NASM Chapter 7 Human Movement Science Review

which of the following muscle groups work eccentrically in the sagittal plane during the lowering phase of the squat?

quadriceps

how is an isokinetic muscle contraction best described?

a contraction that occurs when the speed of movement is fixed and the resistance varies with the force exerted; isokinetic muscle contractions require machines that enable a fixed speed throughout a particular range of motion

describe lever class 3

a lever where the force exerted lies between the load and the fulcrum; the most common level; effort force is in the middle ex: biceps curl

describe lever class 1

a lever where the fulcrum lies between the force exerted and the load ex: human head sitting on the spine

describe lever class 2

a lever where the load lies between the force exerted and the fulcrum ex: raise heels off of the ground

what does an isometric exercise do?

an isometric exercise holds a load steady in place

overactive hip flexors may lead to which of the following postural compensations?

anterior tilting of the pelvis and an increased low-back arch

movements that take place within a joint and are not visible to the human eye may be classified in what way?

arthrokinematic

which of the following statements would be accurate with regard to muscle force and velocity during an eccentric muscle action?

as the contraction velocity increases the ability to develop force also increases

which of the following muscles is primarily targeted when performing a biceps curl exercise with the thumb up?

brachioradialis

what type of muscle action would expend the highest amount of energy at a fixed resistance level over a comparable duration?

concentric

which of the following muscle groups work both eccentrically and concentrically in the sagittal plane during a squat?

quadriceps

what are the three types of muscle movements?

eccentric, isometric, or concentric

pronation of the foot describes what multiplanar movements?

eversion, dorsiflexion, and ankle abduction

true or false: does the deltoid and rotator cuff function to create shoulder adduction?

false; the deltoid and rotator cuff create shoulder abduction, not adduction

what is the concept used to describe the action of muscles that have the ability to contract automatically in anticipation of movement?

feed-forward

during a squat, which muscle group isometrically contracts to prevent unnecessary thigh movement in the frontal plane?

hip abductors

what term is used to describe muscle tension that is created without a change in muscle length and no visible movement of the joint?

isometric

what muscle action can be broken down into the concentric and eccentric phases?

isotonic

what are the three muscle actions?

isotonic, isometric, and isokinetic

which subsystem is responsible for providing both frontal plane mobility and stabilization of the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex?

lateral subsystem

in order to optimally load muscle during the eccentric phase, the fitness professional should recommend which of the following?

lower the weight more slowly to increase time under tension

which muscle functions in a feed-forward mechanism in anticipation of limb movements?

multifidus

which of the following solutions would allow an individual to achieve a greater depth during the lowering phase of the squat if ankle siffness is the cause?

place a small board under the heels

improved performance during a plyometric jump is dependent upon which of the following?

rapid amortization phase

what are the three dimensions (planes) movement is described in?

sagittal, frontal, and transverse

the upper trapezius works with what muscle as a force couple to create upward rotation of the scapula?

serratus anterior

what is the most accurate description of motor control?

the ability to initiate and correct purposeful controlled movements

how should the amortization phase of the stretch-shortening cycle be described?

the transition from eccentric loading to concentric unloading

the posterior oblique subsystem includes which of the following muscle groups?

thoracolumbar fascia and contralateral gluteus maximus

true or false: during the stretch-shortening cycle, stored energy occurs during the eccentric action and is released during the concentric action

true