NASM Ch 7

What is hypermobility?

A joint having more range of motion than it should

What is eversion?

A movement in which the heel bone moves laterally

How should the amortization phase of the stretch-shortening cycle be described?

The transition from eccentric loading to concentric unloading

In what plane of movement do shoulder horizontal adduction and abduction occur?

Transverse

What is an altered length-tension relationship?

When a muscle's resting length is too short or too long, reducing the amount of force it can produce

What is reciprocal inhibition?

When an agonist receives a signal to contract, its functional antagonist also receives an inhibitory signal allowing it to lengthen

What is altered reciprocal inhibition?

When an overactive agonist muscle decreases the neural drive to its functional antagonist

What is muscle imbalance?

When muscles on each side of a joint have altered length-tension relationships

What is hypomobility?

When range of motion at a joint is limited

Agonists Synergist Stabilizer Antagonist 1. Perform the opposite action of the prime mover 2. Muscles that act as the prime movers for a joint motion 3. Contract isometrically to support and stabilize the joints 4. Create forces to assist prime movers but are not intended as the primaryforce producer

Agonists 2 Synergist 4 Stabilizer 3 Antagonist 1

Which of the following statements would be accurate with regard to muscle force and velocity during an eccentric muscle action? a. As the contraction velocity increases, the ability to develop force decreases. b. As the contraction velocity decreases, the ability to develop force increases. c. As the contraction velocity increases the ability to develop force also increases. d. As the contraction velocity decreases, the force remains constant.

As the contraction velocity increases the ability to develop force also increases.

What is the inferior anatomical location?

Below an identified reference point

The muscles of the lower leg, hamstrings, and low back region make up which of the following global muscular subsystems?

Deep longitudinal subsystem (DLS)

What is concentric movement?

Describing a muscle action resulting in the shortening of a muscle

What is eccentric movement?

Describing a muscle action that occurs when a muscle develops tension while lengthening

What is dorsiflexion?

Flexion occurring at the ankle

Pronation of the foot describes what multiplanar movements?

Eversion, dorsiflexion, and ankle abduction

What is plantar flexion?

Extension occurring at the ankle

TRUE OR FALSE? The primary characteristic of closed-chain movements is that the distal segments, such as the person's hands or feet, are not fixed and are able to move freely.

False

What are the three overarching types of muscle actions?

Isotonic, isometric, and isokinetic

Motor behavior Motor control Motor learning Motor development 1. How repeated practice and experience of motor control processes leads to a relatively permanent change in skilled motor behavior 2. How skilled motor behavior changes over time throughout the life span 3. How the human movement system responds to internal and external stimuli 4. How the central nervous system integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response

Motor behavior 3 Motor control 4 Motor learning 1 Motor development 2

What is abduction?

Movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body

What is adduction?

Movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline of the body

One of the most important concepts in motor control is that muscles are recruited by the nervous system in groups. What are these groups called?

Muscle synergies

What is the posterior anatomical location?

On or toward the back of the body

What is the contralateral anatomical location?

On the opposite side of the body

Which of the following solutions would allow an individual to achieve a greater depth during the lowering phase of the squat if ankle stiffness is the cause? a. Place a small board under the toes b. Stretch the ankle dorsiflexor musculature c. Place a small board under the heels d. Stretch the ankle eversion musculature

Place a small board under the heels

Which of the following muscle groups work eccentrically in the sagittal plane during the lowering phase of the squat? Adductor longus Gluteus medius Biceps brachii Quadriceps

Quadriceps

What is the medial anatomical location?

Relatively closer to the midline of the body

What does the term force refer to?

The ability of one entity to act on another entity, causing acceleration or deceleration

What is the most accurate description of motor control? a. The ability to initiate and correct purposeful controlled movements b. The integration of motor control processes through practice c. The cumulative changes in motor behavior over time, throughout the life span d. The motor response to internal and external environmental stimuli

The ability to initiate and correct purposeful controlled movements

How should an eccentric muscle action be described?

The development of muscle tension during lengthening of the contractile tissue

What is flexibility?

The normal extensibility of soft tissues that allows for full range of joint motion

What concept describes how the function of one segment of the body can impact other areas?

The regional interdependence model

What is the imaginary line that bisects the body into right and left sides?

The sagittal plane

The posterior oblique system includes which of the following muscle groups? a. Hamstrings and erector spinae b. Adductors (inner thigh) and hip external rotators c. Thoracolumbar fascia and contralateral gluteus maximus d. Adductors (inner thigh) and contralateral quadratus lumborum

Thoracolumbar fascia and contralateral gluteus maximus

What anatomical term is used to describe something that is relatively closer to the midline of the body?

medial