Music Test 3

modulation (baroque)

change of one key to another

romantic genres

character piece for piano solo, german lied (art song), symphonic poem, romantic opera

secular

dance rhythms, secular lyrics

Alberti bass

lowest, highest, middle, highest. This pattern is then repeated.

Aria

formal song, strophic (repetitive), voice with continuo and orchestral instruments

Baroque instruments

harpsichord (piano like) and lute (guitar like)

romantic opera

huge, elaborate musical dramas, greatest composer Wagner

Chorale harmonizations (baroque)

in a simple, chordal, homophonic, strophic, hymnlike style for congregational singing.

solo concerto

one instrument with orchestra (vivaldi)

What are the most prominent genres of the Baroque period?

opera, chamber music (sonata), keyboard works (fugue), choral music (cantata, oratorio, aria, recitative)

French overture

part 1: slow majestic orchestral music (homophonic/chordal) part 2: serious contrapuntal style

What makes a composer's music "Romantic" as opposed to "Classic"?

personal expression and emotion

polyphonic

producing many sounds simultaneously; many-voiced.

What are the components of Baroque opera?

renewed interest in drama, melody and accompaniment textures, instrumental movements (overtures), (Julius Ceasar)

characteristics of romantic

rise of the virtuoso performer, rise of nationalism in music, extreme contrast (more dissonance, chromaticism, harmonic tension, extreme emotions at times), use of rubato (bending the tempo), interest in horror and the supernatural

oratorio

sacred music for concert performance, longer, larger, more complex

Renaissance (motet)

sacred, in latin, vocal music, fewer voices

strophic (baroque)

same music is used for each stanza

concerto form

sonata form in concerto (exposition 1, exposition 2, development, recapitulation, cadenza, coda

How does the chamber music of the Classic period compare with that of the Baroque?

sonata form was created in that it represented a musical journey

What are the primary music genres and forms of the Classic period?

sonata, symphony, concerto, string quartet, theme variations, and rondo

In what significant ways does the music of the Classic period differ from Baroque music?

textures are mostly homophonic (melody with accompaniment), melodies are mostly smooth and lyrical (expressive and singable), melodies emphasize phrases and cadences (pause), phrases are like musical sentences cadences are like punctuation.

character pieces

the best solo piano music, short, one movement only, not in sonata, lyrical, expressive often technically demanding, genres: preludes and etudes

the classical period reflects...

the emotional restraint, balance, clarity, symmetry, clear and precise formal structure, and simplicity

Beethoven was..

the transition to romanticism

sonata form continued (themes)

themes..unfolding themes..secondary theme..coda..ending "tail"

antiphonal

two groups interacting voice or instruments

duo concerto

two instruments with orchestra (vivaldi)

string quartet (4 strings)

violin, violin, viola, cello

renaissance

vocal and instrumental, mostly polyphonic or homophonic, vocal works can be sacred MMM, instrumental music include chamber or solo, composers experiment with full chords and cadences.

classical music instruments

woodwinds, brass, strings, percussion, the piano (pianoforte) replaces the harpsichord

nationalistic music reflects..

Cultural characteristics of a national group rather than of humankind in general. Folk and popular music and traditions. History, tales, and legends of a nation. Patriotism and the glories and triumphs of a nation and its people.

major-minor tonal system (baroque)

The basis of composition shifted from the system of church modes (scale or key) to the major-minor tonal system (tonality C major or minor)

symphonic poem

a large one-movement work for orchestra, may tell a specific story, often features contrasting moods

What makes a song an "art song"?

a song written to be sung in recital, typically with piano accompaniment and often set to a poem.

sonata form

also called "sonata-allegro", represents a musical journey home..wandering away..return home (exposition, development, recapitulation)

Renaissance (mass)

always song, texture is polyphonic, voices are overlapping

cadenza

and extended improvised passage by the soloist

the music of the romantic period was..

technically demanding, not always suited to amateurs

romantic composers to know

Brahms (symphonies), Chopin (piano character pieces), Schubert (over 600 art songs), Tchaikovsky (ballets/Nutcracker), Wagner (operas)

composers for classical

Franz Joseph Haydn (father of string quartets), Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (operas), Ludwig Van Beethoven (symphonies)

Who are the best-known composers of the Baroque era?

Johann Sebastian Bach (Mass in B Minor, St. Matthew Passion), George Frideric Handel ( Messiah and Water Music), Antonio Vivaldi (Four Seasons and Gloria)

composer of Renaissance

Josquin des Prez (mass, motets, secular songs), Giovanni Palestrina (mostly sacred music: mass and motets), Giovanni Gabrieli (choirs/brass choirs)

How do absolute music and program music differ?

Music created for its own sake, without any extramusical connotations, is known as absolute music, program music created to depict moods, images, and characters and to tell stories

Baroque musicians needed to meet the demand for who?

Musicians needed to meet the demand for church music, entertainment at the courts, festivals, ceremonies, and other public occasions in the cities

How does the symphony orchestra of the Classic period compare with the Baroque orchestra?

baroque only had enough players to play the piece and featured harpsichord. classical had more player and more instruments

word painting (baroque)

began during the Renaissance as composers realized that music could convey the moods and meanings of a text

In what ways was the orchestra in the nineteenth century different from the eighteenth-century orchestra?

bigger and more lush, more texture, instrumental tone color

homophonic

characterized by the movement of accompanying parts in the same rhythm as the melody

What are the most prominent compositional techniques? Baroque

developement of the major/minor tonal system, more chordale (hymn-like) homophonic textures; more developed forms of polyphony, continuo, word painting, greater contrast (keys, dynamics), importance of instrumental music

Much Baroque music is..

diatonic-scale is a seven-note musical scale vs. chromatic which is 12 scales

middle ages

emphasis on music, first monophonic then polyphonic, gregorian chant, conjunct or disjunct, syllabic or melismatic, hollow music

Romantic era

emphasis on new ideals (personal expression, subjective reality, experimentation) a wide range of emotions, sometimes unpredictable

What is a lied? What does lieder mean?

german word for art song, lyrical poem

monophonic mass

gregorian chant

Lutheran Chorale (baroque)

melodies sung by a congregation in unison and in the vernacular.

Renaissance (madrigal)

secular, vernacular, "Fa la la la", more voices, harmonic structure

german lied (art songs)

short, expressive pieces for voice and piano, based on romantic german poetry, the piano often plays a musical role in the song

Recitative

simple declaration of text, voice with continuo only harpsichord and bassline

concerto grosso

small group of soloists with orchestra (bach)

concertos

solo, duo, grosso

fugue (baroque)

sometimes incorporated into orchestral works (organ)

cantata

sung/sonata-played, sacred music for the worship service (one singer)