Muscle Performance (part 1)

Muscle (local) fatigue

Acute physiological response that is normal and reversible

How soon does detraining begin?

Detraining begins within 1-2 weeks

Forms of resistance

Manual resistance and mechanical resistance are the two broad methods by which external resistance can be applied A constant or variable load can be imposed through mechanical resistance such as free weights or weight machines Accommodating resistance can be implemented by use of an isokinetic dynamometer that controls the velocity by adjusting the external resistance to meet the internal effort during exercise Body weight or partial body weight is also a source of resistance

What are the physiological adaptions to strength/endurance training in the metabolic system?

Strength and endurance increase ATP, myoglobin, triglyceride, myokinase

Be able to prescribe exercise for strength

Strength: high load/low reps Healthy, untrained adults should train at 40-80% of 1 RM 2-3 sets with 6-12 reps Children, elderly, adults with significant deficit = 30-50% 1 RM

What muscle fiber increases size most readily?

Type IIB

alignment

Patient/client or body segment must be positioned so the direction of movement of a limb or segment of the body replicates the action of the muscle or muscle groups to be strengthened

What type of exercise uses reactive neuromuscular training, performed in return to function stage. Rapid stretch of muscle eccentrically followed by rapid concentric Emphasize speed

Plyometric exercise

Exercise recovery

Recovery from acute exercise, in which the force-producing capacity of muscle returns to 90-95% of pre-exercise capacity, usually takes 3-4 minutes, with the greatest proportion of recovery occurring in the first minute If light exercise is performed during the recovery period (active recovery), recovery occurs more quickly than with total rest (passive recovery)

____ ____: any form of active exercise in which dynamic or static muscle contraction is resisted by an outside force applied manually or mechanically

Resistance exercise

What principle states that adaptive changes are transient unless regularly used functionally or exercise maintained?

Reversibility Principle

This principle refers to the concept that to improve a specific muscle performance element, the resistance program should be matched to that elements constructs.

SAID principle

What type of isometric exercise do you use to improve posture and dynamic stability?

Stabilization exercises

Stabilization

Stabilization refers to holding down a body segment or holding the body steady

What are the physiological adaptions to strength/endurance training in connective tissue?

Strength and endurance increase in tensile strength, bone mineral density

What are the physiological adaptions to strength/endurance training in the neural system?

Strength training → increase motor unit recruitment Endurance training → no changes

What are the physiological adaptions to strength/endurance training in body comp?

Strength training → lean body mass increases for strength training, fat decreases Endurance training → decrease body fat %

What are the physiological adaptions to strength/endurance training in skeletal muscle structure?

Strength training → muscle fiber hypertrophy (greatest in IIb) Endurance training → mitochondria and capillary density

intensity

The amount of external resistance imposed on the contracting muscle during each repetition of an exercise

Mode

The form of exercise, the type of muscle contraction that occurs, and the manner in which the exercise is carried out. Type of muscle contraction forms of resistance position of exercise Energy system Range of movement (long or short arc) application to function

CKC

When a WB position is assumed and the body moves over a fixed distal segment, the term closed-chain exercise is commonly used

____: accelerate body movements, max contraction produces less force than a max eccentric force. Greater number of motor units recruited to control the same load compared with eccentric. Higher metabolic demand

concentric

When does performance in function skills begin to decline?

during the 6th decade of life

____: decelerate body segments, source of shock absorption, advocated during advanced stage of rehab, increased risk for DOMS. Greater gains with max effort than concentric

eccentirc

Anaerobic exercise

high-intensity, low-repetition effort, as muscles rapidly fatigue at near-maximal intensity Østrengthening exercises are categorized as anaerobic

___ ___: dynamic muscle contraction causes joint movement and excursion of a body segment as the muscle contracts and lengthens

isotonic exercise

Aerobic exercise

low-intensity, high-repetition effort over an extended period of time. Øprimarily increases muscular and cardiopulmonary endurance

what type of isometric is a series of exercises where resistance is applied, helps increase strength through ROM. Start in neutral and progress to multi angle?

multiple angle iso

What is ability to perform repetitive sustained activities over a prolonged period of time

muscle endurance

____ ____: work produced by a muscle per unit of time

muscle power

What type of isometric is low intensity, used to decrease pain, spasm, and increase relaxation?

muscle setting

_____ _____: the extent that the contractile elements of muscle produce force

muscle strength

This principle states that if muscle performance is to improve, a resistance load that exceeds the metabolic capacity of the muscle must be applied—that is, the muscle must be challenged to perform at a level greater than that to which it is accustomed.

overload principle

How early do neural adaptations occur?

seen at 4-8 weeks when there is little to no evidence of muscle fiber hypertrophy initial neural responses to resistance exercise are attributed to motor learning and improved coordination through increased recruitment in the number of motor units firing and an increased rate and synchronization of motor unit firing

What are the 3 components of muscle performance?

strength, power, endurance

Cardiopulmonary (General) Fatigue

the systemic, diminished response of an individual to a stimulus as the result of prolonged physical activity, such as walking, jogging, cycling, or repetitive work.

OKC

when a NWB is assumed and the distal segment (foot or hand) moves freely during exercise

List the signs and symptoms of muscle fatigue

- An uncomfortable sensation in the muscle, with pain and cramping possible - Shaking or trembling of the contracting muscle - An unintentional slowing of contraction velocity with successive repetitions of an exercise - Active movements are jerky or inconsistent - Inability to complete the movement pattern through the full range of available motion during dynamic exercise against the same level of resistance - Use of substitute motions—that is, incorrect movement patterns—to complete the activity - Inability to continue low-intensity physical activity - Decline in peak torque during isokinetic testing

What are the benefits of resistance exercise?

- Enhanced muscle performance - Increased strength of connective tissue - Increased bone mineral density and/or less bone demineralization - Decreased joint stress during physical activity - Reduced risk of soft tissue injury - Improved capacity for repair and healing of damaged soft tissues and for tissue remodeling - Improved balance - Enhanced physical performance during daily living, occupational, and recreational activities - Positive changes in body composition - Enhanced feeling of physical well-being - Positive perception of disability and quality of life

stability

-• The ability of the neuromuscular system through synergistic muscle actions to hold a proximal or distal body segment in a stationary position or to control a stable base during superimposed movement. • Joint stability is the maintenance of proper alignment of a joint by means of passive and dynamic components

What are the two main reasons for determining an RM (repetition maximum)?

1) to identify an initial exercise load to be used during exercise for a specified number of repetitions (2) to document a baseline measurement of the dynamic strength of a muscle or muscle group against which exercise-induced improvements in strength can be compared.

What is Rx and Indication for Isometric Exercise?

<60% 1RM, 6-10 sec hold, 10 reps Acute phase of rehab to minimize atrophy, improve neuromuscular control, postural stability

Fatigue Threshold

A patient's threshold for fatigue could be noted as the length of time a contraction is maintained, or the number of repetitions of an exercise that initially can be performed • This sets a baseline from which adaptive changes in physical performance can be measured

Resistance training

An activity in which static or dynamic muscle contraction is resisted by an outside force applied manually or mechanically

Hyperthrophy

Becomes an increasingly important adaptation that accounts for strength gains after extended period of moderate- to high-intensity resistance training, usually by 4-8 weeks, but possibly as early as 2-3 weeks with very high intensity.

What type of exercise utilizes gravity to grade resistance No equipment needed, can be isotonic or isometric, commonly used for HEP Subacute and return to function stages

Calisthenic Exercise

What type of exercise training uses total body conditioning Strength, endurance, flexibility, CV Move through set of rotations then rest for 30-60 seconds (curves, orange theory)

Circuit Training

Coordination

Correct timing and sequencing of muscle firing plus appropriate intensity of muscular contraction

Be able to prescribe exercise for endurance

Endurance: sub max load/low intensity and high reps Isometric contractions for long duration 3-5 sets of 15-25 reps, 40-50% 1RM Can be performed daily

List the factors that can influence the tension generated in skeletal muscle

Energy stores and blood supply Fatigue Age Recovery from exercise Psychological and cognitive factors

What type of stability is applied by therapist or with equipment (belts, plinth, bolster)

External stability

What type of isotonic contraction increases hypertrophy?

Greatest increases in protein synthesis and hypertrophy are associated with high-volume, moderate- resistance exercise performed eccentrically

What factors affect fatigue?

Health status, diet, or lifestyle (sedentary or active), environment all influence fatigue thresholds. In patients with neuromuscular, cardiopulmonary, inflammatory, cancer-related, or psychological disorders, onset of fatigue is often irregular • May occur abruptly, more rapidly, or at predictable intervals

Neuromuscular control

Interaction of the sensory and motor systems that enables synergists, agonists, and antagonists, as well as stabilizers and neutralizers, to anticipate or respond to proprioceptive and kinesthetic information

What type of stability is isometric contraction of an adjacent muscle group?

Internal stability

____ ____: velocity of limb held constant by a device, type of dynamic exercise, requires max effort while keeping speed constant

Isokinetic Exercise

What exercise is there a contraction in which muscle length remains constant against an immovable resistance (manual holding, holding weight/against gravity)

Isometric Exercise

What is the capacity of a muscle to do work, influenced by all body systems?

Muscle performance

Does pain correlate with tissue damage?

No pain is subjective