NASM CPT 7 Chapter 5

What are the two divisions of the nervous system?

CNS (brain and spinal cord) and PNS (somatic and autonomic nervous system).

What electrolyte and neurotransmitter are involved in excitation-contraction coupling?

Calcium and acetylcholine.

What are the five regions of the vertebral column?

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx.

What are the three stages of motor skill development?

Cognitive, associative, and autonomous.

What is the structure of muscles?

Complex with layers of connective tissue surrounding muscle fibers.

Perimysium

Connective tissue that surrounds a muscle fascicle

Fascia

Connective tissue that surrounds muscles and bones

Endomysium

Connective tissue that wraps around individual muscle fibers within a fascicle

What are myofibrils and what are they made of?

Contractile components of a muscle cell. Repeating sarcomeres and myofilaments (actin and myosin).

Long Bones

Cylindrical shaft with irregular or widened ends Ex. Humerus (i.e., the upper arm bone) Femur (i.e., the thigh bone)

Cervical C1-C7

First seven vertebrae starting at the top of the spinal column Form a flexible framework and provide support and motion for the head

What does excitation-contraction coupling involve?

Steps in muscle contraction process involving nervous and muscular systems.

Flat Bones

Thin, protective surfaces that provide broad surfaces for muscles to attach Ex. Scapulae (i.e., the shoulder blades) Sternum (i.e., the breast plate) Ribs

Sacrum S1-S5

Triangular bone located below the lumbar spine Composed of five vertebrae that fuse together as the body develops into adulthood

Thoratic T1-T12

Twelve vertebrae located in the upper and middle back behind the ribs Each vertebra articulates with a rib helping form the rear anchor of the rib cage Larger than cervical vertebrae and increase in size from top to bottom

Irregular Bones

Unique shape and function from all other bone types Ex. Vertebrae (i.e., the spinal column)

Lumbar L1-L5

Five vertebrae of the low-back below the thoracic spine Largest segments in the spinal column Support most of the body's weight and are attached to many back muscles

How does the nervous system develop as humans age?

From childhood to adulthood (As we age).

What are the six classifications of synovial joints?

Gliding, condyloid, hinge, saddle, pivot, and ball-and-socket.

Epimysium

Inner layer of fascia that directly surrounds an entire muscle

What does the human movement system include?

Integration of the nervous, skeletal, and muscular systems.

Pivot Joint

Joints that allow movement in predominantly one direction. These joints are found in the atlantoaxial joint at the base of the skull (top of spine) and the proximal radioulnar joint at the elbow

Nonsynovial Joints

Joints that have no joint capsule, fibrous connective tissue, or cartilage in the uniting structure.

What are synovial joints?

Joints with synovial capsule and other connective tissues.

What are the characteristics of Type II muscle fibers?

Larger, produce more force, fatigue quickly.

What is the function of the muscular system?

Linking nervous and skeletal systems, generating force.

Coccyx

Located below the sacrum, more commonly known as the tailbone Composed of three to five small fused bones

What are the five categories of bones?

Long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid.

What are some types of sensory receptors in the PNS?

Mechanoreceptors, nociceptors, chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors.

What does the all-or-nothing principle describe?

Motor units either maximally contract or do not contract at all.

What type of motor units are involved in fine motor skills?

Motor units with fewer innervated fibers.

What type of motor units are involved in gross motor control?

Motor units with more innervated fibers.

What does arthrokinematic describe?

Movement at the joint surface.

What are two important sensory receptors in the PNS?

Muscle spindle and Golgi tendon organ.

Saddle Joint

Named after its appearance This joint is only found in the carpometacarpal joint in the thumb. Due to the shape, movement is predominantly in two directions

What is the functional unit of the nervous system?

Neurons

What cells are involved in bone growth and remodeling?

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

How can exercise and proper nutrition impact bone mass?

Positively

What is the function of the skeletal system?

Provides support and protects internal organs.

Chemoreceptors

Respond to chemical interaction (smell and taste)

Photoreceptors

Respond to light (vision)

Nociceptors

Respond to pain (pain receptors)

What does the nervous system provide?

Sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) information.

Short Bones

Similar in length and width and appear somewhat cubical in shape Ex. Carpals of the wrist, Tarsals of the ankle

Sesamoid Bones

Small, often round bones embedded in a joint capsule or found in locations where a tendon passes over a joint Patella (i.e., the kneecap)

What are the characteristics of Type I muscle fibers?

Smaller, produce less force, fatigue resistant.

What electrolytes does the nervous system require?

Sodium, potassium, magnesium, and water.

What are the two subdivisions of the PNS?

Somatic and autonomic nervous systems.

Osteoclasts

Special cells that break down and remove old bone tissue.

Osteoblasts

Special cells that form and lay down new bone tissue.

Mechanoreceptors

Specialized structures that respond to mechanical forces (touch and pressure) within tissues and then transmit signals through sensory nerves.

Appendicular Skeleton

A division of the skeletal system consisting of the arms, legs, and pelvic girdle.

Axial Skeleton

A division of the skeletal system consisting of the skull, the rib cage, and the vertebral column.

Gliding Joint

A nonaxial joint that has the simplest movement of all joints. It moves either back and forth or side to side. One example includes the joints between the carpal bones of the wrist.

Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO)

A specialized sensory receptor located at the point where skeletal muscle fibers insert into the tendons of skeletal muscle; sensitive to changes in muscular tension and rate of tension change.

Hinge Joint

A uniaxial joint allowing movement predominantly in one direction. Joints such as the elbow, interphalangeal (toe), and ankle

How do human bones produce movement?

Act as attachment sites and levers when muscles contract.

What is the function of intervertebral discs?

Act as shock absorbers and assist with movement.

What is needed to create energy for muscle contraction?

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

How are joints categorized?

By their shape, structure, and function.

What are the two divisions of the skeletal system?

Axial and appendicular.

What does osteokinematic describe?

Bone movement.

Condyloid Joint

The condyle of one bone fits into the elliptical cavity of another bone to form the joint. Due to the shape, movement predominantly occurs in one direction with minimal movement in others. An example of is seen in the joints of the fingers (metacarpophalangeal)

Fascicle

The largest bundles of fibers within a muscle

Ball-and-Socket Joint

The most mobile of the joints. They allow movement in all three directions. Examples of these joints are the shoulder and hip

Sliding Filament Theory

The series of steps in muscle contraction involving how myosin (thick) and actin (thin) filaments slide past one another to produce a muscle contraction, shortening the entire length of the sarcomere.