my exam 2

The Irish potato famine of the 19th century was precipitated by an Oomycete in the genus _____, which causes late blight of potato.

Phytophthora

In chapter seven of E.O. Wilson's book The Diversity of Life, ______ is the term applied to the spread of species of common ancestry into different niches.

adaptive radiation

Stomata ______.

allow gas exchange for photosynthesis

Cellular slime molds feed as individual _____ cells.

amoeboid

The most diverse, successful, and familiar group of plants today are the:

angiosperms

Most protists are:

aquatic

Kelps are ______ with multicellular bodies differentiated into blades, stops, holdfasts, and gas-filled floats.

brown algae

Plants probably descended from a group of green algae called ______.

charophytes

Animals, fungi and most bacteria are known as ______, because they obtain energy from chemicals (typically by redox reactions), and because they cannot fix carbon; they use organic molecules produced by other organisms as the building blocks form which they synthesize the carbon compounds they need.

chemoheterotrophs

Which group of protists are unicellular, biflagellate stramenopiles that forms a significant portion of the nanoplankton?

golden algae

Which is a basic difference between gymnosperms and flowering plants?

gymnosperms produce seeds borne naked, while flowering plants produce seeds enclosed within a fruit

In Chapter nine of The Diversity of Life, E.O. Wilson uses the sea otter (Enhydra lutris) as an example of a classic _____ species; a small predator that prevents a particular herbivorous species from eliminating dominant plant species. Since the prey numbers are low, the ______ predator numbers can be even lower and still be effective. Yet without the predators, the herbivorous prey explode in numbers, wipe out the dominant plants, and dramatically alter the character of the ecosystem.

keystone

A strengthening compound found in cell walls of vascular plants is _______.

lignin

_____ is caused by the apicomplexan Plasmodium falciparum, that spends part of its life cycle in the Anopheles mosquito and part in humans.

malaria

Most conifers have separate male and female reproductive parts on the same tree. This condition is referred to as:

monoecious

Plasmodial slime molds feed as ______ plasmodia.

multi-nucleate

Given the diversity in protist ultrastructure and molecular data, biologists regard the protists as a(n) ______ group, meaning that some are descendants of a common eukaryote ancestor.

paraphyletic

Microorganisms that cause disease are called ______.

pathogens

Some parasitic protists are important ______ (disease-causing agents) of plants and animals.

pathogens

The floating, often microscopic organisms that are the base of food webs in aquatic ecosystems are collectively called _____.

plankton

_______ have cell walls with cellulose and characteristically obtain most of their energy from sunlight via photosynthesis using chlorophyll contained in chloroplasts, which gives them their green color. However, some are parasitic and may not produce normal amounts of chlorophyll or photosynthesize. They are also characterized by sexual reproduction, modular and indeterminate growth, and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations, although asexual reproduction is common.

plants

Amoebas move and obtain food by means of _______.

pseudopodia

According to Solomon et al., the monophyletic supergroup "Archaeplasids" includes ______.

red algae, green algae, and plants

Although many protists are free-living, others form stable ____ associations with unrelated organisms. These intimate associations range from mutualism, to commensalism, to parasitism.

symbiotic

In plant life cycles _______.

the first stage in the diploid sporophyte generation is the zygote

The _____ are specialized excavates that live in the guts of termites and wood-eating cockroaches. They ingest wood chips from the wood that termites or roaches eat and rely on endosymbiotic bacteria to digest cellulose in the wood. The insects, ______, and bacteria all obtain their nutrients from this source. This is an excellent example of mutualism.

trichonymphs

Water molds (Oomycetes) are heterokonts, organisms that have two different kinds of ______.

flagella

You find a unicellular organism that forms lobe-like pseudopodia. When you expose the cells to cAMP, they aggregate into a slug like structure. Based on this information, you correctly conclude that this organism is known as:

Dictyostelium discoideum (a cellular slime mold)

This is conjugation in paramecium. What is the outcome of the process illustrated in the accompanying figure?

Two new genetically identical cells that differ genetically from what they were before.

Ciliates use _____ for locomotion.

cilia

The surface of a Paramecium is covered with thousands of short, hair-like _____.

cilia

Most ciliates, such as Paramecium, are capable of a sexual process called _____, in which two individuals come together and exchange genetic material.

conjugation

The airtight, waterproof, waxy layer that covers aerial parts of plants is the ______.

cuticle

Which algal group contains individuals that are typically unicellular and form siliceous shells?

diatoms

Members of which group are known to form blooms known as red tides?

dinoflagellates

Alternation of generations in plants refers to the alternation of:

diploid and haploid stages

According to E.O. Wilson, one important way of describing is by level of biological organization. The organizational levels of importance to biological diversity are arrayed in this hierarchy: _____.

ecosystem, community, guild, species, organism, gene

Which of the following is a vascular plant?

fern

In chapter eight, Wilson considers the Earth's biosphere to be largely ______.

unexplored

Most dinoflagellates are a part of marine plankton. The _____ are endosymbiotic, photosynthetic dinoflagellates found in certain marine invertebrates; their mutualistic relationship with corals enhances the corals' reef-building ability.

zooxanthellae