National Counselor Examination (NCE)
Erik Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development
(1) Trust vs. Mistrust; (2) Autonomy vs. Shame; (3) Initiative vs. Guilt; (4) Industry vs. Inferiority; (5) Identity vs. Confusion; (6) Intimacy vs. Isolation; (7) Generativity vs. Self-absorption; (8) Integrity vs. Despair.
Jane Loevinger (Stage Theorist): Ego Development
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Integrated
Robert J. Havinghurst's (Stage Theorist): Developmental Tasks
1. Early Childhood (0-6): Learning to walk, eat solid foods. 2. Middle Childhood (6-12): Learning to get along with peers or developing a conscious). 3. Adolescence (12-18): Preparing for marriage and an economic career. 4. Early Adulthood (19-30): Selecting a mate and starting a family 5. Middle Ages (30-60): Assisting teenage children to become responsible adults and developing leisure time activities 6. Later Maturity (60+): Dealing with the death of a spouse and preparing for retirement
Freud's Psychosexual Stages:
1. Oral Stage (0-1) 2. Anal Stage (1-3) 3. Phallic Stage (3-6) 4. Latency Stage (6-12) 5. Genital Stage (12+)
Jean Piaget's idiographic approach created his theory with 4 stages. The correct order from stage 1-4 is:
1. Sensorimotor 2. Preoperations 3. Concrete Operations 4. Formal Operations Sensorimotor- senses & motoric skills Preoperations- "pre" comes before concrete
Kohlberg lists _______ stages of moral development which fall into _______ levels
6;3 Level #1: PreConventional Stage #1: Punishment/Obedience Stage #2: Naive Hedonism Level #2: Conventional Stage #3: Good Boy/Good Girl Orientation Stage #4: Authority, Law, and Order Orientation Level #3: PostConventional Stage #5: Democratically Accepted Law or "Social Contract" Stage #6: Principals of Self-Conscious and Universal Ethics
When does stranger anxiety begin to develop?
8 months
Symbolic Schema (Piaget)
A cognitive structure that grows with life experience. A schema is merely a system which permits the child to test out things in the physical world.
t test
A parametric statistical used in formal experiments to determine whether there is a significant difference between two groups
Fugue State
A sudden loss of memory or change in identity, often in response to an overwhelmingly stressful situation
The Primal Scene (Psychodynamic)
A young child witnesses his/her parents having sex or is seduced by a parent which is an impetus for later neurosis
In terms of parenting young children: A. boys are punished more than girls B. girls are punished more than boys C. boys and girls are treated in a similar fashion D. boys show more caregiver behavior
A. Boys are punished more than girls
Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson agreed that: A. Each developmental stage needed to be resolved before an individual could move onto the next stage B. Developmental stages are primarily psychosexual C. Developmental stages are primarily psychosocial D. A person can proceed to a higher stage even if a lower stage is unsolved
A. Each developmental stage needed to be resolved before an individual can move onto the next stage
During a thunderstorm, a 6 year-old children in Piaget's stage of Preoperations (2-7) says, "The rain is following me." This is an example of: A. Egocentrism B. Conservation C. Centration D. Abstract Thought
A. Egocentrism Egocentrism conveys the fact that the child can't view the world from another person's point of view.
The only psychoanlayst who created a developmental theory which encompasses the entire lifespan was: A. Erik Erikson B. Milton H. Erickson C. A.A. Brill D. Jean Piaget
A. Erik Erikson Erik Erikson's theory included 8 stages, in which each stage represents a psychosocial crisis or turning point. Since the final stage doesn't start until age 60, theorists believe he covered the entire lifespan.
In which Erikson sage does the midlife crisis occur? A. Generativity vs. Stagnation B. Integrity vs. Despair C. A&B D. Erikson's stages don't address midlife issues
A. Generativity vs. Stagnation
The researcher who is well knwon for his work with maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys is: A. Harry Harlow B. John Bowlby C. Lawrence Kohlberg D. All of the Above
A. Harry Harlow
When developmental theorists speak of nature or nurture they really mean: A. How much heredity or environment interact to influence development B. That the focus is skewed in favor of biological attributes C. A&B D. A theory proposed by B.F. Skinner's colleagues
A. How much heredity or environment interact to influence development
The fear of death: A. Is greatest during middle age B. Is an almost exclusively male phenomenon C. Is the number one psychiatric problem in the geriatric years D. Surprisingly enough occurs in the teen years
A. Is greatest during middle age Ego Identity vs. Despair
The statement, "Bad behavior is punished, good behavior is not," is most closely associated with: A. Kohlberg's premoral stage at the preconventional level B. Kohlberg's conventional level C. the work of Carl Jung D. Piaget's autonomous stage, which begins at age 5
A. Kohlberg's premoral stage at the preconventional level
Maslow, a humanistic psychologist, is famous for his "hierarchy of needs," which postulates: A. Lower-order psychological and safety needs and higher-order needs, such as self-actualization B. That psychopathology rests in the id C. That unconscious drives control self-actualization D. That stimulus responses (S-R) psychology dictates behavioral attributes
A. Lower-order psychological and safety needs and higher-order needs, such as self-actualization
Most experts in the field of counseling agree that: A. No one theory completely explains developmental processes; thus, counselors ought to be familiar with all of the major theories B. Eriksonian theory should be used by counselors practicing virtually any modality C. A counselor who incorporates Piaget's stages into his/her thinking would not necessary ned knowledge of rival therapeutic viewpoints D. A realistic counselor needs to pick one developmental theory in the same manner that he/she picks a psychotherapeutic persuasion
A. No one theory completely explains developmental processes; thus, counselors ought to be familiar with all of the major theories
From a Freudian perspective, a client who has a problem with alcoholism and excessive smoking would be: A. Oral character B. Anal character C. Genital character D. Fixated at the latency stage
A. Oral character
Stage theorists assume: A. qualitative changes between stages occur. B. differences surely exist but usually can't be measured. C. that humanistic psychology is the only model which truly supports the stage viewpoint. D. b and c.
A. Qualitative changes between stages occur
In Piaget's developmental theory, reflexes play the greatest role in the: A. Sensorimotor stage B. Formal operational stage C. Preoperational stage D. Acquisition of conservation
A. Sensorimotor Practical intelligence, representational thought, object permanence, schema
The schema of permanency and constancy of objects occurs in the: a. sensorimotor stage—birth to 2 years. b. preoperational stage—2 to 7 years. c. concrete operational stage—7 to 12 years. d. formal operational stage—12 years and beyond.
A. Sensorimotor Stage (Birth-2)
Kohlberg proposed 3 levels of morality. Freud, on the other hand, felt morality developed from: A. Superego B. Ego C. Id D. Eros
A. Superego
In Piagetian literature, conservation would most likely refer to: A. Volume or mass B. Defenses of the ego C. The sensorimotor intelligence stage D. A specific psychosexual stage of life
A. Volume or mass
The zone of proximal development: A. Was pioneered by Lev Vygotski B. Was pioneered by Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg C. Emphasized organ inferiority D. A, B, and C
A. Was pioneered by Lev Vygotski
An expert who has reviewed the literature on videos and violence would conclude that: A. Watching violence tends to make children more aggressive B. Watching violence tends to make children less aggressive C. Reality TV shows or videos have no impact on a child's behavior D. What adults see as violent, children perceive as caring
A. Watching violence tends to make children more aggressive
Positive Reinforcement
Addition of a stimulus to strengthen or increase a behavior
Anima & Animus Archetypes (Jung)
Anima- The female characteristics of the personality Animus- The male characteristics of the personality
Covert
Any psychological process which cannot be directly observed
Heredity
Assumes the normal person has 23 pairs of chromosomes, heredity characteristics are transmitted by chromosomes, and that genes are composed of DNA which hold a genetic code
A counselor who is seeing a 15-year-old boy who is not doing well in public speaking class would need to keep in mind that: A. In general, boys possess better verbal skills than girls B. In general, girls possess better verbal skills than boys C. In general, boys have better visual-perceptual skills and are more active and aggressive than girls D. B & C
B&C
According to Freudians, if a child is severely traumatized, he/she may _____ a given psychosexual stage: A. Skip B. Become fixated at C. Ignore D. A&C
B. Become fixated at
A empiricist view of development would be: A. Psychometric B. Behavioristic C. Against the use of formal statistical testing D. A&C
B. Behavioristic
A child who focuses exclusively on a clown's red nose but ignores the clown's other features would be illustrating the Piaget concept of: A. Egocentrism B. Centration C. Formal abstract reasoning D. Deductive processes
B. Centration Centration occurs in the preoperational stage and is characterized by focusing on a key feature of a given object or situation while not noticing the rest of it.
A child master's conservation in the Piagetian stage called: A. Formal Operations (12+) B. Concrete Operations (7-11) C. Preoperations (2-7) D. Sensorimotor Intelligence (Birth-2)
B. Concrete Operations (7-11) Concrete= Conservation, Counting
In Kohlberg's 1st level of moral development (Pre Conventional), the individual's moral behavior is guided by: A. Psychosexual urges B. Consequences C. Periodic fugue states D. Counterconditioning
B. Consequences
A tall, skinny pitcher of water is emptied to a small, squatty pitcher. A child indicates that she feels the small pitcher has less water. The child has yet to master: A. Symbolic schema B. Conservation C. Androgynous psychosical issues D. Trust vs. Mistrust
B. Conservation Conservation refers to the notion that a substance's weight, mass, and volume remain the same even if it changes shape.
Freud and Erikson: A. Could be classified as behaviorists B. Could be classified as maturationists C. Agreed that developmental stages were psychosexual D. Were prime movers in the DBT therapy movement
B. Could be classified as maturationists
Research related to elementary school counselors indicates that: A. Counselors of the ilk work hard, but just don't seem to be making an impact B. These counselors are effective, do make a difference in children's lives, and more counselors should be employed C. Counselors of this ilk could be helpful if they would engage in more consultation work D. These counselors should be used primarily as disciplinarians, but this is not happening in most school districts
B. Counselors of this ilk are effective, do make a difference, and more should be employed
A person who can look back on their life with few regrets feels: A. The burden of senile psychosis B. Ego-integrity in Erikson's integrity vs. despair stage C. Despair, which is the sense that he/she has wasted life's precious moments D. The burden of GAD
B. Ego-Integrity in Erikson's Integrity vs. Despair stage
Piaget referred to the act of taking in new information as assimilation. This results in accommodation, which is a modification of the child's cognitive structures (schemas) to deal with the new information. In Piagetian nomenclature, the balance between assimilation and accommodation is called: A. Counterbalancing B. Equilibration C. Balance theory D. ABA design
B. Equilibration
The term "identity crisis" comes from the work of: A. Counselors who stress RS involvement issues with clients B. Erikson C. Adler D. Jung
B. Erikson
Trust vs. Mistrust is A. an Adlerian notion of morality B. Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development C. Essentially equivalent to Piaget's concept of egocentrism D. The basis of morality according to Kohlberg
B. Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development
________ factors cause Down Syndrome, he most common type known as trisomy 21. A. Environmental B. Genetic (conditions passed through genes) C. Chemical dependency D. Unconscious
B. Genetic (conditions passed through genes)
Which theorist was most concerned with maternal deprivation? A. A. Lazarus B. H. Harlow C. J. Wolpe D. A. Ellis
B. H. Harlow
Development is cephalocaudal, which means: A. Foot to head B. Head to food C. Limbs receive the highest level of nourishment D. B&C
B. Head to foot
Marital satisfaction: A. Is usually highest when a child is old enough to leave home B. Often decreases with parenthood and improves after a child leaves home C. Correlates high with performance IQ D. Is highest among couples who have seven or more college-educated children
B. Often decreases with parenthood and improves after a child leaves home
Freud postulated the psychosexual stages: A. Id, ego, superego B. Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital C. Eros, thanatos, regression and superego D. Manifest, latent, oral, and phallic
B. Oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital
A theorists who views developmental changes as quantitative is said to be an empiricist. The antithesis of this position holds that developmental strides are qualitative. What is the name of this given position? A. Behaviorism B. Organicism C. Statistical developmentalism D. All of the above
B. Organismic
The tendency for adult females in the United States to wear high heels is best explained by: A. The principal of negative reinforcement B. Sex-role socialization C. Lorenz's studies on imprinting D. Ethological data
B. Sex-role socialization
The statement "the ego is dependent on the id" would most likely reflect the work of: A. Erik Erikson B. Sigmund Freud C. Jay Haley D. Arnold Lazaraus, William Perry, and Robert Kegan
B. Sigmund Freud The id is also called the pleasure principal and houses animalistic tendencies. The ego, also known as the reality principal, is pressured by the id to succumb to pleasure or gratification regardless of the consequences.
The anal retentive personality is: A. Charitable B. Stingy C. Kind D. Thinks very little about money matters
B. Stingy
In Harry Harlow's experiments with baby monkeys: A. A wire surrogate mother was favored by most young monkeys over a terry-cloth version B. The baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry-cloth surrogate mother than a wire surrogate mother C. Female monkeys had a tendency to drink large amounts of alcohol D. Male monkeys had a tendency to drink large amounts of alcohol
B. The baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry-cloth surrogate mother than a wire surrogate mother.
The word ethology, which is often associated with the work of Konrad Lorenz, refers to: A. Piaget's famous case study methodology B. The study of animal's behavior in their natural environment C. Studies on monkeys raised in Skinnerian air cribs D. All of the above
B. The study of animal's behavior in their natural environment
BASIC-ID (Arnold Lazarus)
Behavioral, Affective responses, Sensations, Imagery, Cognitions, Interpersonal relationships, Drugs
Piaget is: a. a maturationist b. a behaviorist c. a structuralist who believes stage changes are qualitative d. cognitive-behavioral
C. A structuralist who believes stage changes are qualitative
Piaget's final stage is known as the formal operational stage. In this stage: A. Abstract thinking emerges B. Problems can be solved using deduction C. A&B D. The child has mastered abstract thinking but still feels helpless
C. A&B Abstract thought
Freud's Oedipus complex (or Oedipus stage): A. Is the stage in which fantasies of sexual relations with the opposite-sex parent occur B. Occurs during the phallic stage C. A&B D. Is a concept Freud ultimately eliminated from his theory
C. A&B Oedipus=Phallic
The Harlow experiments utilizing monkeys demonstrated that animals placed in isolation during the first few months of life: A. Still developed in a normal fashion B. Still related very well with animals reared normally C. Appeared to be autistic D. Were fixated in concrete operational thought patterns
C. Appeared to be autistic
Elementary school counseling and guidance services: A. Have become popular since the early 1900s B. Became popular during WW2 C. Are a fairly new development which did not begin to gain momentum until the 1960s D. None of the above
C. Are a fairly new development which did not begin to gain momentum until the 1960s 1. Majority of people believed that teachers could double as counselors 2. Counseling was conceptualized to be focused on vocational issues. 3. Secondary schools utilized social workers and psychologists if behavioral/emotional issues were still present.
John Bowlby, the British Psychiatrist, is most closely associated with: A. The work of psychologist and pediatrician, Arnold Gesell, a maturationist B. Developmental stage theories C. Bonding and attachment D. The unconscious mind
C. Bonding and attachment
Theorists who believe that development merely consists of quantitative changes are referred to as: A. Organismic theorists B. Statistical developmentalists C. Empiricists D. All of the Above
C. Empiricists
Ritualistic behaviors, which are common to all members of a species, are known as: A. Hysteria B. Pica C. Fixed-action patterns elicited by sign stimuli D. Dysfunctional repetition
C. Fixed action patterns elicited by sign stimuli
In Kohlberg's highest and final level of moral development (Post Conventional), the individual: A. Must truly contend with psychosexual urges B. Has the so-called "good boy/good girl" orientation C. Has self-imposed morals and ethics D. A & B
C. Has self-imposed morals and ethics Postconventional morality is the highest level where the individual creates his or her own moral principals rather than those set by society or family.
Piaget's Preoperational Stage (2-7): A. Is the final stage, which includes abstract reasoning B. Includes mastering conservation C. Includes the acquisition of a symbolic schema D. All of the above
C. Includes the acquisition of a symbolic schema Symbolic mental processes allow language and symbolism in play to occur. Centration.
The Erikson stage that focuses heavily on sharing your life with another person is: A. Actually the major theme of all of Erikson's 8 stages B. Generativity vs. Stagnation (35-60) C. Intimacy vs. Isolation (23-34) D. A critical factor which Erikson
C. Intimacy vs. Isolation (23-34) If an individual fails to do well in this stage, they may conclude that he/she can depend on no-one but the self.
Development: A. Begins at birth B. Begins during the first trimester of pregnancy C. Is a continuous process that begins at inception D. A&C
C. Is a continuous process that begins at inception
Imprinting - rapid learning during a critical period of development - is an instinct in which a newborn will follow a moving object. The primary work in this area was done by: A. Erik Erikson B. Milton H. Erickson C. Konrad Lorenz D. Harry Harlow
C. Konrad Lorenz
______ expanded on Piaget's conceptualization of moral development. A. Erik Erikson B. Lev Vygotski C. Lawrence Kohlberg D. John B. Watson
C. Lawrence Kohlberg Kohlberg is the leading theorist in moral development. He used stories to determine the level of moral development in children.
A counselor is working with a family who just lost everything in a fire. The counselor will ideally focus on: A. Maslow's higher-order needs, such as self-actualization B. Building accurate empathy of family members C. Maslow's lower-order needs, such as physiological and safety needs D. The identified patient
C. Maslow's lower-order needs, such as physiological and safety needs
A preschool child's concept of causality is said to be animistic. This means that the child attributes human characteristics to inanimate objects. Thus, the child may fantasize that an automobile or a rock is talking to him. This concept is best related to: A. Jung's concepts of anima, animus B. Freud's wish fulfillment C. Piaget's preoperational period, ages 2-7 D. Ego identity
C. Piaget's Preoperational Period (2-7)
Two brothers begin screaming at each other during a family counseling session. The term that best describes the phenomenon is: A. The primal scene B. Preconscious psychic processes C. Sibling rivalry D. BASIC-ID
C. Sibling rivalry
When development comes to a halt, counselors say that the client: A. Has "learned helplessness" syndrome B. Suffers from a phobia C. Suffers from fixation D. Is displaying the risky shift phenomenon
C. Suffers from fixation
In the general U.S. population: A. The suicide rate is 2/100,000 B. Suicide occurs at the beginning of a depressive episode, but rarely after the depression lifts C. Suicide rates tend to increase with age D. Suicide occurs at the beginning of a depressive episode, but rarely after the depression lifts, and suicide rates tend to increase with age
C. Suicide rates tend to increase with age.
Robert Kegan speaks of a "holding environment" in counseling in which: A. The client is urged to relieve a traumatic experience in an encounter group B. Biofeedback training is highly recommended C. The client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction D. The activity of meaning making is discouraged
C. The client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find a new direction
Lawrence Kohlberg suggested: A. A single level of morality B. Two levels of morality C. Three levels of morality D. Preoperational thought as the basis for all morality
C. Three levels of morality 1. Preconventional (2 stages) 2. Conventional (2 stages) 3. Postconventional (2 stages)
Sensorimotor to Piaget is as Oral is to Freud, and as ____ is to Erikson: A. Integrity vs. Despair B. Kohlberg C. Trust vs. Mistrust D. Play therapy
C. Trust vs. Mistrust
In Freudian Theory, attachment is a major factor: A. In the preconscious mind B. In the mind of the child in latency C. Which evolves primarily during the oral stage D. A&B
C. Which evolves primarily during the oral stage
In Freud's psychodynamic theory, instincts are emphasized. Erik Erikson is an ego psychologist- ego psychologists: A. emphasize id processes B. refute the concept of the superego C. believe in man's power of reasoning to control behaviors D. are sometimes known as radical behaviorists
C. believe in man's power of reasoning to control behaviors Erik Erikson stressed ego functions. The ego is logical, rational, and utilizes the power of reasoning and control to keep impulses in check. Ego psychologists accent the ego and the power of control.
Stanley Coopersmith Study (Child-Rearing)
Children with high self-esteem were provided with a clear understanding of what was morally right and wrong, had more rules than children with low self-esteem, and when the child with high self-esteem was punished, the emphasis was on the behavior being bad, NOT the child.
Kohlberg's Post Conventional Stage of Morality
Concerned with universal, ethical principals of justice, dignity, and equality of human rights. Common good of society is a key issue. *Kohlberg felt that many people never reach the final level of post conventional/self-accepted morality.
We often refer to individuals as conformists. Which of these individuals would most likely conform to his/her peers? A. A 19-year old male college student B. A 23-year old male drummer in a rock band C. A 57-year old female stockbroker D. A 13-year old male middle school student
D. A 13-year old male middle school student Conformity peaks in early teens
The Heinz dilemmas is to Kohlberg's theory as: A. A brick is to a house B. Freud is to Jung C. The Menninger Clinic is to Biofeedback D. A typing test is to the level of typing skill mastered
D. A typing test is to the level of typing skill mastered
A person who lives by his or her individual conscience and universal ethical principles: A. Has, according to Kohlberg, reached the highest stage of moral development B. Is in the preconventional level C. Is in the postconventional level of self-accepted moral principals D. A&C
D. A&C
A critical period: A. Makes imprinting possible B. Emphasizes manifest dream content C. Signifies a special time when a behavior must be learned or the behavior won't be learned at all D. A&C
D. A&C A critical period is a time when an organism is susceptible to specific developmental process. It marks the importance of heredity and environment on development.
A mother hides a toy behind her back and a young child does not believe the toy exists anymore. The child has not mastered: A. Object permanence B. Reflexive response C. Representational thought D. A & C
D. A&C The child needs representational thought in order to master object permanency, which is also called object constancy. During this initial stage, the child learns the concept of time and casualty.
Erikson's middle-age stage (ages 35-60) is known as generativity vs. stagnation. Generativity refers to: A. The ability to do creative work or raise a family B. The opposite of stagnation C. The productive ability to create a career, family, and leisure time D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Heredity is the transmission of traits from parents to their offspring and: A. Assumes the normal person has 23 pairs of chromosomes B. Assumes that heredity characteristics are transmitted by chromosomes C. Assumes that genes composed of DNA hold a genetic code D. All of the above
D. All of the above
When comparing girls to boys, it could be noted that, in general: A. Girls grow up to smile more B. Girls are using more feeling words by age 2 C. Girls are better able to read people without verbal cues at any age D. All of the above.
D. All of the above
There are behavioral, structural, and maturational theories of development. The maturational viewpoint utilizes the plant growth analogy, in which the mind is seen as being driven by instincts while the environment provides nourishment, thus placing limits on development. Counselors who are maturationists: A. Conduct therapy in the here and now B. Focus primarily on nonverbal behavior C. Believe group work is most effective D. Allow clients to work through early conflicts
D. Allow clients to work through early conflicts Psychoanalysis and psychodynamic therapists fall into this category
Eleanor Gibson researched the matter of depth perception in children by utilizing: A. Piaget's concept of conservation B. Erikson's Trust vs. Mistrust paradigm C. Piaget's formal operations D. An apparatus known as a Visual Cliff
D. An apparatus known as a Visual Cliff The visual cliff is a device which utilizes a glass sheet which simulates a drop-off.
According to the Yale research by Daniel J. Levinson: A. Erikson's generativity vs. stagnation stage simply doesn't exist B. 80% of men in the study experienced moderate to severe midlife crises C. An "age 30 crisis" occurs in men when they feel it will soon be too late to make later changes D. B & C
D. B&C
In Kohlberg's 2nd level of moral development (Conventional), the stage is characterized by: A. Psychosexual urges B. A desire to live up to society's expectations C. A desire to conform D. B & C
D. B&C At the conventional level, the individual wishes to conform to the roles in society so that authority and social order can prevail.
A counselor who utilizes the term instinctual technically means: A. Behavior results from unconscious aggression B. Women will show the behavior to a higher degree than men C. A&B D. Behavior that manifests itself in all normal members of a given species
D. Behavior that manifests itself in all normal members of a given species
The sequence of object loss, which goes from protest to despair to detachment, best describes the work of: A. Freud B. Adler on birth order C. Erikson D. Bowlby
D. Bowlby
John Bowlby asserted that: A. Attachment is not instinctual B. Attachment is best explained via he Skinnerian principal C. A&B D. Conduct disorders and other forms of psychopathology can result from inadequate attachment and bonding in early childhood
D. Conduct disorders and other forms of psychopathology can result from inadequate attachment and bonding in early childhood
In girls, the Oedipus Complex may be referred to as: A. Systematic desensitization B. Covert desensitization C. In vivo desensitization D. Electra Complex
D. Electra Complex
Some behaviorist scientists have been critical of Swiss Child Psychologist Jean Piaget's development research because: A. He utilized the t test too frequently B. He failed to check for Type I or alpha errors C. He worked primarily with minority children D. His findings were often derived from observing his own children
D. His findings were often derived from observing his own children
A person who has successfully mastered Erikson's first seven stages would be ready to enter his final/8th stage of: A. Generativity vs. Stagnation B. Initiative vs. Guilt C. Identity Crisis of the later years D. Integrity vs. Despair
D. Integrity vs. Despair An individual who has successfully mastered all the stages feels a sense of integrity in the sense that his or her life has been worthwhile.
To research the dilemma of self-actualization, Maslow: a. used goslings as did Konrad Lorenz b. psychoanalyzed over 400 neurotics c. worked exclusively with schizophrenics in residential settings d. interviewed the best people he could find who escaped "the psychology of the average"
D. Interviewed the best people he could find who escaped the "psychology of the average"
According to Lawrence Kohlberg, the highest and final level of moral development (Post Conventional): A. Refers to the naive hedonism stage B. Operates on the premise that rewards guide morals C. A&B D. Is the highest level of morality. However, some people never reach this level.
D. Is the highest level of morality, however some people never reach this level.
Which theorist would be most likely to say that aggression is an inborn tendency? A. Carl Rodgers B. B.F. Skinner C. Frank Parsons, the father of guidance D. Konrad Lorenz
D. Konrad Lorenz Aggressiveness is apart of our evolution and was necessary for survival. The solution is to utilize catharsis and get our anger out, using methods such as competitive sports.
The Freudian developmental stage which "least" emphasizes sexuality is: A. Oral B. Anal C. Phallic D. Latency
D. Latency (6-12)
In adolescence: a. females commit suicide more than males b. suicide is a concern but statistically very rare c. the teens who talk about suicide are not serious d. males commit suicide more often than females, but females attempt suicide more often
D. Males commit suicide more often than females, but females attempt suicide more often.
According to Jean Piaget, a child masters the concept of reversibility in the third stage known as Concrete Operations (7-11). This notion suggests that: A. Heavier options are more difficult for a child to lift B. The child is ambidextrous C. The child is more cognizant of mass than weight D. One can undo an action, hence an object (say a glass of water) can return to its original shape.
D. Once can undo an action, hence an object (say a glass of water) can return to its original shape.
Freud's stages are psychosexual, while Erik Erikson's stages are A. psychometric B. psychodiagnostic C. psychopharmacological D. psychosocial
D. Psychosocial Erik Erikson's 8 stages focus on social relationships and thus are described as psychosocial.
In the famous experiment by Harry Harlow, frightened monkeys raised via cloth and wire mothers: A. Showed marked borderline personality traits B. Surprisingly enough became quite friendly C. Demonstrated a distinct lack of emotion D. Ran over and clung to the cloth and wire surrogate mothers
D. Ran over and clung to the cloth and wire surrogate mothers
Equilibration is: a. a term which emphasizes the equality between the sexes. b. performed via the id according to the Freudians. c. a synonym for concrete operational thought. d. the balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and that which is changed (accommodation).
D. The balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and that which is changed (accomodation)
Piaget felt: a. that homework depresses the elementary child's IQ b. strongly that the implementation of Glasser's concepts in Schools Without Failure should be made mandatory in all elementary settings c. that teachers should lecture a minimum of four hours daily d. that teachers should lecture less, as children in concrete operations learn best via their own actions and experimentation
D. The teacher should lecture less, as children in concrete operations learn best via their own actions and experimentation
The statement: "Males are better than females when performing mathematical calculations" is: A. False B. True due to genetics C. True only in middle-aged men D. True according to research by Elanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin
D. True according to research by Elanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin Males don't outperform females in mathematics until high school or college.
Dualistic Thinking (Perry)
Dividing information, values, and authority into right and wrong, good and bad, we and they. No ambiguity.
Wish Fulfillment (Freud)
Dreams and slips of the tongue are actually wish fulfillments
What is an idiographic approach/theory?
Idiographic approaches to theories (such as Freud and Piaget) examine individuals in depth. Idiographic theories can be contrasted with nomothetic approaches, such as behaviorism or the DSM general principals that apply to the population.
Archetype (Jung)
Inherited unconscious factors
Intincts:
Instincts are species-specific innate behaviors that don't need to be practiced or learned.
Robert Perry
Known for his ideas related to adult cognitive development; especially regarding college students. 1. Dualistic Thinking ("Black and White Thinking" 2. Relativistic Thinking
What is Positive Psychology?
Postive Psychology, coined by Abraham Maslow and Martin Seligman, refers to the study of human strengths such as joy, wisdom, altruism, the ability to love, happiness, and wisdom.
Preconscious/Foreconscious (Psychodynamic)
Preconscious material is not conscious but can be recalled without the use of special psychoanalytic techniques
Kohlberg's three levels of morality are:
Preconventional, Conventional, Postconventional.
What is RS?
RS means Religious & Spiritual. Addressing RS issues in counseling has increased in the last several years. Additionally, counselors who consider themselves to be spiritual (not religious) are also rising. RS is examined by counselors who are attempting to integrate the practice of "positive psychology" into their work.
Libidinal
Related to libido which is the sexual impulse or desire
Negative Reinforcement
Removal of a stimulus that increases the probability that an antecedent behavior will occur
Kohlberg's Preconventional Stage of Morality
Reward and punishment influence behavior (i.e., selfish motives)
What is the Heinz dilemma?
The Heiz Dilemma is used by Lawrence Kohlberg to assess the level and stage of moral development in an individual. Wife was dying of cancer. Pharmacy realized he could save her with a drug he had, but charged 10x the cost because he knew how much she needed the drug. Husband asked pharmacist to reduce price, he said no. Husband broke into pharmacy and stole the drug to save his wife.
in vivo
The client is exposed to an actual situation which might prove frightful or difficult.
What is a maturationist?
The concept of the maturation hypothesis (also known as maturation theory) suggests that behavior is guided exclusively via hereditary factors, but that certain behaviors will not manifest themselves until the necessary stimuli are present in the environment.
Manifest Content (Freud)
The dream material as presented to the dreamer
Ego
The ego is logical, rational, and utilizes the power of reasoning and control to keep impulses in check. The ego is pressured by the id to succumb to pleasure or gratification despite the consequences.
Counterconditioning (Behavioristic)
The goal is to weaken or eliminate a learned response by pairing it with a stronger or desirable response
Latent Content (Freud)
The hidden meaning of the dream
Id
The id is the seat of sex and aggression; it isn't rational or logical and is void of time orientation. It's chaotic and only concerned with the body.
Kohlberg's Conventional Stage of Morality
The individual wants to meet the standards of the family, society, and event the ntion.
Superego
The part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations
Heritability
The portion of a trait that can be explained via genetic factors
Object (Psychodynamic)
The target of one's love
What is the zone of proximal development?
The zone of proximal development describes the difference between a child's performance without a teacher vs. that which he or she is capable of with a teacher.
Psychodynamic theories focus on _______ processes rather than cognitive factors when counseling clients.
Unconscious
Regression (Freud)
Used to describe clients who return to an earlier stage of development
Relativistic Thinking (Perry)
Viewing all knowledge as embedded in a framework of thought. Aware of a diversity of opinions on many topics, they gave up the possibility of absolute truth in favor of multiple truths, each relative to its context.
All reinforcers, positive and negative, increase the probability that a behavior _______ occur
Will
Thanatos (Freud)
death instinct
Comparative Psychology
laboratory research using animals and attempts to generalize the findings to humans
Eros (Freud)
life instinct
