. It is a symbol containing two numbers, one above the other. The lower number dictates which rhythm symbol will be used to establish the basic pulse in the music. The top number designates the number of beats allowed per measure.

What does D.C. mean and do?

Means go back to the top and repeat until you see the word "Finish"

CHAPTER 1

Music and the Child

What do you repeat?

Only what is in between

What has the learning theory done?

Paved the way for many of the innovative/effective teaching approaches used in classrooms today

What is syncopation?

Pronounced "ti ta ti" OR "syn-CO-pa" It occurs when the accent of a rhythm pattern does not coincide with the normal metrical accent

What did NCLB do?

Provided encouragement b/c it named music as a core subject BUT it also stated that children must be grade-level proficient in their math and language skills by the year 2014. This focus on proficiency caused confusion and made music an expendable subject area again

What is meter in 4s referred to as?

Quadruplem eter

What is temp?

Rate of speed of the beat. This can change if you sing really slow (tired) or really fast

What does the double bar line with dots mean?

Repeat

What is rhythm in music?

Rhythm in music is the length of sound and silence in relation to the underlying beat

What are eighth notes?

Shorter sounds

What are rests?

Silence in music Ex. A quarter rest

What are the parts of a musical note?

Stem, head, and beam

What sound does quarter note make?

Ta

CHAPTER 2

Teaching Rhythm to Children

What has the music debate been for years?

The debate has been regarding the importance of music and fine arts in the curriculum Whenever educational budgets need to be cut, it is generally fine arts, especially music, that is targeted for elimination

What does the double bar line mean?

The end

What does a double bar line designate?

The end of either a musical section or the complete work

What are the parts of notes?

The head, stem, and beam The flag can be one as well and is always placed on the right of the note

What does the top number mean in a time signature?

The number of beats per measure

Where are flags placed?

The right side of the note

What is a measure?

The space between two bar lines

What is a spiral curriculum?

The spiral curriculum represents a step by step development of cognitive growth over time. In a spiral curriculum, material is presented in its simplest form and gradually move to more complex.

What is a beat?

The underlying, unchanging, repeating pulse found in most music

What is rhythm?

The varied lengths of sounds and silences over a basic beat Rhythm in music suggests a similar flow of motion with intervening points of relaxation

Where are notes BAG?

Third line-B Second space-A Second line-G

In addition to his valuable philosophy, what else did Bruner present?

Three methods of representation though which learning or the encoding of one's memory would take place

What sound does an eighth note make?

Ti

What are "conducting patterns"?

Time signatures can be translated into these. They are hand and arm movements. Each movement tells us where each beat within the time signature occurs.

What is stick notation?

To show students how to use symbols used for long and short sounds which can later be replaced with musical symbols (notes)

What is a time or signature meter mean?

Top number means number of beats per measure Bottom number tells which note gets 1 beat

What is meter in 3s referred to as?

Triple meter

A half note contains how many notes?

Two quarter notes?

How can we learn about rhythm in our own environment?

We have repetition in our own sounds and bodies Ex. clock ticking, feet walking, your hearth be a, and bell ringing

What should students know about compound meter?

When in compound meter, the eight note does function as the beat note when the music is performed very slowly

What is anacrusis or pick-up?

When musical compositions begin with an incomplete measure of one or more notes, these notes are called anacrusis or pick-up

What is compound meter?

When the upper number of the time or meter signature is a multiple of three, the musical composition is in compound meter

What are simple meters?

When the upper number of the time signature or meter signature is a 2, 3, or 4, the musical composition is in simple meter

What does the bottom number mean in a time signature?

Which note gets the beat

The first beat is always a ___ beat when directing a choir

down

1/2 a beat is an

eighth notes

Now, draw notes on this study guide

from my class notes that could not be typed!

2 beats is a

half note

1 beat is a

quarter note

What are the lines of music called?

staff

4 beats is a

whole note