Music Mid-term 2

Why did soul decline in popularity in the 1970s?

1) the domination of conglomerates in in the distribution of black music -conglomerates that bought smaller black music labels had to produce pop songs in order to sell music to cover costs of buying smaller labels. Soul pop songs didn't sell and these labels dropped soul artists 2) the expansion of the crossover market for black music 3) the popularity of disco among the masses

Modern Civil Rights Movement

A movement beginning in the late 1940s and blossoming in the late 1950s to mid-1960s that pushed for equal rights for African Americans

Curtis Mayfield

Curtis Lee Mayfield (June 3, 1942 - December 26, 1999) was an American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and record producer, and one of the most influential musicians behind soul and politically conscious African-American music.[1][2] He first achieved success and recognition with The Impressions during the civil rights movement of the late 1950s and 1960s, and later worked as a solo artist.

pop production formula

Highly lyrical vocals without ornamentation, supported by lush orchestral arrangement and a simple rhythmic foundation; lyrics are often strophic with hook line or verse-refrain structures.

Mixtape

Informal collection of songs, often assembled by a DJ, sometimes recorded with a unique sonic stamp

Foxy Brown

Perpetuates negative stereotypes about Black people such as dealing drugs, violence, vigilante justice, black sexuality. Is Foxy brown a hero for black women? Link's speech on being black in America: "Foxy, I'm a black man, and I don't know how to sing, and I don't know how to dance, and I don't know how to preach to no congregation. I'm too small to be a football hero, and too ugly to be elected mayor. But I watch TV and see all these folks and the nice homes they live in and all them fancy cars they drive, I just get so full of ambition. Now you tell me what I'm supposed to do with all this ambition?"

Why is it called Soul?

Replacing religious words with non religious words e.g. "I got a savior" to "I got a woman"

Origins of Soul

Rhythm and Blues with a new emphasis/ re-emphasis of gospel. Soul is influenced by many genres but particularly by gospel. Ex.) James Brown "I've Got a Woman" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CnI_LuCJ4Ek

vocoder/voice box

an electronic device that is used to distort natural vocal sounds

Cadenza

an extended, sometimes improvised section in a vocal or instrumental performance, usually occurring at the end

Polyrhythm

several contrasting rhythms played or sung simultaneously

Known Listening: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5jJEy9US-gc

"We're a Winner" Curtis Mayfield 1968

Death of Disco 1979

-Backlash against empowerment of blacks, gays, and women -"Disco Sucks" -White Sox owner lets in people for 69 cents for disco records to blow them up. All hell breaks lose with the fans https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JSVTJn_NMeU

What factors prompted the backlash against disco in the US? What were the consequences of this negative response?

-The association/empowerment of gays, women, and blacks as disco gained economic success and became more mainstream -Market became flooded with recordings of substandard quality

Hot Stuff Chapter 2: How did disco contribute to a sense of "oneness" among marginalized communities and especially in the gay community? How did disco invert the aesthetics and value of what's considered authentic/inauthentic? In what way is the history of "gay disco" a troubled history?

-everyone listened to disco yet it was black music, gay music, and women's music -by the end of the disco era, people were more divided than ever due to "disco sucks" -Disco brought gays, women and blacks to the center of culture -Gave space for gay men to express their sexuality freely -gave them an opportunity to be with only gay men -downside of this was exclusivity--weren't always race or gender inclusive; never many women involved

common meter

4/4 time; sometimes superimposed over 12/8 meter or triplet background

Civil Rights Soul

After 1968 MLK assassination, Soul becomes explicitly social justice soul. Motown also eventually becomes soul/civil rights oriented Ex.) Aretha Franklin "Respect" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6FOUqQt3Kg0 James Brown "I'm Black and I'm Proud" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9bJA6W9CqvE

Disco

Genre of 1970s dance music, derived from the abbreviation of discotheque, the main venue of consumption

Hot Stuff Intro

In the 70s, gay men, black people, and women "ditched predictable social scripts. Disco played a central role in this process." Hot Stuff is about the debates this triggered

Known Listening: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rxLCIsbmnUU

Mother, Father, Sister, BrotherMFSB - "TSOP (The Sound Of Philadelphia)" 1973

Subversive Disco

Musique, "In the Bush" (1978) Anita Ward, "Ring My Bell" (1979) Village People (1978-1980)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vc0gYbTNctU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bk-BPRXYk9g

Known Listening: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lYl7ki_D5yc

Parliament - "Flash Light" 1977

Groove

Syncopated and repetitive rhythmic foundation established by the bass and drum

How did advancements in musical technologies impact funk music in the 1980s?

To remain popular with pop music, many funk bands replaced bass and horn players with with synthesizers and added disco rhythm to the funk groove

Doo Wop

Typically, a cappella vocal harmony groups that emphasized the rhythmic delivery of phrases consisting of vocables (syllables without lexical meaning) such as "doo-wop"

12-inch single

an extended play 45 rpm record that accommodated remixed and rearranged versions of hit songs, permitting longer uninterrupted dancing, especially for disco audiences

Proto-Funk

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9bJA6W9CqvE

Origins of Soul

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IGApQO0fJbo

Psychedelic Rock

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JOKn33-q4Ao

Doo-Wop/Vocals

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jn2PNlhvy8E

Pop Funk

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QHGOO73Gxg4 -Crossover music targeted for a radio audience -Detracts from social justice message of funk -Appeals to stereotypes -Shorter songs for the radio -regular funk was not on the radio

P-Funk

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZyJzylk8d_M

Explicitly Civil Rights Soul

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_DHRGrIqmb0&list=PL76314E7A73F22E34

1970s Soul Divergence: Sweet Soul--> Disco

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=baNbyst7aW0

Bass Driven

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w9S7bcXuxc8

1960s Soul

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xLOB6B6vMTY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y8raabzZNqw

Musical Features of Funk:

syncopated rhythmic patterns, accent on the downbeat, percussive delivery style (esp. J. Brown), strong emphasis on the bass line, wide ranging lyrics (from party lyrics to social commentary).

Mix

(1) Verb: The recording studio term for combining and balancing instruments, vocals, and special effects in a sound recording. (2) Noun: A seamless progression of pre-recorded songs

Blaxplotation Definition

-"the exploitation of black people, especially with regard to stereotyped roles in movies" (American Heritage) -"the morphing of the words "black" and "exploitation". It is a film genre from the 1970s that targeted the urban African-American audience. The actors used were mainly black and [it] was the first style to use funk and soul music. Although initially popular it quickly [lost its appeal] as a film genre criticized for the use of stereotypes" (Urban Dictionary) -Today, blaxploitation film is both praised and derided, understood as both a net positive and net negative for the black community

Definition of Blaxploitation

-"the exploitation of black people, especially with regard to stereotyped roles in movies" (American Heritage) -"the morphing of the words "black" and "exploitation". It is a film genre from the 1970s that targeted the urban African-American audience. The actors used were mainly black and [it] was the first style to use funk and soul music. Although initially popular it quickly [lost its appeal] as a film genre criticized for the use of stereotypes" (Urban Dictionary) -Today, blaxploitation film is both praised and derided, understood as both a net positive and net negative for the black community

Definition of Disco

-Derived from the French discothèque A form of dance music, and later radio pop, that emphasized percussion, particularly the hi-hat, and thumping bass beating a straight 4/4 pattern ("four on the floor", often with lush orchestration and smooth vocals -Shorter radio cuts were often made from longer, 12" singles that could be 8-12 minutes in length for one song. -Disco subverted authorship conventions, being less characterized by its musical form, which are extensions of basic pop formulas, than by its recording inventive "mixing" techniques and by the role of the DJ in choosing/meshing tracks in live club play -Disco deals with many taboo subjects, not least alternatively masculinities, sex (sometimes explicitly), women's sexual desires (rather than only men), and LGBTQ issues (normally indirectly or by innuendo)

Hot Stuff Chapter 4: How did disco change definitions of "masculinity," specifically within the gay community? What is meant by "the rise of the gay machismo"? In what ways did gays (do gays) require a diva to ventriloquize their emotionality?

-Disco machismo gave a cover for gay men -also a ways to express diversity of ways to be gay -gays don't need women to sing their songs anymore

Hot Stuff Chapter 1: How was disco a refutation of the black machismo cultivated by James Brown? How did disco give rise to alternate black masculinities?

-Disco represents black America's shifting relationship to masculinity, upwards mobility, and politics in the post civil rights era -Shift away from James Brown male centered sexual politics -Black men claiming the mantle of sophistication -Love man...toughness being harnessed for tenderness -romantic love and a more selfless masculinity -vulnerability and tenderness

Subgenres of Funk

-Proto-Funk (Soul) -Percussive Style (James Brown) -Doo-Wop/Vocals Oriented (Sly Stone) -Bass Driven (Graham Central Station) -Psychedelic Rock Oriented (Funkadelic) -Pop Funk (Kool and the Gang, Ohio Players) -P-Funk -Pop Music with Funk Influence (e.g. Thriller)

Definitions of Funk:

-Unlike rhythm & blues and soul, "funk" was not primarily a record-industry label, but more a genre label -Funk music antedates the use of the term itself; the term comes into vogue in the 1970s, but the musical roots reach back to the mid-60s -The term itself may be derived from African words having to do with strong odors, particularly of a bodily or sexual nature -Musical traits include, but are not limited to: syncopated rhythmic patterns, accent on the downbeat, percussive delivery style (esp. J. Brown), strong emphasis on the bass line, wide ranging lyrics (from party lyrics to social commentary). -"Funky" can refer to a style of music, a manner of dress, or a type of dance

Hot Stuff Chapter 3: Was disco a cultural arm of feminism or was disco a backlash against feminism? Did disco empower women? What are both sides of this argument?

-backlash against feminism because disco identified as women's music -both good and bad for women -good because it gave them a platform -bad because it push-backed against feminism -gave them platform to express their sexual desires, no longer solely objects of men's -as disco became mainstream, it increasingly become women's music -some say it was bad because it reduced women to "sexual playthings" and that it actually reinforced western assumptions of traditional gender -others say it was good because feminism entails sexual liberation, which this did

Concept album

A collection of songs based on a theme that is reflected in the album's cover design and graphics

Auto-Tune

A digital device used to manipulate vocal and instrumental pitch. The synthesized vocoder preceded the Auto-Tune

Neo Soul

A marketing term used to promote soul music created by the second generation of soul singers

Definition of Soul Music

Any black music produced from 1969-1982 (another label chart), however, unlike "rhythm & blues," "soul music" is characterized by a more set of musical and stylistic traits, with gospel music providing a particularly rich foundation for it. Also has components of Blues, Jazz, R+B, and Pop (see full diagram in PP). Funk and Disco are considered Soul by music industry

Synthesizer

Any electronic musical instrument that creates its sounds through digital means, allowing the performer to vary pitch, timbre, attack, decay, and other basic sound elements

Known Listening: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d-2I1JKwIzo

Aretha Franklin "Dr. Feelgood" 1967

Aretha Franklin

Aretha Louise Franklin (March 25, 1942 - August 16, 2018) was an American singer, songwriter, civil rights activist, actress, and pianist.[2] Franklin began her career as a child singing gospel at New Bethel Baptist Church in Detroit, Michigan, where her father C. L. Franklin was minister. At the age of 18, she embarked on a secular career recording for Columbia Records. However, she achieved only modest success. Franklin found acclaim and commercial success after signing with Atlantic Records in 1966. Hit songs such as "Respect", "Chain of Fools", "Think", "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman", "I Never Loved a Man (The Way I Love You)", and "I Say a Little Prayer", propelled Franklin past her musical peers. By the end of the 1960s, Aretha Franklin had come to be known as "The Queen of Soul".

Abbey L. Ferber, "We Aren't Just Color Blind, We Are Oppression Blind,"

Argues that we aren't only blind to oppression due to race, but also to privilege, gender, sexuality, class, nationality, ability, age, and religion. The defense of white privilege is the color-blind ideology: idea that with the passage of the civil rights laws all racism went away. Defense of colorblind ideology: 1. Abstract liberalism: idea that everyone is on an equal playing field; discrimination is no longer a problem and anyone that works hard can succeed. 2. Naturalization: reframes ongoing inequality as a result of natural processes rather than social relations 3. Cultural Racism: reframes ongoing inequality as the result of inherent cultural differences 4. Minimization of racism: assumes we have an equal playing field now and equal opportunity to succeed and that racism is no longer a problem The same principle applies to feminism, but there is still gender inequality. Same principles apply for Christian privilege; idea that christianity is the normal religion; Christianity undergirds all other systems of oppression in the US

Enduring Disco Formulas

CASCADA (2004-10) Miracle Bad Boy Every Time We Touch https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kv_wg1b0QVk Tells a story, has a problem in the beginning, then gets into the dance music part

Early Disco (1973)

Characterized by sweet soul sound, simplified funk rhythms, Latin influence, lush orchestration Ex.) Barry White, "I'm Gonna Love You Just A Little More Baby" (1973) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x6AL1XnHJZs

1960s Soul

Diverse Styles Ex.) Wilson Pickett, "In the Midnight Hour" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FGVGFfj7POA

Subgenres of Disco

Early Disco (1973) Two Main Styles (1975-6) -R&B Disco -Euro Disco Mainstream Disco (1977) Crossover & Radio Disco (1978-9) Subversive Disco (mostly 1978+) "Death" of Disco (1979) Enduring Disco Formulas

Subgenres of Soul

Early Soul: Origins in Rhythm & Blues -re-emphasis of gospel 1960s Soul -diverse styles Explicitly Civil Rights Soul -diverse styles 1970s Soul Divergence -sweet soul -funky soul

Earth Wind and Fire

Earth, Wind & Fire (abbreviated in initials as EWF or EW&F) is an American band that has spanned the musical genres of R&B, soul, funk, jazz, disco, pop, rock, dance, Latin, and Afro pop.[1][2] They have been described as one of the most innovative and commercially successful acts of all time.[3][1][4] Rolling Stone called them "innovative, precise yet sensual, calculated yet galvanizing" and declared that the band "changed the sound of black pop".[5] VH1 has also described EWF as "one of the greatest bands" of all time.[4]

Euro Disco (1975-6)

Euro disco tended to feature simple chanted vocals, less syncopated bass parts, thicker arrangements filled with orchestral instruments and synthesizers, and relied on a producer who directed anonymous studio musicians. The songs sequenced a series of contrasting episodes over and in varying tempo. Donna Summer, "Love to Love You Baby" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ul_eiDQy68

George Clinton

George Edward Clinton[3] (born July 22, 1941) is an American singer, songwriter, bandleader, and record producer. His Parliament-Funkadelic collective (which primarily recorded under the distinct band names Parliament and Funkadelic) developed an influential and eclectic form of funk music during the 1970s that drew on science-fiction, outlandish fashion, psychedelic culture, and surreal humor.[4] He launched a solo career in 1981, and would go on to influence 1990s hip-hop and G-funk.[2] He is regarded, along with James Brown and Sly Stone, as one of the foremost innovators of funk music. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1997, alongside 15 other members of Parliament-Funkadelic.

Soul Music

Gospel-influenced African American popular music style that began to emerge in the late 1950s and became popular during the 1960s

What musical features make disco music consonant with African American music?

Heavy beat Gospel-driven tone Began with exclusively black DJs

James Brown

James Joseph Brown[1] (May 3, 1933 - December 25, 2006) was an American singer, songwriter, dancer, musician, record producer and bandleader. A progenitor of funk music and a major figure of 20th century popular music and dance, he is often referred to as the "Godfather of Soul".[2] In a career that lasted 50 years, he influenced the development of several music genres.[3]

Kool & the Gang

Kool & the Gang are an American band formed in Jersey City, New Jersey in 1964 by brothers Robert "Kool" Bell and Ronald Bell, with Dennis "D.T." Thomas, Robert Mickens, Charles Smith, George Brown, and Ricky West. They have undergone numerous changes in personnel and have explored many musical styles throughout their history, including jazz, soul, funk, rock, and pop music. After settling on their name following several changes, the group signed to De-Lite Records and released their debut album, Kool and the Gang (1970).

When and where did disco develop? What was the role of race and gender in its development?

Late 1960s-early 1970s leading to its prominence in 1973 New York City in underground dance clubs. Disco began with underground DJs playing dance music for black people, latinos and gay people.

R&B/Funk Disco (1975-6)

Latin-influenced dance-funk, retaining the interlocking horns and bass guitar of funk, but substituting verse-chorus structures for open-ended vamps, and reducing lyric content to only a few words Ex.) KC and the Sunshine Band, "Get Down Tonight" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LHEsE9yN2CY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q3svW8PM_jc

Jim Crow Laws

Laws limiting African American freedoms and rights in US society

Black Power Movement

Movement of the 1960s and 1970s that emphasized black racial pride and autonomy. Black power advocates encouraged African Americans to assert community control, and some within the movement also rejected the ethos of nonviolence.

Club music

Music produced for and promoted at dance clubs during and after the disco era. DJs typically play a broad range of music, assembling material from various musical styles.

Documentary "Let Freedom Sing" Thesis

Music was not a reflection of civil rights, but actually led the charge

Define funk both as a musical genre and a cultural concept. Identify the pioneers of this genre and their contributions to its development.

Musical definition: -Unlike rhythm & blues and soul, "funk" was not primarily a record-industry label, but more a genre label -Funk music antedates the use of the term itself; the term comes into vogue in the 1970s, but the musical roots reach back to the mid-60s -The term itself may be derived from African words having to do with strong odors, particularly of a bodily or sexual nature -Musical traits include, but are not limited to: syncopated rhythmic patterns, accent on the downbeat, percussive delivery style (esp. J. Brown), strong emphasis on the bass line, wide ranging lyrics (from party lyrics to social commentary). -"Funky" can refer to a style of music, a manner of dress, or a type of dance Culturally: defiance and social and political change that challenged the status quo: Civil Rights and Black Power; also known as "happy music and party music" Pioneers of the Genre: James Brown (Godfather of Soul), Sly and the Family Stone, and Larry Graham. Brown introduced rhythmic concepts that gave preference to the down beat measure. Sly and the Family Stone were more rhythm and blues-rock-oriented. They also borrowed technology from rock bands like the wah-wah pedal and fuzz box. Graham pioneered the plucked-bass style--turned it into a percussive instrument

Define soul music as both a cultural concept and a musical genre. How is soul music related to the Civil Rights and Black Power Movement?

Musical definition: Any black music produced from 1969-1982 (another label chart), however, unlike "rhythm & blues," "soul music" is characterized by a more set of musical and stylistic traits, with gospel music providing a particularly rich foundation for it. Also has components of Blues, Jazz, R+B, and Pop (see full diagram in PP). Funk and Disco are considered Soul by music industry Cultural concept: Keeps same themes of romance and social relationships that R+B had, but added social and political commentary inspired by the civil rights movement. Relation to Civil Rights and Black Power: Soul became a signifier of blackness--it became associated with all forms of black cultural production: music, dance, visual art, foodways, fashion etc. Much of the music was inspired by speeches or key figures in the civil rights movement. In late 60s, many soul singers became spokespersons for Black Power

Prince

Prince Rogers Nelson (June 7, 1958 - April 21, 2016), best known as Prince, was an American singer, songwriter, musician, record producer, and filmmaker. Born and raised in Minneapolis, Minnesota, Prince was known for his eclectic work, flamboyant stage presence, extravagant fashion sense and use of makeup, and wide vocal range. Prince was also a multi-instrumentalist[1][2] who was considered a guitar virtuoso; he was also skilled at playing the drums, percussion, bass, keyboards, and synthesizer.[3] His innovative music integrated a wide variety of styles, including funk, rock, R&B, new wave, soul, psychedelia, and pop. He sold over 100 million records worldwide, making him one of the best-selling music artists of all time.[4] He won eight Grammy Awards,[5] six American Music Awards,[6] a Golden Globe Award,[7] and an Academy Award for the 1984 film Purple Rain.[8] He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2004.[9]

Ray Charles

Ray Charles Robinson[note 1] (September 23, 1930 - June 10, 2004), known professionally as Ray Charles, was an American singer-songwriter, musician, and composer. Among friends and fellow musicians he preferred being called "Brother Ray". He was often referred to as "The Genius".[2][3] Charles started going blind at the age of 5. At 7, he was completely blind. He pioneered the soul music genre during the 1950s by combining blues, rhythm and blues, and gospel styles into the music he recorded for Atlantic Records.[4][5][6] He also contributed to the integration of country music, rhythm and blues, and pop music during the 1960s with his crossover success on ABC Records, most notably with his two Modern Sounds albums.[7][8][9] While he was with ABC, Charles became one of the first black musicians to be granted artistic control by a mainstream record company.[5]

Disco-Crossover, Radio (1978-9) (two types here)

Rock-Disco Rolling Stones, "Miss You" (1978) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KuRxXRuAz-I Euro-Disco Style dominated, but some aspects of funk remained prominent Chic, "Good Times" (1979) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Er9xGRolrT4

Known Listening: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Aj4qv2sziA

Roger - "So Ruff, So Tuff" 1981

Funk and Social Justice

SOUL--> Integrationist Stance of Civil Rights Movement --> Crossover Appeal of Motown Pop (White Audience) FUNK --> Radical Stance of Black Power Movement --> No Attempt at Crossover Appeal (Black Audience) -Radical stance of black power movement -Aimed for black people -meant to shock you -idea was not to hide

Sam Cooke

Samuel Cook[2] (January 22, 1931 - December 11, 1964),[2] known professionally as Sam Cooke, was an American singer, songwriter, and entrepreneur. Influential as both a singer and composer,[3] he is commonly known as the King of Soul for his distinctive vocals and importance within popular music. He began singing as a child and joined The Soul Stirrers before moving to a solo career where he scored a string of hit songs like "You Send Me", "A Change Is Gonna Come", "Wonderful World", "Chain Gang", "Twistin' the Night Away", and "Bring it on Home to Me".

Known Listening: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q49vjFN6Fsw

Sly & The Family Stone - "Stand!" 1969

Sly Stone

Sly Stone (born Sylvester Stewart, March 15, 1943, Denton, Texas) is an American musician, songwriter, and record producer who is most famous for his role as frontman for Sly and the Family Stone, a band that played a critical role in the development of soul, funk, rock, and psychedelia in the 1960s and 1970s.[1]

Soul Train

Soul Train was an American music-dance television program which aired in syndication from October 2, 1971 to March 27, 2006. In its 35-year history, the show primarily featured performances by R&B, soul, dance/pop and hip hop artists, although funk, jazz, disco and gospel artists also appeared. The series was created by Don Cornelius, who also served as its first host and executive producer. -Changed how black music was disseminated across America -direct -visual -Opened up black commercialization -Commercials aimed at black people

Divergence of Soul

Sweet Soul--> Disco ex.) O'Jay's, "Love Train" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2vTKmVvyNRc Funky Soul-->Funk ex.) James Brown, "Get Up (Sex Machine)" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BCCkb6k_aow

Mainstream Disco (1977)

Textures were thickened with orchestral instruments and synthesizers, while the drums and bass grew steadily busier and less syncopated. The drums added frequent and regular offbeat accents on the hi-hat cymbal to the on-beat accents of the bass drum Made popular by Saturday Night Fever (1977) Bee Gees popularized this form among white, straight men https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_JoZS6LgqYI

The Staple Singers

The Staple Singers were an American gospel, soul and R&B singing group. Roebuck "Pops" Staples (1914-2000), the patriarch of the family, formed the group with his children Cleotha (April 11, 1934 - February 21, 2013),[1] Pervis (b. 1935), and Mavis (b. 1939). Yvonne (October 23, 1937 - April 10, 2018)[2][3] replaced her brother when he was drafted into the U.S. Army, and again in 1970. They are best known for their 1970s hits "Respect Yourself", "I'll Take You There", "If You're Ready (Come Go with Me)", and "Let's Do It Again". While the family name is Staples, the group used "Staple" commercially.

Texture

The interaction among the vocal and instrumental lines in an ensemble

Mark R. Warren, "Winning Hearts and Minds,"

Thesis: All social movement require winning of the heart (values/emotions), mind (knowledge/interests) , and hand (building relationships/taking action). Music creates solidarity-makes whites feel that they're not much different; music appeals to all three of these

Bernice Johnson Reagon, "The Civil Rights Period: Music as an Agent of Social Change," in Issues in African American Music: Power, Gender, Race, Representation, ed. By Portia K. Maultsby and Mellonnee V. Burnim (Rutledge, 2017), pp. 201-215.

Thesis: Music played a key role in helping blacks become visible in the civil rights movement; songs were "the sound of freedom"

Zapp and Roger

Zapp (also known as the Zapp Band or Zapp & Roger) is an American funk band that emerged from Dayton, Ohio, in 1977. Particularly influential in the electro subgenre of funk, Zapp were known for their trademark use of the talk-box effect. The original line-up consisted of four Troutman brothers—frontman Roger, Larry, Lester and Terry—and non-Troutman family members Bobby Glover, Gregory Jackson, Sherman Fleetwood, Jerome Derrickson, Eddie Barber and Jannetta Boyce. Zapp also worked closely with George Clinton and Bootsy Collins of Parliament-Funkadelic during its early stages, their support being a factor in the group gaining a record deal with Warner Bros. Records in 1979.

Hard Bop

a combo jazz style of the 1950s that incorporated the phrasings and harmonies of blues, rhythm and blues, and gospel music

Melisma

a syllable of text sung to many notes

Percussive Style

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1UzZUfFUnxY

1970s Soul Divergence: Funky Soul--> Funk

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2BdhhQayeWw

Crossover

the process by which a recording released in a secondary market achieves hit status in the mainstream market

Timbre

the quality of a sound that distinguishes one voice or instrument from another