Music 101 (Chapter 1-6)

Example troubadour music

"A Chantar" by Beatriz de Dia

Thomas Morley Collection he published in 1595.

"Sweet Nymph Come to Thy Lover", is for two women, the second "Fire and lightning is sung by two men, they make a wonderfully pleasing and contrasting pair.

Idiophones

(Scrapers, gons, etc.)

String quartet

(two Violins, one viola, and one cello) to a group of up to eight or ten instruments. Ex: Marching band and a classical orchestra

three characteristics of Josquin's special musical style can be heard clearly in this work:

1. Josquin has given each short segment of the music its own point of imitation, a musical passage presenting a single tiny musical phrase that is copied in the other voices. for each new segment of the music, he presents a new phrase. each voice states the phrase in turn, and then a cadence follows. the number of statements, the voices that present them, the number of measures between them-all these things may vary. 2. The music features overlapping cadences, the next group of voices begins its statements just as the first group comes to a cadence. this provides shape and structure for the music while allowing the forward motion to continue. 3. the imitation is usually paired imitation; one pair of voices begins and another pair answers.

Unison

A _________ is made up of two notes on the same pitch. The closest possible interval is a _________. you hear a unison when two different people sing the same note at the same time.

Fugue

A carefully worked out polyphonic composition that uses a theme (or subject) that occurs in all the voices, or musical lines, in turn. it begins with a single voice playing the subject unaccompanied. Bach was a master of counterpoint, and the fungue is the most demangind type of counterpoint to write.

Passion

A composition based on the gospel account of the last day of Jesus.

Adrian Willaert

A flemish composer appointed in 1527 was the first to show Venetians the possibilities of fine music making in St. Mark's. he stayed in the post for 35 years.

Imitation

A form of polyphony in which all the musical lines present part of the same musical phrase one after the other. as each line enters, the previous ones continue so there is a constant sense of overlapping. the strictest kind of imitation is a Round.

Thomas Morley (1557-1602)

A gifted composer and author of an important textbook on music. Morley is important for more than his own composing and writing, however during his lifetime, music publishing was controlled by the government; Morley was granted sole permission to print music for the whole of England. Morley published more madrigals than any other English composer established a style that was followed by most other english madrigalists.

Scale

A group of notes arranged in an ascending or descending order.

Measure

A measure is grouping of beats. in most music every measure in the piece has the same number of beats. the measure is marked of my bar lines

Chorale

A protestant hymn sung in unison by the entire congregation even rhythm often harmonized for use by church choir.

Chromatic scale

A scale that is made up entirely of half steps (all the adjacent black and white notes on the piano).

Pentatonic scale

A scale with five notes; the most common from the following intervals, whole step, whole-step, minor third, whole-step

Round

A special kind of counterpoint

Glissando

A technique whereby the player runs his or her fingers across the strings in quick succession, creating an evocative, ethereal sound.

Letters of the alphabet indicate notes:

A, B, C, D, E, F, G. the seven letter names are repeated again and again for notes of different frequencies Example: the c about middle C, for example has exactly twice the number of vibrations as middle C. the C below middle c has half the number of vibrations. so these notes are very closely related in pitch. that is why they have the same name.

Intervals

After the unison, the other intervals are the second, third, fourth, fifth, six, seventh, and octave. you determine the name by counting the distance from one note to the next. Example: the note from c to f is a fourth: count C as one, D as two, E as three, and F as four.

song Examples of Phrases (Steps, leaps, and repeated notes)

America Twinkle, twinkle, little star

Dynamics

An intrinsic part of the character most of the music.

oratorio

An unstaged dramatic sacred work, featuring solo singers (including a narrator) choir, and orchestra, and usually based on a biblical story

Register

Area of sound

three main types of musical cadences

Authentic (full) cadence Plagal cadence Half-cadence each consists of a different progression of two chords

Concertos

Based on contrast, there texture is formed by the interplay between a small group (or soloist) called solo and a large group called ripieno.

John Dunstable

Born in England in 1390 and died there in 1453, spent nearly 15 years in France at the height of his career.

Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina (1525-1594)

Born in Palestrina, 40 miles from Rome, was sent to rRome as a choirboy to study and sing. The overall effect conveyed by Palestrina's music is achieved by careful control of two primary elements: the structure of the individuals melodic lines and the placement of dissonance.

Dufay 1400-1474

Born in northern France but traveled extensively throughout Europe and spent many years in Italy. He was therefore exposed to the very different musical styles of the northern and southern Europe and played an important role in bringing about a fusion of the two in his own music

Sonatas

Chamber works, smaller in scale than concertos and less dependent on contrast. numbers could range from two or three instruments to a small handful, but a sonata was always designed for a group smaller than an orchestra

Dominant

Chord V in a key is second in importance to the tonic chord. build on fifth note of the scale.

Dominant

Chord built on the fifth note of a scale, a dominant chord is second in importance to the tunic chord.

Strings

Chordophones

Ternary form

Composed in ABA form. this is the most frequent form in small units such as melodies and themes.But ternary form is also quite common on a far larger scale in music. its one of the forms that can be used for a whole movement

Josquin's Pange Lingua Mass

Composed toward the end of his life. This composition is known as the Pange Lingua Mass because all of its five movements are based on the plainchant hymn Pange Lingua Gloriosi.

Music Borrowing

Composer borrowed freely from one another, borrowing from another composer was considered a mark of respect.

Antonio Stradivari and Giuseppe Guarneri

Considered to be the finest ever produced. specialized in making of violins, violas, and cellos

Plagal cadence

Consists of a IV chord known as a subdominant chord, followed by a I chord, if you play these two chords consecutively you will notice that the cadence is not as definitive or forthright as the authentic cadence. often called the "Amen" cadence, because its frequently used to close hymns or liturgical pieces.

Triad

Consists of one primary notes called "root' and two other notes, one a third above it and other a fifth above it.

Arpeggio

Contains the notes of a chord played consecutively rather than simultaneously.

Dorian mode

D-mode

C-Sharp and D-Flat (its the same note)

D-sharp is the same as E-flat, G-sharp is the same as A-flat, F-sharp is the same as G-flat

Johann Sebastian Bach 1685-1750

Death is used to mark the end of the entire Baroque era. Entire career spend in Germany, never wrote an opera. Music director for Prince of Cothen. Frederick. bach died in 1750

Recitative

Developed out of the early experiments with monody. is designed to imitate as closely as possible the freedom and expressiveness of speech. always sung by one singer with accompanying basso continuo.

The most dramatic illustration of the importance of tone color in instrumental playing is given by the _______________ of the Australian aboriginal people. (wooden instrument)

Didjeridoo

the two most widespread instruments in Sub-Africa are the ________________________

Drum and mbira

Membranophones

Drums

Phrygian mode

E-mode

Middle Ages two periods

Early period 400-1000 Later period 1000-1400

Guillaume de Machaut

Educated at Rheims, an important town in northeastern France. well-known administrator, poet, and composer. Held positions at the courts for some of the most prominent members of the french aristocracy, including Charles, Duke Of Normandy who who later became King Charles V of France. most of his pieces are polyphonic secular songs.

specialists who study music around the world-have developed special names for each of these categories

Ethnomusicologists

Lydian mode

F-mode

________ music exists in sophisticated societies alongside classical music and continues to be performed in rural areas away from the educated, usually urban, elite. it is often several generations old.

Folk/popular music

Anglican movement

Founded when King Henry VIII of England refused to accept the supremacy of the pope in Rome (1538).

Late Medieval Polyphonic Song

France and Italy were at the forefront of the art of polyphonic song; in France, the master composer was Guillaume de Machaut (ca. 1300-1377)

Mixolydian mode

G-mode

Master of the Conzona

Giovanni Gabriel (1555-1612)

Decrescendo or diminuendo

Gradual decrease in volume

Crescendo

Gradual increase in volume

12-Bar Blues

Has three lines of verse, with the second line being a repeat of the first.

Unconscious

Hearing "Muzak, as music played in a store, and hardly noticing it

Passive

Hearing music playing in the background while we perform other tasks.

Henry Purcell 1659-1695

Held an important position of organist at Westminster Abbey in London and was one of the most prolific composers of his day. wrote a large amount of vocal and instrumental music, including sacred music for the Anglican Church, secular songs and cantatas, and chamber music for various combinations of instruments, as well as solo harpsichord music. Best known work is short opera called Dido and Aeneas, written in 1689

The Mid-Renaissance

Imitation was fully established as the major technique used by composers to create coherent musical works.

Free imitation

In Free imitation, only the first few notes of a melodic phrase are sung by each entering voice; the voice then continue freely

Pitch

In any melody some notes are higher or lower than others. ____________ is the term used to describe the exact highness or lowness of a note.

Ground-bass form

In which a single phrase in the bass is repeated over and over again, while the voice sings an extended melody above it.

Sharp

Indicates a note that is just a half step up from a particular note. Ex: the black note just above C on the piano is called "C-sharp"

Flat

Indicates a note that is just half a step down from a particular note. Ex: the black note just below E is called "E-flat"

1450

Invention of printing

Theme and Variation form

Involves the idea of contrast. a theme is presented and then played several more times, but each time it recurs it is varied in some way: in melody, rhythm, dynamics, tempo, or harmony. in each variation, the them is recognizably and yet recognizably the same.

Harmony

Is the combination of a melody and its accompaniment. A composer can create different moods and feeling by changing the harmony in a piece of music.

In Italy, the musical style was rather different from that in france.

Italian music was more lively, and often down-to-earth. It ended to concentrate on florid vocal display. a favorite kind of Italian song was known as the Caccia. the name is a play on words. Caccia means "hunt", and the song often describes outdoor hunting scenes.

Main Center of musical activity was

Italy. Italy was the focal point of the Roman Catholic movement known as the Counter-Reformation, which began partly in reaction to the Protestant Reformation and partly as the result of a genuine desire to reform the catholic church from within. the counter-reformation had important consequences for music.

Family history is entrusted to the male ___________, who specializes in historical knowledge. (Women are not allowed to be Majalis)

Jali

The ________ is both the historian of the tribe and the official singer of praises. (Mandinka)

Jali

The _______ job as historian and singer of praises, therefore, is of paramount importance. when hired to perform, the jali can evoke the noble ancestry of a patron, thereby enhancing that person's standing in society. or he can turn praise into insult and innuendo, this damaging a person's social status.

Jali's

Duke of Milan appointed the great composer

Josquin Desprez to his staff. When Josquin left Milan he moved to the court of the duke of Ferrara. He was hired in 1503, against the advice of the duke's private secretary, who wanted to hire Heinrich Issac instead.

Performer who manipulates all the puppets and performs all the voices. __________________ is performed by an all-male cast, includes dancing as well as lively traditional drama, and is accompanied by three different instrumental _______________

Kabuki theater Ensembles

Key

Key is a bit like color in a painting: the color gives a painting a particular quality. A predetermined arrangement of notes and chords that provide a sense of stability and coherence to a piece of music.

Word-painting

Led to all kinds of clever musical effects: running scales to depict a chase, dissonant chords for the pain of love, and low notes for death. we can hear these in some of the English madrigals of the later sixteenth century as well as in the more Frequent Italian ones.

True Renaissance man

Leonardo da Vinci, who was a brilliant painter, sculptor, musician, engineer, and scientist.

Two composers created the first great collection of polyphony in the history of western music

Leoninus and Perotinus. Leoninus was the elder of the two and started the collection; Perotinus added to it and extended the range and scope of the music. the collection of compositions by these two men is known as the Mangus Liber Organi (Great Book of Polyphony). contains a series of elaborate polyphonic compositions for the main feasts of the church year.

Active

Listening to music in a fully engaged, committed manner in order to experience it fully.

Movements

Long-self contained units of a larger work, and entire works.

Madrigal

Madrigal are secular vocal pieces for small group of singers, usually unaccompanied. Fav topic love, description of nature, and sometimes war or battles. the Italian madrigal became so influential in the course of the sixteenth century that composers of many other nationalities wrote madrigals in italian, and some composers in England copied the style and wrote madrigal in English.

Renaissance continued...

Many Renaissance works are based on sacred texts, and the resulting music is dignified, beautiful, and spiritually uplifting.

Dido and Aeneas

Masterpiece, based on a portion of the epic Roman poem, The Aeneid of Virgil. Love affair between Did, Queen of Carthage, and Aeneas a mythological trojan warrior. Dido commits suicide

_______ music is no less complex. An instrument that consists of a small wooden box or gourd with a row of thin metal strips attached to it.

Mbira

In some cultures, several different performers play the same __________, but each in his own way. the results is simultaneous, slightly varying, interweaving strands of a single tune (An organized musical line)

Melody

Duple

Meters are those whose upper number (the number of beats) is divisible by two. Duple meters sound firm and solid. Ex: Marches are always in duple meter.

Has only one tune sounding at a time, often supported by rhythmic accompaniment of considerable interest.

Monophony

Music played an important role in Renaissance society.

Most educated people could either play an instrument or sing written music. people were not considered socially accomplished if they did not have musical training.

Animated Notation: Majara

Music in the 1st chapter. Sounds like it's played on a Tabla or Drums. (Indian master)

Polyphony

Music in which you can hear two or more distinct musical lines at once.

Counter-Reformation continued...

Music was discussed only during the last two years of the council. many complaints were heard: 1. Secular songs were being used as the basis for sacred compositions. 2. singers had become too theatrical and were distracting people of the liturgy. 3. Polyphony had become too complicated and florid, obscuring the sacred words. The council considered banning polyphony altogether, thinking that a return to plainchant was the best solution. in the end, however the cardinals agreed that polyphonic music could be used in church. in addition to the traditional chants, provided that the words could be heard clearly and the style not too elaborate. The composer whose music clearly represents these ideals is Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina (1525-1594)

Duke Ellington

One of the most important musicians in history of jazz was Duke Ellington. Ellington was a pianist, a composer, and a bandleader. He wrote the music for the song "It Don't Mean a Thing (If i Ain't Got That Swing)," recorded in 1932. "Swing era", was the first song to use the word swing in its title.

Palestrina continued..

Palestrina was a superbly gifted and resourceful composer, and despite the rigor of his approach, he found many ways to introduce variety into his music. Palestrina draws on an almost limitless variety of methods. the imitative entires among the voices can vary in distance, number of entries, voice pairings, and even pitch. Different points of imitation can even be introduced at the same time-something that never happened in Josquin's music, and through it all, the text sounds clearly with its natural rhythm perfectly conveyed.

Medieval Polyphony

Paris was the city where the most significant amount of polyphony was composed in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. it was one of the primary centers of the late medieval world. the kings of France had their places in Paris, and the first medieval university was established there. Paris was also a hub of commercial activity for the whole of Europe

Baroque period

Period in European music from about 1600-1750

Literary Masters of the age

Petrach of Italy, Cervantes of Spain, Rabelais of France, and Shakespeare of England.

Dynamics are indicated by a simple system of three letters P,M, and F, which represent the Italian words..

Piano (soft) mezzo (medium) forte (loud)

Major Key Minor-Key

Pieces sound different from minor-key pieces. Pieces in a major key usually sound bright, positive, or cheerful, whereas pieces in a minor key sound more serious-even a little sad.

Plainchant continued....

Plainchant is monophonic: only one line of music is performed at a time. several people may sing that one line in unison, but still one not is sounded at a time. it may seem very limiting to have music restricted to one line, but in fact plainchant is extremely varied. it ranges from very simple melodies, centered primarily on a single pitch, to highly elaborate ones, with long, flowing, lines

music that contains two or more musical lines performed at the same time. As a result., harmony-the chords formed by these lines-also became a central concern.

Polyphony

Among the most famous of the pieces written for Cathedral of Notre Dame is the four-voice Viderunt Omnes by Perotinus, based on the plainchant of the same name. this chant was sung right in the middle of the Mass for Christmas Day.

Protinus set some portions of the chant polyphonically for solo singers. the test of the chant, sung by the choir, is monophonic. so the piece alternates both its performing forces (soloists-choir- and its textures (polyphonic-monophonic).

Cadences

Provide stopping points in the flow of the discourse.

English civil war

Raged from 1642-1649. ended with the beheading of the constitutional monarch, Charles I, and the rise to power of the Puritan Oliver Cromwell.

Noteworthy component of Renaissance.

Renaissance music is the rise popularity of works for instruments, more and more instrumental music was being composed, and musicians sometimes played instrumental arrangements of vocal pieces. the main types of instrumental music were serious polyphonic pieces that involved imitation (canzonas) and lighthearted, rhythmic dances. the latter were usually in binary (AABB) form

Madrigals

Renaissance secular songs such as madrigals, however are more down to earth, and although word painting (the depiction of the meaning of individual words in music) can be found in Latin motets, it was widely used in madrigals, who subject matter was usually love and its ramifications.

Western music-classical and popular alike- is rather simple . Most pieces use the same beat or meter throughout. it is only fairly recently that classical composers have begun to explore more intricate approaches to __________ in their music.

Rhythm

Some Cultures regard their musical heritage as ______________ and try to keep the music of the past more or less intact

Sacrosant

Secular song

Secular "nonreligious", and the other was the rise of polyphony music with more than one line sounding at a time. Polyphony gave rise to harmony.

The traditional small ensembles is made up of a singer and three instruments a ____________, which is a three-stringed, long-neck lute, a ________, which is a delicate 13-stringed plucked zither. and the ____________ a bamboo flute.

Shamisen Koto Shakuhachi

Feudalism

Society was highly organized by a rigid class system known as _________. most of the population worked in near servitude.

Syncopated

Sometimes a melody contains notes that seem to come ahead of a beat. when this happens the rhythm is syncopated. Ex: Camptown Races (Doo-dah, doo-dah) instead of placing "dah" directly on the beat, the composer placed it ahead of the beat, making for a much livelier rhythm.

Dissonant

Sounds unstable or "unfinished", sounding rough together.

Musical instruments around the world can be classified into four group: __________________________, including those that are plucked and those that are bowed; wind instruments, which are blown; and two types of percussion instruments, those whose sound is produced by hitting some material stretched over a hollow object (Drums) and those whose sound is made by hitting, shaking, or waving a solid object (gongs, chimes, rattles, scrapers, etc).

Stringed instruments (musical instrument made of wood with a hallow body with strings stretched across it.

The instruments of the modern classical orchestra are dividd into four groups:

Strings Woodwinds Brass Percussion

Musical performances is geared toward the new urban and middle-class populations. it includes entertaining stage works as well as instrumental compositions for master musicians

The Edo period

The Renaissance

The Renaissance is generally regarded as beginning about 1400 and ending at 1600. Renaissance compositions offer smoothly contoured and carefully woven textures. Renaissance music encompasses three main musical genres: Mass movements, Settings of other Latin texts (motets), and secular songs. All of these genres are vocal. The principle way of combining voices in the Renaissance were through Homophony (harmonizing voices singing in the same rhythms) and imitation (voices copying each other a few measures apart). the typical sound of Renaissance music, therefore, resembles a tapestry, in which the separate strands can be recognized and traced, and yet the combination presents a complete and integrated picture.

Swing

The Rhythm you feel in a jazz piece that makes you want to move in some way-from dancing with your whole body to just tapping your foot.

Interval

The distance between any two pitches is an _______________

Tone sound on timbre

The distinctive sound of an instrument or voice

Chapter 2

The elements of music

Japanese culture produces Buddhist chants and Shinto songs and prayers, together with courtly instrumental music and Noh theater.

The feudal period

in 1768 French philosopher Rousseau defined Baroque music as

The harmony is confused, full or modulations and dissonance; the melody is harsh and unnatural; the intonation is remote; and the motion is constrained.

Neumatic

The middle style, with a small number of notes per syllable of the text. most well-known songs today are syllabic. Ex: On top of Old Smoky Beatles- "Not a second time" starts out quite neumatically

music becomes more focused on popular songs and begins to show western popular and classical influences

The modern period

Modes

The modes are like the colors used in painting; they give richness and variety to the music. There are four main modes in medieval system, which end, respectively, on D,E,F, and G. All D-mode chants have a similar sound because of the characteristic series of intervals that occur in that mode. D mode usually called that Dorian, has from top to bottom, a whole step, a half-step, three whole steps, a half-step, and whole step. none of the other modes has exactly that pattern, so no other mode has the same sound.

Tonic chord

The most important chord built on the keynote (Begin and end with tonic chord) thereby establishing a key at the beginning of the piece and reaffirming it at the end.

Louis XIV

The most impressive building of the Baroque period is surely the Palace of Versailles built by Louis XIV in the mid-1600s.

Counterpoint

The musical texture in which the separate musical lines are particularly clear and stay independent more or less throughout a piece.

Renaissance Music is distinguished from the late medieval music in one important way.

The overall sound is smoother and more homogeneous, with less contrast. this change in sound is the result of a change in the way music was composed. the highly contrasting and independent lines of late medieval polyphony were replaced by a new style based on imitation.

Style music in Renaissance was different from Middle Ages but...

The predominant types of composition were the same. 1) they were liturgical music (music for church services, usually mass settings). 2) Motets (settings of Latin texts that are sacred but not liturgical 3) secular songs.

Beat

The regular pulse of music. you are responding to the regular pulse of the music if you tap a steady rhythm while singing. Ex: Happy Birthday, the rhythm that you tap is the beat.

Tempo

The speed at which musical piece should be played

"Renaissance" means "rebirth"

The term is used to indicate a revival of interest in the humanistic values of classical Greece and Rome.

Plainchant

The vocal music for church services from the early Middle ages is known as _________. many people call it "Gregorian chant" after the famous Pope Gregory I, who lived from about 540 to 604.

John Dunstable of England Guillamume DeFay of France

Their careers show how the musical style of the Renaissance crossed national boundaries. Their polyphonic Masses often use musical phrases that recur in different movements; their motets are based on Latin texts often from the Bible or designed to celebrate an important civic event; and their secular songs are usually three-part gentle love songs in French and Italian.

Continuation...

There is no black note between E and F, and there is no black note between B and C. Ex: E-sharp is the same as F, and C-flat is the same as B.

Changes from Middle ages to Renissance

There were three notable changes from the climate of the middle Ages. First, there was more focus on individual achievement. Second, people began to show more interest in real world than in spirituality. Third, the growing ease of travel and the spread of printed books led to a widespread mingling of European cultures.

Secular song continued.

This topic os sometimes called "Courtly love" because it derived from a conventional code of manner that flourished in the aristocratic courts of the middle ages. but it had enormous influence on the entire history of western love poetry. eight centuries of love songs up to and including those of the present day, have been influenced by the conventions of courtly love

Renaissance Mass

Through most of the Middle Ages, all the music had been sung in plainchant. it was only with the advent of polyphony in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries that some parts of the Mass began to be sung polyphonically. Gradually, composers began to concentrate on those sections of the Mass that remained the same, regardless of the day, feast, or season. There are five of these sections -Kyrie -Gloria _Credo -Sanctus -Agnus Dei known collectively as the Ordinary of the Mass. (began in the fourteenth century)

A sopisticated, classical repertory of music, played primarily by professional musicians. and they also contain non-literate cultures whose music is not written down or regulated by theory but is generally performed by most of the members of society. we can call this music _____________

Traditional

voices ranges can defy gender expectations. Brazilian cowboys sing in harmony at the very top of their range, whereas female folk singers in Turkey sing in a low, throaty voice.

True

Renaissance Secular song

Two phases, in the fifteenth century, secular songs were not very different from those of the late middle ages. international musical style had been adopted in most countries, resulting in a lack of variety from place to place. Most influential of all these countries was Italy, and the distinctive type of secular song that developed there was the madrigal.

Monody

Type of music written for a solo voice and basso continuo that imitated the natural rhythms of speech. Monody was composed for both scared and secular texts.

Cromwell

Under Cromwell, most musical positions were abolished and theaters and opera houses were closed. in 1660 the son of Charles I returned from exile in France and assumed the throne as Charles II

Renaissance Motet

Usually has four parts. entirely vocal and usually sung by a small choir rather than by soloists. all the voices sing the same text- a scared text- in the same language, almost always latin. the music may be imitative or homophonic and is usually a mixture of the two.

quarter note

Usually there are four of them in a unit, and the unit is called a whole note. "QN" the basic unit for measuring the beat Ex: if a quarter note equals one beat, then a half note equals two beats, and a whole note equals four beats.

Cantata

Very short unstaged operas; they were written for instruments and one or two voices and portrayed a single scene or situation. some of the later church cantatas were based on liturgical themes and were performed in church on Sundays, but the earlier chamber cantatas were secular in nature, telling stories of love lost and found, of nymphs and shepherds.

Strings

Violin, viola, violoncello (cello), and double bass

Consonance

When two notes are played together. the most stable or constant intervals are the unison.

Aerophones

Winds

Sharia law provides detailed instructions on which types of musical entertainment are acceptable in strict Muslim societies. Acceptable types are..

Work songs, family or celebratory music (such as lullabies and wedding music), and the signing of noble poetry. Unacceptable is sensuous music.

Claudio Monteverdi 1567-1643

Wrote many pieces in Renaissance style, especially madrigals, but he was also the first great opera composer of the Baroque era

Melismatic

a large number of notes sung to a single syllable; or it may be something in between. Ex: Angles we have heard on high- which includes a long melisma on the first syllable of the word "Gloria"

Prelude

a rambling improvisatory piece of the kind that organists play to fill in time before, during or after a church service,

Mute

a small device is placed on the bridge to dampen the sound slightly

Monophony

a texture that involves melody with no accompaniment, monophony can be produced by one or more people.

Third

an interval equal to three scale degrees that is most often major or minor

The end of the Middle Ages

at the end of the fourteen century, the two distinct musical styles of France and Italy began to merge. But the most important reason for the merging of the two musical styles was the split in the papacy that started in 1378. From 1378-1417 is a period known as the Great Schism, there were two popes ruling simultaneously one in Rome and the other in Avignon.

Half-cadence

both the authentic and plagal end on a tonic chord I. Half-cadence ends on the dominant chord V, so it lacks the finality of the authentic and plagal cadence. it may be preceded by a IV chord or a I chord; in either case it provides a pause at the end of a musical phrase, not an actual ending. it leaves the listener with the same sense that there is ore music to come.

one technical change that be noticed in the late renaissance music is the sound of the last chord at the end of sections. until this time, final chords contained only the "Perfect" intervals (octaves and fifths)

but in the late Renaissance, composers began to think that final chords should present the fullest sound possible and therefore should include the third, as well as root, the fifth and the octave of the chord.

Song texture

can be used to describe instrumental music Ex: a solo instrument playing a melody with an accompaniment.

Chamber music

classical music played by a small group of instruments. a chamber ensemble can range from a single violin and a piano to a string quartet.

you can clearly hear the difference between a piece that ends with the open sound of an octave and a fifth and a piece that ends with a full chord.

compare the ending sound of the Machaut song.

Authentic

consist of a V chord followed by a I chord. it is used to mark the ends of phrases or sections in a composition and to mark the end of the entire piece. Ex: Water Music

Meter

describes the number and length of the beats in each measure.

Texture

describes the way in which different musical sounds are combined.

Sonata form

employed as the structure for many large movements, uses both the idea of contrast and the idea of departure-and-return. A movement in sonata form begins with a large opening section, which contains two contrasting smaller units. this is followed by a middle section that contrasts with the opening in harmony, tonality, atmosphere, and presentation of thematic material. After this contrasting section, the opening section recurs, modified.

Binary form

focuses on the idea of contrast. there are two sections, A and B, each of which is usually repeated to make the pattern AABB

32-bar AABA Form

format involving four eight-measure phrases, the first two and the last being the same. this form is very common in popular songs and jazz.

Chord

formed when three of more different notes are played together. the intervals among these notes determine whether the chord is consonant or dissonant.

Middle Ages

in the last part of the Middle Ages, polyphony was developed, and polyphonic settings were made both of plainchant melodies and of secular songs. some of the polyphonic chant setting was very grand, impressive work in three of four voices with detailed, complex upper parts and a lower part of almost architectural strength. the polyphonic secular songs, on the other hand, are fine, sophisticated pieces that are based on subtle poetry and displaying delicate, interweaving musical lines.

Round

in which all of the voices sing exactly the same thing in turn. but often, imitation is much freer than that. (a special kind of counterpoint).

fifth

interval above the third being a minor third or a major third in a musical note.

Rhythm

is a fundamental component of all music. if a melody is sung without a rhythm, it immediately loses much of its essence. Rhythm is a fundamental to music as pitch. Rhythm is one of the most important distinguishing features in music.

Sound

is created through vibrations. when a object vibrates determines the pitch that we hear. the faster the vibrations, the higher the pitch.

Modes continued...

many modern folk songs are in Dorian mode. you can hear the special evocative quality of the Dorian mode in such as "Scarborough fair". the pattern of intervals in E-mode (Phrygian) pieces is different. so chants composed in that mode sound different from those composed in the D mode, and the same is true for F-mode and G-mode pieces, because of their characteristic pattern of intervals.

Triple

meter tends to be graceful or flowing. Ex: Waltzes are in 3/4 meter.

continued...

most medieval melodies descend to their keynote, giving the music a feeling of relaxation at the end, whereas many later melodies end with more intense rise to the top of the scale.

Palestrina wrote more than 100 setting of the mass and several volumes of secular songs, but perhaps his most impressive achievement is the composition of 250 motets.

motets could be written on almost any scared text: Biblical stories, passage from the Psalms, and so on. almost always, composers chose expressive texts with elements of drama or mystery, and they matched the . words with remarkable intensity of poignancy.

Liturgical music

music for a religious ceremony

Homophony

music that moves by chords. the most common form of homophony, sometimes called song texture.

Major Scale

musical scales that are in the (major mode)

Musical flow is carefully organized into ....

notes, melodies, chords, phrases, sections, movements, and entire works

syllabic

one note for every syllable of the text.

Time signature

one number placed above another, it is a symbol that gives the player information. the upper number tells the number of beats in the measure, the lower note the value of each beat. (3/4) Ex: the upper number 3 indicates that there are three beats in a measure; the lower number 4 indicates that the value of each beat is a quarter note.

Francesa Caccini (1587-1640)

one of the early composers of monody. Principal composer at the court of Tuscany, in northern Italy.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

one of the most brilliant composers of eighteenth-century Europe. the symphony was written in 1772, when Mozart was only 16 . Minuet and trio

Pizzicato

plucking the strings with the fingers instead of using the bow

Charles II

return is known as the Restoration, brought with it a rebirth of musical life in England.

Solo sonata

single instrument and basso continuo

Basso continuo

single instrument or small group of instruments usually including a harpsichord playing the bass line in Baroque music. "continuous bass"

Concerto grosso

small group of soloists was contrasted with the whole orchestra.

Bar lines

small vertical lines.

New branches of Christianity were founded in this era.

the Protestant movement known as the Reformation was begun by Martin Luther 1517

Continuo

the bass continuo part is usually played by a harpsichord or low strings.

Aria

the conversational part kept the old name of recitative, Arias were usually written in set forms, with a fixed pattern of repetition, whereas recitatives were freer in form and quite short. Lyrical section of opera for solo singer and orchestra, usually ABA Form

Half-step

the distance between a white note on the piano and the adjacent black note.

Whole step

the distance between one white note and the next

Vibrations example

the high note at the top end of a piano has a frequency of 4,186 (that it vibrates 4,186 times per second0, whereas the low note at the bottom end has a frequency of 27.5 most differences in pitch are no so extreme. two adjacent notes on the piano may have a difference of only 10 vibrations, but there is still a clear difference in pitch.

Minor scale

the minor scale uses whole and half steps, but the arrangement is different from that of the major scale. Pattern in minor scale: whole step, half-step, whole-step, whole-step, half-step, whole-step, whole-step. the easiest minor scale is a minor, because it has no sharps or flats.

Josquin Desprez Ca. 1440-1521

the most versatile and gifted composer of the middle-Renaissance. From northern France and spent much of his career there, as well as at some of the cathedrals and courts of Italy. Rich nobles were eager to hire him for their household.

Chord progression

the movement from one chord to the next

octaves

the nearest distance between two notes of the same name

Octave

the nearest distance between two notes of the same name. Ex: In happy birthday, the interval between "py" and birth-" in the third phrase is an octave.

Keynote or tonic

the note that comes at the end of the last phrase. Most melodies end on their keynote.

root

the one primary note that makes up the most common consonant chords.

Form

the organizing structure of composition, whether it is very simple (like twinkle, twinkle) or very complex, is a musical form

Modulation

the process of moving one key to another in music. Modulation adds interest to music

Secular Song

the rise of secular song can be dated to the twelfth century, when the Troubadours were active. Troubadours were poet-musicians who composed songs for performance in the many small aristocratic courts of southern France. (In northern France, such musicians were called trouveres.) Troubadours and trouveres wrote their own poetry and music, and the subjects they favored were love, duty, friendship, ceremony, and poetry itself. their primary topic was love. for the most part, the poems address an idealized version of a women, who is remote and usually unattainable. (Most of the troubadours were men.) the lover pines away and pleads for some sign of favor, however slight.

Mentronome marking

the second way to indicate tempo. a metronome is a machine that can be set to click regularly at a specified tempo.

Melodic motion

the way the melody moves from note to note. the distinctive quality of a melody is determined by the combination of steps, leaps, and repeated notes. the melody "Happy birthday to you" contains a mixture of steps, leaps, and repeated notes

trio sonata

two instrument and basso continuo

Vibrato

used to make the playing more expressive. the left-hand fingers that are pressing the strings are rocked back and forth against the fingerboard to make the pitch waver slightly.

Phrase

very simple in construction and can be divided into four sections: 1, 2, 3, and 4. (a small pause at the end of each section of a melody) in other ways, the four phrases are very similar, each is the same length, each features almost the same rhythm. the difference between the phrases is in their melodic motion and shape.

The Counter-Reformation

was not primarily concerned with music, but music played a role in the deliberation of the church reformers. in 1534, the reformer Paul III was elected pope, and in 1545, he convented the council of Trent, a council of cardinals that met from time to time over a period of about 20 years to discuss the reforms in church administration and liturgy.

Dance Suites

were originally designed exclusively to accompany dancing. an evening's entertainment often consisted of a series, or "suite" of contrasting dances, usually in binary form