NBE Science Study Guide 2
grams
100 milliliters of 46% sodium chloride solution would contain 46 ____ of table salt.
Which of the following is NOT a common incision made into an artery or vein?
"X" incision
Corpulence
(Obesity) - Having an abnormal amount of fat on the body.
Backflow Prevention
(One-way) valve at the point at which the water enters the funeral home from the street. The installation of these devices is favored where the water enters the preparation room (not just the funeral home)
Desquamation
(Skin Slip) - Sloughing off of the epidermis, wherein there is a separation of the epidermis form the underlying dermis.
What are five classic signs of decomposition?
(dis)coloration, odor, skin slip, gas formation, purge
Boil
- Acute, deep-seated inflammation in the skin which usually begins as a subcutaneous swelling in a hair follicle.
Radionuclide
A chemical element that is similar in chemical properties to another element, but differs in atomic weight and electric charge and emits radiation. An atom that disintegrates by emission of electromagnetic radiation.
Bleaching Agent
A chemical which lightens a skin discoloration.
Infant
A child less than 1 year of age.
lesion
A circumscribed area of pathologically altered tissue is generally called a(n) _____.
blister
A circumscribed elevation of the skin containing a non-purulent fluid is known as a(n) ___?
Incision
A clean cut made with a sharp instrument; in embalming, a cut made with a scalpel to raise arteries and veins.
What fluid strength (index) should be used for autopsied bodies?
25-30
How many bottles of cavity fluid does the book recommend for a person weighing 150 pounds?
3
Trocar Guide
A line drawn or visualized on the surface of the body or a prominent anatomic structure used to locate internal structures during cavity embalming, from a point of reference 2 inches to the left of and 2 inches superior to the umbilicus.
Linear Guide
A line drawn or visualized on the surface of the skin to represent the approximate location of some deeper-lying structure.
Heart
A line from the left iliac spine to the right ear lobe in the trocar guide for the ___?
heart
A line from the left iliac spine to the right ear lobe in the trocar guide for the ___?
Solvent
A liquid holding another substance in solution.
abscess
A localized accumulation of pus.
Center for Disease Control and Prevention/CDCP (CDC)
A major agency of the Department of Health and Human Services, with headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, concerned with all phases of control of communicable, vectorborne, and occupational diseases
Razor BurnRazor Abrasion)
A mark of desiccation.
Anchor
A material or technique employed to secure tissues or restorative materials in a fixed position; an armature.
Needle Injector
A mechanical device used to impel specially designed metal pins into bone.
eukaryotic cells
A membrane-bound nucleus containing DNA and the presence of organelles are features of ______.
restricted cervical
A method of injection by raising both common carotid arteries at the start of injection is ___?
MicrobeMicroorganism)
A minute one celled form of life not distinguishable as to vegetable or animal nature.
Levator palpebrae superioris
A muscle of facial expression which raises the upper eyelid.
Angulus oris eminence
A natural marking consisting of a small convex prominence located lateral to the end of the line of lip closure.
Oblique palpebral sulcus
A natural marking which consists of a shallow curving groove which begins at the inner corner of the eyelid extends down and out on the cheek.
mouth closure
A needle injector is used for what?
Mortuary Putty
A paste to fix or fill.
nosocomial infection
A patient dies in the hospital from infection with Staphylococcus following open heart surgery. The heart attack leading the patient to surgery did not kill her but subsequent infection of staph did. Such an infection (whether death results or not) is called a(n) __________________.
Apprentice
A person registered for instruction in embalming and/or funeral directing under the supervision of an authorized licensed embalmer and/or funeral director?
Clinical Death
A phase of somatic death lasting from 5-6 minutes in which life may be restored.
Trauma
A physical injury or wound caused by external force or violence.
Trocar Button
A plastic threaded screw like device for sealing punctures and small round trocar openings.
Extra steps Encourage use of the surplus space for storage
A prep room that is too large can necessitate
Sanitation
A process to promote and establish conditions which minimize or eliminate biohazards.
Fatty Acids
A product of decomposition of fats.
Cadaveric Spasm
A prolongation of the last violent contraction of the muscle into the rigidity of death?
Cadaveric Spasm
A prolongation of the last violent contraction of the muscles into the rigidity of death.
Denatured Protein
A protein whose structure has been changed by physical or chemical agents.
your regrigerator
A psycrophilic pathogenic organism would be better able to survive in this bacteriostatic environment.
Eyecap
A thin plastic dome-shaped disk used to restore contour just beneath the eyelids. An aid in eye closure.
Eye cap
A thin, dome-like shell made of hardened cloth, metal, or plastic placed beneath eyelids to restore natural curvature and to maintain the position of posed eyelids.
Inverted triangle
A three-sided figure whose base is superior to its apex; when used to describe a frontal-view geometric head shape, a head which is wide in the forehead and narrow in the jaws.
Mental eminence
A triangular projection on the inferior portion of the anterior mandible.
The best method for closing an opening for a surgical drain is ___?
A trocar button
Scalpel
A two piece embalming instrument consisting of a handle and a blade used to make incisions and excisions.
Non-cosmetic Fluid
A type of arterial fluid which contains inactive dyes that will not impart a color change upon the body tissues of the deceased.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus/HIV
A type of retrovirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndromeAIDS).
hypotonic
A typical human cell contains a salt concentration of about 0.9%. Say that you remove cells from the epithelial linings from the inside of your mouth (the inside of your cheek) and examine them under a microscope. You add a drop of pure water (containing 0% saline) to the cells on the microscope slide. The water added to the cells is _____ compared to the solution present inside the cells.
Length
A vertical dimension.
Mid-axillary Line
A vertical line drawn from the center of the medial border of the base of the axillary space.
iodophore
A(n) _____ is a compound of iodine mixed with a surfactant (such as a detergent) that can slowly release the free iodine.
Initial steps of the embalming process
A quality topical disinfectant should be applied to the deceased human body followed by bathing of the body, during the
Sealer
A quick drying liquid which leaves a hard, thin transparent coat or layer through which moisture cannot pass.
Electroencephalogram/EEG
A record of the electrical activity of the brain.
Memorial gathering
A scheduled assembly of family and friends following a death.
Precipitant
A substance bringing about precipitation. The oxilates formerly used in water conditioning chemicals are now illegal because of the poisonous nature of the embalmer.
Hematoma
A swelling or mass of clotted blood confined to an organ or space caused by a ruptured blood vessel.
Bleaching
A term for treating a discolored eye to lighten the skin color.
Chemical treatment of the dead human body to reduce the presence and growth of microorganisms, to temporarily inhibit organic decomposition, and to restore the dead human body to an acceptable physical appearance
ABFSE definition of Embalming
Stillborn
Dead at birth; a product of conception either expelled or extracted dead.
Cadaver
Dead human body used for medical purposes: including transplantation, anatomical dissection, and study
What does Thanatos mean?
Death
Somatic Death
Death of the entire body
Cellular Death
Death of the individual cells of the body.
Somatic Death
Death of the organism as a whole.
1. Represent that state or local law requires that a deceased person be embalmed, when such is not the case 2. Fail to disclose that embalming is not required by law, except in certain special cases
Deceptive acts or practices defined by the FTC
What is the ultimate and indisputable sign of death?
Decomposition
Lipolysis
Decomposition of fats.
Putrefaction
Decomposition of organic matter
putrefaction
Decomposition of protein by the action of enzymes and anaerobic bacteria is ___?
Decay
Decomposition of proteins by enzymes of aerobic bacteria
Decay
Decomposition of proteins by enzymes of aerobic bacteria.
Putrefaction
Decomposition of proteins by the action of enzymes from anaerobic bacteria
Putrefaction
Decomposition of proteins by the action of enzymes from anaerobic bacteria.
Proteolysis
Decomposition of proteins.
Saccharolysis
Decomposition of sugars.
Agonal Agar
Decrease in body temperature immediately before death.
Agonal Dehydration
Decrease in the amount of moisture, or fluids, in the tissues and the body cavities
ischemia
Decreased blood flow to a body part is a condition called
Cavity Embalming
Direct treatment other than vascular(arterial) embalming of the contents of the body cavities and the lumina of the hollow viscera; usually accomplished by aspiration and then injection of chemicals using a trocar
Cavity Embalming
Direct treatment, other than vascular injection, of the contents of the body cavities
Cavity Embalming
Direct treatment, other than vascular(arterial) injection, of the contents of the body cavities and the lumina of the hollow viscera; usually accomplished by aspiration and injection.
stomach
Directing the trocar point toward the intersection of the fifth intercoastal space and left of mid-axillary is the trocar guide for the ___?
Embalming instrument which is used to direct drain tubes into troublesome vessels
Director/Groove Director
Must be used on cement Increasingly Brittle With Age Repairs Areas Very Visible Needs to be Well Waxed
Disadvantages of Asphalt Tile
Slippery When Wet
Disadvantages of Clay and Ceramic
Used Directly Over a Cement Floor Time Consuming to Install
Disadvantages of Epoxy
Will not Stand Up to Wear and Tear Especially Susceptible to damage from Chemicals
Disadvantages of Paint
Very Hard Tiring to Stand on for Long Periods of Time Slippery When Wet
Disadvantages of Terrazo Floor
Has no self-cleaning action No strainer-allows cotton and waste to go down easily
Disadvantages of a Slop Sink
Requires more floor space Buildup of waste in the pipe
Disadvantages of a StanPipe:
What kind of case should be wrapped in sheets soaked in cavity fluid?
Disaster
Drainage
Discharge or withdrawal of blood, interstitial fluid, and embalming fluids from the body during vascular embalming. Usually removed through a vein of the body.
Extravascular Blood Discoloration
Discoloration of the body outside the blood vascular system, for example, ecchymosis, petechia, hematoma, and postmortem stain.
Intravascular Blood Discoloration
Discoloration of the body within the blood vascular system; for example, hypostasis, carbon monoxide, and capillary congestion.
Blood Discoloration
Discolorations resulting from changes in blood composition, content, or location, either intravascularly or extravascularly.
Inventory and label personal effects State regulations may require security locks Establish a security plan for the handling of the remains of high-profile persons Preparation room should not be located so that it becomes a passage to other building areas
Discuss access and security of the prep room
Log should be kept Cooling unit should be locked by key or touch pad Cleaning schedule needs to be maintained
Discuss issues regarding refrigeration of human remains
Infectious Disease
Disease caused by the growth of a pathogenic microorganism in the body.
Contagious Disease
Disease that may be transmitted between individuals, with reference to the organism that causes a disease.
Communicable Disease
Disease that may be transmitted either directly or indirectly between individuals by an infectious agent.
congenital
Diseases that are present at birth are _______.
Embalming chemicals which are used to destroy or inhibit most pathogenic bacteria and their products in or on the body, preparation room, instruments, as well as the individual performing embalming operation
Disinfectant Chemicals
Primary Disinfection
Disinfection carried out prior to the embalming process.
Topical Disinfection
Disinfection of the surface of the body or an object.
Concurrent Disinfection
Disinfection practices carried out during the embalming process.
Subcutaneous Emphysema
Distension of the tissues beneath the skin by gas or air; an antemortem condition brought about by a surgical procedure or trauma.
The line of eye closure
Dividing a head into two equal halves by drawing horizontal lines will give three lines: one at the Vertex (top) of the Cranium, one at the Base Of the Chin and the center line, where?
Preparation room equipment which is specifically designed for the dressing of the deceased
Dressing Table
double
Drugs may ___ formaldehyde demand in some cases?
Pharmaceutical Agents
Drugs or medicines.
Burning with flame Baking in an oven 320-329 degrees Fº
Dry Heat Sterilizer
right atrium
During arterial embalming, what chamber of the heart is the center of venous drainage?
8.0 or 9.0 pH
During decomposition the tissues are found to have an alkaline pH in the range of
Moribund
During the agonal period the body is said to be _______, in a dying condition, or death bound
Physical Chemical
During the process there is a series of ______ and _____ changes, starting before the medico-legal time of death and continuing afterward
States that do not require case reports
Embalming care reports should be filled out in detail and kept as a permanent record of the funeral home or the embalming facility, even in
Cavity Fluid
Embalming chemicals which are injected into the cavities of the body following the aspiration in cavity embalming. Can also be used as the chemical in hypodermic and surface embalming
Cosmetic Fluid
Embalming fluid that contains dyes and coloring agents intended to restore a more natural skin tone through the embalming process.
Packing Forceps
Embalming instrument used in filling the external orifices of the body.
Nasal Tube Aspirator¬
Embalming instrument used to aspirate the throat by means of the nostrils.
Lock Forceps/Hemostat
Embalming instrument used to clamp vessels
Bone Separator/Separator
Embalming instrument used to maintain the elevation of the vessels above the surface of the skin
Metal Clamp/Metal Cut-Off
Embalming instrument used to stop the flow of fluids through tubing
Drain Tubes/Vein Tubes
Embalming instrument which is used to aid the drainage of blood from the body
Groove Director/Director
Embalming instrument which is used to direct drain tubes into troublesome vessels
Centrifugal Force Machine
Embalming machine that uses an electrical pump to create pressure either pulsating or non-pulsating.
True
Embalming should lessen the ravages of illness or trauma True/False
Sludge Coagulation Agglutination
Eventually the formed elements of the blood will stick together in clumps, a process that creates what is referred to as
Legal implications and carries liability
Everything we do in caring for a decedent and in serving a family has
Neisseria meningitis
Epidemic and endemic meningitis is caused by _____. There is only one correct answer.
In the nine region plan, the heart is in the ___?
Epigastric region
the underlying cause of disease
Etiology is best defined as
cell (plasma) membrane
Eukaryotic cells contain nuclear material (the material inside the nucleus), cytoplasm, and _____.
Autolytic Processes (i.e. Hemolysis)
Example of chemical activity causing chemical change in the body post-death
Gravity
Example of force of nature acting on body to create a change in the physical state of the body
Gangrene Decubitus Ulcers
Examples of Necrosis
Biological Hazards
Examples of engineering controls for compliance with the Formaldehyde Standard are essentially the same as for
Proper Plumbing Adequate Ventilation
Examples of engineering controls for compliance with the Formaldehyde Standard can be considered in terms of
Supplemental Fluid
Fluid injected for purposes other than preservation and disinfection. Supplemental fluids generally fall into one of three categories: preinjection, coinjection, and humectants or restorative fluids.
Preinjection Fluid
Fluid injected primarily to prepare the vascular system and body tissues for the injection of the preservative vasculararterial) solution. This solution is injected before the preservative vascular solution is injected.
Intercellular Fluid
Fluid inside cells of the bodyconstituting about one-half of the body weight).
Wall-mounted ones
Flush-surface hand sinks in countertops are easier to maintain than
The standard's requirements state what employers must do to protect workers who are occupationally exposed to formaldhyde, as defined in the standard. That is, the standard protects workers who can reasonably be anticipated to come into contact with formaldehyde as a result of doing their job duties
Formaldehyde Rule
What is discoloration resulting when formaldehyde reacts with hemoglobin in the tissues?
Formaldehyde grey
Canalization
Formation of new channels in a tissue.
bacteriostatic
Freezing produces what type of effect on bacteria?
Microbial Growth
Frequently, elevated temperature can stimulate
Preservative
Additive used to protect against decay, discoloration, or spoilage
Move bodies
Adequate tables will decrease the necessity to
Essential
Adequate ventilation is __________
Ether
Adhesive tape used in surgery can be removed by using:
Material used to close incisions and wounds. Works especially well on jagged tears in the skin
Adhesives
Is thought to be composed of fatty acids and appears in bodies that have been dead for an extended period
Adipocere (grave wax)
antemortem circulatory changes
Agonal hypostasis, agonal congealing, and agonal capillary expansion are examples of ______________
Temperature of the body Ability of the body to circulate blood Moisture content of the tissues Translocation of microorganisms within the body
Agonal period changes can be categorized according to their effect on the:
Death Dying
Agonal refers to ______ or _______
the proteins
Alcohol's antimicrobial action is largely due to how it disrupts the plasma membrane. What part of the plasma membrane shown here are adversely affected by alcohol?
lobar pneumonia
Alcoholism and malnutrition may be predisposing factors that disturb normal defenses of the body and lead to this streptococcal disease is susceptible individuals.
Identified
All bodies need to be
plasma membrane; cell wall
All cells contain a(n) _____ but bacterial cells contain an additional layer called the _____ that most cells do not have.
halogens
All of the following items are just like the other except one. Which one?
pathogens, especially bacteria, that are usually nonpathogenic and part of our normal flora.
An opprtunistic infection is caused by _____.
Fixative
An agent employed in the preparation of tissue, for the purpose of maintaining the existing form and structure. Many of the agents are used, the most important one being formalin.
Hazardous Material
An agent or material exposing one to risk.
Disinfectant
An agent, usually chemical, applied to inanimate objects/surfaces to destroy disease-causing microbial agents, but usually not bacterial spores.
Translocation
An agonal or postmortem redistribution of host microflora on a host wide basis.
Resinous Substance
An amorphous, nonvolatile solid or soft side substance, a natural exudation from plants. Any of a class of solid or soft organic compounds of natural or synthetic origin.
splint
An appliance as of wood, metal, etc. used to keep in place or protect a displaced movable part
Universal Precautions
An approach to infection control. According to the concept of Universal Precaution, all human blood and certain human body fluids are treated as if known to be infectious for HIV, HBV, and other blood borne pathogens.
dead macrophages
An autopsy of a recently deceased individual reveals the presence of cheese-like nodules inside cavities (tubercles) of the lungs. This "cheese-like" substance is composed of _____.
Electric Spatula
An electrically heated blade which may be used to dry moist tissue, reduce swollen tissue, and restore contour.
30
An embalmer is treating a body of a diabetic. What index of fluid will achieve the most satisfactory results?
Buffers
An embalming chemical which affects the stabilization of the acid-base (pH) balance within embalming solutions and in the embalmed tissues.
Time-Weighed Average/TWA
An evaluation of exposures that are time-weighted over an established period. It allows the exposure levels to be averaged generally over an 8-hour time period.
Ophthalmoscope
An optical instrument with an accompanying light that makes it possible to examine the retina and to explore for blood circulation.
Enzyme
An organic catalyst produced by living cells and capable of autolytic decomposition.
Sodium Hypochlorite
An unstable salt usually produced in an aqueous solution and used as a bleaching and disinfectant agent.
Severe generalized edema is known as what?
Anasarca
Inguinal Ligament
Anatomical structure forming the base of the femoral triangle; extends from the anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle.
Digits
Anatomical term describing fingers and toes; the thumb is #1 for each hand and the large toe is #1 for each foot.
Superior
Anatomically towards the head.
Embalming instrument that is used in raising vessels and for blunt dissection
Aneurysm Hook
Embalming instrument that is used in raising vessels and for blunt dissection, which has an eye in the hook portion of the instrument for placing ligatures around the vessels
Aneurysm Needle
Used for cutting bandages and clothing of deceased
Angular Bandage Scissors
Necropsy
Another name for an Autopsy.
Quadratus
Another name for the depressor labi inferioris:
Occipitofrontalis
Another name for the epicranius muscle.
Squama
Another name for the temporal cavity.
suture
An immovable joint found only between bones of the skull is a
Herpes
An inflammatory skin disease marked by small vesicles in clusters, usually restricted to diseases by Herpes virus.
Jean Gannal
An influential person in medical embalming who was the first to make embalming available to the public and who also wrote the first embalming test was who?
Maggot
An insect larva; especially flies.
commensalism
An interaction between two species that benefits one but hurts the other is called a(n) _____ interaction.
Medical Examiner
An official elected or appointed to investigate suspicious or unnatural deaths.
Coroner
An official of a local community who holds inquests concerning sudden violent, and unexplained deaths.
Inferior
From a given reference toward the feet.
body fat
From birth to 1 year, ____ increases from about 12% to about 30%
body fat
From birth to 1 year, ____ increases from about 12% to about 30%.
Extrinsic
From outside the body.
Away from the operator
From what direction should ventilation and fresh air move
Intrinsic
From within the body.
Preservative
Chemical which inactivate saprophytic bacteria, render unsuitable for nutrition the media upon which such bacteria thrive, and which will arrest decomposition by altering enzymes and lysins of the body as well as converting the decomposable tissue to a form less susceptible to decomposition.
Modifying Agents
Chemicals added to the embalming solution to deal with varying demands predicated upon the type of embalming, the environment, and the embalming fluid to be used.
Perfuming AgentsMasking Agents)
Chemicals found in embalming arterial formulations having the capability of displacing an unpleasant odor or of altering an unpleasant odor so that it is converted to a more pleasant one.
Preservative
Chemicals that inactivate saprophytic bacteria, render unsuitable for nutrition the media upon which such bacteria thrive, and that will arrest decomposition by altering enzymes and lysins of the body as well as converting the decomposable tissue to a form less susceptible to decomposition
Formaldehyde/HCHO
Colorless, strong-smelling gas that when used in solution is a powerful preservative and disinfectant; a potential occupational carcinogen.
Work Practice Controls
Common sense steps taken to avoid unnecessary or excessive exposure to infectious agents
Engineering Controls
Controls (e.g. sharps disposal container, self sheathing needles) that isolate or remove the blood borne pathogen hazard from the workplace.
Work Practice Controls
Controls that reduce all likelihood of exposure by altering the manner in which a task is performed; prohibiting recapping of needles, and not allowing blood splatter or aerosolization of blood while draining during the embalming process.
Work Practice Controls
Controls that reduce the likelihood of exposure by altering the manner in which a task is performed (e.g. prohibiting recapping of needles, and not allowing blood spatter or aerosolization of blood while draining during the embalming process).
Agonal Algor
Cooling or decrease of the body temperature prior to death
Another word for autopsy
Necropsy
Gas Gangrene
Necrosis in a wound infected by an anaerobic gas forming bacillus, the most common etiologic agent being Clostridium perfringens
Gangrene
Necrosis, death, of tissues of part of the body usually due to deficient or absent blood supply.
MoistWet) Gangrene
Necrotic tissue that is wet as a result of inadequate venous drainage; may be accompanied by bacterial infection.
Preparation room equipment used to hold suturing needles and keep them in good condition; an instrument used to hold a suturing needle while suturing
Needle Holder
Mechanical device used to impel specially designed metal pins into bone
Needle Injector
the bacteria are genetically modified to prevent pili from forming
Neisseria gonorrhea can be genetically modified so that they cannot adhere to nor colonize the mucous membranes of the urogenital tract thereby preventing them from causing gonorrhea. (If the bacteria cannot adhere to body surfaces they cannot colonize; if they cannot colonize and grow there, they cannot cause disease). What is it about Neisseria gonorrhea can be genetically modified to prevent gonorrhea as described here?
ophthalmia neonatorum
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the causative agent of _____.
I, II, & III only
Signs of death exhibited by the eyes of the deceased include: I. Clouding of the cornea and flattening of the eyeball II. Loss of luster of the conjunctiva III. Pupil dilation and non-response to light IV. Discoloration of the iris?
Siphon-Breaking Device or Backflow Preventer
Simple mechanism that is attached to a threaded faucet before the hydroaspirator is mounted. It combines a check valve and air vents. When water forces open the check valve, the air vents are automatically closed. If water pressure drops, the check valve closes automatically and the air vents are opened
Sterilizers
Oven or appliance for sterilizing; an autoclave that disinfects by steam under pressure at temperatures above 100°C.
good distribution
Preinjection is recommended when the body has?
If a community group wishes to tour the funeral establishment
Prep room should also be available to serve as a
12 to 20 air exchanges per hour (15 Recommended) Air exhaust systems located at or near floor level Air flow and adequacy of ventilation Location of exhaust should have air flow away from operator
Proper ventilation and temperature in the prep room
Eye Enucleation
Removal of the eye for tissue transplantation, research, and education
Respiration
Repeated aspiration of a cavity.
Subcutaneous
Situated or occurring beneath the skin.
Bulb Syringe
Self-contained, soft rubber manual pump designed to create pressure to deliver fluid as it passes through one-way valves located within the bulb. It is used only to deliver fluids; it cannot be used for aspiration.
Death Struggle
Semi-convulsive twitches that often occur before death
What is Greek for dung
Skato
ptomaines
Skatole, indole, and cadaverine are
Should have at least a 3 inch drain Should be installed low enough to permit free tilting and rotation of the table
Slop Sink
impetigo
Small vesicles that progress into weeping lesions are signs of this stapylococcal disease.
prions
Small, protein molecules that can be infectious and do not contain DNA or RNA are called __________. These are non-living agents.
it was largely a human reservoir disease.
Smallpox was largely eradicated from the planet mainly because _____.
Compound, usually of a disinfectant nature, used to effectively clean the remains and for post-procedure (terminal) disinfection by the operator
Soaps
Adipocere (Grave Wax)
Soft whitish crumbly or greasy material that forms upon the postmortem hydrolysis and hydrogenation of body fats.
Part of a solution that is always the greater amount and the medium in which the solute is dissolved; chemicals which are used in the preparation room to remove stains from the body, a cleanser for cosmetic brushes, a spot remover and a thinning agent
Solvents
Body loses its ability to sustain physiologic and metabolic activity
Somatic Death occurs once
Clinical Death
Somatic death proceeds in an orderly progression from _______ to brain death; then to biological death, and finally to postmortem cellular death
Brain Death
Somatic death proceeds in an orderly progression from clinical death to ________ ; then to biological death, and finally to postmortem cellular death.
Biological Death
Somatic death proceeds in an orderly progression from clinical death to brain death; then to _________, and finally to postmortem cellular death.
Postmortem Cellular Death
Somatic death proceeds in an orderly progression from clinical death to brain death; then to biological death, and finally to postmortem _________.
cancer-causing
Some embalming chemicals can act as carcinogens. What does this mean?
iatrogenic
Some pathological conditions result following medical treatment for a different condition. When such illnesses happen following medical treatment, the condition is called a(n) _______________ illness.
Preparation room
Some states require that each funeral facility maintains a
Preservative
Something that preserves or has the power of preserving
Colon
Source of most bacterial translocation
Intercostal Space
Space between the ribs.
Nasal Cavity
Space between the roof of the mouth and the floor of the cranial cavity.
Refractory
Special high temperature lining for the combustion chambers.
High Preservation Demand Fluids
Special vasculararterial) fluid with an HCHO content of 25 to 36 percent.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Specialized clothing or equipment worn by an employee for protection against a hazard.
Rate of Flow
Speed at which fluid is injected; measured in ounces per minute.
Multi-purpose embalming instrument commonly used for holding cotton swabs, wiping out and disinfecting the eyes, restoration treatment and closing the eyes
Spring Forceps
Terminates in a floor sink which flushes. Should be installed low enough to permit free tilting and rotation of the table
StanPipe
Identification tag or band on the body
Funeral home or the embalming facility should also place its own
Ventilation Temperature
Funeral homes must give consideration to the __________and________ in the embalming room
Torch light procession
Funerals is the Latin term for:
Jars of jams and jellies contain concentrated sugars making that environment hypertonic compared to the internal environment of microbes that might be introduced to the jar.
Fungi and bacteria have a difficult time growing in jars containing jam or jelly. What is it about these products that inhibit such microbial growth?
What is an acute, deep-seated inflammation in the skin, which usually begins as a subcutaneous swelling in a hair follicle?
Furuncle
What is an acute, deep-seated inflammation in the skin, which usually begins as a subcutaneous swelling in a hair follicle?
Furuncle (boil)
Describe gas tissue
Gas gangrene caused by clostridium perfringens (am or pm)
Describe gas from decomposition
Gas in the viscera occurs during general decomposition; it begins the stomach or intestines (pm flatulence)
Secure the preparation room Recognize exposure risks Know the products you are using Prepare for emergencies Limit toxicity and waste Avoid solvents and chlorinated compounds Know how to manage your wastewater Handle sharps carefully Think before you flip the switch Do not just toss it in the trash Recycle Keep it clean Document your work
General issues that one should be mindful of when working in the prep room
What causes odor during decomposition?
Generally caused by the decomposition of proteins (proteolysis) which will create amines, ptomaine's, mercaptan, and hydrogen sulfide
the moisture content of body tissues is higher than the moisture content on body surfaces.
Generally, most bacterial diseases of humans occur in the body's tissues whereas fungal diseases occur on body surfaces. This can best be explained by _____.
the flu virus used to make the vaccine has been attenuated.
Getting a flu shot probably won't make you ill but will provide immunity from the flu largely because ______.
32 ounces of 25 index arterial fluid in 1 gallon of water
Given the following arterial solutions, which would be the most effective in treating a body showing signs of decomposition?
endocrine.
Glands which have no ducts are termed
Mandibular fossa
Glenoid fossa; the small oval depression on the zygomatic process of the temporal bone into which the condyle of the mandible articulates, just anterior to the external auditory meatus.
Rubber stopper containing two tubes, one to create vacuum or pressure and the other to deliver fluid or achieve aspiration; possibly used in conjuction with a hand pump
Goose Neck
The filling of large bottles and pails
Gooseneck faucet facilitates
Used to embalm highly injections bodies or when power goes out Method of creating injection pressure which consists of a gravity bottle with tubing attached, that is suspended at a desired distance above the point of injection Gravity produces 0.43 lbs. of pressure per foot of height (About a half a pound)
Gravity Bottle/ Gravity Percolator
Method of creating injection pressure which consists of a gravity bottle with tubing attached, that is suspended at a desired distance above the point of injection Gravity produces 0.43 lbs. of pressure per foot of height (About a half a pound) Used to embalm highly injections bodies or when power goes out
Gravity Percolator/Gravity Bottle
Formaldehyde Grey
Grey discoloration of the body caused by the reaction of formaldehyde from the embalming process with hemoglobin to form methyl-hemoglobin.
Accessory Chemical
Group of chemicals used in addition to vascular (arterial) and cavity embalming fluids; includes but is not limited to hardening compounds, preservative powders, sealing agents, mold preventative agents, and pack application agents
pandemic
HIV / AIDS is considered a ____ disease because it has a worldwide distribution.
pandemic; found worldwide
HIV/AIDS is considered _____ because the virus and the disease are _____.
Equipment used to dry the hair of the deceased and is made specifically for mortuary use
Hair Dryer
I, II, & IV
Halogens: I: have oxidation numbers of -1 II. are also called "salt formers" III. fall in column 1 of the periodic table IV.usually form ionic compounds
Hand operated, double action pneumatic pump which is used to create pressure for embalming purposes and aspiration
Hand Pump
MSDS with each shipment
Hazard Communication Rule requires manufacturers or suppliers of hazardous materials or substances to include an
Virchow
He is considered the "father of pathology".
massage appendages
How can an embalmer increase fluid distribution in the body?
through an incision over the device.
How could a pacemaker be removed from a body?
pili are longer than fimbriae
How do fimbriae differ from pili?
application of Universal Precautions Engineering Controls Work Practice Controls
How do we achieve compliance with the BBPR
distension
How do weak arterial solutions affect tissues?
Fair Play
How does RGM define ethics in this chapter
Seeing or touching the deceased, the mourners have the visual and physical opportunity that is crucial in verifying the stark reality of death
How does seeing the deceased person help confront death
Science has no way to determine the degree or length of time that preservation of the embalmed body can be maintained
How long will the properly embalmed human body last
three
How many bottles of cavity fluid does the book recommend for a person weighing 150 pounds?
3
How many potential stages are there in syphilis?
One permanent table
How many tables are recommended for 100 to 150 bodies per year
Twice Genesis 50: 2- 3 Genesis 50: 26
How many times is embalming mentioned in the Old Testament
12 to 20 air exchanges per hour
How many times per hour should the air in the prep room be exchanged
insert trocar into abdomen
How may nasal purge be treated prior to embalming?
preservative compress with phenol
How should an embalmer treat an ecchymosis on the back of the hand?
bleach with phenol compress
How should extravascular blood discolorations be removed?
reduce gas pressure with trocar
How should pre-embalming purge be treated?
Without human attachments, there would be little, if any, need for funerals
Human attachments and relationships in regard to the funeral ceremony
The body of a deceased individual including cremated remains
Human remains
mechanical defense
Human respiratory tracts are lined with cilia and covered in mucous produced by special cells of the epithelium. Together, the cilia and mucous help remove pathogens before they can reach the lungs. Such removal is an example of _____ of pathogens.
Type of preparation room equipment consisting of a suction device which uses water pressure to create a vacuum for removing liquid materials from the body
Hydroaspirator
Destruction of the cells by water; The single most important factor in the initiation of the decomposition; Hydrolysis is the first chemical reaction in the putrefactive process
Hydrolysis
Device used to hypodermically inject embalming fluid into the tissues
Hypo-Valve Trocar
Used to inject embalming chemicals and tissue builder into the body tissues
Hypodermic Needle and Syringe
Sharps
Hypodermic needles, suture needles, injector needles, scalpel blades, razor blades, pins and other items sharp enough to cause percutaneous injury, penetration of unbroken skin; may include other items normally not disposed of following use such as scissors, teeth, fingernails, and ribs.
Jaundiced bodies are best restored using I low-index fluid II high-index fluid III passive dye IV active dye
I & IV
Jaundiced bodies are best restored using I low-index fluid II high-index fluid III passive dye IV active dye
I & IV- low-index fluid & active dye
d. all of these
Staphylococcus aureus is the causative agent of a. boils and carbuncles b. TSS c. food intoxication d. all of these e. a and b
Complete destruction of all living organisms, including cells, viable spores, and viruses
Sterilization
What are the expert tests for death?
Stethoscope, Opthalmoscope, Liquid dye test for circulation, Electronic monitors (eeg & ekg), Evoked response.
Examples or purging
Stomach, Lung, Brain and False purge (fluid purge)
The main trocar guides are designed to increase the efficiency in piercing the internal organs and aspirating the contents. The guides are recommended to reach which major organs?
Stomach, cecum, urinary bladder and heart
Embalming instrument commonly used on arterial tubes to stop the flow of fluid
Stop Cock
Thanatology
Study of death.
Gas and distention of the tissue brought about trauma or surgery; outside air trapped inside the body (am)
Subcutaneous emphysema
Pediculicide
Substance able to destroy lice.
Substrate
Substance acted upon (e.g., protein, fat, carbohydrate), as by an enzyme in the living organism, or embalming chemicals in preserving the dead body
Reducing Agent
Substance that easily loses electrons and thereby causes other substances to be reduced; formaldehyde is a strong reducing agent.
Larvicide
Substance used to kill insect larvae.
Chelate
Substances that bind metallic ions such as EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid)-used as an anticoagulant in embalming solutions.
Dye (Coloring Agent)
Substances which will, upon being dissolved, impart a definite color to the embalming solution.
fungi
Superficial, cutaneous, subcutaneous, and systemic. These are terms associated with diseases caused by _____.
Restorative FluidHumectant)
Supplemental fluid, used with the regular arterial solution, whose purpose is to retain body moisture and retard dehydration.
Fly Ash
Suspended ash particles, charred paper, dust, soot, or other partially incinerated matter, carried in the products of combustion. ( Most often referred to as particulate matter or particulates)
Preparation room item used with suturing needles to suture cuts and incisions
Suture/Ligature
Preparation room instruments which are used to close cuts and incisions by suturing with ligature
Suturing Needles
Autopsy Full Curve Half Curve Loopuypt's
Suturing Needles Types
rheumatic fever
Sydenham's chorea and St. Vitus' dance are two conditions that can result following an initial bout of this disease caused by Streptococcus.
Aneurysms
Syphilis, when in its final stages, has degenerative lesions in the vascular system which may lead to the possibility of?
special
Systemic pathology is also called _____.
Embalming Table, Dressing Table
Table Types
quaternary ammonium compounds
The _____ are inactivated by the presence of soap and other organic matter found in items like gauze.
Vertebral Arteries
The ______ directly feed into the circle of willis?
Fixation
The act of making tissue rigid. The solidification of a compound.
Injection
The act or instance of forcing a fluid into the vascular system or directly into tissues.
Pressure
The action of a force against an opposing forcea force applied or acting against resistance).
iodine
The active ingredient of Betadine, a commercially-available antiseptic, is _____.
Ante Mortem
The agonal period is
lobar pneumonia
The alveoli filling with fluid is the main symptom of this streptococcal disease.
calorie
The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius is a
Injection Pressure
The amount of pressure produced by an injection device to overcome initial resistance withinintravascular) or onextravascular) the vascular systemarterial or venous).
posterior to the medial border of the SCM on their respective sides of the neck
The anatomical guide of either common carotid artery:?
Frontal Bone
The anterior third of the cranium forming the forehead and the anterior portion of the roof of the skull.
Highlight with cosmetics
The application of a color which is lighter or brighter than the complexion color.
Chemotherapy
The application of chemical reagents in the treatment of disease in man, causing an elevated preservation demand.
layer of the meninges.
The arachnoid is a
Frontal process of the maxilla
The ascending part of the upper jaw which gradually protrudes as it rises beside the nasal bone to meet the frontal bone; the ascending process of the upper jaw.
origin
The attachment of a muscle which moves the least when the muscle contracts.
temporal bone
The auditory ossicles are contained within the
Staphylococcus aureus
The bacterium shown here as the large clump of yellow-colored cells is MRSA. What species is this?
the cell theory
The belief that all forms of life are composed of cells.
spontaneous generation
The belief that life-forms can spontaneously appear from non-living matter is known as ______.
Purse-string suture
The best method for closing an opening for a colostomy is ___?
"Solid" portion made up of the various groups of blood cells "Liquid" portion in which the cells are suspended
The blood is composed of two portions:
Occipital
The bone that creates the most inferior and posterior part of the cranium.
appendicular.
The bones of the arms and legs are considered to be
mesenteric branches.
The branches of the aorta that supply blood to the intestines are the
Crematory
The building or portion of a building that houses the cremation chamber and the holding facility.
orbital
The cavities housing the eyes are called _________ cavities.
Lumen
The cavity or opening of a vein, artery, or intestine.
right inguinal
The cecum is located in which abdominal region?
85%
The circulatory system of humans normally contains 5 to 6 quarts of blood, or 8% of the body weight, ____% of which is contained within the capillaries
8
The circulatory system of humans normally contains 5 to 6 quarts of blood, or ____% of the body weight, 85% of which is contained within the capillaries
5 to 6
The circulatory system of humans normally contains _______ quarts of blood, or 8% of the body weight, 85% of which is contained within the capillaries
Cosmetizing
The process of applying cosmetics to a surface
Congealing
The process of converting soluble protein to insoluble protein by heating or contact with a chemical such as an alcohol or an aldehyde. The solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass
Coagulation
The process of converting soluble protein to insoluble protein by heating or contact with a chemical such as an alcohol or an aldehyde. The solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass. Agglutination is a specific form
Moved until it is placed in a casket, shipping container, or on a cot
Ideally, once the body is placed on a preparation table, it should not have to be
This is the right person beyond any doubt
Identification certifies that
Essential
Identification of every dead human body received by a funeral establishment is
Documented in writing
Identification of the deceased by the next of kin or their representative should be
Preventative mental health measure for the bereaved
Identification serves as a
Direct confrontation with the body or by identification of a televised image or photograph (digital or Polaroid)
Identification should be done either by
The professional responsibilities we assume in providing disposition
Identification underscores
Agonal Coagulation
In reference to blood, a change from a fluid into a thickened mass.
medial
In relation to the lungs, the heart lies
Tahara
In the Jewish faith, the ceremony of washing the deceased before the burial; serves as a ritual purification or cleansing of the body and should be performed by the Chevra Kaddisha?
less than usual
In the case of emaciation, secondary dilution would be
before and after arterial embalming
In the case of eye enucleation, when should cotton be placed in the orbital cavity?
left upper quadrant
In the four region plan, the heart is in the___?
the tissue is immediately preserved, formed and dried
In the instant tissue fixation injection, ___?
hypogastric region
In the nine region plan, the bladder is located in the ___?
Determine the thoroughness, effectiveness, and quality of the work
In the preparation of each body it becomes the responsibility of the embalmer to...
Aerobic
In the presence of free oxygen
Irreversibility
In the sequence of death there is a point of ________ that can generally be diagnosed by physicians. When this point is reached, nothing more can be done to restore intelligent life
very young children
In what kind of cases is pre-injection NEVER recommended?
Vertical- concave
In which profile does the forehead and eyebrows project to an imaginary line, and the chin protrude more than the superior mucous membrane?
Parallel Incision
Incision on the surface of the skin to raise the common carotid arteries. It is made along the posterior border of the inferior one-third of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
Agonal Edema
Increase in the amount of moisture, or fluids, in the tissues and the body cavities May result from disease processes or from agonal capillary expansion
Agonal Fever
Increase of the body temperature just prior to death
Restricted Drainage
Intermittent or alternate injection and drainage.
Powders, liquids, sprays, and creams used by coating over raw incisions, wounds, in cavities, or on pinpoint leakage
Internal Sealers
mesophilic
Internal bacterial pathogens of humans would be best described as _____ in terms of the optimum temperature requirements of those bacteria?
What does methane gas smell like?
Intestinal gas that is actually odorless
Agglutination
Intravascular: the increase of viscosity of blood brought about by the clumping of particulate formed elements in the blood vessels
-Ratio of surface area of the body to body mass -Body temperature at the time of death -Combinations of the effects of the ratio of surface area to body mass and body temperature at the time of death
Intrinsic factors Include
halogen
Iodophores are classified as a(n) _____.
Death
Irreversible cessation of all vital functions. (Nonlegal definition)
Biological Death
Irreversible somatic death.
Universal Precautions
Is an approach to infection control whereby all human blood and certain human body fluids are treated as if known to be infectious for HIV, HBV, and other blood borne pathogens.
No
Is death a specific point in time
- Embalmer has the responsibility to ascertain that he or she has a properly identified body - Record of clothing or other personal articles or valuables received by the firm would be appropriate
Is it important to properly identify the body
No
Is the basement a good place for the prep room
The presence of the embalmed deceased is no longer the central focus of the twenty-first century funeral ceremony, as it had once been in America in the twentieth century
Is the presence of the embalmed body as important as it used to be
Clinical Death
It is during this time that the person can be resuscitated
ClostridiumPerfringens
Its presence throughout the body after death can bring about immediate embalming and preservation problems
phenol
Joseph Lister is credited with discovering the use of _____ as a disinfectant and antiseptic.
Air flow Adequacy of ventilation
Key to the creation of an embalming environment protective of the embalmer's health and comfort is _____________ and ____________
What does -ology mean?
Knowledge of
Acquired
Labial sulci
normal flora
Lactobacillus acidophilus is the species of bacterium often used as the active cultures in yogurt. Such probiotic foods are healthy for human nutrition. One reason is that the active cultures can replace the ________________ killed by antibiotics.
tophi; gout
Large uric acid crystals called _____ may appear in any joint in chronic cases of _____.
Describe the last order of putrefaction of the organs?
Last, the non-pregnant uterus or large blood vessels in the male and female
Contaminated Laundry
Laundry which has been solid with blood or other potentially infectious materials or may contain sharps.
First Floor
Least costly and most logical location for a preparation room
Short Term Exposure Limit/STEL
Legal limits established by OSHA to which workers can be exposed continuously for a short period of time without damage or injury. Exposures at the STEL should not be for more than 15 minutes and not repeated more than 4 times per work day.
Fever Blisters
Lesions of the mucous membrane of the lip or mouth caused by Herpes Simplex type I or II virus or by dehydration of the mucous membrane in a febrile disease.
Dental tie
Ligature around the superior and inferior teeth employed to hold the mandible in a fixed position.
What are the inexpert tests (historical) for death?
Ligature test, Ammonia injection, Checking for a pulse, Listening for breathing or heart beat.
Brightness
Light-colored flooring puts more _____ in the work area
Preparation room materials used on cases where the lips and/or eyelids are difficult to close properly
Lip and Lid Cement
tuberculosis
Liquefaction and cavitation occur during the development of this disease.
Pus
Liquid product or inflammation containing various proteins and leukocytes.
Vehicle
Liquids that serve as a solvent for the numerous ingredients that are incorporated into embalming fluids.
Vascular (Arterial) Embalming Cavity Embalming Hypodermic Embalming Surface Embalming
List four treatment classifications or types of embalming
Orbicularis oculi
List muscle responsible for the optic facial sulci
Procerus
List muscle responsible for the transverse interciliary sulci
Floors, countertops, and all flat surfaces should be constructed of materials that can easily be sanitized
List the concerns about walls and vertical surfaces
½ to 2 hours after death
Livor Mortis, settling of blood brings about a discoloration that appears within
Name of deceased Date Time Employee who placed the deceased into or removed the deceased from the cooler
Log should be kept with the following information
Musculature Suture
Method of mouth closure in which a suture is passed through the septum of the nose and through the mentalis muscle of the chin.
Cranial Embalming
Method used to embalm the contents of the cranial cavity through aspiration and injection of the cranial chamber by passage of a trocar through the cribiform plate.
autotrophs
Microrganisms using light and carbon dioxide to produce food are considered _____.
Embalming instrument used to aspirate the throat by means of the nostrils
Nasal Tube Aspirator
Dimples
Natural shallow depressions which may appear in the chin or cheek, or not at all.
two inches above and two inches to the left of the umbilicus
The standard point of trocar entry is ___?
Protrusion
The state of being thrust forward or projecting.
Preservation
The science of treating the body chemically so as to temporarily inhibit decomposition.
Temporary Preservation
The science of treating the body chemically so as to temporarily inhibit decomposition.
Death Struggle
The semi-convulsive twitches which often occur before death.
Rods
The sensory bodies of the retina of the eye responsive to light but not color.
Blunt Dissection
The separation and pushing aside of the superficial fascia leading to blood vessels and then the deep fascia surrounding blood vessels, utilizing manual techniques or round ended instruments which separate rather than cut the protective tissues.
VascularArterial) Embalming
The use of the blood vascular system of the body for temporary preservation, disinfection, and restoration; accomplished through injection of embalming solutions into the arteries and drainage from the veins.
Vascular Embalming
The use of the vascular systems of the body for preservation, disinfection, and restoration; usually accomplished through injection of embalming solutions into the arteries and drainage from the veins
cecum.
The vermiform appendix projects from the wall of the
mucous membrane
The visible reddish portion of each lip is known as the
ball or sphere
The word "coccus" means _____.
viruses
The word "obligate", as used in microbiology, refers to an organism restricted to a particular mode of life. With this in mind, the smallest category of pathogens are intracellular, obligate parasites. What microbe does this describe?
Carotene
The yellow pigment of the skin
Tobacco Tars
The yellowing/browning of the fingernails and fingers from excessive use of cigarettes; a surface discoloration.
Surface Evaporation Gravitation or Hypostasis of blood and body fluids
There are two basic factors at work in postmortem loss of body moisture:
Posterior
Toward the back.
Medial
Toward the midline.
Superficial
Toward the surface.
Spring device used to hold a towel in place
Towel Clamps
an infection acquired in a hospital or other health care setting
Toxic shock syndrome can be caused nosocomially. What is a nosocomial infection?
endotoxins
Toxins released from bacteria upon the death of those bacteria are _____.
Cornea
Transparent part of the tunic of the eyeball that covers the iris and pupil and admits light into the interior.
Restoration
Treatment of the deceased in the attempt to recreate natural form and color.
decomposition
What body condition often result in problems in achieving even distribution, increased potential for distention, and increased preservative demand?
ethmoid
What bone is punctured during cranial aspiration?
purge caused by gas formation
What condition would require reaspiration?
internal carotid
What cranial arteries should be ligated during arterial injection of an autopsied body?
they increase the virulence of bacterial pathogens
What do each of the following have in common? toxins, enzymes, capsules, endospores, pili
they can all serve as vectors
What do the following organisms have in common? ticks, mites, body lice
These are all related to mechanical or biological vectors.
What do unprotected sex and handshaking have in common?
Occupational Health and Safety Administration
What does OSHA stand for?
-Agonal period -Clinical death -Brian death -Biological death -P.M cellular death
What is the process of somatic death?
allows fluid to drain in abdominal cavity
What is the purpose of channeling a distended neck with a trocar?
10 to 15 minutes per gallon
What is the recommended ideal rate of flow for the first gallon of solution injected?
apply compress of undiluted cavity fluid
What is the recommended treatment of a decubitus ulcer?
drain with internal jugular
What is the recommended treatment to remove discolorations caused by cadaveric lividity?
preservation
What is the science of treating the dead human body chemically so as to temporarily inhibit decomposition?
endogenous invasion of microorganisms
What is the technical term for the translocation of the microorganisms?
All employers must be in compliance with all provisions of the Hazardous Communication Standard
What is true as of May 23, 1988?
Disaster
What kind of case should be wrapped in sheets soaked in cavity fluid?
high injection pressure
What may cause distension of facial tissues during embalming?
bend and flex lower extremities
What mechanical measure may be used to overcome intravascular difficulties?
restricted cervical using both carotid arteries
What method of arterial injection best encourages arterial coagula to be pushed toward the legs rather than toward the head?
musculature suture
What method of mouth closure is recommended for infants?
Employers must immediately implement procedures for post-exposure evaluation and follow-up
What must employers do if there is exposure to BBP
scapula
What organ/tissue procurement LEAST disrupts arterial solution distribution?
forty-five %
What percentage of the total volume of blood normally consists of blood cells?
intense livor mortis
What problem can an embalmer expect if the body has been refrigerated for a long period and wrapped in plastic?
Owners, even licensed ones, who fail to authorize purchase of the necessary equipment, accessories, fluids, supplies, instruments, or protective procedures do, in effect, unethically inhibit the embalmer from delivering the optimum remains for funeralization
What responsibilities do the owners of funeral establishments have to assisting the embalmer in delivering optimun remains
To the extent possible, embalmers should attempt to accommodate families in this regard and should present the remains with features set and whatever other helpful preparations are feasible
What should a funeral director do with families who cannot afford viewing and visitation, but express an earnest desire to view the remains in the preparation room
Negative comments by one embalmer concerning another funeral director or embalmer should be avoided
What should a funeral director's code be regarding negative comments about colleagues
Launder and return to the family Destroy after proper authorization
What should done with the deceased clothing
inferior portion of spinal cord with its spinal roots
What structure resembles a "cauda equina?"
purse string
What suture is commonly used to close the trocar puncture?
baseball
What suture is recommended for securely closing the incision made for long bone donation?
bridge
What suture is used to align tissues prior to embalming?
Baseball
What suture method is most effective for securely closing long bone donor incisions?
ecchymosis
What type of blood discoloration does not clear during arterial injection?
preservative
What type of chemical is not usually found in preinjection fluids?
restricted
What type of drainage technique is recommended when preparing a body for delayed viewing?
brain
What type of purge is creamy-white with no odor?
lung
What type of purge is frothy, white, and has no odor?
common carotids
What vessels should be used for the primary injection of a body that had diabetes mellitus?
Seals the seams where the wall and floor come together
When using sheet vinyl, have the flooring cut so it can extend several inches up the walls; this serves what purpose
On the general price list (GPL), required by § 453.2( b)( 4) in immediate conjunction with the price shown for embalming
Where must disclosures required by the FTC appear
thoracic cavity
Where should the embalmer begin aspiration?
trisomy 21
Which of the following is a genetic anomaly characterized by the presence of an extra chromosome?
rickettsia
Which of the following is a genus of gram-negative, pathogenic, intracellular parasitic microorganisms?
cold
Which of the following is a physical method of controlling bacterial growth?
kidneys
Which of the following is a portal of exit for pathogens? There is only one best answer.
feces
Which of the following is a portal of exit for some pathogens? There is only one best correct answer.
bacteria
Which of the following is a prokaryotic one-celled microorganismof the kingdom Monera, exists as either free-living organisms or as parasites, multiply by binary fission, and have a large range of biochemical properties?
contact pallor
Which of the following is a way to determine that the body has livor mortis?
glutaraldehyde
Which of the following is an effective disinfectant and a cold chemical sterilant?
I, II, IV
Which of the following is associated with strangulation and hanging deaths? I. Petechial hemorrhaging occurs due to increased venous pressure. II. The tissues of the face become congested with blood and appear purple-blue. III. Wide ligature lacerates the tissues of the neck, while thin ligature leaves bruises on the neck. IV. The feet can become discolored.
tissue gas
Which of the following is caused by Clostridium perfringens?
inject undiluted cavity fluid
Which of the following is correct regarding cranial cavity treatment?
the presence of UV radiation
Which of the following is least like the others on the list?
Autopsies describe the progression of the death struggle.
Which of the following is not a benefit of an autopsy?
right subclavian
Which of the following is not a branch of the arch of the aorta?
DNA
Which of the following is not a factor influencing a microbe's virulence?
it regulates the movement of molecules into and out of the cell
Which of the following is not a feature or a function of the bacterial cell wall?
false purge
Which of the following is not a type of true purge?
otitis media
Which of the following is not caused by Streptococcus pyogenes?
movement of the pupil
Which of the following is not one of the changes that takes place within the eye following death?
vectors
Which of the following is the general name of an arthropod carrier of a pathogen that can transmit the pathogen from infected host to noninfected individuals?
cystic fibrosis
Which of the following is the most common, fatal genetic disease in the United States?
car accident
Which of the following is the most obvious social cause of death?
infiltration
Which of the following is the process of seepage or diffusion into tissues of substances that are not ordinarily present?
It prefers an environment with oxygen but can survive just fine without oxygen.
Which of the following is true of a bacterial pathogen that is a facultative anaerobe?
lymphangitis
Which of the following may occur due to cellulitis?
Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium tetani
Which of the following pathogens produces neurotoxins?
autoclaves
Which of the following physical methods of sterilization incorporates both free-flowing steam and pressure.
skin and mucous membranes
Which of the following portals of exit and entry allow the spread of pathogens causing tetanus, malaria, African sleeping sickness, typhoid fever, Lyme disease, and plague? Hint: think about what must happen for you to be infected with the Lyme disease pathogen, for example.
occupational
Which of the following refers to a disease that has an abnormally high rate of occurrence in members of the workforce?
strict parasite
Which of the following refers to a microorganism that is completely dependent on its living host for survival?
obligate aerobes
Which of the following refers to microorganisms that can only live in the presence of oxygen?
cresols
Which of the following refers to phenolic compounds derived from toluene?
autotrophic bacteria
Which of the following refers to self-nourishing bacteria capable of growing in the absence of organic compounds?
mycology
Which of the following refers to the branch of science concerned with the study of fungi?
etiology
Which of the following refers to the cause of disease?
infestation
Which of the following refers to the harboring of animal parasites, especially macroscopic forms such as ticks and mosquitoes?
synergism
Which of the following refers to the harmonious action of two microorganisms producing an effect that neither could produce alone?
halogens
Which of the following refers to the six elements found in the next-to-last column on the far right side of the periodic table of the elements?
optimum temperature
Which of the following refers to the temperature at which organisms grow best
cell theory
Which of the following refers to the theory that all living beings are composed of individual cells?
obligate parasites
Which of the following terms describes the need for viruses, viroids, and prions to live only in a host cell due to their lack of structures that produce energy or utilize nutrients?
cadaveric stain
Which of the following terms is not synonymous with livor mortis
lacrimal duct
Which of these ducts is not associated with the digesive system?
vomer
Which of these facial bones is unpaired?
Eye
Which of these is NOT commonly recovered for ORGAN transplantation?
preinjection
Which of these is NOT recommended for embalming eye donors?
Platysma
Which of these is a muscle of the neck?
post mortem intravascular blood discoloration
Which of these is the most accurate classification of livor mortis?
Carbon Dioxid
Which of these must be an organic compound?
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Which of these pathogens causes both an STD and blindness in newborns?
heart
Which organ should be aspirated first?
Scattering Garden
a section in a cemetery set aside for the scattering of cremated human remains.
Bevel Top Marker
a small headstone, set above ground, with a slightly slanting top.
Hematoma
a swelling or mass of clotted blood confined to an organ or space caused by a ruptured blood vessel; tumor like swelling of blood
What mechanical measure may be used to overcome intravascular difficulties?
bend and flex lower extremities
From birth to 1 year, ____ increases from about 12% to about 30%.
body fat
A method of drainage where injection and drainage take place at the same time and neither is stopped is ___?
concurrent
A method of mouth closure where ligature is placed around an upper and lower tooth is a ___?
dental tie
What is the excessive loss of blood?
exsanguination
Postmortem Stain
extravascular color change that occurs when heme, released by hemolysis of red blood cells, seeps through the vessel walls and into the body tissues.
A type of purge that has the color and consistency of arterial fluid
false
Which of these conditions may predispose bodies to dehydration?
febrile diseases
What is the passage of embalming solution through the capillary walls to diffuse with interstitial fluids? (Pressure causes fluid to move from intravascular to extravascular)
filtration
How can distribution be improved during the first gallon of arterial solution injection?
firm massage of the extremities
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using the common carotid artery for arterial embalming?
indirect distribution to the face
A form of mouth closure where the ligature is placed around the bone in the lower jaw is ___?
mandibular suture
The femoral vein is ____ to the femoral artery?
medial
Secondary dilution will be ____ in dehydration cases?
minimal
Buffers, anticoagulants, and surfactants are examples of
modifying agents
Headrest
piece of equipment used to maintain the head in the proper position during the embalming process
Fluids designed to clear the vascular system of blood and enable the arterial solution to distribute with greater facility
pre-injection fluids
Which of these is NOT recommended for embalming eye donors?
preinjection
Somatic Death
progression of Postmortem cellular death can continue for a number of hours after ______ has taken place
Skatole, indole, and cadaverine are
ptomaines
In a six point injection all of the these arteries are considered except ___?
radial
Linear Guide: on the surface of the forearm from center of the anticubital fossa to the center of base of the second digit
radial artery
Edema is most likely to necessitate ____?
re-aspiration
Death of the organism as a whole
somatic death
Which of these is NOT a disadvantage of continuous drainage?
the body has a tendency to swell
Procurement
the recovery of organs or tissues from a cadaver for transplantation
An instrument used for the aspiration of body cavities and the injection of cavity fluids
trocar
One method for closing the opening of the abdominal wall made by the trocar
trocar button
The standard point of trocar entry is ___?
two inches above and two inches to the left of the umbilicus
The point of insertion of the trocar would be in which anatomical region (9-region plan)?
umbilical
What vessel is recommended for injecting an un-autopsied infant?
umbilical vein
Hanging deaths are most noteworthy for causing ____difficulties?
vascular
Rigor mortis may cause ___ difficulties?
vascular
Sclerosis contributes most to ___ difficulty?
vascular
Swollen lymph nodes are noted as a cause of ___ difficulties?
vascular
Which one of the following deaths should be reported to a public official? (select the best answer)
vehicle accident
What are liquids that serve as a solvent for the numerous ingredients that are incorporated into embalming fluids?
vehicles
Yes
Should the preparation room be sound proof
Yes
Should there be a first aid kit available
Most are not completely effective. Work well as disinfectants
Chemical Sterilizer
Coagulating Agents
Chemical and physical agents that bring about coagulation
Chemical Activity
Chemical change is brought about by
Rigor Mortis
Postmortem stiffening of the body muscles by natural body process.
No
Should unlicensed persons have contact with an un-embalmed deceased
radial
What artery supplies arterial solution directly into the thumb side of the hand?
Puncture
A hole or slight wound resulting from piercing.
Depression
A hollow or concave region; the lowering of a part.
Asymmetry
A lack of balance, or a lack of proportion.
Expert Tests of Death
Any procedures used to prove a sign of death, usually performed by medical personnel.
New substances are formed
Chemical change is brought about by chemical activity as a result
Adequate Ventilation Proper Plumbing
Engineering Controls two primary areas of consideration are
Interstitial Fluid
Fluid in the supporting connective tissues surrounding body cellsabout one-fifth the body weight).
bladder
If the tip of the trocar is aligned with the midline of the pubic symphysis, what organ is being aspirated?
1.0%
If you use 8 oz. of 16 index fluid to one gallon of water, what would be the index of your solution?
Groove Director
Instrument used to guide vein tubes into vessels.
low-caliber target pistol
Of the following weapons, which would be least likely to leave an exit wound?
low-caliber target pistol
Of the following weapons, which would be least likely to penetrate bone tissue?
cells
Of the following, which decomposes first? tissues cells bones organs
Agonal Fever
Often seen in persons with infection, toxemia, or certain types of poisoning
Agonal Algor
Often seen in the death of elderly patients, especially when death occurs slowly
Necrosis
Pathological death of a tissue still a part of the living organism.
Forces of nature
Postmortem Physical Changes are brought about by the
Crypt
A chamber in a mausoleum, of sufficient size, generally used to contain the casketed remains of a deceased person.
Chemical Postmortem Change
A change in the body's chemical composition that occurs after death such as hemolysis.
Postmortem Physical Changes
A change in the form or state of matter without any change in chemical composition.
Cadaveric Lividity
Postmortem, intravascular, red-blue discoloration resulting from hypostasis of blood.
Staphylococcus
"Bunches of grapes". This is a brief description of the appearance of this bacterial genus.
Sequestering Agent
A chemical agent that can "fence off" or "tie up" metal ions so they cannot react with other chemicals.
cocci in packets of 8, 16, or 32 cells
"Sarcina arrangement" refers to _____.
ABFSE definition of embalming
"The process of chemically treating the dead human body to reduce the presence and growth of microorganisms, to retard organic decomposition, and to restore an acceptable physical appearance"
attenuatation
"To make less virulent". This is a good definition of _____.
Using the gravity method of arterial embalming, what is the pressure created when the device is elevated 2 feet above the injection point?
1 pound
Environmental Protection Agency/EPA
A governmental agency with environmental protection regulatory and enforcement authority.
When embalming the leg of a long-bone donor, using the free-flow method, a minimum of how much solution should be used on each leg?
1/2 gallon
What is an ideal rate of flow for the first gallon of solution for an unautopsied adult body (minutes per gallon)?
10 15
What percent of the blood is estimated to be in the veins of a dead human being?
10%
What is an ideal rate of flow for the first gallon of solution for an unautopsied adult body (minutes per gallon)?
10-15
Patch of Hair
A group of hairs of uniform length applied simultaneously as a method of hair replacement.
How much of a 16 index fluid would it take to make 2 gallons of a 2.5% solution?
40 ounces
Tachrichim
A hand-sewn white linen shroud in which the deceased members of the Jewish faith are dressed?
Livor Mortis/Cadaveric Lividity
Postmortem, intravascular, red-blue discoloration resulting from hypostasis of blood.
What is the formaldehyde level that ensures protection for employees at exposure below the OSHA limits, but minimizes the burden for employers?
Action Level
How many ounces of 10-index jaundice fluid would be needed to meet the minimum formaldehyde requirement for a 200-pound person?
51 ounces
Seamless Easy to Disinfect Can be used over Old Tile, Wood, and Other Types
Advantages of Epoxy
Least Expensive
Advantages of Paint
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)... Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE)... Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)... Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)... Klebsiella Pneumonia... Clostridium Difficile... Tuberculosis Hepatitis
8 diseases that embalmers should be aware of
febrile
A certain disease caused by a virus resulting in fever could be considered a _____ disease.
According to the text, ___ of embalmers problems are caused by nitrogenous wastes?
90%
Absorbent Preservative Powder
A 25 year old male died 36 hours prior to the funeral home receiving the body. Femur donation occurred 4 hours after death. In addition to arterial fluid preservatives, what you should use when treating the legs?
Distention of orbital cavity
A 33 year old deceased female was received by the funeral home 4 hours after death. She was a cornea donor. What embalming problem should be expected during arterial injection?
decomposition
A 36 index arterial fluid is recommended for bodies showing signs of?
Subclavian
A 45 year old male was a lung donor. What artery should initially be injected to preserve the arms and shoulders?
Household Bleach
A 5 percent sodium hypochlorite solution; twelve ounces of household bleach with 116 ounces of water yields one gallon of a 10% household bleach solution5,000 ppm sodium hypochlorite).
Anticoagulant preinject
A 72 year old female was a skin donor. The funeral home received the body 8 hours after death. What modifying agent should be added to the arterial solution?
Occupational Safety and Health Administration/OSHA
A Governmental Agency with the responsibility for regulatory and enforcement of safety and health matters for most United States employees; an individual State OSHA agency may supercede the U.S. Department of Labor OSHA regulations.
fungicide
A ____ acts as a disinfectant against mold.
Convex profile
A basic profile form in which the forehead recedes from the eyebrows while the chin recedes from the plane of the upper lip (most common).
Nevus
A birthmark; a congenital skin blemish; any congenital anomaly, including various types of birthmarks and all types of moles.
Swab
A bit of cotton or cloth used for removing moisture discharges from mucous membranes as well as for applying bleaches or liquid disinfectants.
Angle of the mandible
A bony angle formed by the junction of the posterior edge of the ramus of the mandible and the inferior surface of the body of the mandible.
Carcinogen
A cancer-causing chemical or material.
Church Truck
A collapsible catafalque employed for church and home funerals?
cool hue
A color that creates the impression of coldness, such as blue, green, or purple?
Water Conditioner
A complexing agent to remove chemical constituents from municipal water supplies that could interfere with drainage and preservation.
natural passive
A component of breast milk, colostrum, provides this type of immunity.
Carbohydrate
A compound of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen; sugars, starches, and glycogen.
6
A compound with what pH, would contain 10 times more hydrogen ions than neutral water?
Leucopenia
A condition in which there is a decrease in the number of white blood cells (leukocytes) that help fight disease circulating in the blood is:
Water Log
A condition resulting from the use of an embalming solution containing an insufficient amount of preservative to meet the preservation demand of the tissues; the interstitial spaces are overly filled, engorged with water.
What is a cadaver?
A dead human body used for medical purposes including scientific study, transplantation, and anatomical dissection
Electric Aspirator
A device that uses a motor to create a suction for the purpose of aspiration.
Calvarium Clamp
A device used as a means of fastening the calvarium after a cranial autopsy.
Mouth Former
A device used in the mouth in shaping the contour of the lips.
transparent liquid
A disadvantage of _____ is that it can collect in deep pores and wrinkles forming dark areas?
Surface Discoloration
A discoloration due to the deposit of matter on the skin surface. These discolorations may occur antemortem, during, or after embalming of the body; adhesive tape, ink, iodine, paint, tobacco stains.
Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease
A disease of the central nervous system with unknown etiology, assumed to be a slow virus; because of unknown etiology, care givers using invasive procedures use extreme caution.
Coinjection Fluid
A fluid used primarily to supplement and enhance the action of vascular (arterial) solutions.
Massage cream thinned with a little mineral oil
A gelatinous tissue filler is not the only substance that can be used hypodermically to rebuild tissue. Which of the following can also be used?
Tissue Coagulation
A general term. The solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass. Agglutination is a specific form of coagulation.
Injection under the affected are with cavity fluid
A good first step (after arterial embalming) in the treatment of skin slip would be ___?
Musculature suture
A stitch used to hold the mouth closed; placed behind the lips; part is passed through the muscles tangent to the inferior jaw while the other part extends through either the nasal septum or the superior frenulum.
Columbarium
A structure containing niches or recesses used to hold cremated remains
Petroleum jelly
A semi-solid, yellow mixture of hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum.
Legionnaires Disease
A severe, often fatal bacterial disease characterized by pneumonia, dry cough, and sometimes gastrointestinal symptoms.
bacteria
A single-celled prokaryotic organism in the Kingdom Monera existing as free-living organisms or as parasites that multiply by binary fission and having a wide range of biochemical properties. This is a description of _____.
Pledget
A small ball, cylinder, or tuft often made of cotton.
Paste
A soft, moist opaque cosmetic with the consistency of dough and bound together with the aid of gum, starch, and water. If oils and fats are present, is absent.
Hearth
A solid surface upon which the human remains are placed for the cremation process.
Hypertonic Solution
A solution having a greater concentration of dissolved solute than the solution to which it is compared.
Hypotonic Solution
A solution having a lesser concentration of dissolved solute than the solution to which it is compared.
Isotonic Solution
A solution having an equal concentration of dissolved solute to that of a standard of reference.
Jaundice Fluid
A special vascular fluid with special bleaching and coloring qualities for use on bodies with jaundice; usually low formaldehyde content.
Visitation Room
A specially designed room in the funeral home where the remains lie in state from the time of embalming until service, affording complete privacy to family and friends?
Lysin
A specific antibody acting destructively upon cells and tissues.
Exposure Incident
A specific eye, mouth, other mucous membrane, non-intact skin, or parenteral, contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials that results from the performance of an employee's duties.
Acquired Immune Deficiency/AIDS
A specific group of diseases or conditions which are indicative of severe immunosuppression related to infection with the human immunodeficiency virus
Distention
A state of stretching out or becoming inflated.
Natural High Polished Floor Very Durable Easy to Maintain
Advantages of Terrazo Floor
anatomical guide
Any prominence or structure which is used in establishing the location of an adjacent structure or prominence:
White ceiling is a must Reflected light Accumulation of dirt is readily apparent Easy to make sure the ceiling is kept clean and sanitary
Advantages of white ceiling, walls, and floors
Claims of negligence in rendering professional care to the body of deceased persons
According to Michael Kubasak number one reason for lawsuits deals with
90%
According to the text, ___ of embalmers problems are caused by nitrogenous wastes?
1 hour
According to the text, at First Viewing, the family should have at least _____ to be alone with the deceased before the public arrives?
degenerative, pathological disorders
According to the textbook, deaths can be classified into one of three categories by cause: deaths caused by disease-causing organisms, deaths due to the by-products of the social environment, and...
the total inability to see color
Achromatopsia is _____.
Traditional (full) Services
Abbreviated services of any type carry a higher risk of misidentification than
cavity treatment
Abdominal distention is most dramatically reduced during __________________.
Capillary Permeability
Ability of substances to diffuse through capillary walls into the tissue spaces.
Imbibition
Ability of the cells to draw moisture from the surrounding area into themselves
Hydrocephalus
Abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluids in the ventricles of the brain.
Hydrothorax
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the thoracic cavity.
Hydropericardium
Abnormal accumulation of fluid within the pericardial sac.
Hydrocele
Abnormal accumulation of fluids in a saclike structure, especially the scrotal sac.
Edema
Abnormal accumulation of fluids in tissue or body cavities.
Edema
Abnormal accumulation of fluids in tissues or body cavities
Edema
Abnormal accumulation of fluids in tissues or body cavities.
Hygroscopic
Absorbing moisture readily.
Imbibition
Absorption of the fluid portion of blood by the tissues after death resulting in postmortem edema.
African Americans
According to 2007 studies, which of these groups is least likely to choose cremation?
Special requests or trauma-difficult circumstances . . . document, document, and document
According to Michael Kubasak documentation is essential, especially when dealing with
Streptococcus
Adult bacterial meningitis is most often caused by this genus of highly virulent, capsule-forming bacterium.
Least Expensive of Tile Floors Easy To Install
Advantages of Asphalt Tile
Brain Stem
After Cerebral Cortex and Midbrain die the next part of the brain to die
Midbrain
After Cerebral Cortex dies the next part of the brain to die
November 22, 1963 The shocking assassination and subsequent funeral of President John F. Kennedy
After Jessica Mitford's book what event changed the public's criticism of funeral directors
Metabolism will continue
After death occurs, the cells may still have a supply of oxygen and, therefore
6.0 pH
After death there is a drop in pH of the blood and tissue fluid into the acid range, About
3
After death there is a drop in pH of the blood and tissue fluid into the acid range, About 6.0 pH (approximately ___ hours after death)
Dehydration of the body
After death, blood has a tendency to increase in viscosity and thicken, this thickening is brought about by
the deceased's body temperature cooled off just before death
Agonal agar can occur when_____.
the deceased's body temperature warmed just before death
Agonal fever results when_____.
anterior tibial artery
Along the lateral margin of the inferior third of the crest of the tibia is the place of incision for the ___?
Postmortem Lividity Cadaveric Lividity
Also known as postmortem lividity or cadaveric lividity
What is associated with renal failure?
Ammonia and Ammonium compounds
What are some of the end products decomposition?
Ammonia, ammonium compounds, hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, mercaptan, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, water, methane, phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid
Preservative Demand
Amount of preservativeformaldehyde) required to effectively preserve and disinfect remains; depends on the condition of the tissues as determined in the embalming analysis.
Alveolar prognathism
An abnormal protrusion of the tooth sockets
Surface Pack
An absorbent material, compress, saturated with an embalming chemical and placed in direct contact with the tissue.
Hydroaspirator
Apparatus that is connected to the water supply; when the water is turned on a suction is developed and is used to aspirate the contents of the body's cavities.
Vacuum Breaker
Apparatus that prevents the back-siphoning of contaminated liquids into portable water supply lines or plumbing cross-connections within the preparation room.
Gravity Injector
Apparatus used to inject arterial fluid during the vasculararterial) phase of the embalming process; relies on gravity to create the pressure required to deliver the fluid.43 pounds of pressure per one foot of elevation)
A condition in which the manifestations of life are feebly maintained
Apparent death
Self-destruction of the cells
Autolysis
Contaminated Sharps
Any contaminated object that can penetrate the skin including, but not limited to, needles, scalpels, broken glass, and exposed ends of wires.
Disease
Any deviation from or interruption of the normal structure or function of a body part, organ, or system.
The post-mortem examination of the organs and tissues of the body, to determine the cause of death
Autopsy
Ptomaine
Any one of a group of nitrogenous organic compounds formed by the action of putrefactive bacteria on proteins; indole, skatole, cadaverine, and putrescine.
purge
Any postmortem evacuation of any substance from an external orifice of the body as a result of pressure is ___?
Describe a test for death
Any procedure used to prove a sign of death
Test of Death
Any procedure used to prove a sign of death.
Petechia
Antemortem , pinpoint, extravascular blood discoloration visible as purplish hemorrhages of the skin.
Pathological Discoloration
Antemortem discoloration that occur during the course of certain diseases; gangrene and jaundice.
Abrasion
Antemortem injuries resulting from friction of the skin against a firm object resulting in the removal of the epidermis
Necrobiosis
Antemortem, physiological death of the cells of the body followed by their replacement.
Frontal
Anterior; the anterior view of the face or features.
ethylene glycol
Antifreeze is primarily composed of:
III. skin
Antiseptics are used to kill bacteria on which of the following? I. surgical instruments II. floors III. skin IV. thermometers
animalcules
Anton van Leeuwenhoek invented one of the first microscopes. He reported seeing microorganisms from rainwater, human diarrhea, and horseflies with one of these early instruments. These microorganisms and other cells were at the time referred to as _______.
Discoloration
Any abnormal color in or upon the human body.
Primary Air
Any air, controlled with respect to quantity and location, forced or induced, supplied to the cremation chamber for the purpose of promoting combustion of the combustible materials in the chamber.
operative correction
Any and all techniques to treat a problem area, including excision, incision, and channeling?
Operative Corrections
Any and all techniques to treat a problem area; excision, incision, wicking.
Lesion
Any change in structure produced during the course of a disease or injury.
are viruses carried by arthropods like ticks and mosquitoes
Arboviruses...
Yes
Are embalmers at risk for contacting disease
Embalming instrument that is used to inject arterial solution into the body of the deceased (Cannulas/injectors are not used) Bigger the tube the faster you can embalm Low pressure and slow flow
Arterial Tube
Embalming instrument whose purpose is to hold arterial tubes in the arteries
Artery Fixation Forceps
Small, used for cutting arteries and veins.
Artery and Vein Scissors
amphiarthroses.
Articulations permitting only slight degrees of movement are
Viscous
As dehydration occurs, the blood will become increasingly
When an extended period of time will pass before embalming, a body should dressed ___?
As late as practical
Center of Fluid Distribution
Ascending and/or arch of the aorta.
Aspirator specially designed to remove fluid from the cavity of an autopsied remains
Autopsy Aspirator
Lateral
Away from the midline.
Hardening Compound
Chemical in powder form that has the ability to absorb and to disinfect. Often used in cavity treatment of autopsied cases.
Preservative Powder
Chemical in powder form; typically used for surface embalming of the remains.
Floor Ceiling
Because formaldehyde is heavier than air, exhaust systems located at or near ________level, when combined with the introduction of uncontaminated air from the _____level, are an efficient method of ventilation
Humectant
Chemical that increases the ability of embalmed tissue to retain moisture.
Own personal hygiene and health and safety
Because the embalmer has direct contact with the deceased is he or she is professionally responsible for his or her
Afterburner
Chamber within a cremator where unburned combustible materials from the primary chamber are conveyed to facilitate additional combustion. Sometimes referred to as a secondary burner.
septicemia
Bacteria living in the blood and multiplying there can lead to the often fatal condition of _____.
bacillus
Bacteria shaped like a rod are called _____.
coccus
Bacteria shaped like a sphere are known as _____.
Saprophytic Bacteria
Bacteria that derive their nutrition from dead organic matter.
Fermentation
Bacterial decomposition of carbohydrates.
otitis media; Streptococcus
Bacterial infection of the part of the ear just behind the eardrum can lead to blockage of the Eustachian tubes subsequently leading to increased pressure and an ear ache. This condition is called _____ and is most frequently caused by _____.
Vertical
Balance; a profile in which the forehead, upper lip and chin project equally to an imaginary vertical line.
Noun - Fragrant ointment or preparation used to heal or smooth the skin A tree that yields a fragrant resinous substance, typically one used in medicine
Balm
Noun - Aromatic resinous substance or oily exudate that flows from a plant
Balsamic
§ 453.2( b)( 4) "Except in certain special cases, embalming is not required by law. Embalming may be necessary, however, if you select certain funeral arrangements, such as a funeral with viewing. If you do not want embalming, you usually have the right to choose an arrangement that does not require you to pay for it, such as direct cremation or immediate burial." "If you selected a funeral that may require embalming, such as a funeral with viewing, you may have to pay for embalming. You do not have to pay for embalming you did not approve if you selected arrangements such as direct cremation or immediate burial. If we charge for embalming, we will explain why below."
Become familiar with the disclosures required by the FTC
cavity fluid
Before returning viscera to an autopsied body, the viscera should be treated with ___?
the quats
Benzalkonium chloride is a topical antiseptic belonging to this group of chemical compounds.
Do not remove identification tags or bracelets Match all tags to ensure all names are correct Place a funeral home or embalming facility identification band on the decedent
Best Practice in identification of body
Intercellular
Between the cells of a structure.
Container used to dispose of all potentially bio-hazardous material
Bio-Hazardous Waste Container
Biohazard
Biological agent or condition that constitutes a hazard to humans.
Embalming instrument which is a one piece scalpel used for making incisions and excisions
Bistoury
Embalming chemicals which are used on discolored areas of the body and are intended to remove the discolorations or at least lessen the intensity of the discoloration
Bleaches
Hematemesis
Blood present in vomitus; vomiting of blood.
The standard's requirements state what employers must do to protect workers who are occupationally exposed to blood or other potentially infectious materials (OPIM), as defined in the standard. That is, the standard protects workers who can reasonably be anticipated to come into contact with blood or OPIM as a result of doing their job duties
Bloodborne Pathogen Rule
Preparation room equipment which designed to eliminate the physical strain of moving caskets and bodies by hand
Body Lift
Human Remains
Body of a deceased person, including cremated remains.
corticosteroids
Body proteins may break down faster because ___ protect enzymes from embalming chemicals?
Rigor Mortis
Body remains acidic during
Alkaline
Body remains acidic during rigor mortis and then gradually, as the decomposition process advances, the body becomes increasingly
lance the boil and drain out the pus
Boils (furuncles) required which type of pre-embalming treatment ___?
6 10
Breakdown or hemolysis of red blood cells begins approximately __ to __ hours after death
Method of creating injection pressure that consists of a bulb type syringe and rubber tubing
Bulb Syringe
lesionution
Bullets produce tissue damage in three ways. Which of the following is not one of the recognized ways bullets produce damage in human tissue?
Third degree
Burns incurred after death are classified as
Second degree burns
Burns that extend to the dermis, that often heal without scarring, and with sweat glands and hair follicles usually unaffected are what type of burn?
Pustular Lesion
Characteristic pus-filled structure of a disease, such as smallpox, syphilis, and acne.
Febrile
Characterized by a high fever, causing dehydration of the body.
Wristbands and toe tags
Check identification on the body
Device used as a means of fastening the calvarium after a cranial autopsy
Calvarium Clamps
Yes
Can a prep room be too large
Backflow
Can be caused by back-siphonage, backpressure, or a combination of both
Yes
Can preservation of the human body occur naturally
Yes
Can the prep room be used as a public relations tool
What is the decomposition of the body compounds?
Carbohydrates, soft proteins, fats, hard proteins, bones
Embalmer needs to learn to observe, analyze the observation, develop a plan of implementation, and finally observe the obtained results
Case Analysis
Embalming Analysis
Case Analysis) - That consideration given to the dead body prior to, during, and after the embalming procedure is completed; documentation is recommended
Consultation with her medical doctor as to what precautions are necessary to protect both the prospective mother and the infant
Cautionary measures for female embalmers who may be pregnant
Odor, gas and purge are prevented by ___?
Cavity Aspiration
Embalming instrument which is connected to a bottle of cavity fluid to aid in injecting the cavity fluid into the various cavities of the body
Cavity Injector
disinfection
Cavity treatment insures the adequate __ of the hollow organs and other tissues.
regeneration
Cells use two processes to heal themselves when injured. One includes the formation of scar tissue. The other method is _____.
What is the general order of decomposition?
Cells, Tissues, Organs
Normal
Cellular death also occurs in the body as part of _______ biological processes and as a result of disease processes -A good thing and a part of every healthy living body
Shared by several funeral homes in a community
Centralized embalming centers are
What are other signs of death?
Cessation of circulation, Cessation of respiration and complete muscular relaxation
Blood Vascular System
Circulatory network composed of the heart, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins.
Carbuncle
Circumscribed inflammation of the skin and deeper tissues that ends in suppuration and is accompanied by systemic symptoms, such as fever and leukocytosis.
Immediately cleaned
Cleaning schedule needs to be maintained for the cooler and any spills of biohazard liquids need to be
a. tissue gas & c. gas gangrene
Clostridium perfringens causes _____. a. tissue gas b. botulism c. gas gangrene d. all of these e. a and c
Chemical
Clot is a ______ change
Surface Compress
Cloth, wet or dry, folded and applied firmly to a body part.
What are the changes in the eye that signify death?
Clouding of the cornea; loss of luster of the conjunctiva; flattening of the eyeball; non responsive pupils
enzymes
Coagulase, hyaluronidase, and lipase - these are three ______ that help increase the virulence of some bacteria.
enzymes
Coagulase, lipase, and hyaluronidase are all _____.
exogenous pigmentation
Coal workers pneumoconiosis, also called black lung disease or anthracosis, is an example of ________.
follows arterial injection
Complete this statement: In a normal adult unautopsied body, cavity embalming always ______.
Enzyme
Complex proteins that are produced by cells which act as a biological catalyst
Universal Precautions Engineering Controls Working practice controls
Compliance with the Blood-borne Pathogen Rule is accomplished by the application of
Conclusion of the embalming process
Concurrent cleaning and bathing should occur during the embalming process, followed by a thorough final bathing at the
Septicemia
Condition characterized by the multiplication of bacteria in blood.
Pitting Edema
Condition in which interstitial spaces contain such excessive amounts of fluid that the skin remains depressed after palpation.
Dry Gangrene
Condition that results when the body part that dies had little blood and remains aseptic and occurs when the arteries but not the veins are obstructed.
Jaundice
Conditions characterized by excessive concentrations of bilirubin in the skin and tissues and deposition of excessive bile pigment in the skin, cornea, body fluids, and mucous membranes with the resulting yellow appearance of the patient.
Matters relating to cause and manner of death, surrounding circumstances, condition of the body, and any other issues raised should remain confidential
Confidentiality
blood loss
Consider a crime scene. A review of the area reveals a lot of blood. In fact, one of the investigating officers was overhead saying that she had never seen so much blood. The victim's head is still barely attached to the neck and a sword is found in the corner of the room. A suspect is in custody and he has confessed to having killed the victim. Considering these gruesome details, you initially conclude that the mechanism of death is _____.
This is a false statement. These are symptoms of a disease but not signs.
Consider the accuracy of the following statement then select the best answer the describes this statement: "You feel horrible, your throat hurts, the lower part of your back aches, and you have no energy. These are signs that you may be getting the flu".
Postmortem Caloricity
Continuation of metabolism after death will create heat and may be responsible for the elevated postmortem temperature known as
Respect the dignity of the deceased Body should be covered at all times, before, during, and after the embalming process Modesty cloth may be used to cover the genitals during embalming
Dignity of the deceased
Surface Embalming
Direct contact of internal or external body tissues with embalming chemicals
Prognathism
Projection of the jaw or jaws that may cause problems with mouth closure and alignment of the teeth.
endocarditis, urinary infections, and respiratory illness after contact with infected sheep
Corynebacteria have been shown to cause which of the following types of infections in humans?
Preparation room supply that is used for cotton swabs, as a padding material, etc.
Cotton
Used-rolled Towel Form
Cotton Types
Crepitation
Crackling sensation produced when gases trapped in tissues are palpated, as in subcutaneous emphysema.
Those elements remaining after cremation of a dead human body
Cremated remains
Direct/Immediate burials
Cremation families cannot choose ______?
A cracking sound made by air trapped in the tissues associated with tissue gas and subcutaneous emphysema
Crepitation
Optic facial sulci
Crow's feet; the furrows radiating from the lateral comer of the eye; acquired facial markings.
Aquiline
Curved, as the beak of an eagle; as viewed from the profile, a nose which exhibits a hook or convexity in its dorsum.
Hemolysis
Destruction of red blood cells that liberates hemoglobin.
descriptive references for locating arteries and veins by means of the anatomical structures that are known
Define Anatomical Guides: ?
points of origin and points of termination in relation to adjacent structure; used to designate the boundaries of arteries
Define anatomical limits:?
Type of preservatives used Strength and volume of embalming chemicals climate and environment within the burial chamber (casket and vault or casket and crypt)
Define extrinsic factors that affect embalming
Pathologic processes inside the body Circulatory conditions Amount of body moisture Distribution of the preservative chemicals
Define intrinsic factors that affect embalming
Potential of Hydrogen/pH
Degree of acidity of alkalinity. The scale ranges from 0 to 14, 0 being completely acid, 14 completely basic, and 7 neutral. Blood has a pH of 7.35-7.45.
pH values
Degrees of acidity or alkalinity of a substance are expressed in
Stethoscope
Delicate instrument used to detect almost inaudible sound produced in the body.
Submandibular
Describing those portions which lie immediately inferior to the mandible.
Colon
Designated as the postmortem origin of "indicator" organisms recovered from extra-intestinal sampling sites
Third Degree Burns
Destruction of cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues; seared charred, or roasted tissue.
Counter Staining Compound
Dye that helps to cover internal discolorations such as jaundice.
Removed
Dyes in embalming fluids should be easily (Flooring)
Neisseria
Each of the following can be a pathogen that causes some type of food-borne illness except one. Which one is not associated with such enteric disorders?
Hemoglobin
Each red blood cell contains several million _______ molecules
When the temporal bone is fractured and liquid or semisolid results, the purge usually is from the ___?
Ears
smallpox
Edward Jenner discovered a cure for _____.
Percutaneous
Effected through unbroken skin.
2500 BC
Egyptian embalming was introduced during the fourth dynasty at approximately:
Electrical suction devise which creates a vacuum to remove liquid materials from the body
Electric Aspirator
Used to reduce swelling of the deceased by the application of heat It will also dry moist tissue and smooth out facial wrinkles
Electric Spatula/Tissue Reducer
Groove
Elongated depression in relatively level surface
Verb- To protect from change or oblivion; preserve or fix
Embalm
eye and mouth separations.
Embalmed remains should be monitored from preparation till disposition for
Universal Precautions
Embalmer is to treat all human remains as if they were infected with HIV, HBV, or other pathogens. In other words, the embalmer should treat all bodies with the same caution that would be applied for extremely hazardous, potentially fatal infections
Reporting any suspicious circumstances surrounding the death to the coroner or the medical examiner
Embalmers responsibility to the coroner or medical examiner
Chemical method of bringing about a temporary preservation of the dead
Embalming
Preparation room equipment on which human remains are placed for the embalming procedure
Embalming Table
Whether or not the body is embalmed
Embalming care report should be completed for each decedent that comes into the custody of a funeral home or an embalming facility irrespective of
Ovaries
Endometriomas occur in which of the following areas of the female reproductive system?
All of these are true statements.
Endospores are a concern to funeral professionals for a number of reasons. Which of the following statements about endospores or endospores in the embalming room is NOT true? a. Endospores are highly resistant to periods of "starvation". b. Endospores are generally harmless but can cause disease after germination and vegetation into bacteria. c. Endospores can survive for thousands of years. d. Endospores are resistant to embalming fluids. e. Endospores can persist on countertops, tables, embalming instruments, and other surfaces. f. All of these are true statements.
-Wearing appropriate protective equipment when handling chemicals to avoid exposure by contact with the skin -Exercising care when handling and pouring chemicals to avoid spills. -Handling and pouring chemicals in a way that prevents vapors from escaping into the room Keeping instruments and equipment in good working condition to prevent spills and vaporization -Keeping the lid on the embalming machine when embalming solution is in the tank -Recapping fluid bottles -Properly rinsing fluid bottles Continuously aspirating body cavities during autopsy embalming Controlling drainage and leakage from the body by utilizing a drainage tube with sufficient length of tubing to reach the bottom of the sink or flush basin reduces chemical splashing -Utilizing a continuous flow of water over the embalming table to rinse and dilute chemicals -Keeping the lid on hazardous waste containers -Maintaining a cover on all sinks and flush basins that the embalming table and aspirator drain into
Examples of work practice controls for compliance with the formaldehyde standard include
Air movement system to effectively change the air in the preparation room to keep the formaldehyde levels below those specified by OSHA
Exhaust System
the deceased has contact palor
Explain what may be happening if the deceased body is red in color except for a white colored stripe across the back.
flagella; pili, fimbriae
Extensions of some bacterial cells called _____ allow for cellular mobility whereas other cellular extentions called ____ allow bacterial cells to transmit DNA from one cell to another. Still another type of bacterial extension called _____ help bacteria attach to surfaces.
Usually liquids, sprays, or creams used by coating over sutured incisions
External Sealers
Device used to remove items from the deceased
Extractor
Eye Enucleation Discoloration
Extravasation of blood as a result of eye enucleation
Ecchymosis
Extravasation of blood into a tissue; a bruise.
Postmortem Stain
Extravascular color change that occurs when heme, released by hemolysis of red blood cells, seeps through the vessel walls and into the body tissues.
Gravity Filtration
Extravascular movement of preservative fluids by gravitational force to the dependent areas of the body.
Body coverings Surrounding environment Rapid cooling of the body by refrigeration or natural means helps to slow the onset of rigor mortis, slow the onset of decomposition, and keep the blood in a liquid state
Extrinsic factors that affect postmortem cooling of the body include
Preparation room item which is placed between the eyelids and the eyes of the deceased to keep the eyelids closed and to give them their natural contour
Eyecaps
Device used to continually flush the eyes with cool water for at least 15 minutes
Eyewash Equipment
Extrinsic Factors
Factors surrounding environment are called
Intrinsic Factors
Factors within the body itself are called
Unembalmed bodies being viewed require ___?
Family permission
The breakdown of carbohydrates and glucose (no effect on embalming)
Fermentation
Cerebral cortex
First part of the brain to die, usually in 5 or 6 minutes, is
Describe the first order of putrefaction of the organs?
First, the lining membrane of the trachea and larynx
Clostridium botulinum
Flaccid paralysis is the specific type of paralysis caused by a powerful exotoxin produced by _____.
Scuff marks and stains
Flooring should be resistant to
Intravascular Fluid
Fluid contained within vascular channelsabout one-twentieth of the body weight).
When should suturing be done?
Following aspiration
Staphylococcus
Food poisoning, skin and wound abscesses, and toxic shock syndrome are all infections caused by this bacterial genus.
Process
For most people (who do not die from some acute illness or sudden traumatic event) death is a ______ and not a specific moment in time
Physical State
Forces of nature act on the body in such a way as to create changes in the ________ of the body or body tissues
Affect the successful outcome of the embalming process
If the time lapse between death and embalming is too long, there may be complications severe enough to
Stains the tissues a reddish color
Heme passes through the walls and pores of the capillaries and moves into the tissue spaces where it
Extravascular
Heme passes through the walls and pores of the capillaries and moves into the tissue spaces where it stains the tissues a reddish color. This reddish stain is permanently fixed, because it is now
Globin Heme
Hemolysis releases the hemoglobin, which rapidly decomposes into _____ and _____
Embalming instrument used to clamp vessels
Hemostat/Lock Forceps
-Offered at no cost to the employee -Offered at a reasonable time and place -Performed by or under the supervision of a licensed physician or by or under the supervision of another licensed healthcare professional -Provided according to the recommendations of the U.S. Public Health Service
Hepatitis B vaccination program must be
- Ethical or reverential care of the dead dates back Neanderthal - Every civilization ever studied has been found to maintain sacred locations where the bodies and the relics of the dead were placed, including cemeteries, mausoleums, and columbaria - History shows us that the ultimate destruction of many civilizations was heralded by a rise in the community's apathy about the care of their dead
Historical attitudes concerning the care of the dead
Hand Pump
Historical instrument resembling a large hypodermic syringe attached to a bottle apparatus; used to create either pressure for injection or vacuum for aspiration.
Strictly private area Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) warnings No Food or Drink Formaldehyde Area Authorized Personnel
Identify the room by signage
alkaline
If a body is dead long enough for rigor mortis to have relieved itself, the body is more
vertebral
If a cranial autopsy has been performed, and the embalmer injects the right common carotid artery towards the head, what vessel in the cranial cavity should be clamped?
stop arterial embalming and evaluate
If embalming solution is escaping through the mouth during arterial injection, how is the purge treated?
Brain Death
If respiration and heartbeat are not re-established, _______ will result
autopsy hardening compound
If returning viscera to an autopsied body, outside of a bag, layers of viscera should be alternated with what?
Immediately following vascular injection
If the abdomen is distended due to gas, when should cavity treatment be performed?
seek permission from the family for removal and either return to medical facility or bury with the body
If the body NOT to be cremated and it contains a pacemaker, which of the following options is the best course of action
Sutures
If the lips will not stay closed during the embalming operation, they may be held in position by means of?
Decay
Implies a slow change from a state of soundness
Moribund
In a dying state; in the agonal period.
radial
In a six point injection all of the these arteries are considered except ___?
external compress using arterial fluid
In an autopsied infant, how should the areas not reached by arterial injection NOT be treated?
i, iii, and iv
In cases of motor vehicle deaths, why is it important to be more cautious than usual concerning the deceased head's during embalming? i. the accident may have caused lacerations to the scalp that are not obvious because they be covered by hair. ii. The accident may have caused bruising to the face. iii. Glass shards and other foreign debris that might cause injury to the embalmer may not be obvious because they may be covered by hair. iv. The absence of bruising and other obvious trauma does not preclude the presence of skull fractures that may lead to swelling during arterial injection.
Parts per Million/ppm
In contaminated air, the parts of vapor or gasformaldehyde) per million parts of air by volume; in solution the parts of chemical per million parts of solution.
Cake
In cosmetology, a compressed powder.
-Establish an exposure control plan -Employers must update the plan annually -Implement the use of universal precautions -Identify and use engineering controls -Identify and ensure the use of work practice controls -Provide personal protective equipment (PPE), such as gloves, gowns, eye protection, and masks -Make available hepatitis B vaccinations to all workers with occupational exposure -Make available post-exposure evaluation and follow-up to any occupationally exposed worker who experiences an exposure incident -Use labels and signs to communicate hazards -Provide information and training to workers -Maintain worker medical and training records
In general, OSHA's Bloodborne Pathogens standard requires employers to
silicone breast implants
In most cases, what medical device should NOT be removed?
Yes
In order to confront death is it considered helpful to see the deceased person
Bridge Suture (Temporary Interrupted Suture)
Individual stitch knotted at the tissue edge; may be applied prior to embalming to align tissues.
What are the four ptomaines?
Indole, Skatole, Cadaverine, Putrscine
Round
Infantine; a frontal head form in which the head exhibits maximum curvature.
Nephritis
Inflammation of the kidneys.
Hepatitis
Inflammation of the liver
Meningitis
Inflammation of the meninges.
Peritonitis
Inflammation of the peritoneum, the membranous coat lining the abdominal cavity and investing the viscera.
One Point Injection
Injection and drainage from one location.
Split Injection
Injection from one site and drainage from a separate site.
Hypodermic Embalming
Injection of embalming chemicals directly into the tissues through the use of a syringe and needle
Hypodermic Embalming
Injection of embalming chemicals directly into the tissues through the use of a syringe and needle or a trocar
Preparation aid used in mouth closure Inserted into a needle injector and forced into the mandible and maxilla
Injector Needles
Terminal Disinfection
Institution of disinfection and decontamination measures after the preparation of the remains.
Dehydration
Loss of moisture from body tissue which may occur antemortem or postmortem, (antemortem - febrile disease, diarrhea or emesis; postmortem - injection of embalming solution or through absorption by the air.)
Postmortem Edema
Lower areas where the liquids are moving to may become engorged
Transverse
Lying at right angles to the long axis of the body.
An organelle that exists within a cell, (but separate from the cell), it contains hydrolytic enzymes that break down proteins and certain carbohydrates
Lysosome
Hazards, exposure levels, and symptoms associated with the material or the substance
MSDS contains critical information related to the
Work area Must be accessible to employees
MSDS must be kept on file for each hazardous substance or material present in the
Odors reaching the main air flow serving the funeral home
Many times, a separate preparation room "zone," controlled manually, wall or window unit is also adaptable for cooling the preparation room is recommended to prevent _____________
Mandibular Suture
Method of mouth closure in which a suture is passed through the septum of the nose and around the mandible.
larvacides
Maggots or other insect larvae may be killed by using this.
Preserve
Maintain
Properly dispose of clothing of the deceased Proper disposition of all waste Be sure ventilation, heating, and cooling systems work properly Maintain all mechanical apparatus so no leakage occurs Perform and document regular maintenance
Maintain a clean and healthy environment
Guard loose talk and remarks Keep body covered as practical Repeat nothing outside of preparation room Disclose no confidential facts as to age, condition of the body, deformities, or diseases causing death
Maintain highest moral standards
Remains are covered Body is properly identified Modesty cloth is used during preparation
Maintain the dignity of the remains
OSHA "Right to Know" Laws Building Permits State Codes and Local Ordinances
Major sources of regulations governing the preparation room environment
Sign of Death
Manifestation of death in the body.
Massage
Manipulation of tissue in the course of preparation of the body.
Restricted Cervical Injection
Method of injection wherein both common carotid arteries are raised.
MSDS
Material Safety Data Sheet
Sealing Agents
Material used to provide a barrier or seal against any type of leakage or fluid or blood.
cell (plasma) membrane
Materials pass in and out of the cell through the _____.
Engineering Controls
Mechanical systems and devices engineered into the architecture of a building
Nitrogenous Waste
Metabolic by-products that contain nitrogen, such as urea and uric acid. These compounds have a high affinity for formaldehyde and tend to neutralize embalming chemicals.
Agonal Algor
Metabolism has slowed in these individuals and, no doubt, the circulatory system has slowed
Embalming instrument used to stop the flow of fluids through tubing
Metal Cut-Off/Metal Clamp
Embalming instrument which permits embalming fluid to flow in two different directions simultaneously
Metal Y
Concurrent Drainage
Method of drainage in which drainage occurs continuously during vascular(arterial) injection.
Intermittent DrainageRestricted Drainage)
Method of drainage in which the drainage is stopped at intervals while the injection continues.
What is the temperature range for decomposition?
Minimum 32 degrees, optimum 98 degrees, maximum 128 degrees
Capillaries
Minute blood vessels, the walls of which comprise a single layer of endothelial cells. Capillaries connect the smallest arteries (arteriole) with the smallest veins (venule) and are where pressure filtration occurs
Tardieu Spots
Minute petechial hemorrhages caused by the rupture of minute vessels as blood settles into the dependent areas of organs and tissue; it is accompanied by livor mortis. Postmortem, extravascular blood discoloration. Most common in asphyxial or slow deaths.
-Disease processes have had longer to work on the body -Secondary infections have increased in the body -Drug therapies have dramatically affected the tissue conditions and the chemical balance of the body
Modern day embalmer must face the following challenges:
Medical science bringing new therapies and treatments to therapy, potential for extended agonal period has been increased -Disease works longer on the body -secondary infections -drug therapies -chemical balance of the body
Modern day embalming is more difficult than in the past
Not always effective Used under pressure (like a pressure cooker) -becomes very effective -such as an autoclave 250°F/121°C
Moist Heat Sterilizer
autolysis
Morphological changes in a necrotic cell are brought on by denaturation and by _____.
Who of the following should NOT be allowed in the preparation room while embalming a body? Mortuary school applicants Those authorized by family Those authorized by law Licensed funeral service practitioners
Mortuary school applicants
Centrifugal Force Machine/Pressure Machines
Motorized injector used to create positive pressure as required in vascular embalming
Preparation room supplies which are used to support the lips and give the deceased's mouth a normal contour when the deceased does not have natural teeth or dentures
Mouth Formers
infant
Mouths may be commonly be left partially open in what kind of cases?
Point lighting
Movement of light rays in a straight line.
Translocation of Microorganisms
Movement of microorganisms from one area of the body to another
Conjunctiva
Mucous membrane that lines the eyelid and covers the white portion of the eye.
Abdominal Anatomical Regions
Nine region plan: by means of four imaginary planes, two of which are horizontal (indicated by lines drawn across the right and left 10th ribs and across the right and left anterior superior iliac spines) and two sagittal (indicated by lines drawn from mid point of inguinal ligament to nipples of chest, right and left sides
Blood is stored or in other areas of possible contamination
No food or drink should be stored in refrigerators where
Perform all duties in an ethical, professional manner
No matter how simple or complex the service, we must
Death Rattle
Noise made by a moribund person caused by air passing through a residue of mucous in the trachea and posterior oral cavity.
indigenous flora
Normal microbial occupants of the body are referred to as _____. (There is only one best answer).
7.4 pH
Normal pH for a body is approximately
Serrated
Notched on the edge like a saw, as seen with forceps.
Brain Death
Occurs in a sequence of events that are a function of time without oxygen
Clinical Death
Occurs when spontaneous respiration and heartbeat cease
cavity aspiration
Odor, gas and purge are prevented by ___?
decomposition
Odor, purge, and skin slip are signs of?
Staphylococcus aureus
Of the following scientific names, identify the one written correctly according to the rules of "biological nomenclature".
morbidity rate
Of the following terms, which one best describes this statement? "Last year, 32.4 people per 100,000 had at least one case of the common cold in the United States".
Blood Borne Pathogen Rule
OSHA REGULATION (29CFR 1910-1020) regulating the employee's exposure to blood and other body fluids. OSHA DEFINITIONS: Blood, Human blood, human blood components, and products made from human blood.
Formaldehyde Rule
OSHA regulation limiting the amount of occupation exposure to formaldehyde gas.
Hazard Communication Standard/Rule
OSHA regulation that deals with identifying and limiting exposure to occupational hazards.
Eye Wash Station
OSHA required emergency safety device providing a steady stream of water for flushing the eye.
Sharps Container
OSHA required receptacle for proper disposal of sharps.
Drench Shower
OSHA required safety device for a release of a copious amount of water in a short time.
In embalming ___ bodies, it is often better to raise the vessels and attach the tubes before setting features?
Obese
Vascular difficulties including compression of the vena cava are common in ___ bodies?
Obese
Agonal Hypostasis
Occurs as a result of the slowing of circulation just prior to death, which allows the force of gravity to overcome the force of circulation
Endogenous Invasion (Translocation of Microorganisms)
Occurs as organisms normally confined to a specific area of the body by natural body defenses are able to move as the body loses its ability to keep them in check
Agonal Capillary Expansion
Occurs as the body attempts to get more oxygen to the tissues and the cells
Agonal Coagulation
Occurs as the circulation of blood slows and the formed elements of the blood begin to clot and congeal
Protein
One of a class of complex nitrogenous compounds that are synthesized by all living organisms and yield amino acids when hydrolyzed
sterilization
One of the only known ways to effectively kill all forms of life, including endospores, is _____.
Sexton
One who is in charge of the cemetery; the caretaker of a church?
An embalming procedure where injection and drainage takes places from a single incision is ___?
One-Point
Agonal Capillary Expansion
Opening of the pores in the walls of the capillaries
Neisseria gonorrhea
Ophthalmia neonatorum is caused by _____.
Lysosome
Organelle that exists within a cell, but separate from the cell; contains hydrolytic enzymes that breakdown proteins and certain carbohydrates.
Fat
Organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; chemically, a triglyceride ester, composed of glycerol and fatty acids.
Protein
Organic compound found in plants and animals; can be broken down into amino acids.
Having natural motility Entering the blood stream and circulating to other parts of the body Gravitating to other parts of the body during hypostasis or shifts in tissue moisture
Organisms normally confined to a specific area of the body by natural body defenses are able to move as the body loses its ability to keep them in check This movement may be the result of the organism:
Extravascular
Outside the blood vascular system.
Frontal eminences
Paired, rounded, unmargined prominences of the frontal bone found approximately one inch beneath the normal hairline.
Diffusion (Fluid)
Passage of some components of the injected embalming solution from an intravascular to an extravascular location; movement of the embalming solutions from the capillaries into the interstitial fluids
Blood Borne Pathogens
Pathogenic microorganisms that are present in human blood and can cause disease in humans; these pathogens include, but are not limited to, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus
biological vectors.
Pathogens that complete some part of their life cycle inside the arthropod carrier before the carrier transmits the pathogen to a human host are called ______.
Necrosis
Pathologic death of body cells as a result of disease processes
Sepsis
Pathologic state, resulting from the presence of microorganisms or their products in the blood or other tissues.
Postmortem Changes
Period between death and embalming the composition and condition of the body continues to change
Biological Death
Period in the process where simple life processes of the various organs and tissues of the body begin to cease
Agonal period
Period of time over which the sequence of steps (death) occur is known as
Postmortem
Period that begins after somatic death.
Chemical Chemical
Physical changes do not create _______ by-products or change the ______ composition of the body
Gravitation or Hypostasis of the blood
Physical movement of body fluids to dependent regions of the body
Death Rattle Death Struggle
Physical observations that can be made during the dying process include _______ and ________
Tissue Gas
Postmortem accumulation of gas in tissues or cavities brought about by an anaerobic gas forming bacillus, Clostridium perfringens.
Physical Changes Chemical Changes
Postmortem changes are classified as _______ and _______ changes
Purge
Postmortem evacuation of any substance from an external orifice of the body as a result of pressure.
Livor Mortis
Postmortem intravascular blood discoloration that occurs as a result of hypostasis
Hemolysis of Blood
Postmortem stain is the extravascular blood discoloration brought about by
Necrobiosis
Physiologic, or natural, death of cells as they complete their life cycles
Head Rest
Piece of equipment used to maintain the head in the proper position during the embalming process.
Parenteral
Piercing mucous membranes or the skin barrier through such events as needle sticks, human bites, cuts, and abrasions.
Prang
Pigment color theory which employs the color wheel is the ____ system?
Preparation room supply used to cover particular areas of the body to collect any leakage that may occur
Plastic Goods
Coverall
Plastic garment designed to cover the body from chest down to the upper thigh.
Unionall
Plastic garment designed to cover the entire body from the chest down to an including feet.
-Providing vacuum breakers on the main water line leading into the building -Providing vacuum breakers on hydroaspirators -Maintaining discharge basins/ flush sinks in good working order -Having a suitable water source for the preparation table -Having a proper eyewash station -Having a proper drench shower -Having a proper hand washing station -Having proper shower room facilities
Plumbing considerations include
Anatomical Limits
Points of origin and points of termination in relation to adjacent structure; used to designate the boundaries of arteries:
toxins
Poisons produced by bacteria are known as _____.
angle
Portion of the lower inferior jaw that forms the widest part of the jaw.
Preparation room equipment for properly positioning bodies on the embalming table
Positioning Devices
Saves steps Easier to keep sanitary Easier to ventilate, heat, and cool
Positive attributes of smaller spaces
Pressure Filtration
Positive intravascular pressure causing passage of embalming fluid through the capillary wall to diffuse with the interstitial fluids; causing passage of embalming fluid from an intravascular to an extravascular position.
Describe color changes that occur during decomposition
Post mortem stain; marbling of the superficial veins; greenish color on the lower right quadrant of the abdomen; caused by hydrogen sulfide
Shift in pH Rigor Mortis Decomposition Postmortem Stain Postmortem Caloricity
Postmortem Chemical Changes Include
Livor Mortis Hypostasis Algor Mortis Dehydration Bacterial Translocation Increase in Blood Viscosity
Postmortem Physical Changes Include
Positioning Devices
Preparation room equipment for properly positioning bodies prior to, during, and after vascular embalming.
Ligature/Suture
Preparation room item used with suturing needles to suture cuts and incisions
15
Preparation room should have 12 to 20 air exchanges per hour; __ changes are recommended
20
Preparation room should have 12 to ____ air exchanges per hour; 15 changes are recommended
12
Preparation room should have ____ to 20 air exchanges per hour; 15 changes are recommended
Surface Embalming
Preservation of the body tissues by direct contact with embalming chemicals, preservative gels, or surface packs
Temperature Moisture Surrounding environment
Preservation of the dead human body can occur without chemical treatment under certain natural conditions dependent on such elements as
Chemicals which inactivate saprophytic bacteria, render unsuitable for nutrition the media upon which such bacteria thrive and which will arrest decomposition by altering the enzymes of the body as well as converting the decomposable tissues into a form much less susceptible to decomposition
Preservative Embalming Chemicals
Motorized injector used to create positive pressure as required in vascular embalming
Pressure Machines/Centrifugal Force Machine
Intravascular Pressure
Pressure developed as the flow of embalming solution is established and the elastic arterial walls expand and then contract, resulting in filling of the capillary beds and development of pressure filtration.
Stabilize
Prevent or retard an unwanted alteration of a physical state. Slowing the onset of the changes of decomposition by the use of refrigeration, dry or wet ice, and the injection of non-formaldehyde fluids
Enough water volume and pressure to operate automatic flush valves properly and create a good vacuum for a hydroaspirator
Proper pluming will ensure
Colon
Primary source of many of the translocated microbial agents
Engineering Controls
Procedures that isolate or remove the blood borne pathogen hazard from the workplace such as sharps disposal container, self-sheathing needles
Hypostasis
Process by which blood settles, as a result of gravitational movement within the vessels, to the dependent or lower parts of the body
Postmortem Cellular Death
Process during which individual cells die
Embalming
Process of chemically treating the dead human body to reduce the presence and growth of microorganisms, retard organic decomposition, and restore an acceptable physical appearance
Embalming
Process of chemically treating the dead human body to reduce the presence and growth of microorganisms, to temporarily inhibit organic decomposition, and to restore an acceptable physical appearance.
Desiccation
Process of drying out.
Saponification
Process of soap formation; as related to decomposition, the conversion of fatty tissues of the body into a soapy waxy substance called adipocere or grave wax.
Sterilization
Process that renders a substance free of all microorganisms.
Sanitation
Process to promote and establish conditions that minimize or eliminate biohazards
What are the three major biochemical of the body?
Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids
Device used to keep a dead human body cool enough to inhibit bacterial activity
Refrigeration Unit
Certain legal functions
Regardless of what services are requested we must perform
What is Greek for corpse
Ptoma
Carry oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium
Pulmonary veins ___?
Evacuation of gasses, liquids and semisolids from a natural body orifice
Purge
stomach and/or lungs
Purge from the mouth usually originates from the ___?
Which type of purge requires the following treatment? Cream the areas over which the purge matters flows to minimize burning of the lips, cheeks, and neck. Reduce gas pressures in the abdomen by the careful insertion of a trocar.
Purge prior to embalming
The best method for closing an opening for a colostomy is ___?
Purse-string suture
Water Hardness
Quality of water containing certain substances, especially soluble salts of calcium and magnesium.
OSHA required safety device for a release of a copious amount of water in a short time
Quick Wash Shower
Permission needs to be obtained for those minimum care treatments necessary for identification of or viewing the body
Should we get permission for un-embalmed bodies
Preparation room equipment used to shave both male and female cases
Razor
Hydrolysis
Reaction in which water is one of the reactants and compounds are often broken down. In the hydrolysis of proteins, the addition of water accompanied by action of enzymes results in the breakdown of protein into amino acids.
Occupational Exposure
Reasonably anticipated skin, eye, mucous membrane, or parenteral, contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials that may result from the performance of an employee's duties.
tissue gas
Recent abdominal surgery, the presences of gangrene at time of death, inadequate embalming, and contaminated embalming instruments: these are among the predisposing conditions that may lead to _____ in the deceased.
Universal precautions must be followed to help check the spread of disease.
Recognizing that it is not possible to totally eliminate the danger of being infected by pathogens, it is necessary to treat all human remains as though they are potential carriers of disease. Considering this, which of the following statements is true? There is only one best answer.
Electrocardiogram/ECGEKG)
Record of the electrical activity of the heart.
Written permission to embalm or a record of the expressed permission must be obtained
Should we get permission to embalm a body
Death Rattle
Respiratory gurgling or rattling in the throat of a dying person, caused by the loss of the cough reflex and the accumulation of mucous
Surface Evaporation
Results from the passage of air or air currents over the surface of the body
General purpose embalming instrument which is primarily used to spread incisions and to afford more working room It can also be used as an aid in eyecap insertion
Retractor
Is expressed through the consistent application and practice of showing respect and honor for, as well as maintaining the dignity of, the dead
Reverence for the dead
Clinical Death
Reversible phase of the somatic death process
direct contact
STDs are caused by a variety of pathogens but they are all spread via...
The destruction of sugars by hydrolysis (no effect on embalming)
Saccharolysis
Rituals of death rest on the basic need, recognized by all societies, to remove the bodies of the dead from among the living In America during the second half of the nineteenth century and most of the twentieth century, embalming and viewing of the body was a vital part of the American funeral
Sacred aspects of embalming a dead human body
pathological atrophy
Shrinkage of muscle following paralysis is an example of
Center of Venous Drainage
Right atrium of the heart.
Firming
Rigidity of tissue due to chemical reaction.
eyes
Rigor mortis develops first in the muscles of the
vascular
Rigor mortis may cause ___ difficulties?
Toilet Bowl Minimum of space required Flushing action downward minimizes cleanup Should be installed low enough to permit free tilting and rotation of the table
Rim Flush Receptacle
Postmortem Caloricity
Rise in the body temperature after death due to continued cellular metabolism
What does hydrogen sulfide smell like?
Rotten eggs
What does mercaptan smell like?
Rotten eggs
Condyle
Rounded articular process on a bone.
strep throat
S. pyogenes is the causative agent of this disease.
The process of soap formation; as related to decomposition, the conversion of fatty tissues of the body into a soapy, waxy, substance called adipocere or grave wax
Saponification
Bacteria that derive their nutrients from dead organic matter
Saprophytic bacteria
Two piece embalming instrument consisting of a handle and a blade used to make incisions and excisions
Scalpel
Preservation
Science of treating the dead human body chemically so as to temporarily inhibit decomposition
Artery and Vein Scissors Angular Bandage Scissors Utility Scissors
Scissors Types
External Sealers Internal Sealers
Sealer Types
Compound used to provide a barrier or seal against any type of leakage of fluid or blood
Sealers
If a body requires re-embalming, that embalming will almost certainly be ___?
Sectional
Postmortem Examination
See Autopsy.
Masking Agent
See Perfuming Agents.
Wetting Agent
See Surfactant.
Never Control of odor and bacteria is a constant worry
Should the prep room be near bedrooms, break rooms, or kitchen areas
Decomposition
Separation of compounds into simpler substances by the action of microbial and/or autolytic enzymes.
Dialysis
Separation of substances in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion through a semipermeable, membrane.
desquamation
Separation of the dermis and the epidermis after death is called
Embalming instrument used to maintain the elevation of the vessels above the surface of the skin
Separator/Bone Separator
Hypostasis
Settling of blood and/or other fluids to dependent portions of the body
Agonal Hypostasis
Settling of blood into the dependent tissues of the body
Trocar
Sharply pointed surgical instrument used in cavity embalming to aspirate the cavities and inject cavity fluid. The trocar may also be used for supplemental hypodermic embalming.
Container used to dispose of all sharp and pointed objects used during preparation
Sharps Container
Written reports of the condition and embalming of the body are especially important for ___ bodies?
Shipped
Never
Should embalmers ever aid or abet an unlicensed person who attempts to represent himself or herself as a licensed embalmer
No
Should invasive circulatory devices be removed before transportation
Agonal Period
Term for period just before death
false
Tetanospasmin is the powerful toxin that causes flaccid paralysis in infected hosts. T/F
is the study of death
Thanatology
Millicurie/mCi
That amount of radioactive material in which 37 million atoms disintegrate each second.
Preparation Room
That area or facility wherein embalming, dressing, cosmeticizing, or other body preparation are effected.
needle injector
That method of mouth closure which employs wires attached to small tacks which are inserted into the upper and lower jaw is called
Corneal Sclera Button
That portion of the cornea recovered for transplantation in situ.
Actual Pressure
That pressure which is indicated by the injector gauge needle when the arterial tube is open and the arterial solution is flowing into the body.
Medical and public health literatures
The "at risk" nature for those who have direct contact with preparing human remains for disposition has been well documented in
Their contact with dead human bodies
The CDC concluded that funeral directors had an elevated risk of contracting tuberculosis as a result of
Conversion
The color of an object being changed or completely destroyed when one color of illumination strikes an object of a completely different color.
Brown
The color of tanned leather
a mechanical vector
The common housefly can transmit pathogens that are carried on their legs and the pathogen undergoes no development while there. What is such a vector called?
internal jugular vein.
The companion vein to the common carotid artery is the
Final disposition
The conclusive performance of services with respect to the dead human body?
Locked by key or touch pad
The cooling unit should be
ethmoid bone
The cranial cavity is aspirated through the ___?
Dangerous to the health of the observer
The dead human body can be offensive to the senses, but in and by itself, with rare exception, is not
2.25
The deceased arrives at the funeral home 18 hours after death. Which of the following solution strengths would be most effective for the 2nd gallon of arterial solution injection?
Disinfection
The destruction and/or inhibition of most pathogenic organisms and their products in or on the body.
Disinfection
The destruction or inhibition of most pathogenic bacteria and their products in or on the body defines which of the following terms?
Differential Pressure
The difference between potential and actual pressure.
Primary Dilution
The dilution attained as the embalming solution is mixed in the embalming machine.
Surface Embalming
The direct contact of body tissues with embalming chemicals.
Calvarium
The dome-like superior portion of the cranium; that portion removed during cranial autopsy.
hemorrhage
The escape of blood from the vascular system is called
External auditory meatus
The external opening of the ear passage.
Cilia
The eyelashes.
half
The facial portion of the adult skull is about ___________ the area of the cranium.
medial
The femoral vein is ____ to the femoral artery?
Pubic Symphysis
The fibrocartilage that joins the two pubic bones in the median plane.
Constantine
The first Christian Roman emperor was:
Very heavy traffic and considerable static weight
The floor must withstand
Cavitation
The formation of cavities in an organ or tissue; frequently seen in some forms of tuberculosis.
Mandibular sulci
The furrows that vary in length but none rise above the level of the line of closure of the mouth.
Transplantation
The grafting of living tissue from its normal position to another site, or of an organ or tissue from one person to another
Cleaning
The grill on the exhaust fan, and on all other grills in the room, should be easily removable for
the germ theory of disease
The idea that diseases are caused by microorganisms instead of through supernatural means is called ______.
iliac arteries
The ideal vessels to use for injection of the legs in an autopsied body, are the ___?
Instantaneous Rigor Mortis
The immediate stiffening of the muscles of a dead human body.
Hypodermic tissue building
The injection of special creams or liquids into the tissues through the use of a syringe and needle to restore natural contour.
slower
The internal cooling of a larger person would be
Fear of vampires and ghouls
The intramural burial was much sought after during the Middle Ages because?
Coma
The irreversible cessation of brain activity and loss of consciousness; death beginning at the brain.
submucosa
The layer of the digestive tube wall that contains blood vessels, lymph nodes, and nerve endings is the
Transit Permit
The legal document authorizing transportation by common carrier, and disposal of human remains?
Agonal Dehydration
The loss of moisture from the living body during the agonal state.
Stomach, cecum, urinary bladder and heart
The main trocar guides are designed to increase the efficiency in piercing the internal organs and aspirating the contents. The guides are recommended to reach which major organs?
Permissible Exposure Limit/PEL
The maximum legal limits established by OSHA for regulated substances. These are based on employee exposure that are time-weighted over an 8 hour work shift. When these limits are exceeded, employers must take proper steps to reduce employee exposure. For formaldehyde, the PEL is .75 ppm.
water
Though young children's skin and tissues are fragile, their bodies always contain more ____ than adults which increases formaldehyde demand.
36 to 40 inches
The minimum width of the door should be at least
Greek
The most common type of profile form of the nose.
Optimum
The most favorable condition for functioning.
Oral Cavity
The mouth and the vestibule, or the opening to the throat.
Distribution (Fluid)
The movement of embalming solutions from the point of injection throughout the arterial system and into the capillaries.
Diffusion
The movement of molecules or other particles in a solution from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration until uniform concentration is reached?
Diffusion
The movement of molecules or other particles in solution from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration until uniform concentration is reached.
Heme
The nonprotein portion of hemoglobin; the red pigment of hemoglobin.
One
The number of Occipitofrontalis muscles.
Contaminated
The presence or the reasonably anticipated presence of blood or other potentially infectious materials on an item or surface.
Blood Pressure
The pressure exerted by the blood in the living body on the arterial wall measured in millimeters of mercury.
Blood Pressure
The pressure exerted by the blood on the vessel walls measured in millimeters of mercury.
Potential Pressure
The pressure indicated by the injector gauge needle when the injector motor is running and the arterial tubing is clamped off.
Potential Pressure
The pressure indicated by the injector gauge needle when the injector motor is running and the arterial tubing is clamped off; Turner Portiboy injection machine.
Preparation room equipment used to pass a ligature underneath a raised vessel
Thread Passer
ulna.
The olecranon process is located on the
smell
The olfactory nerve is concerned with
glottis
The opening between the pharynx and the larynx is the
Inorganic Salts
The osmotic qualities of the embalming solution are adjusted by the concentration of:
inorganic salts
The osmotic qualities of the embalming solution are adjusted by the concentration of:
goes from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral.
The pH scale _____.
the capsule
The pale-colored "halos" around the darker bacterial cell is the _____ that increase the pathogen's virulence by making them resistant to attack by white blood cells of the immune response.
Forehead
The part of the face above the eyes.
Osmosis
The passage of solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a semipermeable membrane.
at the base of the brain in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone.
The pituitary gland is located
maintaining osmotic pressure by controlling amounts of water and solutes passing into and out of the cell
The plasma membrane of cells is largely responsible for _____.
calavarium
The portion of the skull which is removed during a cranial autopsy is referred to as the ____?
calvarium
The portion of the skull which is removed during a cranial autopsy is referred to as the ____?
To assist Christ in gathering the flock
The practice of burying clergy with their feet to East was so they would rise first at Christ s coming to help with what?
mouth
The prefix "stomato' means
secondary dilution
The presence of ascites within a body should warn the embalmer that the primary dilution of the fluid should be increased because ____ will take place?
sufficient distribution
The presence of fluid dye in the tissues, distension of superficial blood vessels, and copious drainage are indications of?
Physiologic Metabolic
The process takes place in a sequence of steps which can be described as an expanding inability of the body to sustain the ________ and ________ processes that are necessary for life
Orbicularis Oris
The puckering muscle:
left atrium
The pulmonary veins convey highly oxygenated blood into the
pre embalming treatment
The puncturing of blisters is considered to be a(n) ___?
Procurement
The recovery of organs or tissues from a cadaver for transplantation purposes.
Hemoglobin
The red respiratory portion of the red blood cells; iron containing pigment of red blood cells functioning to carry oxygen to the cells.
Decompose
To separate into constituent parts or elements or into simpler compounds
Viscosity
The resistance to the flow of a liquid; the thickness of a liquid.
it offers the greatest control over arterial solution into the head
The restricted cervical method of injection is recommended because ___?
superior vena cava
The right and left brachiocephalic veins combine to form the
Right Atrium
The right side of the heart seen as the center of drainage; used as a site of drainage via instruments from the right internal jugular vein and direct via the trocar or through the thoracic wall.
Postmortem Caloricity
The rise in temperature after death due to continued cellular metabolism.
latex condoms
The risk of contracting gonorrhea can be reduced by using _____ during sex.
Ligate
To tie off an artery and vein upon completion of embalming.
glycocalyx
The sticky, gelatinous coating surrounding the cell wall of many prokaryotes is called the _____.
Index
The strength of embalming fluids indicated by the number of grams of pure formaldehyde gas dissolved in 100 ml of water. Index usually refers to a percentage; an embalming fluid with an index of 25 usually contains 25% formaldehyde gas.
Solute
The substance that is dissolved in a solution.
Columna nasi
The superficial partition between the nostrils; the most inferior part of the mass of the nose.
Radiation Protection Officer
The supervision, in an institution licensed to use radionuclides that has the responsibility to establish procedures and make recommendations in the use of all radioactive matter.
frontal bone
The supraorbital margin is created by the
Environment
The surroundings, conditions, or influences that affect an organism or the cells within an organism.
Stapylococcus aureus
The synthetic materials of superabsorbent tampons resulted in some women suffering from TSS because these pathogens were introduced to deeper tissues of the vagina.
True
The term embalming (as used today) a misnomer True/False
Crown
The topmost part of the head (vertex).
cresols
The treated lumber of telephone poles and similar items are called "treated" lumber because of the application of this phenolic compound.
alveolar
The type of prognathism caused by inclination of the sockets of the teeth is
Putrefaction
The typically anaerobic splitting of proteins by bacteria and fungi with the formation of foul-smelling incompletely oxidized products
Pathogenic
The un-embalmed dead human body can be a large reservoir of infectious materials that are _______ to humans
Third
The upper eyelid abuts against the lower eyelid in the lower ____________ of the eye socket.
Abut
To touch or contact as with the tarsal plates of the closed eyelids
Embalm
To treat (a dead body) so as to protect from decay
Decay
To undergo destructive dissolution
Necrobiosis
There is life in this word
Necrosis
There is no life in the word
vascular nevus
These "strawberry marks" are commonly seen on the face, head, neck, and arms.
lysosomes
These cellular organelles contain enzymes that allow autolysis, and subsequent necrosis, to occur. These organelles have been called "little acid vats"
Action Level/AL-Exposure Limits
These levels are established to ensure adequate protection of employees at exposures below the OSHA limits, but to minimize the compliance burdens for employers whose employees have exposures below the 8 hour permissible exposure limit
fungi
These microorganisms lack chlorophyll and cannot undergo photosynthesis. Hence, they often grow on decomposing matter and they usually bear spores.
capnophiles
These microorganisms require little free oxygen.
rickettsias
These pathogens are bacteria, though they "act" like viruses by being able to reproduce only within a host cell. The are rod-shaped or spherical, Gram negative are are usually vectored to humans on lice, fleas, ticks, or mites. Epidemic and endemic typhus are two well-known diseases caused by these bacteria.
prions
These small, proteinaceous, and infectious particles are resistant to most procedures that modify nucleic acids.
humors
These were once thought to be the basic fluids of the body that, if imbalanced, caused disease.
Cribiform Plate
Thin, medial portion of the ethmoid bone of the skull.
Livor Mortis
This condition is intra-vascular and can be washed away
phocomelia
This congenital condition is characterized by the proximal portions of limbs being poorly developed or entirely missing.
lysozyme
This enzyme of your body uses water to break down the peptidoglycan layer of prokaryotes. It's one of the ways humans can resist infection of bacterial pathogens.
Sternocleidomastoid
This muscle rotates and drops the head:
Material Safety Data Sheet/MSDS
This must accompany a hazardous product; a requirement of the Department of Labor and OSHA under the Hazard Communication Standard
tissue gas
This postmortem condition can lead to extreme disfigurement of the deceased and can be spread from body to body by unclean embalming instruments.
tuberculosis
This respiratory disease, caused by drug fast bacteria that form cavities where the bacteria reproduce, claims 3 million lives annually worldwide and is spread by inhaling aerosol droplets.
Mold Preventative
Those agents which will prohibit the growth of mold.
Cremated Remains
Those elements remaining after cremation of a dead human body.
Personal Protective Equipment/PPE
Those items of protection worn to minimize exposure to hazards; those items worn by the embalmer to avoid contact with blood and other body fluids.
Blanch
To whiten by removing color; to make pale.
Agonal Hypostasis Agonal Coagulation Agonal Capillary Expansion
Three circulatory changes possible in the Agonal Period
6 Hours
Time period for death of: Blood Cells
5 Minutes
Time period for death of: Brain and Nervous System Cells
6 Hours
Time period for death of: Cornea Cells
3 Hours
Time period for death of: Muscle Cells
Dry moist tissue and smooth out facial wrinkles Used to reduce swelling of the deceased by the application of heat
Tissue Reducer/Electric Spatula
ClostridiumPerfringens
Tissue gas-producing anaerobic bacillus responsible for true tissue gas
Blood
Tissue that circulates through the vascular system and is composed of approximately 22% solids and 78% water
Abut
To bluntly adjoin another structure; for example, the line of closure of the eye.
Decompose
To break up into constituent parts or as if by a chemical process: decay— decomposition n
Amputate
To cut off a limb; to dismember.
Aerosolization
To disperse as an aerosol; minute particles of blood and water become atomized and suspended in air when water under pressure meets the blood drainage or when flushing an uncovered flush sink.
Palpate
To examine by touch.
Embalm
To fill with sweet odors: perfume
Embalm
To fix in a static condition — embalmer n — embalmment n
Perfusion
To force a fluid throughan organ or tissue), especially by way of the blood vessels; injection during vasculararterial) embalming.
Preserve
To keep intact or free from decay
Preserve
To keep or save from decomposition — preservation n
Preserve
To keep safe from injury, harm, or destruction: protect
Embalm
To protect from decay or oblivion: preserve
Excision
To remove as by cutting out; the area from which something has been cut out.
NOT SURE
Treponema pallidum is the causative organism of syphilis. This bacterium contains an outer layer of lipids which increases the virulence of the pathogen. Left untreated, syphilis can progress to the tertiary stages which includes damage to the brain, heart, liver, and joints, and can lead to death. Hence, the pathogenesis of syphilis would include _____. Treponema pallidum and its increased virulence due to outer layer of lipids the medicines used to treat the symptoms and to kill the bacteria the social stigma associated with STDs (NO) the damage to the organs and joints
Long hollow needle for aspirating the cavities and to inject fluid into those cavities
Trocar
Preparation room equipment used to insert trocar buttons into trocar punctures created when the trocar is inserted into the body
Trocar Button Applicator
Preparation room item which is inserted into trocar punctures
Trocar Buttons
Handle Barrel Tip
Trocar Parts
Preparation room equipment which is used with the embalming machine, aspiration procedures, water hoses, etc.
Tubing
Rubber Plastic form
Tubing Available in 2 Types
Drain Tube
Tubular instrument of varying diameter and shape, preferably with a plunger, that is inserted into a vein to aid in drainage of blood and to restrict the exit of vascular embalming fluid.
tularensis
Tulare County, CA gives us the name for this bacterial disease.
rabbit fever
Tularemia is also known as _____.
rigor mortis
What body condition alters embalming chemicals, distorts features, and restricts arterial fluid distribution?
Agonal Edema Agonal Dehydration
Two changes in tissue moisture are possible during the agonal period
Blood Volume Blood Viscosity
Two factors play an important role in the degree of intensity of Livor Mortis:
Bilateral
Two sides.
Vinyl Tile
Type of flooring most commonly chosen
Vinyl Tile
Type of flooring that is very resilient, so it is comfortable to stand on for several hours
Vinyl Tile Terrazo Floor Clay and Ceramic Asphalt Tile Epoxy Paint
Types of Flooring
Dry heat Moist heat Chemical
Types of Sterilizers
hypodermically injection with cavity fluid
Ulcers should be treated by ___?
Decomposition
Ultimate sign of death
infant
Umbilical vessels should be considered in what kind of case?
2 sharp points 1 sharp and 1 dull point 2 dull points Barber shears
Utility Scissors Types
Backflow
Unwanted reverse flow of liquids in a piping system
Directing the trocar to the midline of the pubic bone, retracting it slightly, and depressing the point slightly will cause the trocar to enter which organ?
Urinary bladder
The most thorough method of sterilizing embalming instruments is what?
Use an autoclave
Vascular (Arterial) Embalming
Use of the blood vascular system to inject embalming solution into the body
two inches above and two inches to the left
Using the navel as a landmark, where is the trocar inserted?
right iliac
Using the nine region plan, in which region is the cecum located?
Used to cut tissue or ligature.
Utility Scissors
Vaccination must be made available to all employees who have occupational exposure
Various aspects of the Hepitits B vaccination program
Swollen lymph nodes are noted as a cause of ___ difficulties?
Vascular
Multiple-Site InjectionMultipoint)
Vascular injection from two or more arteries; a minimum of two sites is prescribed in the suggested MINIMUM STANDARD FOR EMBALMING.
Embalming instrument inserted into the vein for insertion of the drainage instrument
Vein Expander
Embalming instrument which is used to aid the drainage of blood from the body
Vein Tubes/Drain Tubes
Backflow and Siphonage
Very real hazards in funeral homes, especially if the volume and pressure of the water entering the building are not great enough to adequately supply all outlets in the building
Buccal Cavity
Vestibule of the oral cavity; the space between the lips, gums, and teeth.
Physical
Viscosity refers to the thickness of a liquid, which is a _______ change
AL, PEL & STEL
What are the three levels OSHA has set for formaldehyde exposure in every funeral home where formaldehyde is used
Quadrant and nine region plan
What are the two linear plans employed by embalmers to locate underlying structures during cavity embalming?
The Board of Health (or Bureau of Vital Statistics) State Board of Embalmers and Funeral Directors (or similar governing body)
What are two principal bodies that have control over dead human remains
Remains should be handled as if the body were dead from a communicable disease; should always be followed by those making the removal
What are universal precautions
popliteal
What artery originates at the opening in the adductor magnus muscle and terminates at the inferior border of the popliteus muscle?
Hard Water
Water containing large amounts of mineral salts. The watervehicle) to be used in mixing vascular embalming solutions needs to have these mineral salts removed or sequestered.
overhead supply or directly from service sinks
Water supply for the table can be fed to it either from an
meningitis caused by meningococcus
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome is a fulminate and almost always fatal condition following a bout of this disease.
Casually
We cannot treat minimal service requests
Secondary Dilution
Weakening of the embalming fluid by the fluids in the body, both vascular and interstitial.
Handling of them is prohibited in work areas
What about contact lenses in the preproom
Prohibited in work areas
What about food, drink, and smoking in the preproom
Application of it is prohibited in work areas
What about personal cosmetics in the preproom
Selection of location should include room for future growth
What about planning for future growth
Movement within the room should not be visible as silhouettes or shadows
What about windows in prep room
right iliac
What anatomical region is the cecum located?
Samples from the deceased should never be taken without permission
What are proper procedures for photos, fingerprints, DNA, and blood samples
Any act that would allow an unlicensed person to have access to the deceased human being, without the presence of an embalmer, must be avoided both by policy and practice
What are proper procedures for unlicensed persons having contact with an un-embalmed deceased
Helps prevent preparation room from becoming storage area
What are the advantages of a utility room or store room
Can easily be sanitized Minimizes surface area for bacteria to grow and spread
What are the advantages of non porous surfaces
Provides time for the family to gather Permits the body to be shipped Means of sanitizing the deceased Can improve the appearance of the deceased
What are the four purposes of embalming
Temporary Preservation, Sanitation, and Restoration of the deceased to an acceptable appearance
What are the goals of embalming established by the ABFSE
Hepatitis Staphylococcal and other skin infections Pulmonary and skin tuberculosis
What are the most frequently reported diseases contacted by embalmers
Contact dermatitis Eye and nose irritations Upper respiratory irritations
What are the most notable health issues for embalmers
Hoses move more freely Easier on the body regarding bumping into
What are the positive aspects of having rounded surfaces and avoiding sharp angles
I, II and IV
What are the possible outcomes if the viscera in a dead body were left untreated: I Purge II Odor III formaldehyde gray IV gas formation V Flushing?
I, II and IV
What are the possible outcomes if the viscera in a dead body were left untreated:I Purge II Odor III formaldehyde gray IV gas formation V Flushing? I, II and IV II, IV and V III, IV and V I, III and V
§ 453.4( b)( 1) and § 453.5( 2) [of the Funeral Rule] 1. Not represent that a deceased person is required to be embalmed for: A. Direct cremation; B. Immediate burial; or C. A closed casket funeral without viewing or visitation when refrigeration is available and when state or local law does not require embalming; 2. Place the following disclosure on the general price list (GPL), required by § 453.2( b)( 4) in immediate conjunction with the price shown for embalming
What are the preventive requirements promulgated by the FTC
To be cleansed, sanitized, groomed, restored, and embalmed with dignity
What are the rights of a deceased person
- Temporary preservation and sanitation of the deceased body renders the body inoffensive by slowing postmortem changes - Seeing the body allows the family and friends to accept the finality of death, - Allows time to organize ceremony and ritual with the body present - Time for friends and relatives to gather for funeral ceremonies and if desired view the deceased remains - Moving the deceased to a distant location for final disposition if desired -Viewing restores a favorable body image by removing the adverse effects of disease, trauma, or postmortem changes - Preservation for anatomical study and research by medical institutions a slow breakdown of the body over time; desiccation rather than putrefaction
What does embalming make possible
It will be in their minds forever
What effect does the memory picture have on the family following a funeral service
Insert prosthetic globe
What embalming procedure could be performed for an eye donor, but NOT a cornea donor?
Embalmers, Intern/Apprentice Embalmers Removal personnel Any other person having direct contact with the un-embalmed human remains or with any regulated infectious waste materials
What employees are most affected by the BBPR
A plan should be in effect should the event arise
What if someone famous (or infamous) is being embalmed
16
What index fluid must you use to have 2 gallons of diluted fluid with strength of 1% if you use 16 oz of concentrated fluid?
sectional
What injection method is used when embalming a body with a complete autopsy?
restricted cervical
What injection site is recommended to be used first in the embalming of a normal adult body?
restricted cervical
What injection site/method is recommended to be used first in the embalming of a normal adult body?
surfactant
What is a chemical that reduces the molecular cohesion of arterial fluid so it can flow through capillaries?
poor peripheral distribution
What is a common embalming complication associated with cardiac disease?
hydrolysis
What is a reaction in which the addition of water, accompanied by the action of enzymes, results in the breakdown of proteins?
Coinjection
What is a supplemental embalming fluid used to enhance the action of the preservative solution?
the postmortem cooling of the blood
What is algor mortis?
Six point
What is an effective injection method for a kidney donor?
Groove director
What is an embalming instrument which is used to direct drain tubes into troublesome vessels?
- In accordance with the wishes of the family, the embalmer should advise them concerning their expectations for a visitation with viewing - Representations concerning embalming and restoration should be full and factual
What is an example of judicious counsel
Reverence for the dead
What is basic ethical axiom of the funeral profession
coma
What is death beginning at the brain?
crepitation
What is described as the spongy feel of gas as it moves through the tissues when palpitated?
"The process of chemically treating the dead human body to reduce the presence and growth of microorganisms, to retard organic decomposition, and to restore an acceptable physical appearance"
What is the ABFSE definition of embalming
First floor
What is the best location for the prep room
Hydrochloric acid
What is the content normally aspirated from the stomach?
Thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity
What is the correct order of aspiration?
begin with stronger than normal solution
What is the correct procedure when embalming an obese body?
proteolysis
What is the decomposition of proteins?
Autotrophs can make their own food via photosynthesis so they have little need to seek nutrients elsewhere. Heterotrophic bacteria must consume food from their surrounding environment.
What is the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph?
Neutral
What is the embalmers position in regard to autopsy or organ and tissue donation
skin
What is the first line of defense against pathogenic infections?
Skin contact with blood
What is the frequent manner of exposure to disease
mild
What is the ideal fluid strength for the initial injection when embalming the normal adult unautopsied body?
3-foot opening
What is the minimum door size for the prep room
Formaldehyde Vapor
What is the most common chemical that embalmers are exposed to
size
What is the most common variation between the common carotid and axillary arteries?
98 - 100 degrees
What is the optimum temperature for the development of rigor mortis?
Osmosis
What is the passive transport mechanism involved with the movement of liquids through a semipermeable membrane from a dilute to a concentrated solution? (embalming chemicals move from interstitial fluids, across the cell wall, and into the cell)
hidden point of entry
What is the place where a hypodermic needle is inserted for tissue building?
Provide a safe and comfortable workplace
What is the primary purpose of the preparation room
disinfection
What is the primary reason for embalming
To perform the embalming to the best of their ability, lessening the ravages of illness and trauma
When a family chooses embalming with viewing what is embalmer's repsonsibility
Respiration Circulation
When biological death occurs, _____ and _____ cannot be restored
Asymmetry
When comparing the left and right sides of the face, there may be dissimilarities or lack of balance between the two sides, what is the term used for these dissimilarities?
An absolute necessity
When disposition is to be by immediate cremation identification is
before the arms
When embalming an autopsied adult body, our textbook recommends the legs should be arterially embalmed ___________
hypodermic injection
When embalming an autopsied body, how are the trunk walls usually injected with fluid?
Before and After Embalming
When embalming an unautopsied adult body, our textbook suggest you should shampoo the hair ________________
supraclavicular
When raising the left common carotid artery, what type of incision is made along the superior border of the clavicle?
insufficient arterial distribution
When should sectional embalming be used?
Following aspiration
When should suturing be done?
Axillary
When the humerus has be recovered for tissue donation, what artery should be injected to preserve the head and face?
exacerbated
When the severity of a disease is increased, it has ______.
idiopathic
When the underlying cause of a disease is unknown, the illness is said to be _____.
Needle stick injuries
Which is most common: needle sticks or cuts
pulmonary
Which arteries carry deoxygenated blood? (low levels of oxygen)
internal carotid
Which artery is associated with the Circle of Willis?
vertebral
Which artery is associated with the Circle of Willis?
rabbit fever
Which of the following is (are) arthropod-vectored bacterial diseases of humans?
skin
Which of the following is NOT an organ used for transplantation?
dessication
Which of the following is NOT classified as a chemical change?
spina bifida
Which of the following is a birth defect associated with spinal malformation?
germicides
Which of the following is a chemical method of controlling bacterial growth?
formalin
Which of the following is a concentrated, liquid form of formaldehyde, which is 37% formaldehyde by mass and 40% by volume?
all of these
Which of the following is a factor influencing the damage inflicted by a gunshot wound? the nature and type of tissue(s) affected by the bullet bullet design distance of target from the weapon speed of bullet mass of bullet d and e all of these
insufficient arterial distribution
Which condition suggests that sectional embalming should be used?
Mycobacterium avium
Which of the following bacteria might be found on the legs of a mechanical vector (a butterfly, for example)? There is only one best correct answer.
endemic
Which of the following best describes a disease that is continuously present in a community?
2, 3, and 4
Which of the following blood vessels are branches of the aortic arch? 1. right common carotid artery 2. left common carotid artery 3. left subclavian artery 4. brachiocephalic artery
Clostridium botulinum
Which of the following causes swelling of canned foods?
death from COPD
Which of the following conditions is a predisposing condition of purge?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Which of the following contains a high lipid (fat) content in its cell wall?
infection
Which of the following describes the state or condition in which the body, or part of the body, is invaded by a pathogenic agent that, under favorable conditions, multiplies and produces injurious effects?
impetigo
Which of the following diseases is caused by Streptococcus pyogenes?
diptheria
Which of the following diseases is characterized by sore throat, fever, fatigue, swelling of the neck, and a tough, gray "pseudomembrane" in the throat?
pili
Which of the following enables bacteria to attach to tissues?
Germicides
Which of the following ingredients would be found in all arterial fluids, cavity fluids and surface disinfectants?
livor mortis
Which postmortem physical change happens between 0.5 and 2 hours following death?
Excising tissue
Which procedure is considered a major restoration?
ultraviolet
Which wavelength of light is likely the most harmful to bacteria?
Maintenance employees Staff members for dressing and casketing remains Hairdresser, cosmetologist, barber, persons with other responsibilities
Who can be in the prep room when embalming is not in process
Fluid manufacturers
Who conducted the first embalming training?
-Published The American Way of Death, (1963) A savage and relentless attack on the profession, causing a counterattack on Mitford herself by America's funeral directors
Who is Jessica Mitford
Fredrick Ruysch
Who is the man known as the Father of Embalming , credited with the discovery of the first successful system of arterial embalming?
Persons who have the legal certification and authority to make a determination
Who may actually pronounce a person dead
Those authorized by the family Licensees and registered trainees Those authorized by state statute or rules and regulations
Who may be present during embalming
For the preparation of all bodies -- bodies dead from noncontagious, contagious, and/ or infectious disease
Why are Universal Precautions necessary
Sterilization kills all forms of life. Hence, the living cells and tissues of our hands would be destroyed.
Why can't we sterilize our hands?
increased moisture in the tissues
Why do many infants have increased preservative demands?
1. Embalming is a practice affecting the public safety and welfare and is subject to regulation and control in the public interest. 2. The preparation, care, and final disposition of a deceased human body should be attended with appropriate observance and understanding, 3. As a matter of public interest, the practice of embalming merits and receives the confidence of the public in that only qualified persons be authorized to embalm in their state of practice
Why do states license embalmers and funeral directors
Really handy for washing the remains and shampooing and rinsing the hair
Why is an overhead water supply useful
atrophy of the mandible
Why is mouth closure often difficult when embalming the elderly?
rapid injection may distend tissues
Why is rate of flow a greater concern than pressure when embalming a 7-year-old child?
Because the embalmer has direct contact with the deceased
Why is the embalmer responsible for personal health
So the embalmer's street clothing doesn't have any contact with the embalming process. This maintains a higher level of precautionary step in the Universal Precautions
Why might it be useful to have a separate dressing room
It is the ethical and professional
Why should we leave the immediate area neat and clean during removals
Prevent injuries
Why should we use lifting devices to move bodies
Lessens any exposure to blood or body fluids due to leakage
Why shouldn't invasive circulatory devices be removed before transportation
Intravascular
Within the blood vascular system.
Neisseria gonorrhea
Women infected with this pathogen may be not show signs or symptoms of the disease; chronic infection with this pathogen, left untreated, might lead to PID.
-Avoiding splashing, spraying, or splattering when working with potentially infectious agents -Proper handling and disposal of contaminated waste and contaminated sharps -Consistent and proper use of PPE -Adequate housekeeping -Hand washing
Work Practice Controls common sense steps
Laceration
Wound characterized by irregular tearing of tissue.
massage cream and electric spatula
Wrinkled eyelids caused by reduction of swelling can be treated by ___?
Forensic pathology
You are a laboratory pathologist asked to examine microscope slides containing liver tissue of a deceased person in an attempt to describe the associated etiology. What type of pathology would you be practicing?
Infection applies to pathogenic microorganisms whereas infestation refers to macroscopic organisms being in or on an injured host.
You can be infected with bacteria but not with maggots. Which of the following is the best explanation for this?
how a local infection became a focal infection
You have a toothache and fail to have a dentist examine it. About four days later you become quite ill and are admitted into the hospital with an infection of the linings of the spinal cord. You are diagnosed with meningitis. This scenario is a good example of _____.
hypotonic
You place some of your red blood cells into a beaker containing nothing but distilled water. The water in the beaker is _____ compared to the contents inside the RBCs.
hypoxia
_______ is the loss of oxygen in the tissues.
strict anaerobes
___________ are those microbes that can survive only in an area without oxygen.
Bench Memorial -
a bench made out of granite. They typically consist of a top piece supported by two standards. These can serve as enduring memorials dedicating a park or other suitable location. They can also be used as cemetery memorials. Permission is needed by the cemetery before a bench memorial may be installed
Urn
a container for cremated remains, a vase with a foot or pedestal
Corrugated Container
a container used to hold a dead human body which is constructed out of a type of cardboard, which is made with a series of alternate folds and ridges
Bailment
a delivery of personal property by one person (the bailor) to another (the bailee) who holds the property for a certain purpose under an express or implied-in-fact contract
Air Tray
a transfer container consisting of a wooden tray with a cardboard covering for the casket
Hydropericardium
abnormal accumulation of fluid within the pericardial sac
In cases of vascular difficulty, pre-injection is ___?
advised against
The cooling or decrease of the body temperature prior to death
agonal algor
During advanced decomposition the pH of the body is
alkaline
Cancer chemotherapy may lead to ___? purpura jaundice perforation of gut all of these
all of these
Vascular difficulties are frequently caused by ___ Answers: aneurysms febrile diseases neoplasms all of these
all of these
Vascular difficulties are frequently caused by ___? aneurysms febrile diseases neoplasms all of these
all of these
A method of drainage where injection and drainage are each done separately at different times is ___?
alternate
Grave
an excavation in the earth as a place for interment; interment space
Method of locating a structure, such as an artery or a vein, by reference to an adjacent known or prominent structure
anatomical guide
What section of the body is supplied blood by the external iliac arteries?
anterior abdominal walls
Along the lateral margin of the inferior third of the crest of the tibia is the place of incision for the ___?
anterior tibia artery
Cotton-like fungal circulatory blockages are noteworthy problems associated with ___?
antibiotics
What type of embalming involves injecting embalming fluid into a large vessel?
arterial
What is the fatty degeneration or thickening of the walls of the larger arteries?
atheroma
Oral antidiabetic agents may cause ___?
atrophy
If returning viscera to an autopsied body, outside of a bag, layers of viscera should be alternated with what?
autopsy hardening compound
Primary disinfection occurs
before embalming
When embalming an autopsied adult body, our textbook recommends the legs should be arterially embalmed ___________
before the arms
What is the correct procedure when embalming an obese body?
begin with stronger than normal solution
In the primary arterial solution strength equation C x V = C1 x V1 what does V1 refer to?
total volume
What suture is used to align tissues prior to embalming?
bridge
What is the dome-like superior portion of the cranium that is removed during cranial autopsies?
calvarium
The direct connection between the arterioles and venules is/are ___?
capillaries
Before returning viscera to an autopsied body, the viscera should be treated with ___?
cavity fluid
Whenever a body is re-aspirated, the ___?
cavity should be re-injected
Abdominal distention is most dramatically reduced during __________________.
cavity treatment
Trocar Guide: direct the trocar toward a point one-forth of the distance from the right anterior-superior iliac spine to the pubic symphysis
cecum
What procedure occurs after setting the features on a cranial autopsy?
clean and dry interior of cranium
A fluid that is used primarily to supplement and enhance the action of arterial fluid is a/an ___?
co-injection fluid
A precaution when using the femoral artery for arterial injection
coagula in the arterial system can be pushed into the vessels that supply the arms or the head
Body proteins may break down faster because ___ protect enzymes from embalming chemicals?
corticosteroids
What is described as the spongy feel of gas as it moves through the tissues when palpitated?
crepitation
When aspirating the cranium, the trocar is introduced into the nostril and pushed through the
cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
Embalmers can expect blood with low viscosity in bodies that have all of the following except ___?
decomposition
Sugars
decomposition of sugars
When both the artery and the vein are to be used at the same location, which vessel should the instruments (arterial tube or drainage instrument) be inserted into FIRST?
deepest
A large volume of dilute solution using humectants would be best for a body exhibiting ___?
dehydration
Cancer chemotherapy and tranquilizers both can cause ___?
dehydration
large volume of dilute solution using humectants would be best for a body exhibiting ___?
dehydration
During embalming, all of the following takes place except ___?
desiccation
What is the postmortem condition where the dermis is separated from the epidermis?
desquamation
The passage of arterial solution from the capillaries into the intercellular space is referred to as ___?
diffusion
Osmosis occurs when water from a ____ solution passes through a membrane to a ____ solution?
dilute concentrated
What kind of case should be wrapped in sheets soaked in cavity fluid?
disaster
Primary Disinfection
disinfection carried out prior to the embalming process
Drugs may ___ formaldehyde demand in some cases?
double
Channeling and wicking are most useful in reducing ___?
edema
Elastic bandages on extremities can be helpful in combating ___?
edema
Steroid therapies are most associated with ___?
edema
The observations of the deceased human body, by the embalmer, before, during, and following the arterial embalming of the body.
embalming analysis
The cranial cavity is aspirated through the ___?
ethmoid bone
Complete this statement: Cavity embalming, without exception, always __?
follows arterial injection
What extravascular resistances may necessitate sectional arterial injection?
goiter
Preinjection is recommended when the body has?
good distribution
Which of these instruments can be used for either injection or aspiration?
hand pump
MSDS and hazard material labeling are examples of the
hazard communication standard rule
External auditory meatus
he external opening of the ear passage.
99 degree Fahrenheit
he optimum temperature to promote decomposition is?
Trocar Guide: direct the trocar to intersect a line drawn from the left anterior-superior iliac spine and the right earlobe.
heart
Which organ should be aspirated first?
heart
What may cause distension of facial tissues during embalming?
high injection pressure
A suction device which uses water pressure to create a vacuum for removing liquid materials from a body is a ___?
hydroaspirator
Deformative moisture retention in the scrotum describes ___?
hydrocele
The injection of embalming chemicals directly into the tissues of the dead human body through the use of a syringe and needle.
hypodermic embalming
How should the trunk be preserved in a complete autopsy?
hypodermically embalm
In the nine region plan, the bladder is located in the ___?
hypogastric region
What is the settling of blood and/or other fluids to dependent portions of the body?
hypostasis
The ideal vessels to use for injection of the legs in an autopsied body, are the ___?
iliac arteries
Shomer
in the Jewish faith, a watcher; one who sits with the body until burial
In injecting for instant fixation of tissue, it is recommended to ___?
inject with high pressure turning the rate of flow on and off
A type of mouth closure where embalming fluid is inserted into the muscles of the jaw is ___?
injection fixation
How may nasal purge be treated prior to embalming?
insert trocar into abdomen
An embalming technique where a part of the body (usually the head) is injected with a limited amount of a very strong arterial solution.
instant tissue fixation
Which artery is associated with the Circle of Willis?
internal carotid
The largest systemic vein that can be raised in an unautopsied body is the ___?
internal jugular
Which of the following is a sign of arterial solution diffusion?
irming of the tissues
The restricted cervical method of injection is recommended because ___?
it offers the greatest control over arterial solution into the head
Which of the following is NOT an organ used in the trocar guide
lung
Burial Vault
outer enclosure for caskets placed in the grave; originally intended to prevent grave robbery
If a stomach ulcer hemorrhages, it is actually possible to drain from the ___?
mouth
A method of mouth closure where a suture is passed through the septum of the nose and through the mentalis muscle of the chin
muscular (musculature) suture
A type of mouth closure where ligature is place through the muscles of the chin is ___?
muscular suture
Which of the following areas of the body would FIRST be affected by rigor mortis?
neck
What is the passive transport mechanism involved with the movement of liquids through a semipermeable membrane from a dilute to a concentrated solution? (embalming chemicals move from interstitial fluids, across the cell wall, and into the cell)
osmosis
Embalming can be defined as disinfection, temporary preservation, and ________________ ?
restoration
A method of injection by raising both common carotid arteries at the start of injection is ___?
restricted cervical
Which injection technique would be most appropriate for a body with a gunshot to the head?
restricted cervical
The primary concern for all funeral directors and embalmers is
reverence for the dead
What chamber of the heart is the center of embalming drainage?
right atrium
The center of drainage in a dead human being is the ___?
right atrium of the heart
Using the nine region plan, in which region is the cecum located?
right iliac
The cecum is located in which abdominal region?
right inguinal
Which of the following is not a branch of the arch of the aorta?
right subclavian
The femoral artery passes through the center of the femoral triangle and is bounded laterally by the
sartorius muscle
What instrument is used for making the incision and opening the artery or the vein?
scalpel
The dilution of the arterial solution in the tissue space
secondary dilution
The presence of ascites within a body should warn the embalmer that the primary dilution of the fluid should be increased because ____ will take place?
secondary dilution
An embalming technique where direct injection to a body region is made is ___?
sectional
The technique of embalming which results in only the skin and superficial portion of the body receiving arterial solution is ___?
shell embalming
A type of injection and drainage that is done from two separate locations is ___?
split
Purge from the mouth usually originates from the ___?
stomach and/or lungs
A preservative vascular fluid with an index of 36 would be considered
strong
Surfactant
surface tension reducer; wetting, penetrating, or surface-active agent) - Chemical that reduces the molecular cohesion of a liquid so it can flow through smaller apertures
What method may be used to attach the cranium to the skull following arterial injection of the cranium?
suture temporalis
That procedure of disinfection following the embalming process to protect the environment would most appropriately apply to which of the following?
terminal disinfection
Bleeding into skin may be caused by ___?
tetracycline
In the instant tissue fixation injection, ___?
the tissue is immediately preserved, formed and dried
How many bottles of cavity fluid does the book recommend for a person weighing 150 pounds?
three
"A collection of similar cells and the intercellular substances surrounding them" defines what?
tissue
What technique should an embalmer employ when preparing non-viewable infant remains?
wrap in cavity fluid soaked cotton