National Counseling Examination Study Guide

Gestalt means

a form, figure, or configuration unified as a whole

Logotherapy means?

Healing through meaning

Horizontal Interventions

"Interpersonal" techniques that focus on group relationships, processes, tasks, and interactions.

Vertical Interventions

"Intrapersonal" Techniques providing individual counseling in a group setting

Conditioned Response

"Learned" Response

Unconditioned Response

"Unlearned" Response

Existential-Hunanistic Basic Assumptions

*Perception of self is key * Trust in person's ability to make constructive, conscious choices * Humans are inherently good * Respect for the client's subjective experience

The Ego

- Develops as psychological component that wields power over the id - Functions under the reality principle, logically and realistically plans appropriate ways to fulfill needs - Operates primarily in conscious and preconscious mind

The Id

- Present at birth and represents a biological, instinctual component - Functions under the pleasure principle, demands immediate gratification, the avoidance or diminishing of pain, and securing of pleasure - Part of the unconscious mind

The Superego

- Represents social component, made up of the conscious and ego ideals - Guilty feelings result from a violation of standards and morals set by the superego

Pictorial Sociogram

A diagram to better understand the dynamics between subgroups and members

TA's Child Ego state corresponds to Freud's

Id. aka "Archaeopsyche."

Erikson's Fifth Psychosocial Stage - Adolescence (12-20 years)

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Parsimony means...

Interpreting the results in the simplest way

Ratio and Interval classes of partial reinforcement

Interval - based on time

Ratio Scale

Interval Scale with an absolute zero

Erikson's Sixth Psychosocial Stage - Early Adulthood (20-35 years)

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Object Relations Theory

Involves developmental stages of the self in relationship to others/objects

Back-up Reinforcer

Item or activity which can be purchased using tokens.

Term "Group Therapy" coined by...

Jacob Moreno, father of psychodrama

TA's Adult Ego state corresponds to Freud's

Ego. aka "Neopsyche." It is rational, logical, and does not focus on feelings

Freud's concept of Unconscious Mind

Emotions, thoughts, memories, drives, etc. that are influencing behavior without current awareness; hidden or forgotten experiences

Individual Psychology's determining factor for development

Endeavoring to reach Individual Goals determines an individual's lifestyle and behavior

"Third Force" Psychology

Existential / Humanistic Theories that are in opposition to Psychoanalysis and Behaviorism

Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE)

Guide published by Department of Labor; it lists groups of jobs in 14 interest areas.

Theorist who believed that decision making - in terms of career options as well as noncareer options - is a skill which can be learned

John Krumboltz

Freud's concept of Conscious Mind

Know impulses, events, memories; present knowledge

The Persona Archetype

Mask worn or the role presented to hide one's true self

Anne Roe's Three Basic Parenting Styles

Overprotective, Avoidant, or Acceptant.

Berne's three ego states

Parent, the Adult, and the Child (P-A-C)

Trait-and-Factor career counseling, actuarial or matching approach is associated with:

Parsons and Williamson

Progress Notes

Part of client's record required by law

Cross-sectional time span for research study

People of different ages are observed and compared at one time

Holland's Six Modal Orientations

RIASEC Realistic Social Investigative Enterprising Artistic Conventional

Speed Test

Type of test where tasks or questions are fairly easy but difficulty is induced by time limitations. Test is designed so nobody finishes it

Multimeasure, Multisource, Multicontext

Using multiple measures, sources, and contexts should provide more comprehensive and valid assessment of development

Experimental Studies

Variables are manipulated to allow researcher to determine exact influence each variable causes

The Rosenthal Effect

When experimenter's beliefs about the individual may cause the individual to be treated in a special way so that the individual begins to fulfill the experimenter's expectations

Single Blind Study

When subject does not know whether he or she is a member of the control group or the experimental group

Sensate Focus

behavioral sex therapy where couple is told to engage in touching and caressing to lower anxiety levels on a graduated basis until intercourse is possible

Gelatt model's value system

system concerned with one's relative preferences regarding the outcomes

Gelatt model's predictive system

system concerned with the probable alternatives, actions, and possibilities

Gelatt model's decision system

system that provides rules and criteria for evaluating the outcome

Alfred Adler's Contribution of Birth Order

Birth order makes a difference. Oldest, Second, Middle, Youngest, Only

Anna O.

Considered first psychoanalytic patient

Trait-and-Factor Theory

Considered the first major and most durable theory of career choice.

Psychodynamic Mental Health Consultation

Consultant does not see the client directly only advises the consultee.

Process Consultation

Consultant paid to diagnose the problem and prescribe a solution

Sequential time span for research study

Cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches are combined with study beginning with cross-sectional. Same subjects are then assessed at a future date.

Sublimation

Ego defense mechanism where a person acts out an unconscious impulse in a socially acceptable way

Gazda's Three Distinctive Types of Groups

Guidance (Psychoeducational) , Counseling, and Psychotherapy

Interval Scale

Scale that has numbers scaled at equal distances but has no absolute zero (ex. IQ tests)

Ordinal Scale

Scale that provides order or standing but does not delineate differences

Structural Analysis

When a counselor analyzes which ego state a client is primarily operating.

Cultural Encapsulation

When a counselor imposes goals from his or her culture on people from another culture

Positioning

When a helper accepts the client's predicament and then exaggerates the condition

Reaction Formation

When a person acts the opposite of the way he or she actually feels.

Central Tendency Bias

When a rater tends to give almost every employee an average rating

Leniency / Strictness Bias

When a rater tends to give employees very high/lenient or very low/strict ratings while avoiding the middle or so-called average range.

The Recency Effect

When a rater's judgment of an employee reflects primarily his or her most recent performance

Absolutist Thinking or "Musturbation"

When client uses too many shoulds, oughts, and musts in his or her thinking. Ellis coined "second term"

The Two Most Popular Levels of Significance

.05 and .01

Basic assumptions of psychoanalytic theories

1. Biological forces drive development 2. Individual strives to channel / control these drives 3. Personality characteristics appear in childhood 4. These characteristics are stable over time

Jung's Major Contributions to the Field of Psychology (2)

1. Credited with word-association technique 2. Introversion-extroversion concept (Myers-Briggs Type Indication based on Jung's work)

Freud's two basis instincts or urges

1. Eros - the life instincts 2. Thanatos - destructive or death instincts

Ginzberg's Original Three Stages of Career Development

1. Fantasy (Birth to Age 11) 2. Tentative (Ages 11 to 17) 3. Realistic (age 17 to early 20's)

Displaced Homemaker

1. Have grown children and seeking employment 2. Widowed and seeking employment 3. Divorced and seeking employment

Sullivan's Six Stages of Development

1. Infancy 4. Preadolescence 2. Childhood 5. Early Adolescence 3. Juvenile 6. Late Adolescence

Group Stages (4)

1. Initial Stage 2. Transition Stage 3. Working Stage 4. Termination Stage

Trait-and-Factory Theory Three Steps

1. Knowledge of the self and aptitudes and interests 2. Knowledge of jobs, including advantages and disadvantages of them. 3. Matching the individual with the work.

Freud's Five Life Stages

1. Oral (0-2 years) 2. Anal (2-3 years) 3. Phallic (3-6 years) 4. Latency (6-puberty) 5. Genital (puberty)

Freud's 3 sources of biological energy

1. Sexuality 2. Drives of hunger and pain 3. Aggression

Reentry Woman

A woman who goes from working within the home to working outside the home

The Compensatory Effect

A worker compensates or makes up for things he or she can't do on the job

Gestalt's concept of Retroflection

Act of doing to yourself what you really wish to do to someone else

Early Recollections

Adler's teaching that early recollections are key to understanding an individual's style of life

Father of Social Learning Theory

Albert Bandura

A valid test is ________ reliable.

Always

American Personnel and Guidance Association (APGA) changed its name to:

American Association for Counseling and Development (AACD) before changing again to American Counseling Association (ACA)

Anne Roe

American clinical psychologist who first suggested a theory of career choice based heavily on personality theory.

Adler's idea of "becoming"

An individual's constant trying to achieve his/her self-ideal

The Contrast Effect

An interviewer's impression of an interviewee is often affected by previous interviewees

Carl Jung's theory called?

Analytical Psychology

Three theorists who used the work of Albert Bandura to explain career choice:

Anita Mitchell, G. Brian Jones, and John Krumboltz

Construct

Any trait you cannot "directly" measure or observe

Freud's Object

Anything that satisfies a need or that which is the target of one's feelings or drives

Three Basic Leadership Styles

Autocratic (Authoritarian), Democratic, and Laissez Faire.

Erikson's Second Psychosocial Stage - Later Infancy (1-2 years)

Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt

Erikson's First Psychosocial Stage - Early Infancy (Birth - 1 year)

Basic Trust vs. Mistrust

General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB)

Battery of tests utilized by state employment security offices, VA hospitals, and related gov agencies. Battery measures 12 job-related aptitudes

Naturalistic Observations

Behavior observed in its natural setting. No manipulation or control of situation takes place

Physiological Research and Research with Animals

Biological basis of behavior is explored and often explained

Empathy and counselor effectiveness scales created by:

Carkhuff and Gazda

Jung's Archetypes

Common, collective unconscious which is passed on from generation to generation

Ipsative Test Measures

Compare traits within the same individual, they do NOT compare a person to other persons who took the test

Freud's greatest contribution to psychological thought

Concept of the unconscious

Decision-Making Theory

David Tiedeman and Robert O' Hara proposed that decision process is best explained by breaking it down into a two-part process: anticipation phase and implementation phase

Projection

Defense mechanism where one attributes unacceptable qualities of his own to others

Test Validity

Does the test measure what it says it measures. Number one factor in construction of a test

Most Popular Developmental Career Theorist

Donald Super

Epigenetic Principle

Each strength as its own period of particular importance

Freud's concept of Preconscious Mind

Easily recalled but not currently known memories and drives

Little Albert

Famous case associated with work of John Watson, the pioneer of American behaviorism

Maxie Maultsby

Father of Rational-Behavior Therapy (RBT).

Eric Berne

Father of Transactional Analysis (TA)

William Glasser

Father of reality therapy

Alfred Adler

Father of the "inferiority complex"

Adler's idea of "inferiority"

Feelings of inferiority come from one's self not matching the self-ideal.

Freud as stage theorist, most critical years of personal development?

First Five years of life

DSM diagnostic codes have_____ digits

Five

You should keep the client's records how long after last contact with the client?

Five years

Nathan Ackerman

Founder of psychodynamic family counseling

Frank Parsons

Founding Father of Guidance movement

Super's Five Life Stages

GEE MD Growth (birth to 14) Exploration (15-24) Establishment (24-44) Maintenance (44-64) Decline (65+)

Counselors who works as consultants adhere to what theory (theories)?

Generally do NOT adhere to One Single Theory

Erikson's Seventh Psychosocial Stage - Middle Adulthood (35-65 years)

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Pioneers in Developmental Career Theory

Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad, and Herma

Repression

Greatest and most important of ego defense mechanisms. (Unconscious)

Adler's Work Preface to ... Movement

Group

Support Group Characteristics

Group conducted by an organization and might charge fees

Tertiary Group

Group dealing with individual difficulties that are more serious and longstanding

Primary Group

Group stresses a healthy lifestyle or coping strategies which can reduce the occurrence of a given difficulty

Marathon Group Characteristics

Group that lasts minimum of 24 hours and may be conducted over weekend or a period of several days

Secondary Group

Group works to reduce the severity or length of a problem and generally includes aspects of prevention. (A problem or disturbance is present but not usually severe)

Psychotherapy Groups

Groups used for patients with severe problems and long durations. (Inpatient psychiatric hospitals) Tertiary

Individuals not appropriate for most counseling groups

Hostile individuals who act out aggressively, persons who are actively suicidal or homicial, paranoid clients, completely self-centered, or psychotic

Test Reliability

How consistent does the test measure an attribute

Freud's Other

Important person to whom one becomes attached

Control Group does not receive the

Independent Variable

Experimental Group receives the

Independent Variable

Difficulty Index / Difficulty Value

Indicates percentage of individuals who answer each answer correctly

Alfred Adler's theory

Individual Psychology

Erikson's Fourth Psychosocial Stage - Middle Childhood (6-11 years)

Industry vs. Inferiority

Erikson's Third Psychosocial Stage - Early Childhood (3-5 years)

Initiative vs. Guilt

Erikson's Eighth Psychosocial Stage - Late Adulthood (65+ years)

Integrity vs. Despair

Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT)

Largest, most comprehensive source in field of career counseling. Uses nine digit code: First 3 digits - Occupational Group Middle 3 digits - Tastes Final 3 digits - alphabetize titles

Virginia Satir

Leader of experiential conjoint family therapy

Vicarious Learning

Learning which takes place by watching others

IQ is expressed by:

MA/CA x 100 (Mental Age / Chronological Age)

Jung's logos principle

Men operate on logic or logos principle

Maslow's Higher-Order Needs

Meta-needs (belongness and love, self-esteem, and self-actualization)

Ontology

Metaphysical study of life experience

Harry B. Gelatt's Decision Approach

Modern model that explains career development using three systems: predictive system, value system, and decision system

Oedipus Complex

Most controversial aspect of Freud's theory

Nominal Scale

Most elementary scale and does not provide "quantitative" (measurable) information

Harry Stack Sullivan

Most influential theorist to discuss importance of friendships

"Hidden Job Market" suggests that

Most jobs are not advertised (over 76%)

Deductive Logic or Reasoning

Moving from generalization to the specific

Inductive Logic or Reasoning

Moving from specific observation to a generalization

A reliable test is ___________ valid.

Not Always

Two functions in Parent ego state

Nurturing Parent and the Critical Parent

Laboratory Observations

Observations take place in controlled setting. Real world factors are eliminated

The Halo Effect

Occurs when a trait which is not being evaluated (e.g. attractiveness) influences a researcher's rating on another trait (counseling skill)

Flooding

Occurs when client is genuinely exposed to feared stimulus

Reciprocity

Occurs when one state or organization accepts the license or credential of another state or organization

Occupational Outlook Handbook (OOH)

Originally published by US Department of Labor in 1946 to aid war veterans. Most popular source used by career counselors. Easiest Guide to read and understand

Maslow's Lower-Order Needs

Physiological necessities and safety

Eight periods of life-span development

Prenatal; Infancy; Early Childhood; Middle and Late Childhood; Adolescence; Early adulthood; Middle adulthood; Late adulthood

Freud's Cathexis

Process by which sources of energy are tied to thoughts, actions, objects, or people

Appraisal

Process of assessing or estimating attributes

Experimental Research

Process of gathering data in order to make evaluative comparisons regarding different situations

Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS)

Rating scale of anxiety used during systematic desensitization

Content Validity

Rational or logical validity. Does test examine or sample the behavior under scrutiny?

Internal Validity

Refers to whether the Dependent Variables (DVs) were truly influenced by the experimental Independent Variables(IVs)

External Validity

Refers to whether the experimental research results can be generalized to large populations

Therapeutic Cognitive Restructuring

Refuting irrational ideas and replacing them with rational ones

Counselor's Social Power or Social Influence Three Factors

Remember "EAT" Expertise Attractiveness Trustworthiness

Correlational Studies

Researcher intends to describe the strength of relation between two or more characteristics or events. Identical conditions are provided and variables are not manipulated

Fixation

Resistance of a person to move to the next stage because cathexis is too intense. Fixation during a stage leads to certain problems as adults

68-95-99

Rule that states that in a normal distribution 68% of scores fall within plus/minus 1 standard deviation (SD) of the mean; 95% within 2 SDs of the mean; and 99.7% within 3 SDs of the mean.

Longitudinal time span for research study

Same individuals are observed and tested over a period of time

Group therapy flourished initially in US due to...

Shortage of individual therapists during WWII.

Interviews and Questionnaires

Skilled interviewing techniques and questions increase the reliability of information given in survey methods

Margaret Mahler

Strong influence on contemporary object relations theory. Suggested that self develops through four broad stages

Group Dynamics

Study of interrelationships and interactions between group members

Sociometry

Study of measuring person-to-person relationship regarding what members in a group think or feel.

The Hawthorne Effect

Subjects that know they are part of an experiment or receive extra attention because of the experiment, sometimes their performance improves

Parataxic mode of experience

Sullivan's concept of ego formation for stage of early childhood; child accepts what is without questioning or evaluating and then reacts on unrealistic basis

Protaxic mode of experience

Sullivan's concept of ego formation for stage of infancy: infant has no concept of time and place

Syntaxic mode of experience

Sullivan's concept of ego formation for stage of later childhood; child able to evaluate his/her thoughts and feelings against those of others

The Life-Career Rainbow

Super's graphic display of the roles unfolding over the life span

TA's Parent Ego state corresponds to Freud's

Superego.

Power Test

Test designed to evaluate the level of mastery WITHOUT a time limit

Timed Test

Test more difficult than Speed Test, many test takers complete it, and has a time limit

Standardized Tests

Test scores are compared with scores of a larger group of similar people

Spiral Test

Test where items get progressively more difficult

Cyclical Test

Test where you have several sections which are spiral in nature

Behavioral Consultation

The Consultant designs behavioral change programs for the consultee to implement

Null Hypothesis

The IV (independent variable) does not affect the DV (dependent variable)

Construct Validity

The extent that a test measures an abstract trait or psychological notion (i.e. ego strength)

Freud's system of personality divided into these three processes or systems

The id, The ego, and the superego

Spillover

The individual's work spills over into his or her time off the job. When a person engages in activities similar to work during periods of leisure

Systematic Observation must include:

The who, what, where, how, and form of recording the behavior must be predetermined

Abraham Maslow

Theory of personality based upon a hierarchy of needs

Primary purpose of Aptitude Tests

To predict future performance. Attempt to measure potential; could the individual capture certain skills with proper training and experience

Counseling "Paradigm"

Treatment "Model"

The Bureau of Labor Statistics Website

Website of career data that includes detailed statistics about average wages in each state

Life-history records

Wide array of materials which may include written and oral reports from the subject, public records, etc.

First Psychology Laboratory set up by:

Wilhelm Wundt in Leipzig, Germany

Jung's Eros principle

Women operate on intuition or eros principle

Predictive Validity

a.k.a. empirical validity, which reflects the test's ability to predict future behavior according to established criteria

Accurate Empathy

ability to experience another person's subjective experience

Jung's Individuation

agreement or harmony between the conscious and unconscious parts of their personality; what individuals by instinct are driven toward

Anima Archetype

female characteristics of the personality

Concurrent Validity

how well does the test compare to other instruments that are intended for same purpose?

The Strong Interest Inventory (SCII) measures:

interests, NOT abilities

Animus Archetype

male characteristics of the personality

Social Learning Theory states that

people learn not only from the consequences of their own behavior but also from observing the consequences of others.

Self-Directed Search (SDS)

test based on work of John Holland, is self-administered, self-scored and self-interpreted

P=.05 means

there is only a 5% chance that the difference between the control group and experimental group is due to chance factors

Shadow Archetype

unconscious opposite of the person's conscious expression

Bibiotherapy

use of books or writings pertaining to self-improvement.