Muskuloskeletal Imaging, Breast, & Superficial Structures

31. All of the following are true of ganglion cysts except: a. A ganglion cyst is a common mass found along the superior aspect of the hand and wrist, between the tarsals. b. Ganglion cysts typically appear sonographically as an incompressible, anechoic mass with acoustic enhancement. c. Clinically, ganglion cysts may be hard to touch and painful. d. Ganglion cysts are often treated with an injection of corticosteroids.

a. A ganglion cyst is a common mass found along the superior aspect of the hand and wrist, between the tarsals.

6. A cystic mass located within the popliteal fossa is most likely a: a. Baker cyst b. Thompson cyst c. Ganglion cyst d. Lipoma

a. Baker cyst

33. Tendons sonographically appear as: a. Echogenic, fibrous structures connecting muscles to bone b. Echogenic, fibrous structures connecting bone to bone c. Hypoechoic, linear arrangements within hyperechoic tissue d. Hyperechoic tissue that contains linear, echogenic strands

a. Echogenic, fibrous structures connecting muscles to bone

32. A partial tear of a tendon typically appears as: a. Focal hypoechoic areas within the tendon b. A focal echogenic area within the tendon c. A diffusely heterogeneous area within the tendon d. Edema and refractive shadowing in the area of the divided tendon

a. Focal hypoechoic areas within the tendon

28. Which of the following is also referred to as a Bible bump? a. Ganglion cyst b. Superficial endodermal cyst c. Superficial epidermal cyst d. Epidermoid

a. Ganglion cyst

1. Which of the following techniques is used to measure the relationship of the femoral head and acetabulum by evaluating the alpha and beta angles? a. Graf b. Ortolani c. Barlow d. Thompson

a. Graf

19. Which of the following would be best described as a benign tumor comprised of blood vessels? a. Hemangioma b. Lipoma c. Hamartoma d. Oncocytoma

a. Hemangioma

20. Which of the following transducers would be best suited to sonographically assess for a splinter in a patient's hand? a. High-frequency linear array transducer b. Low-frequency curved array transducer c. High-frequency sector transducer d. Low-frequency linear array transducer

a. High-frequency linear array transducer

23. Which of the following best describes the most common sonographic appearance of gynecomastia? a. Hypoechioc, retroareolar mass b. Hyperechoic, exophytic mass c. Anechoic, retroareolar mass d. Hyperechoic, areolar mass

a. Hypoechioc, retroareolar mass

3. Clinical findings of tendonitis include all of the following except: a. Itching in the area of the tendon b. Pain c. Edema d. The area is warm to touch

a. Itching in the area of the tendon

15. All of the following are keys to identifying foreign bodies with sonography except: a. Most foreign bodies appear hypoechoic. b. A linear array transducer should be used. c. Most foreign bodies are better visualized using a standoff pad. d. Comet-tail artifact may be seen posterior to metallic objects.

a. Most foreign bodies appear hypoechoic.

27. A complicated Baker cyst may contain a thin flap of tissue referred to as: a. Pannus b. Plicae c. Septation d. Lipoma

a. Pannus

10. In what position should the patient placed to better evaluate the Achilles tendon? a. Prone b. Supine c. Right lateral decubitus d. Left lateral decubitus

a. Prone

11. Inflammation of the breast that is related to pregnancy is referred to as: a. Puerperal mastitis b. Retromammary mastitis c. Chronic mastitis d. Emphysematous mastitis

a. Puerperal mastitis

25. Inflammation of the tendon and synovial tendon sheath is referred to as: a. Tendosynovitis b. Tendonitis c. Cellulitis d. Pannus

a. Tendosynovitis

37. Which of the following best describes the Thompson test? a. The calf is squeezed and the foot should plantarflex in a patient who does not have a complete tear of the Achilles tendon. b. The calf is squeezed and the foot should not plantarflex in a patient who does not have a complete tear of the Achilles tendon. c. The Achilles tendon is squeezed and the foot should plantarflex in a patient who does not have a complete tear of the Achilles tendon. d. The Achilles tendon is squeezed and the foot should not plantarflex in a patient who does not have a complete tear of the Achilles tendon.

a. The calf is squeezed and the foot should plantarflex in a patient who does not have a complete tear of the Achilles tendon.

2. Inflammation and infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue is termed: a. Ascites b. Retroperitoneal fibrosis c. Cellulitis d. Subcutaneous edema

c. Cellulitis

8. A common mass found along the dorsal aspect of the hand and wrist is the: a. Baker cyst b. Thompson cyst c. Ganglion cyst d. Lipoma

c. Ganglion cyst

9. The Achilles tendon connects the: a. Ankle to the knee b. Heel to the ankle c. Heel to the calf muscle d. Knee to the calf muscle

c. Heel to the calf muscle

30. Sonographically, normal muscle appears as: a. Hyperechoic tissue that contains linear, echogenic strands b. Complex tissue that contains linear, hypoechoic strands c. Hypoechoic tissue that contains linear, echogenic strands d. Echogenic tissue that contains linear, hypoechoic strands

c. Hypoechoic tissue that contains linear, echogenic strands

35. Hyperemic flow within or around a structure is often indicative of: a. Malignancy b. Benignancy c. Inflammation d. Rupture

c. Inflammation

16. A 6-year-old female patient presents to the sonography department for a hip sonogram with irritability, unwillingness to walk, and low-grade fever. Sonographically, you visualize a hypoechoic fluid collection that elevates the joint capsule. What is the most likely diagnosis? a. Developmental hip dysplasia b. Subluxation c. Joint effusion d. Hip dislocation

c. Joint effusion

5. What test can be performed to determine a torn Achilles tendon? a. McBurney test b. McDonald test c. Thompson test d. Baker test

c. Thompson test

40. Which of the following at the site of a foreign body may produce bright echoes and therefore cause some ambiguity about the correct orientation of the object? a. Fluid b. Enhancement c. Dust d. Air

d. Air

38. Superficial lipomas may appear as all of the following except: a. Hypoechoic to the surrounding tissue b. Isoechoic to the surrounding tissues c. Hyperechoic to the surrounding tissue d. Anechoic to the surrounding tissue

d. Anechoic to the surrounding tissue

7. A patient presents with a palpable, oozing mass at the level of the natal cleft. What is the most likely etiology of this mass? a. Pannus cyst b. Epidermoid c. Hemangioma d. Pilonidal cyst

d. Pilonidal cyst

24. Acoustic shadowing caused by bending of a sound beam at the edge of a curved reflector is referred to as: a. Mirror image artifact b. Indirect artifact c. Reflective shadowing d. Refractive shadowing

d. Refractive shadowing

26. A patient presents to the sonography department with a history of cellulitis on his abdomen. The patient has fever, edema, and complains of focal tenderness in a specific region affected by the cellulitis. Sonographically, you identify a localized complex collection of fluid. What is the most likely diagnosis? a. Superficial hemangioma b. Subcutaneous carcinoma c. Mastitis d. Superficial abscess

d. Superficial abscess

34. A standoff pad is most useful in imaging: a. Deep structures that produce acoustic enhancement b. Deep structures that produce acoustic shadowing c. Structures that produce refractive shadowing d. Superficial structures

d. Superficial structures

36. All of the following will aid in the sonographic assessment of an Achilles tendon except: a. The patient lies prone, with his or her feet hanging off the end of the bed. b. Both the symptomatic and asymptomatic Achilles tendons should be scanned for comparison. c. The entire tendon should be evaluated in sagittal and transverse scan planes. d. The patient is scanned standing, with a small amount of pressure placed on the symptomatic side.

d. The patient is scanned standing, with a small amount of pressure placed on the symptomatic side.

13. Which of the following is true about patients with a lipoma? a. They often complain of pain in the area of the mass. b. They are often obese. c. They are only slightly tender in the area of the mass. d. They feel no pain in the area of the mass.

d. They feel no pain in the area of the mass.

18. What is the most likely cause of a hip joint effusion in infants? a. Tendonitis b. Bursitis c. Developmental hip dysplasia d. Transient synovitis

d. Transient synovitis

39. Bullets, shrapnel, and other metallic objects may cause: a. Acoustic enhancement b. Comet-tail artifact c. Edge enhancement d. Mirror image artifact

b. Comet-tail artifact

29. Clinical findings of a Baker cyst may mimic those of a(n): a. Arteriovenous malformation b. Deep venous thrombosis c. Knee fracture d. Ganglion cyst

b. Deep venous thrombosis

17. Which of the following would be best described as a benign tumor comprised of fat? a. Hemangioma b. Lipoma c. Hamartoma d. Oncocytoma

b. Lipoma

4. Which of the following is a clinical test for developmental hip dysplasia that is used to evaluate the hip for the reduction or relocation of a dislocated hip? a. Graf b. Ortolani c. Barlow d. Thompson

b. Ortolani

14. Subluxation denotes: a. Synovial joint obstruction b. Partial hip dislocation c. Rupture of the bursa d. Inflammation of the acetabulum

b. Partial hip dislocation

22. Fluid within the synovial sheath is indicative of: a. Hyperemic flow b. Tendosynovitis c. Cartilaginous inflammation d. Cartilaginous extension

b. Tendosynovitis

12. Which of the following best describes the Thompson test? a. The patient lies prone and performs plantarflexion b. The patient lies prone while the symptomatic calf is squeezed c. The patient lies supine and performs plantarflexion d. The patient lies prone and performs dorsiflexion

b. The patient lies prone while the symptomatic calf is squeezed

21. The accumulation of synovial fluid from a weakening in the joint capsule of the knee, as seen in conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis can result in a: a. Hemangioma b. Lipoma c. Baker cyst d. Ganglion cyst

c. Baker cyst