Napoleon

The Battle of Trafalgar

- Napoleon tries to invaded GB by sea - French and Spanish fleets are sent to attack GB - Admiral Nelson and the British Navy successfully defeat the French and Spanish fleet near the Strait of Gibraltar

Coup

the sudden seizure of power, usually through the military

Lord/Admiral Nelson

- British navy admiral - defeated Napoleon at the Battle of the Nile - has one hand - defeats Napoleon again at the Battle of Trafalgar

Napoleon vs. the 3rd Coalition

- Europe worried that Napoleon was disrupting the balance of power - England, Austria, and Russia teamed up against France and declared war - Napoleon defeated a combined force of Russians and Austrians at the Battle of Austerlitz - Napoleon was able to gain control of most of mainland Europe through war and alliances - celebrated his victory by building the Arc de Triomphe

French and the colony of Haiti

- France grew sugarcane in its colony of Haiti - had slaves do the manual labor in Haiti - Haitian slaves revolted during the French Revolution Haitian Advantages - Home Territory - Immunity to local diseases - Strong motivation to win French Advantages - More soldiers and equipment - More money and resources - Haitian slaves successfully gain independence after Napoleon gives up the colony

Napoleon Bonaparte

- French military genius - born in Corsica - average height, although GB used propaganda to portray him as short

Napoleon's Coronation

- Napoleon crowns himself and his wife as Emperor and Empress of France - the Pope looks on, and only hands Napoleon the crown - shows that Napoleon has more power than the Pope and the Catholic Church - beginning of the French Empire

Peninsular War

- Napoleon decides to invade Spain and then Portugal because they won't stop trading with GB - he puts his brother Joseph in power in Spain so that he can get through Spain easily - Spanish rebels use guerrilla warfare to attack the French army - Napoleon loses over 100,000 troops to the Spanish rebels

Battle of Borodino

- Napoleon faces an encounter with the Russian army near Moscow - Napoleon manages to win although he loses 30,000 troops

Napoleon's First Downfall

- Napoleon returns to France after his disastrous invasion of Russia - he finds GB, Russia, and other countries waiting to attack France - his generals quit, and Napoleon is forced to surrender - Napoleon is exiled to the island of Elba and is replaced by King Louis XVIII

Napoleon's Foreign Military Career

- Napoleon takes command of French armies in Italy, where he captures Rome - Napoleon takes on Great Britain in Egypt but is defeated by the British - keeps his failure quiet in France by only sending his victories to the newspapers - Napoleon's popularity grows

The Battle against Austria/Northern Italy

- Napoleon tries to attack Egypt, a British colony - he was defeated by British Admiral Horatio Nelson - He lied to the French about the war

The Battle of Austerlitz

- greatest victory of Napoleon's career - the French army defeated a combined force of Austrian and Russian soldiers

Napoleon's Invasion of Russia

- Napoleon's biggest mistake - attacked in mid-June - his army starved because the Russians used the scorched-earth policy - finally defeats part of the Russian army head on at the Battle of Borodino - Napoleon stays in Moscow for a while, hoping for a surrender - Napoleon's army is forced to leave and head back to France - Napoleon comes out of Russia with only 10,000 soldiers out of the 420,000 he took with him

The Battle of Waterloo

- Napoleon's final battle - the 7th Coalition - Great Britain and Prussia - defeated Napoleon's inexperienced army - Napoleon is exiled to the island of St. Helena

Napoleon improves France

- Napoleon's institutes the Napoleonic Code - created the National Bank of France that was backed up by the government - introduced Lycées (public schools) - reinstated the Catholic Church in France

Napoleon's 100 Days

- Napoleon's second attempt at recreating the French Empire - Napoleon escapes exile in Elba and returns to France - Louis XVIII tries to arrest Napoleon but is forced to abdicate the throne himself - 7th Coalition is formed to stop Napoleon - Napoleon and his inexperienced troops are defeated at the Battle of Waterloo - Napoleon is sent into exile on the island of St. Helena

Napoleon's Motives for Invading Russia

- Russia ignored the Continental System - the Czar taxes French imports - protested French expansion - refused to let his sister marry Napoleon

Jacques Louis David

- a French painter known for his commitment to the ideals of the French Revolution - his works include "The Coronation of Napoleon" and "The Death of Marat" - Napoleon was moved to tears when he saw "The Coronation of Napoleon"

Congress of Vienna

- a group of European powers including Russia, Austria, Britain, and Prussia - created to try to restore the balance of power in Europe after the Napoleonic Wars - redrew the map of Europe to strengthen France's neighboring countries

Concordat

- a mutual agreement between the French government and the Pope/Catholic Church - the Church had to recognize that they were not getting their land back -the Church and State would remain separate - churches are reopened, Catholicism becomes France's main religion, and the Gregorian (normal) calendar is restored

Concert of Europe

- an organization of delegates from countries in Europe - responsible for maintaining peace in Europe (predecessor of the United Nations) - kept the peace in Europe until WWI

Napoleon's Military Career in France

- attended military school in France - joined the military and was promoted quickly because many emigres left the army - successfully drives the British out of Toulon (France) and gets wounded in the leg - Napoleon defends the Directory against a mob of Royalist Rebels - soon promoted to Brigadier General

Lycées

- government-funded public schools - male only - 2 paths: worker (few years) or government official (12-13 years) - improved France's education

Napoleon's Coup d'état

- happened after Napoleon's campaign in Egypt - Napoleon takes over the government and gets rid of the Directory - establishes the Consultate and appoints himself as First Consul - lasting peace in Europe for the time being - Napoleon becomes extremely popular

Guerrilla Warfare

- hit & run style warfare - ambush and surprise attacks - used by the Spanish rebels against the invading French army

Czar Alexander I

- in charge of Russia at the time of Napoleon's invasion of Russia - implemented the scorched-earth policy

Toussaint L'Ouverture

- leader of the Haitian Revolution - freed the slaves and gained independence for Haiti

Local Banks in France

- local banks were not reliable - did not have any dependable backup - people did not trust local banks to hold on to their money - Napoleon's National Bank of France fixed this problem

7th Coalition

- made up of Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, Spain, and Italy - led by the Duke of Wellington - created to put Napoleon back into exile and stop him from ruining the balance of power again - successfully defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo

Principle of Legitimacy

- restored original rulers to their thrones after the Napoleonic Wars - decided on by the Congress of Vienna

Louis XVIII

- temporary king of France while Napoleon is exiled to the island of Elba - Louis XVI's brother

Napoleon's Election

- the French people hold an election for the President of the French Republic - Napoleon wins the election - this officially declares Napoleon as the leader of France

Napoleon's Motives for the Louisiana Purchase

- the US offered France $2 million for the port of New Orleans - France offers to give America the entire Louisiana Territory for $15 million - Napoleon thought that $15 million was better than the little revenue coming from the Louisiana Territory - Napoleon wanted to make sure America was strong enough to remain out of British hands - he wanted to focus on Europe, especially Great Britain

The Consultate

- three-man government established in France after the overthrow of the Directory - has Napoleon as First Consul in control of the entire government

Continental System

-Napoleon's plan to weaken the British economy - banned trade with Great Britain - tried to use the French navy to blockade GB - did not work out so well - countries ignored the Continental System - smugglers were able to get by

Napoleon's Exiles

1st- Elba - off the coast of Italy - easily escaped back to France - Hundred Days 2nd- St. Helena - in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean - British territory - Napoleon dies there in exile - writes a memoir

Klemens von Metternich

Austria's delegate in the Congress of Vienna

The 3rd Coalition

Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Great Britain joined forces to try to defeat France

Directory

French ruling body after the French Revolution

Napoleon's Legacy

Positive - Napoleonic Code - ideas about equality, liberty, and freedom Negative - his conquests caused millions of deaths and casualties

Napoleonic Code

Positives: - equality of under the law - religious freedom, - abolished serfdom - women could inherit property Negatives: - women lost most of their rights - considered 2nd-class citizens - reinstated slavery in French colonies

Royalist Rebels

emigres that wanted to restore the monarchy