Music History 3 Exam 2

Gabriel Faure

-Wrote in all of the major musical genres of his time, of which his songs, piano character pieces, and chamber music for piano are best known -Wrote, "Dans la foret de septembre" (1902) -More of a romantic traditionalist than Debussy

Ostinato

A continually repeated musical phrase or rhythm

Static harmony

A harmony made from roughly one chord (most often the tonic of the dominant), and the prolongation of this chord

Leitmotiv

A recurrent theme throughout a musical or literary composition, associated with a particular person, idea, or situation.

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

Cadenza

A technically demanding, rhapsodic, improvisatory passage for a soloist near the end of a movement

Opera Seria

A term for the serious, heroic, fully sung Italian opera of the Baroque period (18th c) in Europe

What are the fundamental differences between German and French music in the decades leading up to World War I?

Austro-German - Instrumental focus - Symphony - excerpt, tonal contrast, development, forward motion, exposition to synthesis, the resolution of things - Intellectual - Process/synthesis of things VS French - Not intellectual, it's sensual - In the present - Color - Timbres

Ballet Russes

Ballet company conceived by Sergei Diaghilev known for lavish and risque ballet performances

How did operatic performances (and indeed the opera industry) of the late 19th century differ from those of the early 19th century?

Early 19th c Italian opera: -Impresario dominated -Focus on music, visual art -Many productions in the opera season (fewer repeats, many new works) Late 19th c Italian opera: -Music publisher dominant (House of Ricardi: publishers of Verdi and Puccini) -Fewer productions in opera season (more repeated performances, few new works, instead older works performed, canon)

Pentatonicism

Five-tone scales heard first in Javanese music-F#-G#-A#-C#-D#

French mélodie

French art song

Opera buffa

Italian comic opera

Risorgimento

Italian drive and desire for unity

Vincenzo Bellini

Italy, 19th Century, master of "bel canto" style, Works: (operas) Norma (Casta Diva), La Somnambula, I Puritani, The Capulets and the Montagues

Double aria

Primo tempo (slow) tempo di mezzo (moderate) cabaletta (fast)

Stabriem

-Instead of rhyme, based on alliteration -German literary techniques (nationalism) -Used by Wagner

Marius Petipa

(1822-1910) created the first ballet that would later be classified as classical ballet. He also held the position of Ballet Master in Chief to the Imperial Tsar in 1869. created Don Quixote and La Bayadere and many other works. Though he did not choreograph the original version of Swan Lake, he oversaw a new production of the ballet. was a prolific choreographer who "masterminded" Russian ballet through the end of the 19th century.

La Traviata (1853) Verdi

(Fallen woman) Violetta (courtesan) loves Alfredo (comes from respectable family) Germant - Alfredo's father Annina - Nurse When Alfredo comes back Violetta is dying of TB (Act 3 No. 18)

Les Hueguenots - Meyerbeer (1836) - Grand Opera

(French Protestants) St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre Act 2 No. 13 Finale -Raoul (Protestant) loves Valentine (Catholic) -Queen of Navare (Catholic) peacemaker Marcel (Protestant, servant) Big misunderstanding between Raoul and Valentine -Music is very much like Berlioz (Symphonie fantastic) -Slow movement, Tempo di Mezzo, stretta; memorializes history (aristocratic history) Hugenots vs. Catholics

Gesamtkunstwerk

(German for "total art work") an art form that involves music, poetry, drama, and scenic design; often used in reference to Richard Wagner's music dramas

Sergei Diaghilev

- Director of The Russian Ballet (Ballets Russe) whose success was in Paris, rather than Russia -He commissioned the Rite of Spring and Petrushka, as well as Stravinsky's earlier ballets -Impressario

Strauss, finale from Salome

- Polytonal (C pedal --> c#m) - Thematic Integration (transformation & large scale tonal planning) - functional harmony - extended techniques - exoticism (Middle East) - opulent scoring - symbolism (taste of blood, bitter love)

Modernism

- The rejection of traditional processes in music (i.e. traditional harmony, tonality, melody, timbre, rhythm) -Rejection of the Common Practice Period (1600-1800) -Caused by Exoticism, Nationalism, Individualism, and Cultural crisis c. 1900 -4 sub-movements (symbolism, primitivism, decadence, expressionism)

Bel Canto

-"Beautiful Singing" -A style characterized by lyrical and flowing phrases, beauty of vocal color, and brilliant technique -Virtuosic, long-lined melody with simple accompaniment

Carl Maria von Weber

-1786-1826 -Germany -18-19th Century -Cousin of Mozart -Founder of German Romantic Opera -Works: Obern, Euryanthe, Die Freischutz (1st significant romantic era opera)

Georges Bizet

-1838-1875 -Wrote Carmen (opera comique) -French romantic composer -Known for his operas -Wrote exoticism

Jean SIbelius

-1865-1957 -Finland, only Finnish composer of note -Works: Finlandia, Valse Triste, The Swan of Tuonela

Giuseppe Verdi

-A nineteenth-century Italian composer, a master of Italian grand opera -Songs used as national songs during Italian unification -Among his best-known operas are Aida, Otello, Rigoletto, Aida, and La Traviata

Expressionism

-A style of painting, music, or drama in which the artist or writer seeks to express emotional experience rather than impressions of the external world -Nightmares and madness, the unconscious expressing itself with complete lack of filter -THE MOST EXTREME OUT OF THESE DIFFERENT EXAMPLES Schoenberg (composer)

Richard Strauss

-Came to the Royal Opera in 1898 -Revived the genre of the one-movement programmatic work for orchestra (tone poem) -Don Juan, Macbeth, and Tod und Verklarung -Opera as the center of "music of the future"

In what ways is Verdi's music different from that of the composers of the Bel Canto generation (Bellini, Rossini, Donizetti) who preceded him?

-Coloratura tied more to drama (psychology) -Greater emphasis on orchestra (commentary) -Even more realistic charcters

Polychord

-Combination of two or more different chords -Modernistic

Reform opera

-Gluck -Created in the 1760s to combine the best features of of the Italian and French operatic traditions, to yoke Italian lyricism to the French concern for intense dramatic expression

Decadence

-Guilty pleasure, celebrates excess -Instead of being critical - makes us pay attention to us as a society (i.e. Salome) Strauss (composer) - Solame

What are the different types of operatic genres we have studied? To what nations/operatic traditions do they belong? What do they have in common? How are they different from one another?

-Italian Bel Canto Opera, Opera Seria (Italy, France), Grand Opera (France), Opera Comique (France), German Romantic Opera -Italian Bel Canto Opera is virtuosic, long-lined melody with simple accompaniment -Opera Seria is serious opera with plots more streamlined and musical numbers more continuous -Grand Opera uses large-scale casts and orchestras, lavish stage design, with plots based on history -Opera Comique has low-born characters, spoken dialogue, and uses local color

Giachino Rossini

-Italian composer -Started writing opera at age 18 -Specialized in operatic composition (wrote 39 operas in all) -Wrote the Barber of Seville -Set French librettos to music -"William Tell" -Rossini crescendo

What are some of the ways that Bizet conveys the exotic locale of Carmen? How are the effects he creates in doing this significant to the evolution of musical style in 19th-century Europe?

-Local color -Exoticism -Odd scales (harmonic scale that doesn't resolve the right way) -Influenced the use of exoticism in music

"Mosaic form"

-Music parts, that when put together, make up one big piece (but each part doesn't necessarily have to do with each other)

Gamelan

-Musical ensemble of Java or Bali, made up of gongs, chimes, metallophones, and drums, among other instruments. -Javanese orchestra; pentatonic, heterophonic texture (single melody w/ no accompaniment) JUXTAPOSITION -Inspired Exoticism and the use of exotic scales (such as pentatonic)

Exoticism

-Musical style in which rhythms, melodies, or instruments evoke the color and atmosphere of far-off lands -Romanticism taken to an extreme

Individualism

-Need for originality -Giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

Stylistic features of folksong that set it apart from other forms of melody.

-Non-dev. modules -Narrative form -End rhyme -4 line stanzas

Tristan und Isolde - Wagner (1859)

-Plot is a medieval legend - Chivalric King Marke (Cornish) marries Isolde (Irish princess) to end the war Isolde -- Suicide pact, Brangaene (handmaiden) substitutes potion for a love potion Tristan- (Cornish knight) sent to Ireland to collect Isolde Act 1- (Day-Night: On ship to Ireland to Cornwall Act 2- (Night-Day): Love scene-> mortally wounded by a soldier (Tristan) Act 3- (Day-Night): Brittany- Tristan goes to die-> Tristan dies as Isolde gets to Brittany medieval - supernatural - longing - yearning - forbidden love - individuals vs. society (Rom vs. Enlightenment) - chromatic harmony - use of Leitmotivs ** Known for "Tristan Chord" = mysterious, wandering tonality, constant modulating

Reforms of 18th c. Opera Seria

-Plots more streamlined and musical numbers more continuous -More realistic characters, no castrati -More ensembles and fewer exit arias -More character interactions -Move away from the "spectacle" -Both recitative and aria are accompanied by orchestra -Arias are ab, not aba' or da capo (plot precedes forward) -Singers still rule opera (virtuosity, cadenzas, and coloratura retained) -Opening ritornello of numbers retained -Continued recitative vs. aria divide

Igor Stravinsky

-Russian Nationalist (subject matter, vernacular materials); associated with early "Russian" ballets with Diaghilev/Ballet Russes; wrote "The Firebird" or L'oiseau de feu (1910), "Petrushka" (1911), "Rite of Spring" - influenced by Debussy, eventually eluding to MODERNISM - sonorities were tough for him

Modest Mussorgsky

-Russian nationalist, part of might 5 (Kutchka) -Significant stylistically with very crude harmony, non-functional harmonic relationships, depicting BELLS (Aflat7-D7) to convey vernacular subject matter -To be distinctive and to get away from German mainstream is non-functional harmony - the most extreme - very crude - not very educated - his music is greatly influenced by MODERNISM

Who spoke about the "emancipation of dissonance"? What did this person mean by that?

-Schoenberg -Justifies atonality

Emancipation of Dissonance

-Schoenberg's concept of freeing dissonance from its need to resolve to a consonance -Justifies atonality.

Symbolism

-Sensuality, dreams, mysterious/fragmentary situations that don't make sense in normal sense of time, dream-like suspended state of consciousness (i.e. synesthesia) -Suggests alternative ceasing of the moment, embracing things that really matter, getting away from Bourgeois respectability Baudelaire (poet) Faure (composer) Duparc (composer) Debussy (composer) Boulanger (composer)

Primitivism

-Simplicity taken to an extreme, deliberately simple and elementary techniques by artists who are capable of doing more advanced techniques in order to shock the Bourgeoise society -Meant to make you think -Looks unartistic to give people pause -Symbolizes how primitive society is (i.e. Rite of Spring) Stravinsky (composer) Nijinsky (choreographer) Diaghilev (impresario/ choreographer)

Sprechgesang

-Speech song -A technique used in vocal music where the singer is required to use the voice in an expressive manner half-way between singing and speaking. It appears in a number of pieces by Schoenberg and Berg (early 20th century).

Arnold Schoenberg

-The creator of the twelve-tone system of atonal music -Grew up in Vienna -Emancipation of dissonance -Used thematic integration -"Art belongs to the unconscious! One must express oneself!"

Parlante

-The orchestra plays the melody while the vocal line adds unmusical interjections

Aubrey Beardsley

-Was the most controversial of the artists associated with the Art Nouveau movement -His illustrations featured grotesque and erotic subjects drawn from mythology and the Bible done in the style of Japanese woodcuts

Giacomo Meyerbeer

1791-1864 -Wrote, "Les Hugenots" (1836) -- GRAND OPERA -Style influenced by Berlioz (lots of heterogeny, huge dynamics/bold effects) -Fight with Wagner

Franz Liszt

1811-1886 - A Hungarian composer who wrote many nationalistic pieces during the Romantic era - piano virtuoso - socialist; wanted to make music matter - progressive (pushed the envelope like Berlioz) **Wrote, "Les Preludes" (1854)

Richard Wagner

1813-1883 (German composer) - German Romantic Opera ideals to their extreme - very similar to Weber - made opera more organic - wrote MUSIC DRAMAS not opera - ORCHESTRA dominates, not the voice - no numbers, not text repetition - Rethought opera completely; called his works examples of "Gesamkunstwerk" (combining all the arts, very romantic) - Leitmotivs Wrote, "The Ring of the Nibelungs", "Die Walkure", & "Tristan und Isolde"

Mily Balakirev

1837-1910 - Leader of the mighty five, and an informal teacher for the others - Russia, 19-20th Century, led "The Five", Works: Islamey, Tamarai

Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky

1840-1893 -Romantic composer Wrote music for - Swan Lake - The Nutcracker **very professional, worked at a conservatory, stands apart from Kutchka, could be as nationalist as them too

Antonin Dvorak

1841-1904, Bohemian A. sought a Czech national style - used national subject matter - vernacular (folk song) (i.e. New World Symphony) - competed with German Music B. worked in German tradition - genre - developmental processes in Dm - has harmonic color which sounds different from mainstream

Edvard Grieg

1843-1907 (from Norway) -Wrote "Norwegian Dance: Halling" from Lyrie Pieces op. 47 No. 4 -Work was often inspired by Norwegian folk music

Henri Duparc

1848-1933 - best known for his 17 mélodies ("art songs"), with texts by poets such as Baudelaire, Gautier, Leconte de Lisle and Goethe. - French composer - composed many melodies (French art songs) - Wrote, "Extase" & "Invitation to Travel"

Giacomo Puccini

1856-1924 (Italian composer) 1. Heir to Verdi/Italian tradition - vocal lyricism - numbers (even more flexible than Verdi) 2. "Wagnerite" (huge fan of his work) - prose librettos Wrote, "Madame Butterfly" (1904) and La Boheme ** Known to be an eclectic & progressive composer

Claude Debussy

1862-1918 - Symbolist, less of an impressionist - felt more comfortable with poetry - Wrote, "Nuages (clouds)" from Trois Nocturnes (1889) -Was one of the first composers to adapt actual exotic music, new timbres, and heterogenous scoring in their work -Used gamelans -Primitivist

Alexander Scriabin

1872-1915 (Russian composer) - mainly composed sonatas, character pieces, and piano concertos - had a different brand of atonlity (different from Schoenberg - uses the octatonic scale and mystic chord (Prometheus Chord) - Wrote, "Prometheus--Poem of Fire"

Arioso-style

An expressive manner of singing somewhere between a recitative and a full-blown aria

What is symbolism? How does it differ from romanticism proper? What kinds of techniques are employed by music seeking to convey symbolist values?

Anti-status quo (Philistines become educated and understand poetry - making people more thoughtful) beauty behind things, not just making money; society has become more materialistic, therefore more extreme music is needed to balance things out and give some perspective

Norma - Casta Diva (1831) Bellini

C. 400 BC ancient Gaul Pollione (Proconsul, Roman) loves Norma (Priestess Gual) Oroveso- Norma's Father Chorus- Gaul Gaul has been conquered by the Romans. Oroveso, the Arch-Druid longs to lead a Gallic rebellion against the colonial forces. ... But Norma has fallen in love with the Roman Proconsul, Pollione, and given birth to two children

Vaslav Nijinsky

Created choreography and costumes for Stravinsky's "Rite of Spring" that went against the Romantic style, causing an uncivilized response. Nijinsky's fascination with group dancing suggests he supported the idea that primitivism incorporated elements of primitive art, music and dance into sophisticated artworks.

Dumka

Czech melancholy ballad

What is artistic modernism? How does it relate to Fin de siècle (i.e. "Turn of the Century") culture as discussed in the Interdisciplinary Reading No. VI by Robert Morgan? How does it relate to romanticism?

Definition: rejection of melody, harmony, rhythm, tonality, form, and texture (common practice techniques) Causes: 1) Progressive style change (a- nationalism, b- exoticism, c- extreme Romantic individualism --> seeking sonic difference); 2) Social/cultural crisis before 1914 (criticism of middle-class complacency, class struggle, imperialism/colonization, progress)

German Romantic Opera

Descended from singspiel. Incorporated dance, recitative, arias, comedy, and drama. Bold music.

What was the campaign for dramatic realism/continuity in 19th c opera all about? What were the origins of this campaign? How were the tactics of Italian and German opera composers to achieve it similar? Different?

Desire for reforming opera to make it more organic and realistic; Italian had strong tradition of vocalists at the center, and the Germans did not. Italian reformers (Verdi) worked within number system, Germans did not. Similar: their goals are similar, looking for continuity to make opera more realistic.

Be sure to know the structure of the various numbers of 19th-century Italian opera (double arias, duets, finales) and how their internal sections function musically and dramatically

Double aria: Scena (recitative, not lyrical, arioso, plot) a (slow, primo tempo/lyrical, reflection of plot) Tempo di mezzo (not lyrical, sometimes arioso, plot) b (fast, cabaletta, lyrical, reflection of plot) Duet: 1) Tempo d'attaco (action, no text repetition) 2) Slow movement 3) Tempo di mezzo 4) Cabaletta

Which Russian nationalists were in the Kuchka? Which were not? What was the basic difference between the two groups?

Group of five Russian composers—César Cui, Aleksandr Borodin, Mily Balakirev, Modest Mussorgsky, and Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov—who in the 1860s banded together in an attempt to create a truly national school of Russian music

Non-functional harmony

Harmonic movement with no set rules

How does Wagner's Tristan und Isolde exemplify Romantic ideas and practice? What are some developments in later 19th-century music and culture that it influenced?

Plot was based on a medieval epic about a significant romantic interest in the past; romantic themes included longing, yearning, the supernatural, forbidden love, and individuals vs. Society; influenced the use of chromatic harmony ("Tristan Chord"

Der Freischutz - Weber (1821)

Max (hunter) loves Agathe ( Game keepers daughter) Kasper- Doomed hunter Samiel - Devil (7 magic bullets to kill Agathe) -Spoken dialogue -Melodrama Subject matter -Local color Bohemian Forest (1650) - Hunting village -Folksong aabbcc - Non dev. modules Supernatural -Musical Symbolism Tritone Samiel chord - A dim 7 German musical traits- -Greater dramatic continuity -Orchestral commentary and extra musicial depcition - Consequences are less text rep, local lyricism, and fewer numbers - Thematic integ. Cyclical form - Thematic transformation -A-F-Db-

Atonality

No specific key or tonality

Number opera

Opera consisting of individual pieces of music which can be easily extracted from the larger work

Parallelism

Phrases or sentences of a similar construction/meaning placed side by side, balancing each other

Madame Butterfly - Puccini (1904)

Pinkerton (american) loves Butterfly ( japanese) and have child Sharpless- US consul Pinkerton goes back for child and Butterfly kills herself. Italian Tradition: Plot is human passions. vocal lyricism and emotion Puccini, Dovunque al mondo from Act I Madama Butterfly - Japan (exoticism) - Starts out as aria, then there's an interruptive recitative which changes the song to a duet A A' INTERUPTION A' A" --> Duet - greater flexibility/continuity within numbers (owing to Verdi's reforms (Italian), Wagner's reforms (no more German #'s) prose libretto, no text repetition, Debussian harmonies, rich 7th & 9th chords Directly influenced by Wagner -Prose libretto -No text rep -No rhyme scheme

Charles Boudelaire

Poet who wrote the words for Henri Duparc's piece, "Invitation to Travel"

Vernacular materials

Repetition because it's simple, drones in the bass, doesn't modulate, dissonance = awkwardness/non-chord tones, crude, music of the people, modal scales

Carmen - Bizet (1875) Opera Comique

Spain Carmen (Gypsy) - Smugglers Don Jose (Soldier) - Prison - Awol (Stabs Carmen) Escamillio - Matador Set in Seville around the year 1830, the opera deals with the love and jealousy of Don José, who is lured away from his duty as a soldier and his beloved Micaëla by the gypsy factory-girl Carmen, whom he allows to escape from custody. When he soon succumbs to her seduction, fleeing a life in the military to join the gypsy world, all in Carmen's name. When Escamillio comes into the picture, Carmen makes clear her preference for the bull-fighter. Local Color- Picturesque, Out of the way societies Habenara: - Gypsy dance (folk songs and dances) - 2 beat ostinato - very static - unusual harmonic rhythm - chromatic passing tones - Non dev. modules - repeatition - aa(a)bb(b) - Rhymic articulation -Parallelism (Consecutive 5ths and octaves) -Incorrect/unusual scales Exoticism - Mystery, unusual location, other cultures, sex

Melodrama

Spoken dialogue with background music

Cultural Crisis c. 1900

Status quo sucks

Which composers and which works on the syllabus employ extended techniques?

Strauss and Schoenberg

Grand opera

Subjects drawn from European and ancient history; strives for sensational theatrical effect (choruses, ballets, spectacular scenes); large musical forces

Paul Verlaine

Symbolist poet; symbols and imagery to evoke feelings and experiences rather than direct description (1844-1896) French poet

Otello - Verdi (1887)

Venehan: Desdemona (otellos wife, strangled by him) Cassio: 1st officer framed by... Iago: 2nd office, drives the plot and lies Emelia: Iago's wife Rodrigo- Henchman Otello: Moor (N. African Muslim) general Verdi, Brindisi (Act I, scene 2) and Act IV, scene 3 from Otello - constantly developing ab (b) ab (b) ab... text rep// no text rep// text rep// no text rep - reminiscience theme (theme that comes back)

Coloratura

Vocal music ornamented with runs and trills

Which of Weber's stylistic and musico-dramatic ideas did Wagner enlarge upon and expand?

Wagner adopted Weber's idea of the opera orchestra as an independent expressive voice that abstractly communicates the drama through a network of musical symbols

Music drama

Wagner's term for his operas

What is musical nationalism? What prompted it? How did it contribute to style change as the 19th century progressed?

Where music (a cultural expression) brings people together for a national cause a. need for internal reform b. independence from foreign oppressor c. politics & culture d. folk hymns and popular dance music used e. a political agenda of musical nationalism f. purely musical or stylistic nationalism (competition with BIG 3 - Italy, Germany, France) **national subject matter ** use of vernacular materials = common people

Octatonicism

a scale that alternates whole and half steps

What are Debussy's chief stylistic and cultural innovations? In what ways did his music influence Stravinsky's?

a. static harmony b. sensuous harmony/scoring (Petrushka Chord) c. "mosaic" form (layering + cross cutting) Stravinsky's nationalistic style and Debussy's influence allowed for Modernism

The ring of the Nibelungs (1848-1874)

tetraology 1.) Rheingold (prequel to a trilogy) -Rhinemaidens - guards of the gold akak nature 2.) Nibelungs - Dwarves, miners work for the gods. - Alberich (steals goldand makes the ring) curses the ring (Stolen by Wotan) 3.) Gods - Valhalla -Fricka = Goddess of marriage -Wotan = Chief God -Donner = light God Freia = Goddess of youth 4.) Giants -Fafner and Fasolt want Freia -Given gold and ring -Fafner kills Fasolt and becomes a dragon Wotan has an affair with a mortal woman - Siegmund (hero) and Sieglinde = Hunding The Valkyrie Act I - Siegfried returns ring to nature Musical styles- Prominence of orchestra - all knowing -Flexible mix of recit/parlante/arioso/ocasional lyricism -Web of leitmotivs (rep. theme) -No text rep

Lili Boulanger

•Parisian-born •Younger sister of pedagogue Nadia •Career hampered by illness •Embraced Impressionism and other innovations •First woman to win Prix de Rome (1913) •Lyrical and innovative music •Focused on choral and chamber works -"Elle est gravement gaie"