music appreciation exam 3

various styles of blues : classic female blues

Classic female blues was an early form of blues music, popular in the 1920s. An amalgam of traditional folk blues and urban theater music, the style is also known as vaudeville blues

AAB lyric form (blues)

-AAB / 12 Bar Blues is the most common blues song form. An AAB pattern is used in both lyrics and melody (this is often set out in a "question-question-answer" format) made up of three 4 bar phrases in AAB Song Form

polyrhythm

-a rhythm that makes use of two or more different rhythms simultaneously -not readily perceived as deriving from one another, or as simple manifestations of the same meter. The rhythmic conflict may be the basis of an entire piece of music (cross-rhythm), or a momentary disruption

rural blues/country blues

-from the songster tradition and african-american spiritual -lead belly, blind lemon jefferson, robert johnson -recorded in 1936 -cross roads (notice the "freedoms")

intertextuality

-intertextuality refers to the interconnection that occurs naturally or purposefully in works of art. Because no art is created in a vacuum, it is natural for writers, filmmakers, musicians, and other artists to include references to other people's art in their own art. It helps them create connections with their audience or to illustrate a larger point they are trying to make by creating a parallel to other art their audience is already familiar with

vocables

-words that are especially with reference to form rather than meaning -any meaningful sound uttered by people, such as a word or term, that is fixed by their language and culture -syllables that do not have referential meaning. These may be used to frame words or may be inserted among them; in some cases, they constitute the entire song text

ring shout

A shout or ring shout is an ecstatic, transcendent religious ritual, first practiced by African slaves in the West Indies and the United States, in which worshipers move in a circle while shuffling and stomping their feet and clapping their hands

12 bar (measure) blues form

AAB lyric form vocal lines: -A (lyrics) *break* -A (same lyrics) *break* -B (new lyrics) *break*

12 bar blues form

In its basic form, it is predominantly based on the I, IV, and V chords of a key

gamelan

Indonesian ensemble made up mostly of percussion of determinate pitch, such as metallophones and gongs rhythm: cyclical ("gong cycles")

overtone sweep

Overtones or harmonics are the natural parts of any pitch heard when it is sounded. That is to say, that each pitch that we hear contains additional pitches within it that are termed overtones or harmonics. The relative strength or weakness of these overtones determines the tone color or timbre of the pitch

scott joplin

Scott Joplin was an African-American composer and pianist. Joplin achieved fame for his ragtime compositions and was dubbed the "King of Ragtime". During his brief career, he wrote 44 original ragtime pieces, one ragtime ballet, and two operas born in northeast texas

the crooners

TV, hollywood = star and intimacy controversial manner of the microphone billie holiday, an early master MELLOW -bing crosby -the "chairman of the board" frank sinatra where's the dance? Crooner is an American epithet given primarily to male singers of jazz standards, mostly from the Great American Songbook, backed by either a full orchestra, a big band or a piano

grand ole opry

The Grand Ole Opry is a weekly country-music stage concert in Nashville, Tennessee, which was founded on November 28, 1925, by George D. Hay as a one-hour radio "barn dance" on WSM it is the longest-running radio broadcast in US history

louis armstrong

The most important and influential musician in jazz history, and one of the leading singers and entertainers from the 1920s through the '50s

swing era

The swing era (also frequently referred to as the "big band era") was the period of time (1935-1946) when big band swing music was the most popular music in the United States. Though this was its most popular period, the music had actually been around since the late 1920s and early 1930s, being played by black bands led by such artists as Duke Ellington, Jimmie Lunceford, Bennie Moten, Cab Calloway, Earl Hines, and Fletcher Henderson, and white bands from the 1920s led by the likes of Jean Goldkette, Russ Morgan and Isham Jones. The era's beginning is sometimes dated from "the King of Swing" Benny Goodman's performance at the Palomar Ballroom in Los Angeles on August 21, 1935, bringing the music to the rest of the country

stratified

a layering of musical texture type of contrast

the dreamtime

a mythological time before any of the world's physical characteristics existed the creator spirits flew over the land and sung into existence all the landmarks, plants, animals, humans, waterholes, etc.

stratified polyphony

a texture in which all instruments follow a basic melody, but high pitch instruments play the most notes and lower pitched instruments play the fewest notes

the carter family

a traditional American folk music group that recorded between 1927 and 1956. Their music had a profound impact on bluegrass, country, Southern Gospel, pop and rock musicians as well as on the U.S. folk revival of the 1960s

raga

akin to a melodic mode in Indian classical music. the raga is a remarkable and central feature of classical Indian music tradition

charlie parker

also known as Yardbird and Bird, was an American jazz saxophonist and composer. Parker was a highly influential jazz soloist and a leading figure in the development of bebop, a form of jazz characterized by fast tempos, virtuosic technique and advanced harmonies. Parker was a blazingly fast virtuoso, and he introduced revolutionary harmonic ideas including rapid passing chords, new variants of altered chords, and chord substitutions. His tone ranged from clean and penetrating to sweet and somber Parker was an icon for the hipster subculture and later the Beat Generation, personifying the jazz musician as an uncompromising artist and intellectual rather than just an entertainer

bessie smith

an American blues singer. Nicknamed the Empress of the Blues, she was the most popular female blues singer of the 1920s and 1930s. She is often regarded as one of the greatest singers of her era and was a major influence on other jazz singers

duke ellington

an American composer, pianist, and bandleader of a jazz orchestra, which he led from 1923 until his death in a career spanning over fifty years "beyond category" as a liberating principle, and referred to his music as part of the more general category of American Music, rather than to a musical genre such as jazz wrote more than a thousand compositions

benny goodman

an American jazz clarinetist and bandleader known as the "King of Swing". In the mid-1930s, Goodman led one of the most popular musical groups in the United States In the mid-1930s, Goodman led one of the most popular musical groups in the United States. His concert at Carnegie Hall in New York City on January 16, 1938 is described by critic Bruce Eder as "the single most important jazz or popular music concert in history: jazz's 'coming out' party to the world of 'respectable' music." led one of the first well-known integrated jazz groups. Goodman performed nearly to the end of his life while exploring an interest in classical music

Thelonious Monk

an American jazz pianist and composer. He had a unique improvisational style and made numerous contributions to the standard jazz repertoire, including "'Round Midnight," "Blue Monk," "Straight, No Chaser," "Ruby, My Dear," "In Walked Bud," and "Well, You Needn't." Monk is the second most-recorded jazz composer after Duke Ellington, which is particularly remarkable as Ellington composed more than a thousand pieces, whereas Monk wrote about 70 His compositions and improvisations feature dissonances and angular melodic twists and are consistent with his unorthodox approach to the piano, which combined a highly percussive attack with abrupt, dramatic use of switched key releases, silences, and hesitations

dizzy gillespie

an American jazz trumpeter, bandleader, composer, and singer. a trumpet virtuoso and improviser, building on the virtuoso style of Roy Eldridge but adding layers of harmonic complexity previously unheard in jazz. His beret and horn-rimmed spectacles, his scat singing, his bent horn, pouched cheeks and his light-hearted personality were essential in popularizing bebop

bill monroe

an American mandolinist, singer, and songwriter helped to create the style of music known as bluegrass. Because of this, he is commonly referred to as the "Father of Bluegrass" genre takes its name from his band, the Blue Grass Boys, named for Monroe's home state of Kentucky Monroe's performing career spanned 69 years as a singer, instrumentalist, composer and bandleader

frank sinatra

an American singer, actor, and producer who was one of the most popular and influential musical artists of the 20th century started his musical career in the swing era had collaborations with duke ellington

ralph peer

an American talent scout, recording engineer, record producer and music publisher in the 1920s and 1930s. Peer pioneered field recording of music when in June 1923 he took remote recording equipment south to Atlanta, Georgia to record regional music outside the recording studio in such places as hotel rooms, ballrooms, or empty warehouses often credited with first country music recording

mbira

an african musical instrument consisting of a wooden board with attached staggered metal tines, played by holding the instrument in the hands and plucking the tines with the thumbs means "voices of the ancestors" sacred to the people of Shona and Zimbabwe

gagaku

ancient imperial court music and dances, lit. "elegant music") is a type of Japanese classical music that has been performed at the Imperial Court in Kyoto for several centuries

raga: improvisation in indian music

based on three elements: (usually one instrument for each element) melody: a melodic system (raga) rhythm: a time cycle system (tala) "...percussion joins and begins the rhythmic cycle" drone: a constant underlying tone

western swing

bob wills and his hillbilly outfit, the texas playboys piano, sex, string bass, banjo, accordion, steel guitar (more horns, more strings) wide range of repertory: from "mexicali rose" to new interpretations of blues and jazz

colotomic

certain instruments play a kind of musical "punctuation" that marks time in the music hanging gongs, larger rack gongs, xylophone, fiddle, flute javanese gamelan: polyphonic stratification

bebop

complex, hard-driving jazz played without musical notation name derived from the snappy sounds of the melody notable bebop musicians -charlie parker -koko -dizzy gillespie -thelonious monk style -improvised instead of composition -jammed in small, elite groups -ensemble -quintet: trumpet, saxophone, piano, double bass, and drums -played at breakneck speeds

various styles of blues : country blues

country blues is acoustic, mainly guitar-driven forms of the blues, that mixes blues elements with characteristics of country and folk

ladysmith black mambazo

demonstrates the qualities usually associated with isicathamyia: complex harmony and rhythm, a wide range of dynamics, and strongly emphasized bass vocals. also note the role and vocal cues come from the lead vocalist, joseph shabalala

tin pan alley

era: 1880s-1950s the pop music of the time THE music indust -tin Pan Alley is the name given to the collection of New York City music publishers and songwriters who dominated the popular music of the United States in the late 19th century and early 20th century -the genre took its name from the byname of the street on which the industry was based, being on 28th Street between Fifth Avenue and Broadway in the early 20th century; around Broadway and 32nd Street in the 1920s; and ultimately on Broadway between 42nd and 50th streets. The phrase tin pan referred to the sound of pianos furiously pounded by the so-called song pluggers, who demonstrated tunes to publishers. Tin Pan Alley comprised the commercial music of songwriters of ballads, dance music, and vaudeville, and its name eventually became synonymous with American popular music in general

blues scale

features blue notes -notes that fall between the diatonic notes of the scale -common in african-american folk song -used in place of a major or minor scale

various styles of blues : gospel blues

gospel blues or holy blues is a form of blues-based gospel music that has been around since the inception of blues music, a combination of blues guitar and evangelistic lyrics

big bands and swing

height of popularity in 1930's and early 1940's large ensemble -multiple trumpets, trombones and saxophones -rhythm section still consists of single instruments "charts" rather than improvisation -everthing planned out -played form notation duke ellington and count basie glenn miller, benny goodman

various styles of blues : jug band

jug band: a jug band is a band employing a jug player and a mix of conventional and homemade instruments. These homemade instruments are ordinary objects adapted to or modified for making sound, like the washtub bass, washboard, spoons, bones, stovepipe, and comb and tissue paper (kazoo). The term jug band is loosely used in referring to ensembles that also incorporate homemade instruments but that are more accurately called skiffle bands, spasm bands, or juke (or jook) bands (see juke joint) because they do not include a jug player

the didgeridoo

long, thick branch of a eucalyptus tree that has been hollowed out by termites the player, traditionally a man, blows into one end and out the other you hear a drone: a single, unchanging pitch it doesn't have carved holes, but the drone pitch can be manipulated using your lips, breathing, and voice bilma -- clapsticks used in aboriginal music

various styles of blues : memphis blues

more of a mix of R&B and rock n roll. the Memphis blues is a style of blues music ocreated from the 1910s to the 1930s by musicians in the Memphis area, like Frank Stokes, Sleepy John Estes, Furry Lewis and Memphis Minnie

paul simon

one of the defining singer/songwriters of his generation, who grew increasingly adventurous as he explored African and South American music simon & garfunkel Graceland, an album inspired by South African township music

various styles of blues : delta blues

originated in Mississippi delta, delta blues is regarded as a regional variant of country blues. guitar and harmonica are its dominant instruments; slide guitar (usually played on a steel guitar) is a hallmark of the style. vocal styles in delta blues range from introspective and soulful to passionate and fiery

ostinato

short melodic phrase repeated throughout a composition, sometimes slightly varied or transposed to a different pitch. A rhythmic ostinato is a short, constantly repeated rhythmic pattern

bluegrass

string based rhythm -um PAH + chugga-lugga -1 and 2 and + constant 16th note (busy) -non soloist must supply it (no drums) high-ranged tenor (as noted), with standard 3rd harmny 3-finger (clawhammer) picking of banjo -Bluegrass music is a form of American roots music, and a related genre of country music. Influenced by the music of Appalachia, bluegrass has mixed roots in Irish, Scottish and English traditional music, later influenced by african americans with jazz music -While many fans of bluegrass music date the genre to 1939, when Monroe formed his first Blue Grass Boys band, most believe that the classic bluegrass sound came together late in 1945

honky tonk

style named after the texas bar the "un-idealized" texan -working class values for oil men, cowboys, laborers -down to earth stories: beer drinking songs "born to lose" -- and other strains on the traditional american values ("sliding around") -electric guitar, cheatin' theme

swing music

swing music, or simply swing, is a form of popular music developed in the United States that dominated in the 1930s and 1940s. The name swing came from the 'swing feel' where the emphasis is on the off-beat or weaker pulse in the music

various styles of blues : texas blues

texas blues is a style of blues music. It usually has more jazz- or swing-influences than other blues styles

various styles of blues : chicago blues

the Chicago blues is a form of blues music indigenous to Chicago, Illinois. Chicago blues is an electric blues style of urban blues

various styles of blues : 12 bar blues

the twelve-bar blues or blues changes is one of the most prominent chord progressions in popular music. The blues progression has a distinctive form in lyrics, phrase, chord structure, and duration

polyphony

two or more simultaneous lines of independent melody