n&a test 3 caffeine

problem with alcohol and energy drink?

a stimulant and a depressant --> don't notice how drunk you are

what is glucuronolactone?

a sugar that is produced by the metabolism of glucose in the human liver. claims that it can fight fatigue and provides a sense of well-being

body can take ____ and form nitric oxide through ______

arginine, oxidation

time-trials and nitrate

as nitrate went up, time-trials went down (good)

where did energy drinks originate from?

asia and europe

can coffee be ergogenic?

at low to moderate doses, but there is individual variation (and people metabolize at different rates)

there is no substantial evidence that coffee is linked to these conditions:

blood pressure, cardiac arrhythmia, pregnancy, osteoporosis, cancer

what factors influence caffeine sensitivity

body mass, history of use, stress, age, smoking habits, drug/hormone use, health conditions

why are caffeine and nitrate grouped together?

both used as energy booster PRE exercise

what are energy drinks?

canned or bottled carbonated beverages with high amounts of sugar, caffeine, herbal stimulants and supplements

what does inositol in energy drinks claim to do?

decrease fat and cholesterol levels and lower risk of CVD

caffeine exerts a direct/indirect and specific erogenic effect on skeletal muscle during

direct: repetitive low-frequency stimulation

key factors that influence caffeine's ergogenic effect

electrolyte balance and glucose availability

what is taurine?

enhances the effect of caffeine and works in the digestion of fat.

what determines how people feel caffeine?

genetic makeup (some feel nothing)

bitter orange in energy drinks may cause

high blood pressure and irregular heart beat which can lead to heart attack, stroke, or death

nitrate and blood flow

increase in blood flow --> sent to more type 2 muscle fibers --> could benefit intermittent and resistance exercise

plasma nitrite levels ____ with higher dietary nitrate dosage

increased

consuming caffeine before exercise

increased fat catabolism and reduced carbohydrate oxidation based on plasma glycerol and free fatty acids (basically saves carbs for a longer period of time)

ergogenic

increased muscular work capacity and overall performance

nitrate influence on phosphate metabolism

increased phosphate metabolism which keeps nitrogen oxide levels up during exercise

too much caffeine can cause

insomnia, restlessness, increased HR/BP, abnormal heart rhythms, anxiety, irritability, headache, muscle twitching, trigger premature left ventricular contractions

what is the direct effect of caffeine on the muscle?

it increased the SR's permeability to calcium ions and influences the myofibril's sensitivity to calcium ions to augment excitation-contraction coupling

what is guarana?

it is an extract of the plant, fruit, or seed from a shrub that grows in south america. it is a stimulant and it is flavoring

how did energy drinks first appear in the states?

jolt cola as a soda, red bull as an energy drink

small, medium, and large doses of beet juice (nitrate)

largest significance with medium amount. taking more was not beneficial

caffeine is part of a group of chemical compounds called

methylxanthines

creatine in an energy drink may cause

muscle cramps, weight gain, and increased body mass

where is caffeine found?

natural chemical found in tea leaves, coffee beans, cocoa beans, and kola nuts

6 functions of nitric oxide

neurotransmission, Ca 2+ handling, glucose uptake, vasodilation, mitochondrial respiration, muscle force production

nitrate --> nitrite --> nitric oxide pathway

nitrate converted to nitrite mainly in mouth using bacteria. nitrite is converted to nitric oxide during hypoxia and acidosis

nitrate on muscle metabolism

nitrate had lower levels of muscle metabolism which means lower ADP (higher ADP, the quicker you fatigue)

are energy drinks regulated in the states?

no

do products have to label how much caffeine is in a product?

no so it could say no added caffeine but it could have the natural caffeine products in it

influence of dietary nitrate supplementation on cycling economy

overall decrease in oxygen uptake, meaning you can do same amount of work with less oxygen. beneficial for high altitude locations and higher intensity work

why do we lose nitrate when we boil veggies?

plants store nitrate in vacuoles. boiling veggies causes release of nitrate into the surrounding fluid from ruptured vacuoles (lose 50%)

difference between energy drinks and sports drinks?

sports drink maintain fluid balance and electrolyte concentration, provide energy, and are isotonic (ingredients in the beverage are in same proportions found in the body). energy drinks are caffeine filled, high concentration of sugar, and contain herbal stimulants

where in the body is caffeine absorbed?

stomach and the intestine

4 b-vitamins

thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, and pyrodoxine

b-vitamins in energy drinks claim

to burn fat, excess is excreted in urine

why do we lose nitrate when we freeze veggies?

vacuoles burst and 25% is lost (but frozen is better than fresh unless you know how local the food is)

influence of dietary nitrate supplementation on exercise tolerance

works for some people, doesn't work for other (overall saw 16% increase) --> translates to 1-2% improvement in performance

is caffeine a drug?

yes; stimulant and can be addictive

the longer you the roast, the more caffeine

you lose

energy drinks marketed with claims of

-increased endurance -strength and power -weight loss -feelings of euphoria

why does nitrate improve exercise economy?

-increased mitochondrial P/O ratio (?) -reduced the ATP cost of force production -WRONG- inhibited mitochondrial ATP synthesis- resulting in compensatory increase in anaerobic energy liberation

3 things nitrate appears to be ergogenic for

1. exercise tolerance 2. endurance exercise performance 3. intermittent exercise performance

5 things caffeine does

1. stimulates brain activity 2. increases BP 3. increase stomach acid production 4. fat stores break down 5. fatty acids released into blood stream

energy drinks contain up to ____ the usual intake from diet

10x (def receiving a medicinal dose)

recommended dose of nitrate

2 beetroot juice shots, dose of 200-300 g of lettuce/spinach/celery/cress/rocket

more than ____mg of caffeine a day can cause

500, increased HR, BP, abnormal heart rhythms

1 cup of brewed coffee contains how much caffeine?

60-150 mg

___% of nitrate consumption through the diet is in the form of _____

60-80%, vegetables