NCE - 2*
SELF-CREATION - Included in circumscription process; altering self-concept in light of developmental or environmental factors
...
Phobia
the client can pinpoint the cause or source of fear (known fear)
Career Decision Scale
a 19-item, self-reporting measure suitable for high-school and college-aged students that assess career decisions; can be used in both individual and group settings
Approach-avoidance behavior
a conflict in group wherein you are attracted and repelled by the same goal; occurs in the initial group stage; EX: You want to meet group members, but it's scary to think about the fact that you could be rejected.
Counselors should advocate for
acceptance of sexual minorities.
DECISION MAKING - transform the choice into action
...
Dislocated Worker - a person who is unemployed due to downsizing, a company relocation, or the fact that the company closed the business
...
Displaced Homemaker - women who enter or reenter the workforce after being at home. This often occurs after a divorce or death of partner.
...
EXECUTION (problem solutions are accomplished by formulating strategies - taking action to narrow the gap) Implementing My Choice
...
EXPECTANCY (what am I capable of doing?)
...
Early childhood experiences and parental style affect the needs hierarchy and the relationship of those needs to adult lifestyle.
...
Frankl felt that suffering would be transformed into achievement and creativity.
...
Counterbalancing
switching the order in which stimuli are presented to a subject in a study. (Used to control for the fact that the order of an experiment could impact its outcome.)
Mandala
symbol of mediation in Hindu writings; borrowed by Jung to use as a projective circle that represents self-unification
The appropriate use of grammar is the definition of
syntax.
Adaptive significance
having survival value
Spontaneous recovery
if the animal is give a rest, the CR will reappear, though it will be weaker
Minimal disclosure
if you must break confidentiality you reveal only what is necessary (i.e., a minimal amount) and when possible inform the client that you are going to disclose confidential information
68% confidence interval
in a normal distribution, 68% of the population will fall between plus/minus 1 standard deviation of the mean
Each of the following statements is correct EXCEPT
in skewed distributions, the scores accumulate at the center of the distribution.
Supply and demand curve
in terms of the labor market, the number of employees employers want to hire goes down as salary goes up and the number of employees willing to work for you goes up as the salary increases
Robert Carkhuff
known for his 5 point scale measuring empathy, genuineness, concreteness, and respect.
Jay Haley
known for his work in strategic and problem solving therapy, often utilizing the technique of paradox
Names for Carl. R. Rogers' theory
non-directive, client-centered, and now, person-centered counseling (also called 'self theory')
Covert
not observable
Oscar K. Buros
noted for his Mental Measurements Yearbook, which was the first major publication to review available tests
Musturbation (aka 'absolutist thinking')
occurs when client uses too many shoulds, oughts, and musts in his thinking.
Determining if a program should be continued again is known as
outcome evaluation.
Operational definition
outlines a procedure (important so other researchers can attempt to replicate the study's findings)
Reality therapy's 'BCP'
perception controls behavior
Basic research
research conducted to advance our understanding of theory
All of the following are considered forms of child abuse EXCEPT
separation.
Neo-Freudians emphasized
social factors (Adler, Karen Horney, Erik Erikson, Harry Stack Sullivan, Erich Fromm)
Social power is also called
social influence
The professionals most involved in working to affect the public policy are:
social workers
A dominant narrative is one constructed by
society.
Positive reinforcement
something is added following an operant (behavior); increases the probability that a behavior will occur; can also be used to reduce or eliminate an undesirable target behavior
conditioned (learned) response
something that a person has learned to do when a certain stimulus is presented.
Independent group comparison design
study where the two groups are independent of each other in the sense that the change (or lack of it) in one group did not influence the other group
Empathy
subjective understanding of the client in the here-and-now.
Catharsis
talking about difficulties in order to purge emotions in a curative process
Epigenetic theorists emphasize the importance of
the combination of nature and nurture.
Each of the following statements is true EXCEPT
the mode is influenced by extreme scores.
Variable ratio of intermittent scheduling
the most difficult to extinguish
Needs-press theory
the occupation is used to meet a person's current need
Appraisal
the process of assessing or estimating attributes;
Objective test
the rater's judgement plays little or no part in the scoring process; i.e., NCE
Coefficient of determination
to demonstrate the variance of one factor accounted for by another you merely square the correlation (i.e., reliability coefficient)
Brief therapy
type of constructivist therapy which examines what worked for the client in the past
Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT)
• Interaction between people & environment is dynamic & ever changing. People influence and are influenced by the environment. People's interests lie in their beliefs they can do those things well.
Which question does outcome evaluation answer?
"How are members different because of group work?"
Occam's Razor
(aka Parsimony) refers to the practice of interpreting the results in the simplest ways (Literally a tendency to be miserly and not overspend.)
Type II error (beta error) occurs when a researcher accepts null even though it is false.
(memory: RA as in 'residence advisor'... R - signifies reject when true A - signifies accept when false
- PERSONALITY Structure: A stable characteristic made up of abilities and values.
...
OOH (the Occupational Outlook Handbook) and DOT (the Dictionary of Occupational Titles) provide information about specific occupations and are available in book and computerized form.
...
NCE - Group
... Although all groups are unique, certain traits are typical of most groups. In the beginning stages of therapy, group members haven't yet started to relate to one another or to form social relationships and, therefore, they typically communicate only with the therapist, as if other group members aren't present. During this initial stage, the therapist should be prepared to play an active role.
Basic assumptions of psychoanalytic theories
1. Biological forces drive development 2. Individual strives to channel / control these drives 3. Personality characteristics appear in childhood 4. These characteristics are stable over time
Jung's Major Contributions to the Field of Psychology (2)
1. Credited with word-association technique 2. Introversion-extroversion concept (Myers-Briggs Type Indication based on Jung's work)
If the mean of an achievement test is 31 and the standard deviation is a 3, what is the percentile rank of the student who scored a 37 on that test?
97.5%
Histogram
A distribution with class intervals graphically displayed on a bar graph.
Variance
A measure of dispersion of scores around some measure of central tendency; it is also the standard deviation squared.
Proxemics
A student of yours asks about the research of territorial or personal space. How do you name that research for her?
Nondirectional experimental hypothesis
A two-tailed test (i.e., 'The average patient who has completed psychoanalysis will have a statistically different IQ from the average patient who has not received analysis.')
Which of the following is NOT true about test validity?
A validity coefficient of .25 is high.
__________________________ can be a challenging group member behavior.
Advice giving
A valid test is ________ reliable.
Always
The American Counseling Association was originally named...
American Personnel and Guidance Association
The __________________ is not a founding member of ACA.
American School Counselor Association (ASCA)
Values Inventory
An assessment of the person's work ethics.
Developed by Robert Yerkes, the __________________________ i a language-free test that was designed for individuals who could not read or were foreign born.
Army Beta
The most recently established division of ACA is...
Association for Creativity in Counseling (ACC).
Another name for 'Type II error'
Beta error
Confounded or flawed variable
Confounded or flawed variable are undesirable variables that invalidate experiments. (The only experimental variable should be the independent variable.)
Confounding
Confounding occurs when an undesirable variable (also known as contaminating variable) which is not controlled by the researcher is introduced in the experiment.
Trait-and-Factor Theory
Considered the first major and most durable theory of career choice.
Psychodynamic Mental Health Consultation
Consultant does not see the client directly only advises the consultee.
(A) __________________________ is an intense, generally short-term, time of distress in which a person's normal stress management skills are inadequate.
Crisis
Career Materials (DOT/O*NET, OOH, GOE)
DOT (Department of Occupational Titles) was replaced by O*NET- was developed by the US Dept. of Labor and utilizes a 9-digit classification system and lists 20,000 jobs.
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Henry Murray's 1938 work, Exploratoin in Personality - subjective test
The faith that focuses on karma and the deity Brahman is...
Hinduism.
Feelings of hopefulness and captivation of a new culture are part of the __________________________ phase of culture shock.
Honeymoon
According to Holland's theory of types, the personality type IAS is most congruent with which of the following work environments?
IAR
Identity Terms
IDENTITY DIFFUSION - the status in which the adolescent does not have a sense of having choices; he or she has not yet made (nor is attempting/willing to make) a commitment
Object loss
If the bond between a child and adult is severed at an early age; said to be the breeding ground for abnormal behavior, or what is often called psychopathology; goes from protest to despair to detachment
Freud's Other
Important person to whom one becomes attached
Stage 2: Orientation of Sex Roles
In Gottfredson's Theory, how can the stage between ages 6-8 be defined?
James-Lange Theory
In a lecture of yours, you are discussing the theory that asserts that the individual's perception of his physical reaction is the basis of his emotional experience. What theory are you talking about?
A directive
In counseling, merely a suggestion
When you see the letter P in relation to a test of significance it means
In test of significance p stands for Probability
Alfred Adler's theory
Individual Psychology
Erikson's Third Psychosocial Stage - Early Childhood (3-5 years)
Initiative vs. Guilt
John, a third grade student, is having trouble in math. The teacher suspects that John has a learning disability in math. Which of the following achievement tests should be used to determine whether John has a learning disability in math?
Key Math Diagnostic Test
Jung's logos principle
Men operate on logic or logos principle
Enactive
Objects have meaning only with respect to the actions performed on them. This is called the ________ mode.
Nondirective is to person-centered as parsimony is to _____________
Occam's Razor (both are synonymous)
Occam's Razor
Occam's Razor is (also known as Lloyd Morgan's 1894 Canon) suggests experimenters interpret the results in the simplest manner.
Horizontal sampling
Occurs when a researcher selects subjects from a single socioeconomic group.
Unimodal
One peak in a distribution curve
biserial correlation
One variable is continuous while the other is dichotomous.
Directional experimental hypothesis
One-tailed test (i.e., hypothesis specifies one average is larger than another)
Freud's 3 psychosexual stages
Oral Anal Phallic
Sweet lemon rationalization
Overrates a reward (to protect self from bruised ego) (memory: sweets are overrated in our society)
The major functions of testing in vocational/career counseling are:
PREDICTION, DISCRIMINATION, MONITORING, EVALUATION
Parameter
Parameter is A value obtained from a population (Summarizes a characteristic of a population, i.e., average male height)
Heteronomous morality
Piagetian stage of moral development that occurs between ages 4-7 when the child views rules as absolutes that result in punishment
Formal operations stage
Piagetian stage that focuses on abstract thought (time or distance), deductive reasoning, and multiple hypotheses
Freud's Cathexis
Process by which sources of energy are tied to thoughts, actions, objects, or people
Internal Validity
Refers to whether the Dependent Variables (DVs) were truly influenced by the experimental Independent Variables(IVs)
CRCC certifies the following type of counselor:
Rehabilitation counselors
Comparative View of Practice
Repeated Trials result in repeated pairings of the CS and the UCS
Repeated-Measures Comparison Design
Repeated-Measures Comparison Design Measuring the SAME group of subjects without the IV and then with the IV.
I-Thou relationship
Rogerian and Existentialistic (relationship is horizontal in nature)
Peer Cluster Theory
Small, identifiable peer clusters determine where, when and how drugs will be used
Empathy is the ability to experience the client's subjective world.
Sympathy is compassion.
Delirium
Taking into consideration that a person has the following symptoms: perceptual disorders, disrupted attentional impairment and he is disoriented, what diagnosis would be accurate for his disease?
Statistically speaking, 99.74% of scores fall within + or - 3 SD of the mean.
The greater the standard deviation of scores, the greater the spread of a plotted graph.
The probability of committing a Type I error equals the level of significance.
The level of significance is also called the 'alpha level'.
The larger the range, the greater the dispersion or spread of scores from the mean.
The most useful measure of central tendency is the MEAN (i.e., average). In skewed distributions, the median is the best choice.
Gelatt's Decision-Making Model (1962)
The nature of decision making is continuous and cyclical. Although there are times when key decisions must be made.
Interquartile range
The score distance between the 25th and 75th percentile.
Single-blind study
The subject does not know whether they are in the control group, but the researcher does. (helps eliminate 'demand characteristics')
If a student scored 45 on a difficult English test, what can be said about her performance?
There is not enough information to know how the student performed.
Technological Advances
These advances shape the development of intellectual functioning
To conduct an experiment with a hypothesis, one needs
To conduct an experiment with a hypothesis, one needs a control group and an experimental group.
Multimodal distribution
Two or more peaks in a distribution curve
Type I (Alpha Error) occurs when
Type I (Alpha Error) occurs when a researcher REJECTS the NULL hypothesis although it is true.
Gender Harassment
Verbal remarks and non touching behaviors that are sexist in nature
Symbolic Mode
What is the last stage to develop?
Standard Deviation
What is the measure of variability that is most often used and describes how scores vary around the mean?
AAMR Adaptive Behavior Scale
What is the measurement used for mentally retarded, emotionally maladjusted, developmentally disabled and other handicapped children and adults.
Action Research
What is the research that has as its purpose the development of new approaches with direct applications for counseling practitioners or use within the education field?
25%
What percentage of adult weight and size does an infant brain have at birth?
Multivariate
When more than two variables are under scrutiny.
68-95-99.7 rule (empirical rule)
Within a normal distribution, 68% of scores will fall within +/- 1 standard deviation (SD) of the mean; 95% within 2 SDs of the mean; and 99.7% within 3 SDs of the mean. (Almost all scores will fall between 3 SDs of the mean.)
All of the following are developmental crises EXCEPT
a car accident.
Pica
a condition in which a person wishes to eat items that are not food
Platykurtic distribution curve
a distribution curve that is flatter and more spread out than the normal curve; the number of persons scoring very high, very low, and in the average range would be similar
Leptokurtic distribution curve
a distribution curve that is very tall, thin, and peaked
Skewed distributions
a distribution of scores that is not distributed normally; curves that are not symmetrical - the left and right side of the curve are not mirror images; the mean, median, and mode fall at different points
Statement of disclosure
a document given to all potential clients that includes the counselor's qualifications, office hours, and billing policies; emergency procedures and therapy techniques utilized; a statement that confidentiality is desirable, but cannot be guaranteed in a group setting
Negligence
a failure to perform a required duty
Little Albert
a famous case associated with the work of John Broadus Watson (behaviorism); 11-month-old boy that was conditioned to be afraid of furry objects; used to demonstrate the behavioristic concept that fears are learned, not the result of an unconscious conflict; used to prove that Pavlovian conditioning could instill fear in humans
Turner's syndrome
a female has no gonads or sex hormones
Avocation
a leisure activity that one engages in for pleasure rather than money
Registry
a list of providers
Accommodation
a modification of the child's cognitive structures (schemas) to deal with the new information; Piaget; age varies
John B. Watson is most well-known for his experiments involving
a rat.
Test
a systematic method of measuring a sample of behavior; i.e., speed test, power test
Spiral test
a test in which the items get progressively more difficult
Adverse impact
a test or session process is said to have _____ if it does not meet 80% Four-fifths Rule; divide the number of minority employees by white employees and if the quotient is less than 80% then the process would have an _______
Maturation of subjects
a threat to internal validity; psychological and physical changes including fatigue due to the time involved
Mortality
a threat to internal validity; subjects withdrawing
Construction projective test
a type of projective test, such as drawing a person
Aggression can take the form of each of the following EXCEPT
alcoholism.
Metacognition
an individual's tendency to be aware of his own cognitions or cognitive abilities
Merrill-Palmer Scale of Mental Test
an intelligence test for infants
Free association
analytic technique, instructing the client to say whatever comes to mind.
Percentage score
another way of stating the raw score; could be a high, low, or average score on the test
Associationism
asserts ideas are held together by associations. (roots in Aristotle essay, but in line with John Locke, Hume, Mill, Hartley)
Jacob Moreno
coined the term group therapy in 1931; the Father of psychodrama; his idea of group therapy was sparked by a shortage of individual therapists during World War II; created to the create of the sociogram
Pearson r is the most common _______ ________.
correlation coefficient.
Requiring minority students to take standardized college admission exams that were designed for Caucasian, middle-class students constitutes _________________ bias.
ecological
Conducting qualitative research followed by quantitative research is known as a(n)
exploratory design.
People who are in the conventional stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral development may do all of the following EXCEPT
follow the rules because they have been agreed on through a democratic process.
Another term for classical conditioning is
forward conditioning
Control group
group in an experiment that does not receive the IV
______________________ is NOT a minimal encourager.
"Tell me more about that"
Which of the following is a closed-ended question?
"When was the last time you fought with your daughter?"
Albert Ellis believes
"When you change your thinking, you change your life." (Ellis known for REBT and work in sexology.)
Insight
"aha, now I understand!" -equated with gestalt psychologist Wolfgang Kohler
- Achievement: related to experiences of accomplishments in the work situation
- Social Service: related to the opportunities that a work situation offers for performing tasks that will help people
- People are products of their environment.
...
- Traits: refers to abilities and interests
...
4) CONGRUENCE- Concerned with relationship between an individual's personality type and the work environment. Congruence between the 2 leads to job satisfaction.
...
4- STABILIZATION (24 -35) - confirming career choice, feeling of security
...
ARTISTIC - creative ability; uses intuition and imagination for problem solving; musician, artist, interior decorator, write, industrial designer
...
Clients need to prepare for changing work tasks, not assume that occupations will remain stable. Clients need to expand their capabilities and interests, not base decisions on existing characteristics only.
...
College Entrance Examination Board (also known as Educational Testing Services [ETS]) scores range from 200 to 800 with a mean of 500.
...
Concludes with return to Communication phase. Was gap removed successfully? Yes - Move on to successive problems; No - Recycle
...
HALO EFFECT - a supervisor generalizing about an employee based on a single characteristic
...
INDECISIVE CLIENT - one who has a high level of anxiety accompanied by dysfunctional thinking. They lack self confidence, tolerance for ambiguity, and a sense of identity.
...
In essence, a person inputs (e.g. gender, race) interact with contextual factors (e.g. culture, family geography) and learning experiences to influence self-efficacy beliefs and outcome expectations.
...
Most counselors see themselves as practitioners, not researchers.
...
Original theory posits that warm and accepting parents created people who enjoy working with people but has since suggested that more important factors are involved in determine career choice.
...
PARTICIPATION - spending time and energy in a work role
...
PREDICTION and DISCRIMINATION are relevant to the content of a client's career choice, MONITORING is relevant to the process of a client's career choice.
...
PROBLEM SOLVING - choosing how to remove the gap
...
Power: Leadership
...
RECENCY EFFECT - when a rater's judgment of an employee reflects primarily his or her most recent performance (rather than the entire rating period)
...
REWARD POWER- refers to a person's ability to influence another through control of valued rewards and resources.
...
Reentry Woman - a woman who goes from working within the home to working outside the home
...
Research is a necessary factor for professionalism in counseling.
...
Roe's theory of career development uses the hierarchy of needs developed by Maslow.
...
SPILLOVER THEORY - by contrast, proposes that what people do at their job "spills over" to their leisure time. For example, a salesperson may choose leisure activities that involve interaction with other people.
...
SYNTHESIS (problem is restructured by creating likely alternatives) Expanding and Narrowing My List of Options; formulating courses of action; elaboration (brainstorming); crystallization is used to narrow down to 3-5 options
...
Self-concepts contain both objective and subjective elements.
...
Self-concepts continue to develop over time, making career choices and adjusting to them lifelong tasks.
...
Self-efficacy beliefs and outcome expectations in turn shape people's interests, goals, actions, and eventually their attainments.
...
Service, Business, Contact, Organizations, Technology, Outdoor, Science, General Culture, and Arts & Entertainment
...
Stage 2 (1920-1939) - marked by the growth of educational guidance in elementary and secondary schools; Great Depression (1930s)
...
Structured techniques can generate early cohesiveness.
...
Surveys should include at least 100 people.
...
Sympathy often implies pity, while accurate empathy is the ability to experience another person's subjective experience.
...
The 8 occupational "fields" include:
...
UNDECIDED CLIENT - have not made a career decision but might not view their current status as a problem. They prefer to delay making a commitment. They are uninformed, immature person who generally lacks self-knowledge, information about occupations, or both.
...
NCE - Group
... T-groups help people develop human relationship skills in organizational settings by examining group process rather than personal growth.
The amount of shared variance among the variables of depression and anxiety (r=.30) is
.09.
Major Points:
1) Career development is a life long process and self-concept is constantly being shaped 2) Career pattern is determined by parent's socioeconomic level, mental ability, personality, and opportunities 3) Work / life satisfaction is depended upon extent of adequate outlets for abilities, interests, personality, and values 4) Super / Kidd suggested that "career adaptability" depends on a person's ability to face, pursue, or accept career change.
Work adjustments usually follow one of two modes:
1- ACTIVE Mode: attempts to change the work environment 2- REACTIVE Mode: attempts to make changes in themselves
Decision-making process consists of:
1- Recognizing that a decision needs to be made 2- Collecting data and surveying possible courses of action 3- Determining possible outcomes and applying a prediction and value system to analyze possible outcomes 4- Making a choice, which could be terminal (final decision) or investigatory (call for additional information).
The brain usually reaches its adult weight by the time a person is
16 years old.
An individual with a z-score of -1.3 has a stannic score of
2
1) Exploration Stage - individual narrows career choice to 2 or 3 possibilities but is generally in a stage of ambivalence.
2) Crystallization Stage - commitment to a specific career field is made; change of direction in this stage is called pseudocrystallization 3) Specification Stage - individual selects a job or professional training for a career
If a distribution is bimodal, there is a good chance that the researcher is working with ____ distinct ______.
2, populations.
Z-scores (aka standard scores) are the same as standard deviations, thus a Z-score of -2.5 means
2.5 SD below the mean
The Occupational Outlook Handbook (OOH) provides occupational information on
270 broad occupations.
________________________ outlines research participants' rights and researchers' responsibilities in conducting research.
45 CRF 46
Adjusting to the Choice (implementing the decision)
5- INDUCTION: implementation of career choice 6- REFORMATION: adjust to new situations and people 7- INTEGRATION: occurs as individuals become comfortable and familiar with the new environment
If a set of test scores with a mean of 74 and a standard deviation of 10 is normally distributed, what is the median?
74
The ideal size for a counseling groups and psychotherapy groups is about
8 members.
Development of Career Counseling
> 6 Stages (1-3) Stage 1 (1890-1919) - began the growth of placement services in urban areas to meet the needs of the growing Industrial organizations; Industrial Revolution, World War I (1914-1918)
OTHER THEORIES
> Ann Roe's Need Theory / Personality Approach (1956) > Gelatt's Decision-Making Model (1962)
Cognitive Information Processing (CIP)
> CASVE Cycle (Decision Skills Domain) VALUING (problem solutions are evaluated by prioritizing alternatives) judging each action as to its likelihood of success and failure and its impact on the individual, others, and society; Choosing An Occupation, Program, or Job
Computer Programs
> DISCOVER II, GIS, OOH DISCOVER II - primarily used for high school and utilizes Super's concepts, Tiedeman's decision model, Holland categories, and DOT information
DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES
> Ginzberg & Associates (1951) > Life-Span, Life-Space Theory (1957) > Tiedeman & O'Hara Decision-Making Model (1963) > Theory of Circumscription & Compromise (1980s)
Developmental Theories
> Gottfredson's Circumscription, Compromise, and Self-Creation: A Developmental Theory of Occupational Aspirations (1980s) CIRCUMSCRIPTION - Ruling out unacceptable options based on their perceived fit with ones' developing self-concept. Process by which an individual narrows their territory when making a decision about social space or acceptable alternatives. Ideas about gender and prestige influence and limit career choices.
Developmental Theories
> Gottfredson's Circumscription, Compromise, and Self-Creation: A Developmental Theory of Occupational Aspirations (1980s) Genetically distinct individuals create different environments and each individual's genetic uniqueness shapes their experiences. She suggests both GENES and ENVIRONMENT drive human experiences which in turn consolidate individual traits.
Developmental Theories
> Gottfredson's Circumscription, Compromise, and Self-Creation: A Developmental Theory of Occupational Aspirations (1980s) SELF-CONCEPT - One's view of self that has many elements, such as one's appearance, abilities, personality, gender, values, and place in society. If core elements of self-concept conflict with an occupation, the occupation is rejected.
Developmental Theories
> Gottfredson's Circumscription, Compromise, and Self-Creation: A Developmental Theory of Occupational Aspirations (1980s) The theory assumes that we build a COGNITIVE MAP of occupations by picking up OCCUPATIONAL STEREOTYPES from those around us. Occupations are placed on this map using only a small number of dimensions: SEX-TYPE, PRESTIGE LEVEL, & FIELD OF WORK. As young people build this map, they begin to decide which occupations are acceptable and which are unacceptable — those which fit with their own developing SELF-CONCEPT and those which do not.
Learning Theory of Career Counseling (LTCC)
> Happenstance Approach (Krumboltz) Clients are to learn to deal with unplanned events, especially in the give-and-take of the life the 21st century workforce.
Trait-Oriented Theories
> John Holland's Typology - Holland stressed the importance of SELF-KNOWLEDGE in the search for vocational satisfaction.
Developmental Theories
> Life-Span Life-Space (Super) > CAREER MATURITY Super & Crite's term for successful completion of the appropriate life tasks for the stage that society presents to the person. A person is capable of maturity at each stage of the maxicycle.
Ann Roe (1956)
> Needs Theory A job satisfies an UNCONSCIOUS NEED.
Trait-Oriented Theories
> RIASEC descriptions SEC SOCIAL - good social skills, friendly and enjoys involvement with people and working in teams; nurse, teacher, social worker, counselor
Developmental Theories
> Super's 6 Dimensions For Adolescents (Career Maturity) Super's (1974) 6 Dimensions For Adolescents (Career Maturity):
Developmental Theories
> Tiedeman and O'Hara's Developmental Model Tiedeman and O'Hara's developmental model parallels Erikson's stages. A lifetime of decision-making abilities and self-awareness is of major importance in choosing one's career. Their 3 concepts included:
Trait-Oriented Theories
> Trait-and-Factor Theory Overview - Frank Parsons (1909) & E.G. Williamson (1939)
Trait-Oriented Theories
> Trait-and-Factor Theory Overview - Primary goal of using assessment data was to predict job satisfaction and success.
Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT)
>>Lent, Brown, & Hackett (1996)
Developmental Theories
>Life-Span Life-Space (Donald Super; 1957) Tenets: One chooses an occupation that best expresses one's vocational SELF-CONCEPT. Self-knowledge is key to career choice and job satisfaction.
Physical Addiction
A drug produced condition characterized by both tolerance and dependence
Turner's Syndrome
A female client of yours has no gonads or sex hormones. What do you think is the problem with her?
Mesomorphy
A friend of yours has a good, developed, stocky, muscular body. How would you describe this body type?
State of Mind
According to cognitive theorists, what is the process which involves an element of self-consciousness that develops when new or next stage tasks are attempted?
Maintenance Structure Technique
Act of the therapist focusing or highlighting certain behaviors in order to increase the functional aspects of the family structure
Construct
Any trait you cannot "directly" measure or observe
Freud's Object
Anything that satisfies a need or that which is the target of one's feelings or drives
When do babies become adept at holophrasing?
Approximately 1-1/2 years of age
Erikson's Second Psychosocial Stage - Later Infancy (1-2 years)
Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt
____________________ is best known for the theory of operant conditioning.
B. F. Skinner
_________________________ is NOT a potential benefit of a homogeneous group.
Better skill generalization
Which of the following is NOT a true statement about biological aging?
Biological aging refers to people's perceptions of how old or young they feel.
Two classes of constructive therapy are
Brief therapy - examines what worked in the past Narrative therapy - attempts to rewrite or 'reconstruct' stories
Bubbles in Research
Bubbles in research are considered flaws in research (i.e., rubbing a sticker on car and getting no bubbles - impossible)
Which of the following is an example of an occupational group, according to Roe?
Business contact
Career Terms
CAREER INTERVENTION - any activity designed to enhance a person's career development or to enable that person to make more effective career decisions.
Robert Hoppock
COMPOSITE THEORY- Feels that to make an accurate career decision you must know your personal needs and then find an occupation that meets a high percentage of those needs. As your personal needs change you might need to secure a different occupation.
Pavlov's famous experiment: using dogs, the bell was the conditioned (learned) stimulus (CS), and the meat was the unconditioned (unlearned) stimulus (UCS)
CS - conditioned stimulus UCS or US - unconditioned stimulus
___________________ refers to the significance an individual places on the role of career in relationship to other life roles.
Career salience
The Association for Spiritual, Ethical, and Religious Values in Counseling (ASERVIC) began as an association for counselors who were...
Catholic.
Causal Comparative Design
Causal Comparative design is a true experiment WITHOUT random assignment. Data from the causal comparative ex post factor 'after the fact' design can be analyzed with a test of significance, t test or ANOVA, just like any true experiment.
Chi-Square
Chi-Square is used for 'Non-parametric' data i.g. cannot be plotted on a x y axis, statistical measure that tests whether a distribution differs significantly from an expected theoretical distribution of scores. (Memory: ''chi' like 'chi-a pet' that I expected more from)
A professional counselor wants to examine the relationship between education level and the decision to participate in a continuing education program. Which statistical test would likely be appropriate?
Chi-square
Manageability to Change and Innovation
Clearly stated goals, objectives, and models of delivery make it easier to locate difficulties and find areas needing change.
Directional Hypothesis
Directional Hypothesis is a one-tailed test, you assume that by manipulating the independent variable there will be one specific change in the dependent variable. You can predict if this change will be positive or negative. For example if you ask someone to say la la la la while trying to remember a list of words (the IV) you can assume that this will have a negative impact on their ability to recall the words (the DV).
Leptokurtic distribution
Distribution curve is very tall, thin and peaked. (Memory: Leptokurtic leaps tall buildings in a single bound.)
Stanine scores (contraction of 'standard' and 'nine')
Divides the distribution into 9 equal intervals with stanine 1 as the lowest 9th and 9 as the highest 9th - in this, 5 is the mean.
A person who experiences a depressed mood more often than not for at least 2 years would likely be diagnosed with
Dysthymic Disorder.
EAT (in terms of social power)
E - expertness A - attractiveness T - trustworthiness (by Stanley Strong in 1968)
Minnesota Viewpoint
Edmund Griffith Williamson; purports to be scientific and didactic, utilizing test data from instruments such as the Minnesota Occupational Rating Scales; expanded upon Parson's model to create a theory of counseling which transcended vocational issues; trait-factor approach
ERIC
Education Resources Information Center (1.2 million + journal articles)
Factor Analysis
Factor Analysis is Statistical procedure to summarize MANY variables, e.g. A test measuring a counselor's ability, may try to describe 3 important variables that make up an effective helper although hundreds exist.
Social Responsiveness
For the first two to three months of life the infant uses signaling behavior to establish contact with others. At 3 to 6 months the primary caregiver becomes the focus of the signaling. This is called the _______ _______ stage.
_____________________ is considered the forerunner of career guidance.
George Merrill
Eric Bern is to TA as Fritz Perls is to
Gestalt therapy
Parametric tests assume scores are NORMALLY DISTRIBUTED.
Good external validity = generalization
Mesomorphy
How can a good developed, stocky, muscular body be defined?
Erikson's Fifth Psychosocial Stage - Adolescence (12-20 years)
Identity vs. Role Confusion
T score
In a research paper you are writing about the score that has a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. What is this score?
z-score
In a research paper, you are writing about the most basic standard score which allows scores from different tests to be compared. What is the name of this score?
Ratio and Interval classes of partial reinforcement
Interval - based on time
_____________________ issues are NOT primary contributors to group dynamics.
Leader style
Latent
Learning that takes place without an immediate manifestation is known as __________ learning.
Random sampling
Like sticking your hand in a fishbowl to pick up a winning lottery ticket - each individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected.
Ann was promoted to a senior analyst position a year ago. This past year, she attended several continuing education workshops to update her skills and stay abreast of the new developments in the field. According to Super's lifespan, life-space career theory, in what developmental stage is Ann?
Maintenance
Which of the following is NOT a true statement about marathon groups?
Marathon groups became popular during the 1980s.
The largest group making up what constitutes Latin Americans is
Mexicans
What socioeconomic class recognized in the United States encompasses people who are able to meet current expenses, plus plan for a future, but are not necessarily wealthy?
Middle class
Long brief therapy is another name for
Milan systemic family counseling.
Psychoanalysts believe a client who is resistant will be reluctant to bring unconscious ideas into the conscious mind.
Nonanalytic counselors use the term 'resistant' to describe clients who are fighting the helping process in any manner.
_____________________ refers to the number of individuals who are not actively seeking employment.
Nonlabor force
What is the key difference between ANOVA and a MANOVA?
Number of dependent variables
What is the key difference between a t-test and an ANOVA?
Number of groups for an independent variable
NCE - Group
Primary Tension Secondary Tension PRIMARY Tension is anxiety which is apparent when coming together, sharing, and learning the rules.
R. A. Fisher
R. A. Fisher pioneered hypothesis testing.
Test Validity
Does the test measure what it says it measures. Number one factor in construction of a test
Adler's Work Preface to ... Movement
Group
Cognitive Information Processing (CIP)
Self-knowledge and occupational knowledge are schemas that keep evolving over the person's life span.
Which type of instrument scale is based on the belief that people think dichotomously?
Semantic differential
_________________________ introduced group work to schools.
Jesse Davis
Egocentrism
the child cannot view the world from the vantage point of someone else; occurs in the preoperational stage
_________________________ could be used for process evaluation purposes in group work.
Standardized instruments, Evaluation of videotapes, and Observations
Group Dynamics
Study of interrelationships and interactions between group members
Matched design
Subjects are literally 'matched' in regard to any variable that could be correlated with the DV, which is really the postexperimental performance.
Conformist Stage
Taking into consideration that a child is preoccupied with social acceptance, appearance, and material possessions, at what ego development sequence is he?
Behavioral Consultation
The Consultant designs behavioral change programs for the consultee to implement
The Control Group
The Control Group does NOT receive the IV (same characteristics of the experimental group - the averages between the two groups should not differ significantly)
Construct Validity
The extent that a test measures an abstract trait or psychological notion (i.e. ego strength)
The umbilical chord falls from the naval and the child regains weight lost from birth
The first developmental stage of a human being is infancy (birth02 weeks) what is characteristic for this stage?
Aggressive Behavior
The reinforcers used for the behavior, the models of aggressive behavior seen by the child and the amount of guilt or anxiety associated with aggressive behavior influences what type of behavior in a child ages 2-6?
The variable you manipulate/control in an experiment is the
The variable you manipulate/control in an experiment is the IV or independent variable ("I am the researcher so I manipulate or experiment with the IV.")
How many individual participants do you need to conduct a "true" experiment?
To conduct a "true" experiment you needs 30 individual participants.
_________________________ are NOT a data collection tool for program evaluation.
Trained observers
Respondent behavior
reflexes
Performance assessments
require examinees to perform a task.
Cluster sampling
Used when it is nearly impossible to find a list of the entire population. (Will not be as accurate as random sample but is used to save time and practical considerations.)
Likert scale
Uses choices like: strongly agree, agree, disagree, or strongly disagree. Created by Renis Likert in 1930, helped improve the overall degree of measurement. (memory: How much do you Likert something?)
Group cohesion normally is highest in the
working stage.
(1) Orientation to vocational choice (an attitudinal dimension)
(2) Information and Planning (a competence dimension concerning specificity of information concerning future career decisions) (3) Consistency of Vocational Preferences (4) Crystallization of Traits (progress towards forming self-concept) (5) Vocational Independence (independence of work experience) (6) Wisdom of Vocational Preferences (realistic preferences)
In a graph, the tail indicates whether a distribution of scores is positively or negatively skewed.
(Tail to left - negatively skewed. Tail to right - positively skewed.)
Validity
Validity is the extent or degree to which an idea/ conclusion/measurement/ score/ study is well-founded, measures what it claims to measure, corresponds accurately to the real world & answers the questions it is intended to answer. 'valid' in Latin meaning strong, equivalent.
Consultation theories
-Caplan's psychodynamic mental health consult -Social learning theory assoc. with Bandura -Schein's process consultation model
Variable
Variable is a behavior or circumstance that can exist on at least two levels or conditions. (a factor that 'varies' or is capable of change)
- CONGRUENCE of one's view of self with occupational preference establishes a Modal Personal Style.
...
Rogers' 3 key factors to being an effective counselor
-attitude must be genuine -unconditional positive regard -empathic understanding
Allen Ivey's 3 types of empathy
-basic: counselor's response is on same level as client -subtractive: counselor's behavior doesn't convey understanding -additive: adds to client's understanding and awareness
Daniel Paul Schreber
-ex mental patient who spent 9 years in hospital -wrote Memoirs of a Mental Patient (1903) -'most quoted case in modern Psychiatry'
Four bipolar scales of the MBTI
-extroversion/introversion -perception/intuition -thinking/feeling -judging/perceiving
- Intelligence is considered less important than personality and interest.
...
3 types of learning
-reinforcement (operant conditioning) -association (classical conditioning) -insight
Cycle of violence (3 phases)
-tension building (walking on eggshells) -acute incident (abuse takes place) -honeymoon phase (romance, making up) (by Dr. Lenore Walker)
Hyperirritability, crib death, miscarriage (spontaneous abortion), and still birth
What effect can marijuana usage during pregnancy and/or after the baby is born?
**Career development was viewed as a continuous process that involved multiple life roles.
...
2- INTEGRATION - ability to adjust to others to be part of society, and
...
ABA model of research (also known as 'withdrawal design')
A - baseline secured B - intervention implemented A - outcome is examined via a new baseline
Organicism
What is the term that is sometimes used to classify the more holistic theories that accept qualitative changes?
Kleinfelter's Syndrome
A 16 year old boy, who is a client of yours, shows no masculinity at puberty. What is the name of this syndrome?
Each of the following is correct concerning the acronym OARES, from motivational interviewing, EXCEPT
A = Action
Nonparametric tests
Mann-Whitney U-test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test (for matched pairs), Soloman and Kruskal-Wallis H-test
Vineland Social Maturity Scale
What measure assesses an individual's competency in taking personal responsibility and seeing to practical needs?
Occupation
A group of jobs so similar in nature that a person successful in one could move to another without difficulty
Martin Seligman
What researcher experimentally induced learned helplessness in dogs?
Which of the following couples would Bowen consider well matched?
An oldest child and a youngest child
Adler's idea of "becoming"
An individual's constant trying to achieve his/her self-ideal
Carl Jung's theory called?
Analytical Psychology
Integration Factor Theory (Bruner)
What theory postulates that cognitive maturation results from the integration of acts and skills termed "blueprints" or plans of higher order combinations?
Multiple-baseline design
When a researcher employs more than 1 target behavior.
Applied Research
Applied Research, (aka 'action research' or experience-near research) is conducted to advance our knowledge of how theories, skills, and techniques can be used in terms of practical application.
______________________ comprise the smallest percentage of the U.S. population?
Arab Americans
Naturalistic observation
When the researcher does not intervene but merely observes a subject, preferably in its natural setting. (oldest method of research)
Trait-Oriented Theories
Emphasize how standardized tests are used and the importance of choosing appropriate testing tools. Human traits can be matched with certain work environments for a means of evaluating potential work sites. An individual's work needs can be compared with components of job satisfaction found in certain occupational environments.
Covary positively
When two variables vary together.
Mode
Which measure of central tendency is only appropriate for use with nominal data?
Serotonin
Which neurotransmitter has the effect of creating sleep disorders?
NCE - Group
Which of the following is a product-oriented group counseling theory, rather than a process-oriented group counseling theory:
Factorial experiment
Several experimental variables are investigated and interactions can be noted. Factorial designs include 2 or more IVs.
Galen
Who made a number of original contributions concerning the anatomy of the nervous system
The ______________________ study failed the most to outline participants' voluntariness.
Willowbrook
Freud as stage theorist, most critical years of personal development?
First Five years of life
NCE - Group
Group Dynamics Group Process Group dynamics refers to the interaction and energy exchange between members and leaders. The term is used to describe the forces operating in a group.
Tertiary Group
Group dealing with individual difficulties that are more serious and longstanding
Primary Group
Group stresses a healthy lifestyle or coping strategies which can reduce the occurrence of a given difficulty
Psychotherapy Groups
Groups used for patients with severe problems and long durations. (Inpatient psychiatric hospitals) Tertiary
Group therapy flourished initially in US due to...
Shortage of individual therapists during WWII.
Optimization
Individuals try to make the best of what they have to offer and what is available in the job market
Erikson's Eighth Psychosocial Stage - Late Adulthood (65+ years)
Integrity vs. Despair
______________________ inventories reveal what an individual finds enjoyable and motivating but do not necessarily correlate with ability or job success.
Interest
_________________ developed computerized vocational systems such as CVIS, DISCOVER, and VISIONS.
Joanne Harris-Bowlsbey
Collective unconscious
Jungian term, common to all mankind, and passed from generation to generation.
Archetype
Jungian; primal universal symbol that means the same thing to men and women (i.e., the cross), found to be in all walks of life (i.e., myths, fables, religion)
Jung's Eros principle
Women operate on intuition or eros principle
Which of the following is a FALSE statement about task groups?
Leaders work to change and improve member behavior.
Double-blind study
Neither the subject nor the researcher knows of the person is in the control group. (Researcher is sometimes unaware of the null hypothesis too.)
A reliable test is ___________ valid.
Not Always
Intermittent schedule of reinforcement
Not every desirable behavior is reinforced (sometimes called 'thinning')
___________________ groups are for members who have severe psychiatric problems.
Psychotherapy
Systematic sampling
Sampling every nth person in a population (i.e., every 5th person, 10th person, etc.) - some believe this gives same results as random sampling although it is controversial.
NCE - Group
Structure The overuse of structure hinders the development of closeness, trust, and genuineness.
Child (son or daughter)
Student Leisurite Citizen Worker Spouse (Partner) Homemaker Parent Pensioner
Psychological Addiction
You are telling your students about a pattern of behaviors wherein one is driven to use the drug and to act in ways that guarantee its availability. What are you telling them about?
The Cohort Effect
You are telling your students about the effect of a group of people being born at a certain time and being reared in a certain historical setting. What are you telling them about?
Dependence
You are telling your students about the need for continued or repeated use of a drug in order to maintain a particular desired state which includes the avoidance of withdrawl. What are you telling them about?
Leon Festinger
You are telling your students about the theorist who is associated with attitude changes, specifically cognitive dissonance. What is his name?
Multi-variate analysis of variance (MANOVA)
When a study has moe than one dependent variable.
Halo Effect
When a trait that is not being evaluated (i.e., attractiveness) influences a researcher's rating on another trait (i.e., counseling skill).
retarded growth, mental retardation and lukemia
What are the consequences of x-ray exposure?
Mental Retardation
What is the main consequence of Lead exposure?
ANCOVA
While giving a lecture on Inferential Statistics you mention the measurement that shows how a covariate interacts with the dependent variable. How do you name this measurement?
Multiple-Treatment Interface
You are administering more than one treatment consecutively to the same subjects. What are you causing to occur?
Holophrastic speech
Your little son says just the word 'juice' when he wants to say 'give me some juice' What type of speech does this refer to?
Cultural relativity
a behavior cannot be assessed as good or bad except within the context of a given culture; the behavior must be evaluated relative to the culture
Andrew Salter
a behaviorist who did groundbreaking work which led to assertiveness training; a noted hater of Freud
Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank (RISB)
a projective test in which the subject completes 40 incomplete sentence with a real feeling; a completion projective test; method of evaluating personality; it is assumed the individual reflects his or her own wishes, desires, and fears
Paradoxical strategy/intervention
an intervention in which a client is told to exaggerate a symptom
Parents who enforce a set standard of conduct and frequently use physical punishment to control their children are
authoritarian.
Computer Assisted Counseling (CAC)
a computer software program that attempts to counsel clients; having a counseling assistant do the counseling for you; controversial and most experts agree computers can never provide the compassion of a human doing counseling
"You say you want to get better grades, but you have not completed any homework in the last week." This is an example of
a confrontation.
Resentful demoralization of the comparison group (aka Compensatory equalization)
a control group phenomenon that threatens internal validity; the comparison group lowers their performance or behaves in an inept manner because they have been denied the experimental treatment. When this occurs, the experimental group looks better than they should. If the comparison group deteriorates throughout the experiment while the experimental group does not, then demoralization could be noted; could be measured via a pretest and posttest
Phi-coefficient correlation
a correlation between two dichotomous variables; i.e., correlate NCC status with CCMHC status (has it/does not have it)
Pearson-Product moment correlation r
a correlation used for interval or ratio data
Spearman rho correlation
a correlation used for ordinal data
Positive correlation
a correlation when both variables change in the same direction; i.e., as study time increases, LPC exam scores also increase; covary positively
Negative correlation
a correlation when the variables are inversely associated - one goes up and the other goes down; i.e., as brushing time goes up, dental cavities probably go down; covary negatively
Zero correlation
a correlation which indicates an absence of a relationship between the variables in question; the variation of one variable is most likely totally unrelated to the variation of the other
Key areas that often cause problems for counselor self-image are
competence power intimacy
Correlation coefficient
a descriptive statistic that indicates the degree or magnitude of relationship between two variables; r; makes a statement regarding the association of two variables and how a change in one is related to the change in another; range from 0.00, no relationship, to 1.0 or -1.0 which signify perfect relationships --> a positive ____ s not a stronger relationship than a negative one of the same numerical value.; indicates the degree of linear relationship between two variables - when a perfect relationship exists and it is graphed, a straight line is formed
Arthur Janov
created primal scream therapy
Jung's assumption was that projection will _____ and individuation will ______ as therapy renders shadow behaviors conscious.
decrease, increase
Providing an overall picture of community crime statistics would most likely be an example of
descriptive research.
Scapegoat
a group member role where the member is the person everybody blames; he or she is invariably the target of severe anger and hostility; receive attention, although is is not by any means overwhelmingly positive
Storyteller
a group member role where the member monopolizes a wealth of group time telling endless (often irrelevant) tales; a group leader will sometimes need to help this person get to the point or will need to ask the person precisely how the story is productive in the context of the group setting
Abraham Maslow
a humanistic psychologist famous for his hierarchy of needs (survival, security, safety, love, self-esteem, self-actualization) in which the lower-order needs must be fulfilled before the individual can be concerned with higher-order needs; to research the dilemma of self-actualization, he interviewed the best people he could find who escaped "the psychology of the average;" rejected analytic psychology and behaviorism; coined the term, positive psychology; theory is epigenetic in nature
Logotherapy
healing through meaning Viktor Frankl)
Each of the following are examples of ways to bring members into the here and now EXCEPT
helping members make future plans.
Secondary reinforcement
a neutral stimulus, such as a plastic token, which becomes reinforcing by association
Today, a couple's divorce is most commonly blamed on
incompatibility.
In Gould's theory of adult development, adults must do all of the following EXCEPT
increase spousal dependency.
Negative reinforcement
increases the probability that a behavior will occur by taking something an aversive stimulus away after the behavior occurs; not used as often as positive reinforcement and is not the same thing as punishment
Yerkes-Dodson Law
indicates a moderate amount of arousal or anxiety on a test improves performance.
Between-subjects design
a research study that uses different subjects for each condition; each subject receives only one value of the IV
Acquiescence
a response style phenomenon when the individual always agrees with something
Deviation
a response style phenomenon where the individual purposely or when in doubt gives unusual responses; converse of social desirability
Social desirability
a response style phenomenon where the person tries to answer questions in a socially acceptable manner
Intermittent schedule of reinforcement (aka Partial reinforcement)
a schedule of reinforcement where the behavior modifier does not reinforce every behavior; the target behavior is reinforced only after the behavior manifests itself several times or for a given time interval; most effective schedule; two types: ratio and interval
Continuous schedule of reinforcement
a schedule of reinforcement where the behavior modifier reinforces every behavior
Chain
a sequence of behaviors in which one response renders a cue that the next reposnse is to occur; i.e., When you are writing a sentence and place a period at the end it is a cue that you're next letter will be an uppercase letter; a series of operants joined together by reinforcers
Observer effect (aka Reactive effect)
a situation in which the person observing in a participant-observer research study influences/alters the situation; the subject is said to be reacting to the presence of the investigator
Two-tailed t test (aka Nondirectional experimental hypothesis)
a statistical test places the rejection area at both ends of the distribution; i.e., "The average patient who has completed psychoanalysis will have a statistically different IQ from the average patient who has not received analysis."
Parametric test
a test where the scores are normally distributed
Children learn object permanence in the __________________ stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development.
sensorimotor
Social exchange theory
a theory of relationships that postulates that a relationship will endure if the rewards are greater than the costs; assumes that rewards are things or factors we like, while costs are things we dislike; assumes that a positive relationship is characterized by profit; based on behavioral psychology and economic theory
Career counseling
a therapeutic service for adults performed outside an educational setting
Self-help group (aka Support group)
a type of group composed of people who are all attempting to cope with a given issue (i.e., alcoholism, gambling addiction, or weight control); members have a common goal or problem and learn from each other; the group is not led by a professional, though the group may rely on a professional for consultation purposes; popular type of group; most are voluntary and make an excellent adjunct to professional counseling
Reality principle
the ego
Program-centered administrative consultation
a type of mental health consultation where the focus is on create, designing, or evaluating the program in question
Stratified sampling
a type of sampling where a special characteristic needs to be represented (i.e., race, gender, age, education degree); the stratification variable in your sample should mimic the population at large
Spearman rho correlation
used for ordinal data
Content validity (aka Rational validity or Logical validity)
a type of validity; Does the test examine or sample the behavior under scrutiny?; an IQ test, that did not sample the entire range of intelligence (say the test just sampled memory and not vocabulary, math, etc.) would have poor ______
Organismic variable
a variable that cannot be controlled by the researcher yet exists such as height, weight, or gender; to determine whether one exists, ask yourself if there is an experimental variable being examined that you cannot manipulate
Libel
written defamation
A _________________________ is an example of a spontaneous content group.
young women's personal growth group
Reflection of emotional content
accomplished when the counselor restates the client's verbalization in such a manner that the client becomes more aware of his emotions.
Awfulizing (aka 'catastrophizing')
act of telling yourself how difficult,, terrible, and horrendous a given situation really is
Robert Kegan
adult cognitive development; his model stresses interpersonal development - a constructive model of development, meaning that individuals construct reality throughout the lifespan; encourages meaning making; speaks of a holding environment in counseling in which the client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction; Six Stages of Lifespan Development: incorporative, impulsive, imperial, interpersonal, institutional, interindividual
Token economies
agencies that use tokens as a system of behavior modification
Introjection
an ego defense mechanism that takes place when a child accepts a parent's, caretaker's, or significant other's values as his or her own; EX: a sexually abused child might attempt to sexually abuse other children
Ahistoric therapy
any psychotherapeutic model that focuses on the here-and-now rather than the past
ANCOVA and ANOVA
are NOT correlation coefficient.
Milton H. Erickson
associated with brief psychotherapy and innovative techniques in hypnosis
Existentialism is to logotherapy as ________ is to behaviorism.
associationism (asserts that ideas are held together by associations)
Horizontal relationship
assumes equality between persons.
Mean
average of all scores
Thick descriptions are all of the following EXCEPT
based primarily on outsider labels.
Freud believed that fixation results from
both overgratification and undergratification.
Neurolinguistic programming (NLP)
brainchild of linguistics professor John Grinder and mathematician John Bander.
Epistemology
branch of philosophy that attempts to examine how we know what we know; Piaget
In career counseling, interventions
can address issues related to career exploration, vocational decision making, and career transitions.
Punishment
decreases the probability that a behavior will occur; not the same as reinforcement
Analytic psychology is sometimes referred to as
depth psychology
In vivo treatment
direct treatment of an overt behavior.
Some researchers refer to the level of significance as where one _____ the ____, or as the ______ point.
draws, line, cutoff (If a researcher sets the level of significance at .50, then the odds would be 50/50 that the results were due to pure chance.)
Structuralist (aka personality theorist)
each stage is a way of making sense out of the world; believe stage changes are qualitative
ego
executive administrator of the personality (seen as the Child in TA) -acts as a police officer to control impulses of the id (aka instincts, or the Child) and the superego (conscience, or the Parent) -also called 'reality principle' and houses individual's identity
During the needs assessment process, a(n) ______________________ is typically given to stakeholders.
executive summary
Rollo May
existentialist and prime move in this counseling movement.
Salary, benefits, and job security are three examples of
extrinsic work values.
Robert Rosenthal
famous for his research regarding the experimenter effect
John B. Watson
father of American behaviorism; demonstrated that a phobic reaction was learned through his experiment with Little Albert
Parent ego state
filled with the shoulds, oughts, and musts which often guide our morality; coined by Eric Berne; roughly equivalent to Freud's superego
Logotherapy is an approach that helps clients
find meaning in their lives.
Group cohesiveness
forces which tend to bind group members together; sense of caring for the group and other group members; associated with Kurt Lewin's field theory; when _____ goes up, absenteeism and other negative factors go down and high ______ leads to high group productivity and commitment; a group with little or no _______ is viewed as fragmented
Sensate focus
form of behavioral sex therapy, relies on counterconditioning (by Masters & Johnson)
Gottfredson emphasizes the role that ___________________________ play in making career decisions.
gender and prestige
An IQ score on an IQ test which has 3 SDs above the mean would be near the ____ level.
genius
Vertical interventions
group strategies that work with individuals within the group; the leader is providing individual counseling in a group work setting; termed intrapersonal leadership; more likely to work on the past, sometimes employing psychodynamics notions
Primary group
groups that are preventative and attempt to ward off problems; stresses a healthy lifestyle or coping strategies which can reduce the occurrence of a given difficulty; EX: a group which teaches birth control to prevent teen pregnancy
Interpretation
highly valued in analytic and psychodynamic modalities (takes place when counselor uncovers a deeper meaning regarding a client's situation)
The most primitive part of the brain is the
hindbrain.
The standard deviation represents
how much an individual score differs from there mean score in a distribution.
Concurrent Validity
how well does the test compare to other instruments that are intended for same purpose?
Behaviorism
if it can't be measured, it doesn't exist; tend to emphasize the power of environment; Key figures: Skinner, Watson, Wolpe, Krumboltz, Salter, Lazarus; rivals of analysts
Ipsative
implies a within person analysis rather than a normative analysis between individuals.
Replication
implies another researcher can repeat the experiment exactly as it was performed before.
Confidentiality
implies that the counselor will not reveal anything about a client unless he or she is given specific authorization to do so; entrusted secrets; there are certain limitations, thus highlighting that it is relative to the situation
The type of counseling program a client selects would most likely be an example of a(n)
independent variable.
Standard error of measurement (SEM)
indicates what the individual would score if he takes the same test again.
Projection
individual attributes his own unacceptable qualities onto others.
Individuals who adhere to moral standards to satisfy their own personal desires are in Kohlberg's
instrumental hedonism.
Skinner's operant conditioning is also called
instrumental learning (memory: Skinner's last name has an 'i' so it is his term)
Parsimony (aka Occam's Razor, the principle of economy, or Lloyd Morgan's 1894 Cannon)
interpreting the results of experiments in the simplest way; the simplest explanation of the findings is always preferred
Behavior that is used to gain authority over one's relationship with an intimate partner is
intimate partner violence.
Introversion
introverted person is his own primary source of pleasure (term is Jungian)
William Perry
known for his ideas related to adult cognitive development, especially college students; Perry stresses dualistic thinking common to teens
Vicarious learning
learning by watching others
Statistical norm
measures actual conduct
Convergent thinking
occurs when divergent thoughts and ideas are combined into a singular concept; J. P. Guilford
Cultural assimilation
occurs when the individual has such a high level of acculturation that he or she becomes part of the dominant, macro, or majority culture
Type II error (aka Beta error)
occurs when you accept null when it is false; 1 minus bet = the power of a statistical test; raising the size of the same helps to lower the risk of chance/error factors
Job club
operates like a behaviorist group in which members share job leads and discuss or role-play specific behaviors/skills (i.e., interviewing skills) necessary for job acquisition; helps members learn from each other; highly recommended for the disabled; follows selective placement philosophy; suggested by Nathan Azrin who created the approach to help returning Vietnam Vets
A counselor tells a family that it should not try to change too soon. The counselor is using
paradox.
Interposition
perceptual term where one item conceals or covers another
Wellness is a state of
physical well-being, spiritual well-being, and psychological well-being.
Internal verbalizations are to REBT as ____ ___ ___ ____ are to Glasser's Choice Theory.
pictures in the mind
R. A. Fisher
pioneered hypothesis testing
When something is added following an operant, it is known as a ____ ______, and when taken away, it is called a ______ ______.
positive reinforcer, negative reinforcer
The paradigm characterized most by the notion that with enough research we can gain knowledge of a universal truth is
positivism.
Intersexed is defined as an individual who
possesses both male and female genitalia.
Detecting a significant relationship when one is present is known as
power.
Counseling in 1980s
professionalism, licensing
transference
projecting feelings toward the therapist that the client originally felt toward a significant other person in their life.
Latent content
refers to the hidden meaning of the dream; seen as far more important by Freudians
Reinforcing clients' accomplishment of successive approximation of a desired behavior is known as
shaping.
According to Rollo May, healthy people
should experience moderate levels of anxiety.
The Interpretation of Dreams
the Bible of Psychoanalysis by Freud
Catabolism refers to
the body's decline to death from its peak.
Lifestyle
the overall balance of work, leisure/avocational, family, and social activities
Transition stage
the second stage of group development where fights between subgroups and members showing rebellion against the leader generally occurs
Survey
the simplest form of descriptive research that requires a questionnaire return rate of 95% to be accurate; the researcher attempts to gather large amonts of data, often utilizing a questionnaire or an interview, in order to generate generalizations regarding the behavior of the population as a whole; ideally, the sample size would be at least 100; problems include: poor construction of the instrument, a low return rate, and the fact that often subjects are not picked at random and thus are not representative of the population
AB or ABA time-series design
the simplest type of single-subject research; popularized by behavior modifiers; rely on continuous measurement; ranges from AB to ABAB; a baseline is secured (A), intervention is implemented (B), the outcome is examined via a new baseline (A), (B) intervention is implemented again
Positive psychology
the study of human strengths such as joy, wisdom, altruism, the ability to love, and happiness
Active therapy (aka 'active-directive' therapy)
therapy to delineate the directive paradigm.
Spearman correlation (also known as Kendall's tau)
used in place of the Pearson r when parametric assumptions cannot be utilized
Reentry women
women who go from working within the home to working outside the home; typically experience an extremely high degree of career indecision
Major Developmental Theorists
♣ Freud's psychosexual stage theory ♣ Erikson's psychosocial stage theory ♣ Kohlberg's moral understanding stage theory ♣ Piaget's cognitive development stage theory ♣ Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory
Psychoanalysis
a form of therapy and a very comprehensive personality theory created by Sigmund Freud; attests inborn drives (mainly sexual) help form the personality; structural theory - id, ego, superego; catharsis;
Job
a given position or similar positions within an organization
Follower
a group member role where the member goes along with the rest of the group; from a personality standpoint, this member is nonassertive
Interrogator (aka Peeping Tom)
a group member role where the member insists on asking other members inappropriate questions; asks a never-ending string of questions
Isolate
a group member role where the member is ignored by others; this member generally feels afraid to reach out or do reach out and are genuinely rejected; a negative group role often referred to as the "silent one"; receive little or no attention from the other members
Energizer
a group member role where the member stimulates enthusiasm in the group
Gatekeeper
a group member role where the member tries to make certain that everyone is doing his or her task and is participating; this person may secretly or unconsciously want to lead the group and could even attempt to establish norms; the danger is that the member in this role often does not work on his or her own personal issues
Harmonizer (aka Conciliator)
a group member role where the member tries to make certain that everything is going smoothly
Structured group exercise
a group technique that is like an assignment for group members; the benefit is that the exercise helps to speed up group interaction and can help the group focus on a specific issue; popular and beneficial; generally not as effective as unstructured methods; excessive use can cause the group to lean on or rely too heavily on the leader for support and direction
Linking
a group technique that is used to promote cohesion; an attempt to bring together common patterns or themes within the group; a leader uses this technique to relate one person's predicament to another person's predicament
Tertiary group
a group that usually deals with individual difficulties that are more serious and longstanding; generally utilized for long-term psychotherapy; focuses more on the individual and the client's childhood
Secondary group
a group where a problem or disturbance is present but not usually severe; works to reduce the severity or length of a problem and generally includes aspects of prevention; EX: a group that deals with grief or shyness
Interval scale
Has numbers scaled at equal distances but NO ABSOLUTE ZERO point. -Since intervals are same, amount of differences can be stipulated (i.e., 3 IQ points), can add/subtract but not multiply/divide (IQ TESTS provide interval measurement!)
Personalogy
Henry Murray's term for personality typing.
External validity
'External validity' or outside of experiment, refers to whether the experimental research results can be generalized to larger populations, e.g. other people, settings, conditions. If the results of the study only apply to the population in the study then external validity is LOW.
Premack principle
'an efficient reinforcer is what the client himself likes to do.'
Longitudinal method
(also known as 'diachronic method') The same clients are studied over a period of time.
Cross-sectional method
(also known as 'synchronic method') Clients are assessed at one point in time. (Indicative of measurements or observations at a single point, and thus preferable in terms of time consumption.)
Threatened Punishment
(firing, demotion, failing the course) If a person is found guilty of sexual coercion, what did his behavior include toward the harassed individual?
Epictetus said about thinking
"People are disturbed not by things, but by the views they take of them." - very REBT
Ratio scale
(highest level of measurement) Interval scale with a TRUE ZERO POINT. Add/subtract/multiply/divide all possible. (Most psychological attributes can't be measured by ratio scale.)
Nonparametric
(i.e., NOT normal distribution) Most popular is the chi-square, used to determine whether an obtained distribution differs significantly from an expected distribution.
The Ego
- Develops as psychological component that wields power over the id - Functions under the reality principle, logically and realistically plans appropriate ways to fulfill needs - Operates primarily in conscious and preconscious mind
- Job satisfaction is a significant indicator of work adjustment.
- Job satisfaction is significant variable in determining productivity, job involvement, and career tenure. - Individual needs and values are significant components of job satisfaction
The Id
- Present at birth and represents a biological, instinctual component - Functions under the pleasure principle, demands immediate gratification, the avoidance or diminishing of pain, and securing of pleasure - Part of the unconscious mind
The Superego
- Represents social component, made up of the conscious and ego ideals - Guilty feelings result from a violation of standards and morals set by the superego
A life script is actually a life drama or plot:
-never scripts (will never succeed) -always scripts (always be a certain way) -after scripts (will be after an event happens) -open ended scripts (no direction) -desirable scripts (what they want)
In CIP terms, CAREER IDENTITY is defined as the level of development of self-knowledge memory structures. Career identity is a function of the complexity, integration, and stability of the schemata constituting the self-knowledge domain.
...
In CIP terms, CAREER MATURITY is defined as the ability to make independent and responsible career decisions based on the thoughtful integration of the best information available about oneself and the occupational world.
...
The Archway Model clarifies how biological, psychological, and sociological determinants influence career development, and, reveals diverse life roles over an individual's life span.
...
The avoidant style produces children who do not know how to meet one's own needs. The accepting parent helps a child develop strategies for meeting one's own needs.
...
The benefit of standard scores such as percentiles, t-scores, z-scores,stanines, or standard deviations over raw scores, is that a standard score allows you to analyze the data in relation to the properties of the normal bell shaped curve.*
...
The goal of career counseling is to provide the conditions of learning that facilitate the growth of memory structures and cognitive skills so as to improve the client's capacity for processing information.
...
The major strategy of career intervention is to provide learning events that will develop the individual's information-processing abilities. The ultimate aim of career counseling is to enhance the client's capabilities as a career problem solver and a decision maker.
...
The most important concept in Freud's theory is the unconscious mind.
...
This model emphasizes that career information counseling is a learning event. However, CIP theory places the role of cognition as the mediating force that leads individuals to greater power and control in determining their own destinies.
...
VALANCE (rewards such as money, promotion, or satisfaction)
...
VALUE EXPECTATION - the satisfaction gained from the vocational decisions and actions one makes throughout the course of one's lifespan.
...
Values inventories measure broader aspects of lifestyle.
...
Vocational maturity is acquired through successfully accomplishing developmental tasks within a continuous series of life stages.
...
WORK - an activity that produces something of value for oneself or others.
...
• Big 3: Self-Efficacy; Outcome Expectations; Personal Goals
...
• Career choice is influences by environmental factors.
...
• Personal Agency - reflects how a person exerts power to achieve a solution;
...
Based on the risk factors associated with committing suicide, which client is MOST likely to commit suicide?
A 67-year old, divorced Caucasian male who recently lost his job and reports feelings of hopelessness
Hunch
A Hunch the experimental or alternative hypothesis.
NCE - Group
A client receiving verbal feedback from her peers in a Gestalt therapy group is generally said to be experiencing: The Hot Seat
Ectomorphy
A friend of yours has a long, stringy, skinny body. How would you categorize this body type?
Endomorphy
A friend of yours has a round, plump, soft, heavy body having a heavy trunk. How would you describe this body type?
Alogia
A friend of yours, who is suffering from some mental disorder, has diminished thinking ability. What is he suffering from?
Hypothesis
Hypothesis is a hunch or educated guess which can be tested utilizing the experimental model. A statement which can be tested regarding the relationship between the independent (IV) and the dependent variables (DV).
In experimental terminology, IV stands for _____ ______, and DV stands for ______ _______.
IV stand for the independent variable, and the DV for dependent variable
35-55
If Bob suffers moderate and trainable mental retardation, what would be the range of his IQ score?
Affects Neurons and the Corpus Stratum
If Epinephrine and Norepinephrine are associated with stress reactions, what is the function of Dopamine?
Erikson's Sixth Psychosocial Stage - Early Adulthood (20-35 years)
Intimacy vs. Isolation
__________________ is NOT one of the five factors in the Five Factor Model.
Introversion
The _______________________ measures several distinct aspects of vocational ability, and the ________________________ measures one homogenous area of vocational ability.
Differential Aptitude Test (DAT); Weisen Test of Mechanical Aptitude
Which of the following internal validity threats is LEAST likely related to a repeated measures study for a group of sixth-graders?
Diffusion of treatment
Object Relations Theory
Involves developmental stages of the self in relationship to others/objects
Freud's concept of Unconscious Mind
Emotions, thoughts, memories, drives, etc. that are influencing behavior without current awareness; hidden or forgotten experiences
Individual Psychology's determining factor for development
Endeavoring to reach Individual Goals determines an individual's lifestyle and behavior
Peck's theory of adult development is an expansion of
Erickson's psychosocial theory.
______________________ is NOT an executive function of a group leader.
Establishing norms
____________________________ perspectives maintain that career interventions used for the majority population are appropriate to use with minority populations.
Etic
A negative correlation
Evident wen the variables are inversely associated (one goes up and the other goes down).
A positive correction
Evident when both variables change in the same direction (imagine a graphical representation of scores)
What are some examples of "Threats to internal validity"?
Examples of threats to 'internal validity' or factors that reduce the impact of tx on Data are 1. maturation of subjects, the psychological & physical changes e.g. fatigue due to time involved, 2. 'mortality' subjects withdrawing, 3. instruments used to measure the behavior or trait, or 4. 'statistical regression' the notion that extremely high or low scores would move toward the mean if utilized again.
Existentialism is considered a humanistic form of helping in which the counselor helps the client discover meaning in his or her life by doing a deed, experiencing value, and suffering.
Existentialism is more of a philosophy of helping than a grab bag of intervention strategies.
Experimental Ethics Dictate that..
Experimental Ethics dictate that subjects should be 1. informed of risk, negative after effects are removed, 2 allowed subjects to withdraw at any time, 3 confidentiality of subjects is protected, 4 results will be presented in an accurate format that is not misleading, and 5 will use only techniques trained in.
Experimental Hypothesis
Experimental Hypothesis states, "There will be differences between the control group and the experimental group.
Pygmalion Effect (aka Rosenthal or Experimenter Effect)
Experimenter falls in love with his own hypothesis and the experiment becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy.
_____________________________ uses the power of the imagination to help clients gain insight into their vocational interests.
Guided imagery
____________________ outlines the privacy rights of participants pertaining to health information
HIPAA
Hawthorne Effect (also known as reacting to the presence of the investigator, or observer effect)
Happens sometimes if subjects know they are in experiment, their performance may improve because of the extra attention and knowledge they are being observed.
Working for the collective good of society refers to which tenet of social justice?
Harmony
An individual fidgeting during a counseling session is an example of what form of nonverbal communication?
Kinesics
Males born with an extra X chromosome have
Klinefelter's syndrome.
Freud's concept of Conscious Mind
Know impulses, events, memories; present knowledge
_______________________ is NOT included in the program planning phase.
Marketing and promoting the program
A counselor who suggests that a depressed client spend at least 2 hours a day being depressed is using what technique?
Paradoxical intention
Parametric tests have more power than nonparametric statistical tests.
Parametric tests are used ONLY with interval and ratio data.
Parsimony
Parsimony (aka Occam's Razor) refers to the practice of interpreting the results in the simplest ways (Literally a tendency to be miserly and not overspend.)
Personal Fable Concept
Part of and adolescent's egocentrism; belief that individual experiences are unique that no one felt the way the adolescent does
Which of the following qualitative research traditions most assists the counselor to collaborate with participants to enact change in a setting?
Participatory action research
Pioneers in the Behaviorist movement
Pavlov, Jones, Watson
Kurtosis
Peakedness of a frequency distribution.
Percentage Score
Percentage score is another way of stating a RAW score.
Percentile Rank
Percentile Rank is a descriptive statistic telling the counselor what percentage of the cases fell below a certain level.
NCE - Group
Person-Centered Groups In Person-centered groups members find their own direction with minimal leader help. The leader's tasks include: role of facilitator - conveying congruence (genuineness), unconditional positive regard (acceptance), and empathetic understanding. The leader provides very little structuring or direction.
Life Scripts
Personal Life Plans born out of early decisions about self, others and the world
_________________________ groups focus heavily on skill-building.
Psychoeducational
Apgar rating
Quantitative rating test used to measure the vital signs of newborns a minute or two after birth
What type of experiment is a correlational research, and what does it tell us about cause and effect?
Quasi-experimental and does not yield cause-effect data.
NCE - Group
REBT Group A Rational Emotive Therapy group leader would teach the A-B-C-D-E- method and how people create and resolve their own problems. Disputing irrational beliefs and underlying feelings and actions require a highly didactic and active approach.
Social exchange theory advocates that power is based upon having control of valuable resources (i.e. ability, material, means of punishment, position, identity, and information)
REFERENT POWER- when people do as he/she requests because they respect the person or want to be like him/her.
If F value exceeds the critical F value in a statistical table
REJECT the null hypothesis
Role reversal
a behavioral role-plahing technique; a client who is having difficulty communicating with another person in his or her life role-plays the person with whom he or she is having difficulty. Another group member (or the leader) plays the group member with the problem. This valuable technique gives the group member a new perspective on the situation and allows the person to learn via modeling alternative ways of behaving.
Which of the following research designs requires random assignment?
True experimental
NCE - Group
Tuckman & Jensen's STAGES Forming Storming Norming Performing Adjourning
Lowering the significance level LOWERS Type I errors, but it RAISES the risk of Type II errors.
Type I/Type II relationship is a seesaw.
Type II (Beta Error) occurs when
Type II (Beta Error) occurs when a researcher ACCEPTS the NULL hypothesis although it is False
Existentialist speak of 3 worlds:
Umwelt (physical) Mitwelt (relationship) Eigenwelt (identity)
Ego defense mechanisms are
Unconscious processes that minimize anxiety and protect the self from severe id or superego demands -distort reality and are based on self-deception to protect our self image
Decided Client
Undecided Client Indecisive Client DECIDED CLIENT - clients who have made a career decision. These clients might profit from counseling that is designed to formulate other steps in decision making and to determine if their choice was inappropriately made.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
Used for more than 2 sample groups, yields and F statistic
Factorial design
Used to ferret out the effects of more than one IV.
Y axis (also known as 'ordinate')
Used to plot frequency of the DVs, plotting the experimental data. (memory: Letter 'Y' is vertical like the line it represents in a graph)
Quota sampling
Used when a specific number of cases are necessary from various strata (groups).
Acquisition
While Conditioned Response (CR) is the learned response to a conditioned stimulus, what is the term for the period when the organism learns the association between the conditioned stimulus and the conditioned response?
Louis Thurston
You are telling your students about the theorist who first developed a scale technique to measure attitude. What is his name?
William Sheldon
You are telling your students about the theorist who places human development into three major body types. Who is he?
Arnold Gesell
You are telling your students about the theorist who used the theory of maturation to explain common developmental patterns that are internally controlled rather than influenced by the external environment. Who is he?
Telegraphic Speech
You are telling your students about the utterances of two or three words that children make, usually between the ages of 18 months and 24 months that convey complete thought. What are you telling them about?
100 Percent
You are telling your students about the weight and size of the brain at age 16. They want to know it as a percentage of its adult weight and size. What do you tell them?
80 percent
You are telling your students about the weight and size of the brain at age 2. What is the percentage of its adult weight and size?
Symbolic Mode
You are telling your students that language provides the means for representing experience and for transforming it. What does this refer to?
Diathesis-Stress Model
You are using a model that emphasizes the combination of nature and nurture to produce abnormality. What kind of model are you using?
Covary negatively
When one variable increases while the other decreases.
Experimental neurosis
When the differentiation process becomes too tough because stimuli are almost identical
Statistical Model
You are using a model that emphasizes the rarity or infrequency of a behavior or a trait as the primary determinant of mental illness. What kind of model are you using?
Active Proximity Seeking
You tell your students that from seven months to two years, the child actively seeks close contact with the caretaker. Later, attachments with others develop. What do you name this stage?
Lallation
Your three year old son says 'tuice' whenever he wishes to have a juice or drink. What does this behavior refer to?
Process
_______ research examines the nature of the counseling interview and tries to determine successful outcomes
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent (MMPI-A)
a 478 question version of the MMPI-2 for 14-18 year old adolescents
Carkhuff scale
a 5-point scale created by Robert Carkhuff that is intended to measure empathy, genuiness, concreteness, and respect; a rating of 1 is the poorest and a rating of 5 is the most desirable. A rating of 3 is considered the minimum level of acceptance.
Wish fulfillment
a Freudian notion that dreams and slips of the tongue are actually wish fulfillments
Id
a Freudian term for one's instincts; the pleasure principle; seat of libido
Ego
a Freudian term for the executive administrator of the personality and the reality principle; the executive administrator since it governs or acts as a police officer to control the impulses from the id (instincts) and the superego (conscience); houses the individual's identity; judges behavior as right or wrong
Variable
a behavior or a circumstance that can exist on at least two levels or conditions; a factor that varies or is capable of change; i.e., independent & dependent
Associationism
a behavioral philosophy by John Locke which asserts that ideas are held together by associations
Otis-Lennon School Ability Test (OLSAT-7)
a group-administered multilevel mental ability battery designed for use in grades K through 12; test results are often used to predict success in school; takes about 60-75 minutes to administer
Paraprofessional
a helper who does not possess the education and experience necessary to secure professional credentials
Impaired professional
a helper who has personal issue (e.g., substance abuse or brain damage) that would hinder the quality of services rendered; a deterioration in the ability to function as a counselor
Test battery
a horizontal test where several measures are used to produce results that could be more accurate than those derived from merely a single source; more accurate
Leon Festinger
a social psychology theorist who suggested that individuals are motivated to reduce tension and discomfort, thus putting an end to dissonance --> cognitive dissonance theory
Group polarization
a social psychology theory that the group experience can polarize decisions such that they are more in line with members' initial views; predicts a person's views may become more extreme after they participate in a group
CHOICES
a software program from high school students that provides information to help them make informed decisions about career and transition planning; middle-school edition: Choices Explorer; well-known computerized career development program; Computer Assisted Career Guidance System
Stroming stage (aka Power-control stage)
a stage of group development where members rank themselves in terms of status and factions; isolated members who are not protected by the strong subgroup sometimes drop out
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (SB)
a standardized measure of intelligence; a 45-90 minute intelligence test designed to measure cognitive ability as well as provide analysis of the pattern of an individual's cognitive development; American version of Alfred Binet's intelligence test; relies on a standard age score (SAS) with a mean of 100 - IQs above 100 are above average and those shy of 100 are below average - and a standard deviation of 16 for the IQ formula; more accurate for assessing extremes of intellect; used from ages 2 to adulthood
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2)
a standardized, self-report personality test that is intended to help clinicians diagnose and treat patients; test designed to assess some major personality characteristics that affect personal and social adjustment; subject matter includes physical conditions, moral attitudes, and social attitudes; individually administered; the client can respond with "true," "false," or "cannot say" to 567 questions; the new version is said to have retained the best factors of the MMPI (the most researched test in history as well as the most useful for assessing emotional disturbance), while updating the test (10 more questions than the MMPI), and eliminating sexist wording; suitable for 18+; sixth-grade reading level; 60-90 minutes to complete;
Superbill
a statement given to a client seeking insurance or third-party benefits at the end of each session; verifies the nature of the counselor/client interaction; usually lists the client's name, date, the DSM or ICD diagnosis, the CPT code, and the provider's name and license
Trend analysis
a statistical procedure performed at different times to see if a trend is evident; some exams use this term to describe an application of an ANOVA to see if performance on one variable mimics the same trend on a second variable
One-tailed t test (aka Directional experimental hypothesis)
a statistical test places the rejection area at one end of the distribution; hypothesis specifies that one average mean is larger than another; i.e., The average patient who has completed psychoanalysis will have a statistically significantly higher IQ than the average patient who has not received analysis."; have the advantage of having more power than the two-tailed design (i.e., the statistical ability to reject correctly a false hypothesis)
Chi-Square nonparametric test
a statistical test that examines whether obtained frequencies differ significantly from expected frequencies; i. e., might answer the question whether being a man or a woman determines whether you will seek therapy for an elevator phobia; must have mutually exclusive categories
Summative evaluation
evaluation used to assess a final product (e.g., How many high school students are not indulging in alcoholic beverages after completing a yearly program focusing on drug awareness education?); attempts to ascertain how well the gaol has been met
Compensation
evident when a person attempts to develop or overdevelop a positive trait to make up for a limitation.
Nonparametric test (aka Distribution free-tests)
a test where the distribution that is not normal; i.e., Mann-Whitney U-test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test for matched pairs, Soloman and the Kruskal-Wallis H-test
Cyclical test
a test with several sections that are spiral in nature; in each section, the questions would go from easy ones to those which are more difficult
Frustration-aggression theory
a theory created by John Dollard and Neal Miller that asserts that frustration leads to aggression; Ellis does not agree with this theory
Complementarity theory
a theory of relationships that states that a relationship becomes stronger as the two people's personality needs mesh; one personality can makeup for what is lacking or missing in the other personality
Statistical regression
a threat to internal validity; the notion that extremely high or low scores would move toward the mean if the measure is utilized again; based on the law of filial regression which is a genetic principle that asserts that generational traits move toward the mean; results from errors in measurement instruments and must be taken into account when interpreting test data
John Henry Effect (aka Compensatory rivalry of a comparison group)
a threat to the internal validity of an experiment that occurs when subjects strive to prove that an experimental treatment that could threaten their livelihood really isn't all that effective; i.e., counselor educators were asked to use computers as part of the teaching experience but were worried that the computers might ultimately take their jobs. The counselor educators in the comparison control group might purposely spend more time than they normally would; one way to handle this problem is to make observations before the experiment begins
Menninger Clinic in Kansas
a traditional psychoanalytic foothold as well as the site of landmark work in the area of biofeedback
Counseling paradigm
a treatment model (paradigm = model)
Sliding fee scale (aka Income sensitive scale)
based on the client's ability to pay; the probem is that it is difficult to administer them in a fair manner; ethical and legal;
Nominal scale
basic measurement scale; strictly qualitative, does not provide measurable information; the simplest type of scale; used to distinguish logically separated groups; i.e., a DSM or ICD diagnostic category, street address, phone number, gender, brand of therapy; information gathered from nonparametric tests; classifies, names, labels, or identifies by group; has no true zero point and does not indicate order
If a client is administered My Vocational Situation (MVS) and receives a low score on the Barriers scale, he or she may
be having difficulty obtaining needed education and/or training.
Group IQ test movement
began with the Army Alpha (literates) and Army Beta (illiterates) in World War I; groups tests are quicker to administer but are less accurate and have lower reliability
Summaries are used by counselors to
begin sessions, end sessions, and highlight important themes.
Contextualism
behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in which the behavior occurs
Instinctual
behavior that manifests itself in all normal members of a given species
All of the following behavioral techniques are most commonly used with children, EXCEPT
behavioral rehearsal.
White privilege includes all of the following EXCEPT...
being discriminated against due to being in the majority.
Mores
beliefs regarding the rightness or wrongness of behavior; develop as a given group decides what is good and bad for the welfare of the people; people are generally punished for violating ____; breaking _____ causes harm to others or threatens the existence of the group; behaviors based on morals
Harry Harlow
believed that attachment was an innate tendency and not one which is learned; researcher who is well known for his work with maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys - Monkeys placed in isolation developed autistic abnormal behavior. When these monkeys were placed in cages with normally reared monkeys some remission of dysfunctional behavior was noted. The baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry cloth mother surrogate than a wire surrogate mother. - found that "contact comfort" is important in the development of infant's attachment to his or her mother; in humans the parents act as a "releaser stimulus" to elicit relief from hunger and tension through holding; frightened monkeys raised via cloth and wire mothers ran over and clung to the cloth and wire surrogate mothers
An ethical principle that encourages counselors to actively promote the welfare of their clients is known as...
beneficence.
Konrad Lorenz
best known for his work on the process of imprinting and the principle of critical periods; study of ethology; compared humans to the wolf or baboon and claimed that we are naturally aggressive - believed aggressiveness is part of our evolution and was necessary for survival. The solution is for us to utilize catharsis and get our anger out, using methods such as competitive sports.
A Type II error is also called a ____ error and means you _____ null when it is _____.
beta, accept, false
Counseling in 1970s
biofeedback, behavior modification, crisis hotlines
Epigenetic
biological term borrowed from embryology; states that each stage emerges from the one before it, the process follows a given order and is systematic
Aging is
biological, social and psychological.
In Havighurst's model of human development, many of the earlier (childhood) tasks are
biologically determined.
A multimodal counselor who approaches clients from their preferred domain/modality is using the technique known as
bridging.
Using the Standard Occupational Classification System, the fourth and fifth digits of the six-digit code represent the
broad occupation.
Occupation
broader than a job; refers to similar jobs occupied via different people in different settings (e.g., psychotherapists)
William Stern's radio intelligence quotient, popularized on early versions of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales was calculated
by dividing one's mental age by chronological age.
Guided imagery
can be implemented by having the client imagine a day in the future working in the job or even receiving an award for outstanding performance in the position; effective for adults and adolescents; behavioral technique
Preconscious mind
capable of bringing ideas, images, and thoughts into awareness with minimal difficulty -can access info from the conscious as well as unconscious mind
Preconscious mind
capable of bringing ideas, images, and thoughts into awareness with minimal difficulty; can access information from the conscious as well as the unconscious mind; Freud's topographic notion
NECA and NCDA are both professional associations devoted to the specialization of...
career counseling.
Robert Hoppock
career theorist who feels that to make an accurate career decision you must know your personal needs and then find an occupation that meets a high percentage of the needs; as your personal needs change, you might need to secure a different occupation; choose a job to meet our needs
Little Hans
case of a 5-year-old boy that reflects the psychoanalytic explanations of behavior; the child's fear of going into the streets and perhaps even having a horse bite him were explained using psychoanalytic constructs such as the Oedipus complex and castration anxiety
Down syndrome
caused by a chromosomal abnormality (an additional chromosome or two) that causes brain damage which results in an IQ of 50 or less (100 is normal); have a rather flat face, a thick tongue, and slated eyes; also been called mongolsim
id
chaotic and has no sense of time (pleasure principle - 'I want it NOW')
Centration
characterized by focusing on a key feature of a given object while not noticing the rest of it (i.e., a child who focuses exclusively on a clown's red nose but ignores his or her other features); occurs in the preoperational stage
Symbiosis
child's absolute dependence on the female caretaker; difficulties result in adult psychosis; coined by Mahler
Reality therapy (aka choice therapy)
childhood is usually not explored, present moment of counseling (therapist makes friends with client)
John Ertl
claimed he invented an electronic machine to analyze neural efficiency and take the place of the paper and pencil IQ test; device relies on a computer, an EEG, a strobe light, and an electrode helmet; theory is that the faster one processes the perception, the more intelligence he or she has
Standard Industrial Classification Manual (SIC)
classifies businesses in regard to the type of activity they are engaged in (i.e, the type of service or produce); industry growth is often computed on ____ codes
Transference neurosis
client is attached to the counselor as if he is a substitute parent.
Fixed role therapy (aka 'behavioral rehearsal')
client is given a sketch of a person in a role and is instructed to read the script at least 3 times a day to act, think, and verbalize like the person in the script. (by George A. Kelly who also did 'psychology of personal constructs')
Paradoxical strategies
client is instructed to intensify or purposely engage in the maladaptive behavior. (used by Frankl, and by family therapist)
Randomly identifying a counseling agency that serves clients with attention-deficity/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) and sampling its entire staff is an example of a ______________________ sampling method.
cluster
V Code
code in the DSM that refers to conditions which are not attributable to a mental condition; focus of treatment; the "V" replaces the first digit in the five-digit code; day-to-day problems rather than a psychiatric or psychological difficulty
Standard Occupational Classification Manual (SOC)
codes job clusters (e.g., teachers, librarians, and counselors) via similar worker function; very useful for a counselor who wants to find additional occupations that a worker might already be trained for or could consider with additional training
Tyranny of the shoulds
coined by Karen Horney (neo-Freudian)
James McKeen Cattell
coined the term mental test and spent time researching mental assessment and its relation to reaction time at the University of Pennsylvania
Images and tendencies that are inherent in all human beings are contained in the
collective unconscious.
A ________________________ works in counseling centers at postsecondary institutions to meet the mental health and wellness needs of students.
college counselor
The question "How do students differ in their degree of involvement in college activities?" would be addressed best by a ___________________ design.
comparative
Deviation IQ
compares the individual to a norm (i.e., the person is compared to others in his or her age group); thus the present intelligence score indicates deviation from the norm
Counselors who become emotionally affected after exposure to crisis victims are experiencing
compassion fatigue.
Counseling in 1960s
competing psychotherapies
A client comes to counseling and admits that she has a problem with alcohol abuse but does not seem committed to making any changes in her life. This client is most likely a
complainant.
Unconscious mind
composed of material which is normally unknown or hidden from the client; most important concept of Freudian theory; Freud's topographic notion
The superego
composed of values, morals, and ideals of parents, caretakers, and society
A test that has the ability to modify the test structure and items to the examinee's ability to level is known as a(n)
computer-adaptive test.
Scope of practice
concept that suggests counselors should only practice using techniques for which they have been trained; implies that a counselor should not attempt to treat clients for which he or she has no training
Subjective units of distress scale (SUDS)
concept used in forming a hierarchy to perform Wolpe's systematic desensitization (aka, technique for curbing phobic reactions and anxiety)
Value system
concerned with one's relative preferences regarding the outcomes; stage of Gelatt Decision Model
Predictive system
concerned with the probable alternatives, actions, and possibilities of an outcome; stage of Gelatt Decision Model
Neal Miller
conducted the first studies which demonstrated that animals could indeed be conditioned to control autonomic processes; showed that by utilizing rewards rats could be trained to alter heart rate and intestinal contractions
Implosive therapy (in anxiety terms)
conducted using the imagination and relies on psychoanalytic symbolism (brainchild of T. G. Stampf)
A person who obeys group rules and seeks familial acceptance is in the _____________________ stage of Loevinger's ego development theory.
conformist
Experimenter effects
confounding element that can flaw an experiment because the experimenter might unconsciously communicate his or her intent or expectations to the subjects
The counselor who is _____ is real and authentic.
congruent
Freud's topographic notion that the mind is like an iceberg with 2 states:
conscious unconscious
Respondent
consequence of a known stimulus. (dog salivating)
When defining a target population, counselors should
consider demographics such as age, race, SES, and gender.
Anna O.
considered the first psychoanalytic patient; a patient of Joseph Breuer; suffered from hysteria; in hypnosis, she would remember painful events, which she was unable to recall while aware. Talking about these traumatic events brought about relief and this became the talking cure or catharsis
Dream work
consists of deciphering the hidden meaning (latent) of a dream (through symbolism) so the individual is aware of unconscious motives, impulses, desires, and conflicts.
A data management tool than can serve as a cover sheet or snapshot for an event during data collection is a(n)
contact summary sheet.
Psychodynamic therapy
contasts psychoanalysis: -utilizes fewer sessions per week -doesn't utilize a couch, performed face-to-face (makes use of analytic principles but relies on fewer sessions)
Reality therapy incorporates
control theory and choice theory
Most adults are in the ___________________ level of Kohlberg's theory of moral development.
conventional
When a researcher uses ______, then there is no direct manipulation of the IV.
correlation
"What is the relationship between driving speed and gas prices?" is an example of a question best addressed by a(n) ____________________ design.
correlational
Attending (counseling behavior)
counselor behaviors that signal he is truly engaged in active listening skills.
Accurate empathy
counselor can truly understand what the client is feeling or experiencing
Differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO)
counselor positively reinforces an individual for engaging in a healthy alternative behavior.
Concreteness
counselor uses this principle in an attempt to eliminate vague language
All of the following statements are correct EXCEPT:
counselors who hold a license from one state have reciprocity in every other state.
In _________ the counselor's past is projected onto the client and the helper's objectivity suffers markedly.
counter-transference
Albert Ellis
created Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
National Board for Certified Counselors (NBCC)
created by the ACA; focuses on professional credentialing; if you meet educational/skill requirements and pass an exam you can use the title NCC - National Certified Counselor; this is a generic certification that lasts for 5 years at which time the counselor must have 100 approved hours of continued professional development or sit for the test again
O*NET Ability Profiler
created for career exploration, counseling, and planning; not a replacement for the GATB because it does not completely replace it in every respect
Nathan Azrin
created job club to help returning Vietnam Vets; one of the leading pioneers who created specific guidelines for running a behavior modification token economy (i.e., giving plastic tokens which could be turned in for actual reinforcers such as food)
Carl Ransom Rogers
created nondirective counseling/client-centered counseling/person-centered counseling; wrote Counseling and Psychotherapy in which he emphasized a theory of intervention in which the counselor was not an authoritarian figure such as in psychoanalysis; trait-factor analysis, or directive schools of helping; known as one of the first theorists to employ audio recordings to improve practicum supervision; counseling rather than testing became the major task for professionals due to his work; does not emphasize diagnosis or giving advice; emphasized unconditional positive regard
Harry B. Gelatt
created the Gelatt Decision Model
Item response theory can be used to
detect item bias in the same test given to an African American and a Latino American.
Mann-Whitney U-test
determines whether 2 uncorrelated means differe significantly when data are nonparmetric (memory: the 'u' reminds you of 'uncorrelated')
Jospeh Wolpe
developed 'systematic desensitization' to weaken a client's response to anxiety-producing stimuli
Albert Ellis
developed Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)
Edmund Jacobson
developed a relaxation technique, known as the Jacobson Method, in which muscle groups are alternately tensed and relaxed until the whole body is in a state of relaxation
Cephalocaudal
development is head to foot - the head of the fetus develops earlier than the legs; refers to bodily proportions between the head and tail
Counseling in 1950s
development psychology
Eli Ginzberg
developmental career theorist; research found that occupational choice takes place over a 6-10 year period, the choice is irreversible, and always has the quality of compromise; theory postulated three stages: fantasy, tentative, and realistic; exploration leads to crystallization By 1972 (about 20 yrs after the creation of his theory), he modified his position by stating that the process of choice is open-ended and lifelong. This, of course, refuted the notion of irreversibility. He also replaced compromise with the concept of optimization. -Now believes in a developmental model of career choice which asserts career choice decisions are made throughout the lifespan and career choice is reversible.
In the middle phase of career counseling, the counselor
develops an action plan and provides interventions to address the client's concerns.
Rogerians do not emphasize _____ or giving ____.
diagnosis, advice.
Glasser's position on mental illness is that
diagnostic labels give clients permission to act sick
Adlerians are ______ and use homework assignments.
didactic (teaching)
In the beginning stage of a group, a leader is generally more ___________________________ than in later stages.
directive
Lev Vygotsky
disagreed with Piaget's notion that developmental stages take place naturally - insisted that the stages unfold due to educational intervention; pioneered the zone of proximal development
REBT's ABC theory of personality believes that the intervention that occurs at D, ____ leads to E, ____.
disputing the irrational behavior at B, leads to a new emotional consequence.
Range
distance between the largest and the smallest scores.
Organismic theorists
do not believe in a mind-body distinction; believe the development consists of qualitative changes; believe change can be internal; opposing view to empiricism; feel individual's actions are more important than the environment in terms of one's development; term has been used to describe Gestalt psychologists who emphasize a holistic model
Program evaluation can
document the program's process, assess the effectiveness of the program in meeting its goals and objectives, and facilitate change in the program's direction and content.
Random sampling
each subject has the same probability of being selected, and the selection of one subject does not affect the selection of another subject; eliminates the researcher's tendency to pick a biased sample of subjects
The ______________________ operates according to the reality principle.
ego
Some of the unique issues affecting ____________________ clients are grief, loss, physical challenges, and terminal illness.
elderly
The core condition of counseling known as unconditional positive regard is also referred to as all of the following EXCEPT
empathy.
Edwin Bordin
emphasized unconscious processes in career choice and development; felt that career choices could be used to solve unconscious conflicts; felt that difficulties related to job choice are indicative of neurotic symptoms
Super's Theory
emphasizes 5 life stages; includes the life-career rainbow
Actuarial
empirical statistical data (such as the results from a test) is used rather than simply relying on subjective clinical judgement; used with trait-factor approach
Real culture
encompasses all behaviors within the culture, even those which are illicit or frowned upon
All of the following are characteristics of qualitative research EXCEPT
engaging in hypothesis testing.
The view that one's own culture is superior to another culture is called...
ethnocentrism.
Differential validity
evident when a selection process (e.g., a test) is valid for one group, yet less valid or totally invalid for another group; tests affected by this should not be used for hiring or promotion purposes
Countertransference
evident when the counselor's feelings are strong enough to hinder the treatment process.
Aaron T. Beck
ex-psychoanalytic therapist, created Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), developed cognitive therapy
Heterogeneous groups may have
members with diverse presenting problems, members with diverse demographics, and cohesion difficulties if members are too dissimilar.
Career assistance can include
mentoring, career coaching, and career counseling.
Gaussian curve is said to be ______ because the peak is in the middle.
mesokurtic
Ontology
metaphysical study of life experience
Informal assessment technique
method of assessment that does not use standard administration or scoring procedures; i.e., self-reports, case notes, checklists, sociograms of groups, interviews, professional staffings, diary
Harry Stack Sullivan
postulated the stages of infancy, childhood, the juvenile era, preadolescence, early adolescence, and late adolescence; his theory is known as the psychiatry of interpersonal relations
Hierarchy of needs
postulates lower-order physiological and safety needs and higher-order needs, such as self-actualization; Maslow felt the person first needs to satisfy immediate
Statistical regression
predicts very high and very low scores will move toward the mean if a test is administered again. (It is a threat to internal validity.)
Dichotomous recognition items
presented with two opposing choices; i.e., true/false
Counseling groups are more ____________________ than psychoeducational groups.
problem oriented
Raymond B. Cattell
responsible for fluid and crystallized intelligence; created the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF)
The ________________________ is responsible for regulating arousal and attention.
reticular activating system
Maccoby and Jacklin
reviewed the literature and found very few differences that could be attributed to genetics and biological factors; found that the major impetus for sex-role differences may come from child-rearing patterns rather than bodily chemistry; according to their research, in general, girls possess better verbal skills than boys and, in general, boys posses better visual-perceptual skills and are more active and aggressive than girls (attributed to androgen hormone - one of the behavioral differences)
A group member is anxious and uneasy because she is unsure of how she is supposed to behave in group counseling. This individual is experiencing
role ambiguity.
Norms can best be described as
rules.
According to Maslow, before people can meet their needs for esteem, they must meet their need for
safety, belongingness, and survival (physiological needs).
Z-score (often called standard score)
same as a standard deviation - the most elementary of standard score. (memory: Z score is simply SD) A Z-score of +1 or 1 SD would include about 34% of the cases in a normal population.
A person-centered therapist would treat all diagnostic categories of the DSM using the ____ _____.
same principles.
John Bowlby
saw bonding and attachment as having survival value, or what is often called adaptive significance; insisted that in order to lead a normal social life the child must bond with an adult before the age of 3. If the bond is severed at an early age, it is known as "object loss," and this is said to be the breeding ground for abnormal behavior, or what is often called psychopathology; asserted that conduct disorders and other forms of psychopathology can result from inadequate attachment and bonding in early childhood; felt that mothers should be the primary caretakers, while father's role is to support the mother emotionally rather than nurturing the child himself - most counselors would not agree with this idea today although it was popular in the 1950s
Likert scale
scale helps to improve the overall degree of measurement; response categories include such choices as strongly agree, agree, disagree, or strongly disagree; created by Rensis Likert
T-scores (aka Transformed scores)
score that uses a mean of 50 with each SD as 10; a z-score of -1.0 would be a ____ of 40 and a z-score of -1.5 would be a ____ of 35; never expressed as a negative number unlike z-scores
The Hill Interaction Matrix is a measure of
screening/selection.
All of the following words could describe someone who is a super-reasonable communicator EXCEPT
self-deprecating.
Wilhelm Wundt
set-up the first psychology laboratory in 1879 in Leipzig, Germany; his school of thought is termed structuralism because his interest was in the structure of the consciousness; convinced that psychology could be accepted as a science if consciousness could be measured
Level of significance (aka probability, level of confidence, confidence level, alpha error)
sets at .05 or lower (i.e., .01 or .001); .05 level indicates that differences would occur via chance only 5 times in 100; must be set before the experiment begins; indicated by a P; the smaller the value, the less likely the results are due to chance; lower P, lower Type I error, but higher risk of committing a Type II or beta error; must be set low
Wilcoxon
signed rank test used in place of the t test when data are nonparametric and you wish to test whether 2 correlated means differ significantly (memory: 'co' to remind you of correlated)
Abreaction
similar to catharsis in that emotions are purged, but when the emotional outburst is very powerful and/or violent.
Denial (aka suppression)
similar to repression except that it is a conscious act.
Chaining
simple terms are learned and then chained so that a complex behavior can take place
In classical conditioning, when people present a conditioned stimulus at the same time as the unconditioned stimulus, they are using
simultaneous conditioning.
Idiographic studies
single case investigations (Case studies are often misleading because the results are not necessarily generalizable.)
The death of a child is a
situational crisis.
CPT code
specifies the exact nature of the treatment being utilized to help your client (e.g., psychotherapy, hypnosis, biofeedback, or group psychotherapy); specified in addition to the DSM or ICD code for insurance payment; can specify the length of the service unit
Jane Loevinger
stage theorist who focused on ego development via seven stages and two transitions, the highest level being integrated (being similar to Maslow's self-actualized individual or Kohlberg's self-accepted universal principles stage)
Achievement testing includes
standardized norm-referenced tests, teacher-constructed criterion-referenced tests, and standardized high stakes tests.
Critical period
states that certain behaviors must be learned at an early time in the animal's development; otherwise, the behaviors will never be learned at all; associated with imprinting and Konrad Lorenz; when an organism is susceptible to a specific developmental process; marks the importune of heredity and environment on development
Factor analysis
statistical procedures that use the important or underlying factors in an attempt to summarize a lot of variables; i.e., a test which measures a counselor's ability may try to describe the three most important variables that make an effective helper, although literally hundreds of factors may exist; concerned with data reduction
Test of significance
statistical test used to determine whether a difference in the groups' scores is significant or just due to chance factors;
Descriptive statistics
statistics that describe data (e.g., the mean the median, or the mode)
Inferential statistics
statistics that infer something about the population; necessary to compare two groups (i.e., experimental and group)
The transition stage is referred to by some as the
storming stage.
Neo-Freudian
stressed the importance of cultural (social) issues and interpersonal (social) relations; i.e., Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Erik Erikson, Harry Stack Sullivan, Erich Froom
Test adaptation
strives to elicit the same responses from test-takers regardless of the examinee's cultural or linguistic backgrounds.
Repression
subconsciously forgetting a traumatic or painful event (Freudians think it is the most important of defenses)
When the past is discussed in reality therapy, the focus is on
successful behaviors.
Culture epoch theory
suggest that all cultures pass through the same stages of development in terms of evolving and maturing
Glass ceiling phenomenon
suggest that women are limited in terms of how far they can advance in the world of work; a form of occupational sex-role stereotyping that can limit women's careers
Karpman's triangle
suggested 3 roles necessary for manipulative drama (a 'game' in transaction analysis): -persecutor, rescuer, and victim
Alternative hypothesis (aka Affirmative or experimental hypothesis)
suggests that a difference will be evident between the control group and the experimental group; asserts that the IV has caused change
Maturation theory (aka maturation hypothesis)
suggests that behavior is guided exclusively via heredity factors, but that certain behaviors will not manifest themselves until the necessary stimuli are present in the environment; suggests that the individual's neural development must be at a certain level of maturity for the behavior to unfold; ex: Freud, Erikson, Gesell A counselor who believes in this concept strives to unleash inborn abilities, instincts, and drives. The client's childhood and the past are seen as important therapeutic topics.
Acculturation
suggests that ethnic and racial minorities integrate or adopt cultural beliefs and customs from the majority or dominant culture
Occupational sex segregation
suggests that female occupations generally pay less and lack the status of male occupations; most women hold low paying jobs with low status
Cognitive dissonance
suggests that humans will feel quite uncomfortable if they have two incompatible or inconsistent beliefs and thus the person will be motivated to reduce the dissonance
Balance theory (aka the tendency to maintain cognitive consistency)
suggests the individuals avoid inconsistent or incompatible beliefs; people prefer consistent beliefs
Manifest content of dreams
surface meaning of a dream
The simplest form of descriptive research is the _______, which requires a questionnaire return rate of ______ to be accurate.
survey, 50-75% (Ideal sample size for a survey is 100, compared to an experimental study which gets by with 15) Survey problems include - poor construction of instrument, low return rate, subjects are often not randomized
Systematic desensitization
systematic paradigm that lessens one's anxiety to a stimuli through gradual exposure to it (form of behavior therapy based on Pavlov's classical conditioning)
Therapeutic cognitive restructuring (aka 'changing thoughts')
takes place when a client begins thinking in a healthy new way using different internal dialogue.
Cross-validation
takes place when a researcher further examines the criterion validity of a test by administering the test to a new sample; this procedure is necessary to ensure that the original validity coefficient is applicable to others who will take the exam; this method helps guard against error factors, which are likely to be present if the original sample size is small
Negative punishment
takes place when a stimulus is removed following the behavior and the response decreases
Interpretation
takes place when the counselor uncovers a deeper meaning regarding a client's situation; highly valued in analytic and psychodynamic modalities; the timing of interpretation is important - the therapeutic relationship must first be established otherwise the client is more likely to reject the interpretation
REBT
teaches clients to think in a more scientific and logical manner
A professional counselor uses techniques from a variety of theories but does not actually embrace all the theories from which these interventions come. This is an example of
technical eclecticism.
Paradoxical technique
technique that seems to defy logic as the client is instructed to intensify or purposely engage in the maladaptive behavior; associated with the work of Victor Frankl and used by Adler; often the direct antithesis of common sense directives such as relaxation techniques; popular with family therapist due to the work of Haley and Erickson - believe it reduces a family's resistance to change
Confrontation
technique used to illuminate discrepancies between the client's and the helper's conceptualization of a given situation.
When Internet counselors are unable to use encryption software, they are ethically required to...
tell their clients about the potential risks involved in their online communications.
Reliability
tells how consistent a test measures an attribute; critical factor in test selection; the second most important concern when constructing a test; i.e., a scale that gives repeated readings which are nearly identical for the same person if the person keeps stepping on and off the scale; evidence is expressed via correlational coefficients; increasing a test's length raises ____ while shortening a test length decreases _____
Edmund Griffith Williamson
the chief spokesperson for the so-called Minnesota Viewpoint, which expanded upon Parson's model to create a theory of counseling which transcended vocational issues
Stranger anxiety
the child beings to be able to discriminate a familiar person from a person who is unknown; develops by approximately 8 months of age
Schema
the child's current cognitive structures; a system which permits the child to test out things in the physical world and process new information
Transference
the client displaces emotion felt toward a parent onto the analyst, counselor, or therapist; a form of projection, displacement, and repetition in which the client treats the counselor in the same manner as he or she would an authority figure from the past
Existentialists focus primarily on
the client's perception in the here-and-now. (focus is on what the person can ultimately become)
Respondent
the consequence of a known stimulus; i.e., a dog salivating to food or the pupil in your eye enlarging when you walk into a dark room
Unconditional positive regard
the counselor accepts the client just the way he or she is without any stipulations; Carl Rogers
Beneficence
the counselor is working for the good of the client or the group
Justice
the counselor treats all members fairly; usually applied to group situations
Nonmaleficence
the counselor will do no harm
The mean is misleading when ___ and ___
the distribution is skewed, there are extreme scores.
Macroculture (aka Majority culture)
the dominant culture or the culture that is accepted by the majority of citizens in a given society
Counterbalancing
the experimental process in which a researcher varies the order of conditions to eliminate irrelevant variables; used to control for the fact that the order of an experiment could impact upon its outcome
Pygmalion effect
the experimenter falls in love with his or her own hypothesis and the experiment becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy
Career maturity (aka vocational maturity)
the extent to which individuals are able to make career-related decisions/choices independently; measured by the CMI
Eric Berne
the father of Transactional Analysis; put Freudian lingo in everyday language and spoke of the parent ego state
Frank Parsons
the father of vocational guidance; set up centers to help individuals in search of work; in his book, Choosing a Vocation, he stressed a careful self-analysis conducted under guidance and then put down on paper to determine your personal traits. The traits could then be matched to occupations using advice from individuals who had made a careful study of men and vocations of the conditions of success --> trait-and-factor theory; his work fueled secondary school counseling and guidance in the early 1900s; some historians insist that the profession of counseling officially began when he founded the Vocational Guidance Bureau of Boston and published the book Choosing a Vocation in 1909; considered the first pioneer to focus heavily on sociocultural issues
Electra complex
the female child fantasizes about sexual relationship with the parent of the opposite sex; this creates tension since this is generally not possible; the child is said to have a fantasy in which he or she wishes to kill the parent of the opposite sex; Freud went on to hypothesize that eventually the child identifies with the parent of the same sex. This leads to internalization of parental values, and thus the conscience or superego is born.
Termination stage
the final stage of group development that generally deals with separation and termination; a time of breaking away and saying goodbye; occurs after the working phase, the leader helps members make plans for the future
Initial stage
the first stage of group development that is characterized by approach-avoidance behavior; the members are most suspicious of each other (trust vs. mistrust)
Rudolph Dreikurs
the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice; introduced Adlerian principle to the treatment of children in the school setting; student of Adler
Alfred Adler
the founder of individual psychology which stresses the inferiority complex and organ inferiority; first therapist to rely on paradox; his work has been classified as a preface to the group movement - "man's problems and conflicts are recognized in their social nature"
Pleasure principle
the id
Decrement
the idea that speed, skills, and retention would decrease as one entered old age; proven to not be true because experience impacts job performance more than age does. Therefore, some research demonstrates that older workers are actually more adept then younger ones in terms of skill as well as speed.
Race
the identification of individuals via distinct physical or bodily (somatic) characteristics such as skin color or facial features; based on genetic origin
Anticipation stage
the individual imagines himself or herself in a given career; one of the two parts in Tiedman and O'Hara's decision-making theory
Libel is all of the following, EXCEPT...
the intentional spreading of falsehoods through spoken word.
Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT)
the largest, most comprehensive source of jobs with approx. 30,000 job titles; used more than any other printed resource in the field; published by the U.S. Department of Labor; each job was given a nine digit code - first three digits designated the occupational category and division, middle three described tasks in relation to data, people, and things respectively, and the final digits helped alphabetize the titles
Stimulus discrimination
the learning process is fine tuned to respond only to a specific stimulus; opposite of stimulus generalization
Group process
the manner in which discussions and transactions occur in a group setting; analyzing the communications, interactions, and transactions
Test format
the manner in which test items are presented; types: subjective, objective, free choice, forced choice, normative, ipsative, etc.
shadow archetype
the mask behind the persona which contains id-like (child-like) material - denied yet desired (dark side of the personality)
Median
the middle score in the distribution of scores arranged from highest to lowest; measure of central tendency; best for skewed distributions or extreme scores
Z-score (aka Standard score)
the most elementary type of standard score; same as standard deviation - score of +1 or 1 SD would be the same as one standard deviation above the mean (include about 34% of the cases in a normal population)
Mode
the most frequently occurring score; the least important measure of central tendency; the highest or maximum point of concentration; the modal score is the highest point on the curve; the point of maximum concentration
Daniel Schreber
the most frequently quoted case in modern psychiatry; major delusion was that he would be transformed into a woman, become God's mate, and produce a healthier race; Freud thought he might have been struggling with unconscious issues of homosexuality; spent 9 years in a mental hospital
Repression
the most important ego defense mechanism; when one truly forgets an incident; although initially served to protect the person, it can cause emotional problems later
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III)
the most popular adult intelligence test in the world; intended for ages 16 and beyond; comprised of verbal and nonverbal scales designed to measure intellectual functioning of adolescents and adults based on a capacity to understand and cope with the world; takes 60 to 90 minutes to give; mean is 100 - IQs above 100 are above average and those shy of 100 are below average - and the standard deviation is 15
Donald Super
the most popular developmental career theorist; emphasized career development rather than career choice; emphasizes the self-concept - the individual chooses a career which allows the self-concept to be expressed; believed career can include student, employee, pensioner, retirement, civic duties, avocations, and family roles
Experiment
the most valuable type of research it is used to discover cause-and-effect relationships
Experimental research
the most valuable type of research, used to discover cause-and-effect relationships; the process of gathering data in order to make evaluative comparisons regarding different situations; must have the conditions of treatment controlled via the experimenter attempting to eliminate all extraneous variables and random assignments used in the groups; internal and external validity are important; emphasize parsimony/Occam's Razor - interpreting and explaining the results in the simplest way; confounded if undesirable variables are not kept out of the experiment; includes IV and DV
Conservation
the notion that a substance's mass, weight, and volume (in the order mastered - MWV) remain the same even if it changes shape; Piaget's term; mastered during the concrete operations stage
Raw score
the number of items correctly answered; expressed in the units by which it was originally obtained; not altered mathematically
When counseling minors, the legal right to confidentiality belongs to...
the parents or legal guardians.
True variance
the percentage of shared variance or the level of the same thing measured in both
Life-career rainbow
the person can play a number of potential roles as he or she advances through the five stages in Super's theory; parent, homemaker, worker, citizen, leisurite, student, or child; term describes the graphic display of the roles unfolding over the lifespan; the roles are played out in the theaters of the home, community, school, and work
Implementation phase (aka accommodation or induction)
the person engage in reality testing regarding his or her expectations concerning the occupation; one of the two parts in Tiedman and O'Hara's decision-making theory
Spillover
the person engages in activities similar to work during periods of leisure; i.e., an engineer who is building a satellite in his basement
Social desirability phenomenon
the person puts the answer he or she feels is socially acceptable (i.e., the test provides alternatives that are all equal in terms of social desirability)
Free choice test format (aka Free response test format)
the person taking the test can respond in any manner he or she chooses; i.e., short answer test; although this format typically can yield more information, they often take more time to score and increase subjectivity (i.e., there is more than one correct answer)
Modal personality
the personality which is characteristic or typical of the group in question; a composite personality, which is the most typical profile of a given group of people
Quartile
the points that divide a distribution into fourths; 25th percentile, 50th percentile (median), and 75th percentile; the score distance between the 25th percentile and the 75th percentile is called the interquartile range
Heritability
the portion of a trait that can be explained via genetic factors
B. F. Skinner
the prime mover in the behavioristic psychology movement; operant conditioning/instrumental learning; his reinforcement theory elaborated on Arnold Lazarus's concept of the BASIC ID used in the multimodal therapeutic approach that is eclectic and holistic
Rational imagery
used by rational-emotive behavior therapists where client is asked to imagine that he or she is in a situation which has traditionally caused disturbance)
Pearson Product-Moment correlation r
used for interval or ratio data. (memory - Pearson r uses I and R for Info and Referral)
Society
a self-perpetuating independent group which occupies a definitive territory
Jacob Moreno
invented psychodrama first coined the term 'group therapy' in 1931
O*NET Computerized Interest Profiler (CIP)
inventory uses 180 items to discern which occupations a client would like and find exciting; measures interests related to 800 occupations using John Holland's RIASEC typology and can be self-administered and self-interepreted; a new interest inventory with a paper and pencil version for this who prefer not to use the computer
The use of an uninvolved person to help with conflict resolution is
mediation.
Which of the following qualitative research traditions most assists the counselor to attend to participants' lived experiences while developing a theory on the processes of a phenomen?
Consensual qualitative research
Process Consultation
Consultant paid to diagnose the problem and prescribe a solution
_____________________ is not part of the ABCD model.
Content
NCE - Group
Corrective Recapitulation Yalom has identified several curative factors that operate in every type of therapy group. A group can serve as a microcosm of the family and allow members to work through past family problems in a more encouraging environment; Yalom refers to this process as corrective recapitulation of the primary family group.
Correlation is concerned with covariation.
Correlation does not imply causation!
A professional counselor is interested in developing an affirmative policy after investigating the treatment of gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals in a community program. The study is represented best by which paradigm?
Critical
What formula would you like use to measure the interim consistency of a test with a Likert-type scale?
Cronbach's coefficient alpha
Which identity development model includes Encounter, Immersion-Emersion, and Internalization as some of its statuses?
Cross's Nigrescence model
Two types of developmental studies
Cross-sectional and longitudinal
______________________ is NOT one of the four temperaments included in the Keirsey Temperament Sorter.
Scientist
Constructive Alternativism
What is the term for an important determinant for one's decisions and behaviors?
Causality
What is the term for the understanding that the child can cause something to happen?
Sampling Bias
What is the term for when a researcher selects a non-representative sample for his/her own convenience?
Autonomous Morality
What is the term for when children begin to realize that rules are created by people and that intentions and consequences may be taken into consideration (Begins about age 10).
Disequalibrium
What is the term for when the child's current schemas cannot process new information. The child changes the schemas and equilibration is established?
An Ordeal
What is the term when a therapist prescribes a situation that is equal or greater than the distress of the client- described symptom itself.
25 percent
What is the weight and size of the brain at the time of birth expressed as a percentage of adult weight and size?
Permissive Parenting Style
What kind of parenting style is it when parents keep their "hands off" and let children be with the hope that they will be more self-reliant?
External, Environmental Forces
What main principle do learning theorists emphasize?
Hiskey-Nebraska Test
What test assesses hearing impaired children up to 16 years old?
Brain Lateralization Theory
What theory contends that the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body?
Astin's Theory
What theory of motivation purports three primary needs (survival, pleasure, and contribution)
Easy Temperament
What type of temperament is characterized by a positive mood, quick establishment of routines an easy adaptation to new experiences?
Structural Analysis
When a counselor analyzes which ego state a client is primarily operating.
Skewed distribution
When a distribution of scores is not distributed normally (and symmetrically).
Bivariate
When correlational data describes the nature of two variables .
Perls suggested FIVE layers of neurosis:
phony, phobic, impasse, implosive, and explosive
Joseph Wolpe
pioneered the technique of systematic desensitization
In the WDEP system of reality therapy, the P stands for
plan.
Martin Seligman
popularized by learned helplessness syndrome
Deductive research
research that reduces the general to the specific. (contrasts inductive research)
Career
the broadest category because it depicts the total work one does in a lifetime plus leisure
Ideal culture
the way individuals are supposed to behave culturally
Normal curve
theoretical notion often referred to as 'bell-shaped curve'. Bell is symmetrical.
Albert Bandura
theorist who emphasized the role of modeling in the acquisition of new behaviors; self-efficacy theory is based on his work; proposed that one's belief or expectation of being successful in an occupation causes the individual to gravitate toward that particular occupation; felt that chance factors, such as accidentally being exposed to certain situations, influence career development
Bibliotherapy
use of books or writings pertaining to self-improvement. (is a form of homework)
**** This theory emphasizes that both ABILITIES (work skills) and VALUES (work needs) are important components of optimal career selection.
...
**The most important aspect of Holland's theory is the match between personality and work environment in which similar personalities choose certain careers and respond to problems in similar ways.
...
- A major criticism of this theory has been a dependence on test results. Another criticism is that it doesn't account for how interests, values, aptitudes, achievements, and personalities grow and change.
...
- Individuals are attracted to a particular role demand of an occupational environment that mets their personal needs and provides them with satisfaction.
...
- KEY ASSUMPTION: Individuals have unique patterns of ability or traits that can be objectively measured and correlated with requirements of occupations (MATCHING). These can be profiled to represent an individual's potential.
...
- KEY ASSUMPTION: Individuals seeks to achieve and maintain a positive relationship with their work environments. Individuals bring their own requirements to a work environment, and the work environment makes its requirements of individuals. To survive, individuals and work environments must achieve some degree of CONGRUENCE (CORRESPONDENCE).
...
- Used assessment and test results and other data to reveal congruence between the individual and work environment. Individual strengths and weaknesses were evaluated, with the primary purpose of finding a job that matched measured abilities and achievements.
...
1) CONSISTENCY - Defined as degree of similarity between the 6 Holland types. The closer the types are to each other, the more consistent they are.
...
1- DIFFERENTIATION - expressing one's unique individuality,
...
1. Genetic endowment and special abilities - sex, race, physical appearance, intelligence, abilities, and talents
...
1. Orientation to size and power (ages 3-5) - Thought process is concrete; children develop some sense through sex roles of what it means to be an adult.
...
2) DIFFERENTIATION- Refers to level of distinctiveness between each of the 6 Holland types (RIASEC). Because undifferentiated individuals have many interests and abilities, they often have trouble making a career choice. **A TERM USED TO DEFINE HOW WILL A PERSON'S LIKES AND DISLIKES ARE DECLARED.
...
2- SPECIFICATION (18 -21) - narrowing choices to specific preferences
...
2. EXPLORATION (15-24) - Crystallizing, Specifying, Implementing - a tentative phase in which choices are narrowed but not finalized; "trying it out" through classes, work experience, hobbies; The crystallization of traits occurs when there is progress toward forming a stable self-concept.
...
2. Environmental conditions and events - cultural, social, political, and economic forces beyond our control
...
2. Orientation to sex roles (ages 6-8) - Self-concept is influenced by gender development. Begin to assign job roles to certain sexes.
...
3- EGO IDENTITY (Central to his theory) - personal meanings, values, and relationships that are the foundation for broader integration with society.
...
3- IMPLEMENTATION (21 - 24) - completing training and entering career
...
3. ESTABLISHMENT (25-44)- Stabilizing, Consolidating, Advancing - characterized by trail and stabilization through work experiences
...
3. PERSONAL GOALS- Seen as playing a primary role in behavior. A goal is defined as the decisions to begin a particular activity or future plan. Behavior is organized or sustained based on these previously set goals
...
4. MAINTENANCE (45-64)- Holding, Updating, Innovating - characterized by a continual adjustment process to improve working position and situation.
...
4. Orientation to the internal unique self (ages 14+) - Introspective thinking promotes greater self-awareness and perceptions of others. Individual achieves greater perception of vocational aspirations in the context of self, sex role, and social class. Until this point circumscription has been mainly an unconscious process.
...
4. Task approach skills (e.g., self-observation, goal setting and information seeking).
...
5- CONSOLIDATION (35+) - period of establishment, advancement, status, and seniority.
...
5. DISENGAGEMENT (65+)- Decelerating, Retirement Planning, Retirement Living - characterized by preretirement considerations, reduced work output, and eventual retirement.
...
A MINICYCLE is a process of going through the same stages; however this occurs stage to stage. Therefore, a person would probably conduct a minimum of 6 minicycles during a maxicycle.
...
ANALYSIS (problem is reduced into components)- identifying and placing problems in a conceptual framework; Understanding Myself and My Options; what are reasons for my gap?
...
INVESTIGATIVE - analytical and precise; good with detail; prefers to work with ideas; enjoys problem solving and research; chemist, geologist, biologist, researcher
...
After circumscription has excluded options outside a perceived social and personal space, the next process is one of COMPROMISE. In this stage, individuals may be inclined to sacrifice roles they see as more compatible with their self-concept in favor of those that are perceived to be more easily accessible. Individuals give up interests, prestige, and sex type when forced to compromise.
...
Although both may be present in each session, it is likely to encounter a change from primary tension to secondary tension in the Transition Stage.
...
Anne Roe postulated that overprotective parents teach children to place emphasis on the speed at which needs are met.
...
Based on psychometric methods that could be measured.
...
Behavior MODIFICATION strategies are based heavily on INSTRUMENTAL conditioning (i.e., B. F. Skinner with the 'i'), while behavior THERAPY emphasizes CLASSICAL conditioning (Pavlov).
...
CAREER COUNSELING - a therapeutic service for adults performed outside an educational setting
...
CAREER DEVELOPMENT - Implementation of an integrated series of career decisions over the life span.
...
CAREER DEVELOPMENT - the total constellation of psychological, sociological, educational, physical, economic, and chance factors that combine to influence the nature and significance of work in the total life span of any given individual.
...
CAREER GUIDANCE - developmental and educational process within a schools system
...
CENTRAL TENDENCY BIAS - when a rater rates almost everybody in the average range
...
COERCIVE POWER - dispensing punishment or sanction to those who don't comply with the group's norms and standards. Used to bring out in the open a conflict to be resolved.
...
COGNITIVE MAPS OF OCCUPATIONS - These constitute how adolescents and adults distinguish occupations into major dimensions, specifically, masculinity/femininity, occupational prestige level, and field of work.
...
COMMITMENT - an emotional attachment to the work role
...
CONVENTIONAL - systematic and practical worker, good at following plan and attending to detail; banker, secretary, accountant
...
Career counselors should use cognitive reconstructuring, reframing, role playing, desensitization with phobias, and paradoxical intention.
...
Counselors who work as consultants generally do not adhere to one single theory.
...
During the working stage the group functions very well on its own and the leader becomes less active or directive.
...
ENTERPRISING - leadership, speaking and negotiating abilities; likes leading others towards the achievement of a goal; salesperson, tv producer, manager, lawyer
...
EXPERT POWER- member has expertise or ability that group relies on; looked upon as a very trustworthy person
...
GIS (Guidance Information System) - developed by Tiedeman and is used exclusively today.
...
GOE (The Guide of Occupational Exploration) - Published by US Department Of Labor - Helps persons "explore" jobs that are slanted toward a given "interest' area. The 12 interest areas include: Artistic, Scientific, Plants and Animals, Protective, Mechanical, Industrial, Business detail, Selling, Accommodating, Humanitarian, Leading-influencing, and Physical-performing.
...
Gelatt's decision-making model is prescriptive (describes ideal approaches to decision making). The model exerts that all decisions have similar qualities in that a choice, which has 2 or more possible courses of action, must be made and an individual must rationally analyze information accurately to predict the outcome of their choice.
...
Gestalt can imply that the integrated whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
...
Group process is the study of stages in a group. All group go through 3 stages regardless of the type of group or style of leadership. The three stages are: Beginning Stage, Middle or Working Stage, and Ending or Closing Stage.
...
However, psychotherapy groups in an inpatient setting focus more on individual concerns. The aggressive construction worker and the aforementioned personality types would be good choices for psychotherapy groups.
...
However, these are also influenced by contextual factors (e.g. job opportunities, access to training opportunities, financial resources).
...
IDENTITY ACHIEVEMENT - the status in which the adolescent has gone through an identity crisis and has made a commitment to a sense of identity (i.e., certain role or value) that he or she has chosen
...
IDENTITY FORCLOSURE - the status in which the adolescent seems willing to commit to some relevant roles, values, or goals for the future. Adolescents in this stage have not experienced an identity crisis. They tend to conform to the expectations of others regarding their future (e. g., allowing a parent to determine a career direction) As such, these individuals have not explored a range of options.
...
IDENTITY MORATORIUM- the status in which the adolescent is currently in a crisis, exploring various commitments and is ready to make choices, but has not made a commitment to these choices yet.
...
IMAGES OF OCCUPATIONS - Refer to occupational stereotypes that include personalities of people in different occupations, the work that is done, and the appropriateness of that work for different types of people.
...
INFORMATIONAL POWER - member has knowledge to accomplish a goal or task.
...
INSTRUMENTALITY (will management come through with promised rewards?)
...
In PREDICTION, standardized test data are used to predict a client's success in various areas, such as academic and career behaviors. DISCRIMINATION involves using tests and inventories to help the client learn what occupational and/or academic groups he/she resembles in terms of interests, values, personality traits, etc. MONITORING data are used to identify a client's level of career maturity (i.e., readiness to make a career choice). EVALUATION entails using tests to determine the effectiveness of an intervention (e.g., whether and to what extent intervention goals are being achieved).
...
In SCCT, career interests are regulated by self-efficacy and an outcome expectation, which means people, will form lasting interests in activities when they experience personal competency and positive outcomes. On the contrary, a belief of low personal competency will lead people to avoid activities. Perceived barriers such as those related to gender, ethnicity, age, socioeconomic status, or family constraints may create negative outcome expectations, even when people have had previous success in the given area.
...
In recent revisions of her theory, Gottfredson's (2002, 2005) elaborated on the dynamic interplay between genetic makeup and the environment. Genetic characteristics play a crucial role in shaping the basic characteristics of a person, such as interests, skills, and values, yet their expression is moderated by the environment that one is exposed to. Even though genetic makeup and environment play a crucial role in shaping the person, Gottfredson maintained that the person is still an active agent who could influence or mould their own environment. Hence, career development is viewed as a self-creation process in which individuals looked for avenues or niches to express their genetic proclivities within the boundaries of their own cultural environment.
...
Individuals implement their self concepts into career as a means of self-expression. The self concept developmental process is multidimensional. Both internal factors (aptitudes, values, personality) and external situational conditions (contextual interactions) are major determinants or self concept development.
...
Know thyself.
...
Krumboltz uses Bandura's social learning theory and lists four factors that influence career choice: Genetic endowment and special abilities, Environmental conditions and events, Learning experiences, and Task-approach skills.
...
LEGITIMATE POWER- legitimate base of social power; belief that it's ones duty to follow the leader's directions (i.e. teachers, law enforcement, supervisors)
...
LIFESTYLE - Integration of decisions in the areas of career, personal, and family relationships, spirituality, and leisure that result in a guiding purpose, meaning, and direction in life
...
LIFESTYLE - the overall balance of work, leisure, family, and social activities. AKA avocational.
...
Modifying faulty self efficacy and outcome expectations can help individuals acquire new successful experiences and open their eyes to new career occupations
...
NCE - Group
...
Noted that job satisfaction is determined by the extent to which a person's perceived needs are meet
...
OOH (The Occupational Outlook Handbook) - is also developed by the US Dept. of Labor - it describes 250 occupations, describes the nature of work, conditions, opportunities, education and training requirements, advancement potential, job outlook, salary, and related occupations. Easiest to understand.
...
One observes work environments from several perspectives, including work requirements, personal-environment-fit, and potential reinforcers of one's personal needs.
...
One should consider a number of occupations rather than just focus on one specific occupation.
...
SECONDARY Tension has to do with the individual differences and similarities that exist between and among the members as they work on issues within the group.
...
SELF-KNOWLEDGE in terms of understanding the level and depth of one's traits and characteristics is an essential element for evaluating career information: Traits of aptitude, interests, and personality types are projected into potential work environments to find CONGRUENCE and fit.
...
SIGI (System of Interactive Guidance and Information) - primarily used for college students that helps the user assess interests, values and abilities, and explore occupational alternatives.
...
SOCIAL SPACE - The zone of acceptable alternatives in each person's cognitive map of occupations, or each person's view of where they fit or want to fit in society. Career decision should center around "territories" instead of specific jobs.
...
Stage 3 (1940-1959) - was a time of significant growth of guidance needs in colleges and universities and in the training of counselors; World War II (1939-1945)
...
Stage 5 (1980-1989) - was a period of significant transitions brought on by information technology and the beginning of career counseling private practice and outplacement services.
...
Stage 6 (1990-present) - viewed as a time of changing demographics, the beginning of multicultural counseling, continued development of technology, and a focus on school-to-work transitions.
...
Step 2: Obtaining Knowledge about the World of Work- occupational requirements, conditions of success, compensations, working conditions
...
Step 3: Decision Making - TRUE REASONING of above 2 - Match the person (traits) with the career (factors).
...
Structured techniques are less effective than unstructured ones.
...
Structured techniques can foster dependency upon the leader.
...
The APA's Journal of Psychology publishes more counseling research articles than any other periodical in the field.
...
NCE - Group
... It is a dysfunctional group norm to focus on the past or issues not relevant to the group purpose. Immediate events take precedence over the past, although the group doesn't have to focus exclusively on the here-and-now. Some accounts of past incidents are important and relevant.
A study that would best rule out chance factors would have a significance level of P=___.
.001 The smaller the value for P, the more stringent the level of significance.
The most effective time interval (temporal relation) between the CS and the US is ____.
.5 seconds
Carkhuff's 'scale for measurement' levels for counseling skills
1 - not attending 2 - subtracts noticeable affect from communication 3 - feelings expressed are interchangeable with client's meaning 4 - Counselor adds to client's affect 5 - Counselor adds to client's feelings, meanings
Five Critical Client Skills:
1) Curiosity- explore learning opportunities 2) Persistence- way of dealing with obstacles 3) Flexibility- adapting and adjusting to various circumstances 4) Optimism- positive attitude when pursuing new opportunities 5) Risk-taking- necessary during unexpected events
TENTATIVE Period (ages 11-17)
1) Interest Stage - career decisions are based on likes and dislikes 2) Capacity Stage - individuals are able to assess and consider their capabilities in relation to career aspirations 3) Value Stage - personal goals and values are incorporated into the decision-making process 4) Transition Stage - availability, demand, and benefits of certain careers are taken into account
Anticipating a Choice (process of making career choice)
1- EXPLORATION: try out new behaviors and fantsize about careers 2- CRYSTALLIZATION: evaluate advantages and disadvantages about possible alternatives, which leads to vocational clarification 3- CHOICE: a choice is made and they may feel confident or unsure about the decision 4- SPECIFICATION: reassess their decision and clarify options
Asserts that information can be organized into 3 systems:
1- PREDICTIVE SYSTEM- concerned with probable alternatives, actions, and possibilities 2- VALUE SYSTEM - concerned with one's relative preferences, likes, and dislikes regarding the outcomes 3- DECISION SYSTEM - provides rules and criteria for evaluating the outcome
Power of a statistical test
1- beta (Power connotes a statistical test's ability to correctly reject a false null hypothesis.)
Freud's two basis instincts or urges
1. Eros - the life instincts 2. Thanatos - destructive or death instincts
Group Stages (4)
1. Initial Stage 2. Transition Stage 3. Working Stage 4. Termination Stage
Trait-and-Factory Theory Three Steps
1. Knowledge of the self and aptitudes and interests 2. Knowledge of jobs, including advantages and disadvantages of them. 3. Matching the individual with the work.
Gould's (1978) six stages of adult development?
1. Leaving the Parent's World (16-22) 2. Getting into the adult world (22-28) 3. Questioning and Reexamination (28-34) 4. Midlife Decade (35-45) 5. Reconciliation and Mellowing (43-50) 6.Stability and Acceptance (50 and over)
Freud's Five Life Stages
1. Oral (0-2 years) 2. Anal (2-3 years) 3. Phallic (3-6 years) 4. Latency (6-puberty) 5. Genital (puberty)
Freud's 3 sources of biological energy
1. Sexuality 2. Drives of hunger and pain 3. Aggression
The peak period of competition between therapies was during the late
1960s
Forces of psychology
1st - psychoanalysis 2nd - behaviorism 3rd - humanism 4th - multiculturalism
How many morphemes does the word "books" have?
2
In a normal distribution, ______________________ of scores falls between -1 and +2 standard deviations?
81.5%
Cognitive Information Processing (CIP)
> 10 Assumptions 1. Career choice results from an interaction of cognitive and affective processes 2. Making career choices is a problem-solving activity 3. The capabilities of career problem solvers depend on the ability of cognitive operations as well as knowledge. 4. Career problem solving is a high-memory-load task 5. Motivation 6. Career development involves continual growth and change in knowledge structures. 7. Career identity depends on self-knowledge. 8. Career maturity depends on one's ability to solve career problems 9. The ultimate goal of career counseling is achieved by facilitating the growth of information-processing skills. 10. The ultimate aim of career counseling is to enhance the client's capabilities as a career problem solver and a decision maker.
Development of Career Counseling
> 6 Stages (4-6) Stage 4 (1960-1979) - highlighted by organizational career development. The nature of work become more appropriately viewed as a very pervasive life role; Vietnam War (1960-1975)
Cognitive Information Processing (CIP)
> CASVE Cycle (Decision Skills Domain) COMMUNICATION (identifying a need - problems perceived as a gap) -receiving, encoding, and sending out queries; Knowing I need to make a choice
Computer Programs
> CIDS, SIGI CIDS (The Career Information Delivery System) - developed by the Univ. of Oregon, helps career counselors manage clerical and administrative tasks, exploration, interpretation, awareness of various careers and the decision making process.
Developmental Theories
> Career Pattern CAREER PATTERN is determined by the parent's SES, mental ability, education, skills, personality characteristics, and career maturity. A career pattern is established when a person combines their life roles which are comprised of a lifestyle, life space, and life cycle.
Effects
> Compensatory Effect, Spillover Theory, Recency Effect COMPENSATORY EFFECT - proposes that in their leisure time people compensate for what they do during their work hours. For example, an accountant would compensate for a conservative, structured work environment by participating in a daring leisure activity like skydiving.
Developmental Theories
> Ginzberg and Associates (1951) FANTASY Period (around age 11) - Play gradually becomes work oriented and reflects initial preferences for certain kinds of activities. Occupational preference reflects identification with role of an adult they know.
Developmental Theories
> Ginzberg and Associates (1951) REALISTIC Period (ages 17 -21)
Developmental Theories
> Gottfredson's Circumscription, Compromise, and Self-Creation: A Developmental Theory of Occupational Aspirations > 4 Stages (1-2) 4 Stages of Cognitive Development / Stages of Circumscription
Developmental Theories
> Gottfredson's Circumscription, Compromise, and Self-Creation: A Developmental Theory of Occupational Aspirations > 4 Stages (3-4) 3. Orientation to social valuation (ages 9-13) - Development of concepts of social class contributes to the awareness of self-in-situation. Preferences for level of work develop. They will begin to designate some jobs as unacceptable because they fall below a minimum status level (tolerable level boundary) and some higher status jobs as unacceptable because they represent too much effort or risk of failure (tolerable effort boundary).
Trait-Oriented Theories
> John Holland's Typology - Career Choice is an expression of, or an extension of personality into the world of work. Individuals search for environments that will let them exercise their skills and abilities, express their attitudes and values, and take on agreeable problems and roles. Their are six kinds of occupational environments and six matching personal orientations.
Trait-Oriented Theories
> John Holland's Typology 3) IDENTITY - Describes individuals who identify with their work environment and have a clear and stable picture of their goals, interests, and talents. Client who have many occupational goals have low identity.
Trait-Oriented Theories
> John Holland's Typology Holland's hexagonal model has 5 key concepts:
Trait-Oriented Theories
> John Holland's Typology Instruments that use Holland's Classifications include: Kuder Preference Record, Strong Interest Inventory (SII), Self-directed Search (SDS), Career Aptitude Placement Survey (CAPS), and Career Occupational Preference Survey (COPS).
Learning Theory of Career Counseling (LTCC)
> John Krumboltz The 4 main factors that influence career choice:
Learning Theory of Career Counseling (LTCC)
> John Krumboltz (1990) Tenets: Each individual's unique learning experiences over the life span develop primary influences that lead to career choice. Development involves genetic endowments and special abilities, environmental conditions and events, learning experiences, and task approach skills.
SOCIAL LEARNING & COGNITIVE THEORIES
> Learning Theory of Career Counseling (LTCC) (1990) > Cognitive Information Process (CIP) (1996) > Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) (1996)
Effects
> Leniency/Strictness Effect, Central Tendency Bias, Halo Effect LENIENCY/STRICTNESS EFFECT - occurs when a rater tends to give employees very high/lenient or very low/strict rating while avoiding the middle/average range.
Ann Roe (1956)
> Needs Theory Ann Roe's theory is the most deterministic approach. Roe believed that the type of parenting one receives influences the career choice of child - innate tendencies and expression of needs. Career choices gratify one's needs. Children whose parents provide a warm, accepting, and protected environment choose person-oriented occupations. Children whose parents were cold or rejecting choose technical or scientific careers. "An appropriate and satisfying vocation can be the bulwark against neurotic ills or a refuse from them. An inappropriate vocation can be sharply deleterious."
Ann Roe (1956)
> Needs Theory Anne Roe was the first career specialist to develop a two-dimensional system of occupational classification that utilizes FIELDS and LEVELS.
Trait-and-Factor Theory
> Parsons' True Reasoning 3 Step Model Step 1: Assessment of Self - gaining clear understanding of your aptitudes, abilities, resources, and limitations.
Trait-Oriented Theories
> Person-Environment-Correspondence (PEC) - OCCUPATIONAL REINFORCERS (achievement, advancement, authority, coworkers, activity, security, social service) are vital to an individual's work adjustment.
Trait-Oriented Theories
> Person-Environment-Correspondence (PEC) - The process of achieving and maintaining correspondence with a work environment is referred to as WORK ADJUSTMENT. The principle indicator of work adjustment is TENURE.
Trait-Oriented Theories
> Person-Environment-Correspondence (PEC) - Used to be referred to as Theory of Work Adjustment
Trait-Oriented Theories
> Person-Environment-Correspondence (PEC) Environmental Structure: characteristic abilities and values of individuals who inhabit the work environment. Basic assumption is that clients who have abilities and values similar to individuals already on the job will make it less difficult for an individual to adjust to a work environment. This is example of MATCHING.
Cognitive Information Processing (CIP)
> Problem, Problem Solving, Decision Making, Career Development, Lifestyle PROBLEM - a gap between the existing and the ideal; gap between indecision and decidedness
Cognitive Information Processing (CIP)
> Pyramid of Information-Processing Domains (Base & Middle) (Base) KNOWLEDGE DOMAINS > "Knowing about myself and knowing about my options" > Self-Knowledge (one's interests, abilities, values) > Occupational Knowledge
Cognitive Information Processing (CIP)
> Pyramid of Information-Processing Domains (Top) (Top) EXECUTIVE PROCESSING DOMAIN > "Thinking about my decision making." > Meta-Cognitions (skills initiating, coordinating, storing, and retrieving information. Used in problem solving: a) Self-Talk (creates expectations and reinforces behavior; alters task approach skills; positive required for effective problem solving) b) Self-Awareness (balance between individual goals and the goals of important others c) Control (ability to control impulsive actions in the career decision process; know when to move to next phase in CASVE cycle).
Trait-Oriented Theories
> RIASEC descriptions RIA REALISTIC - has practical abilities and would prefer to work with machine or tools rather than people; mechanic, farmer, builder, pilot
Developmental Theories
> Super's 5 DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS 1- CRYSTALLIZATION (14-18) - forming a preferred career plan and how to implement it
Developmental Theories
> Super's 5 LIFE STAGES and 3 Substages 1. GROWTH (birth-14) - Curiosity, Fantasy, Interest - development of capacity, attitudes, interests, and needs associated with self concepts.
Developmental Theories
> Super's Life Rainbow > Super's Archway Model The Life Rainbow is a two dimensional scheme of life stages that includes the Longitudinal: a maxi cycle life span with mini cycle stages and the Latitudinal: life space roles throughout life.
Developmental Theories
> Super's Life Roles People tend to play some or all of nine major roles:
Developmental Theories
> Super's Maxicycle & Minicycle The process of change is a MAXICYCLE. Any life-career stage depends on Readiness to cope. A MAXICYCLE is the progression through stages of one's lifetime (birth, growth, exploration, establishment, maintenance, decline, and death).
Developmental Theories
> Super's SELF-CONCEPT Career decisions reflect our attempts at translating our self-understanding into career terms.
Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) (1996)
> The Big 3 (1) The personal determinants (Big 3) of career development have been conceptualized as:
Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) (1996)
> The Big 3 (2-3) 2. OUTCOME EXPECTATIONS- Imagined consequences of engaging in particular behaviors - Beliefs about: Extrinsic reinforcement (tangible rewards) Intrinsic reinforcement (pride in achievement) Outcomes derived from task process (absorption) Values, defined as preferences for particular reinforcers or work conditions (money, status, autonomy, etc.) are incorporated into outcome expectations. That is, we expect to receive these things when we engage in certain activities.
Trait-and-Factor Theory
> Williamson's 6 Stages of Career Guidance 1. ANALYSIS: data gathering attitudes, interests, ect. 2. SYNTHESIS: strengths & weaknesses 3. DIAGNOSIS: I.D. the problem; discover its causes; 4 categories for diagnosing: No Choice, Uncertain Choice, Discrepancy between interest and aptitudes/abilities and field, Unwise Choice 4. PROGNOSIS: how successful will the client be? 5. COUNSELING: if poor prognosis, client should receive additional counseling, which is likely to involve a recycling through the previous steps 6. FOLLOW-UP: was course of action correct?
(Middle) DECISION SKILLS DOMAIN
>"Knowing how I make decisions" > General information processing skills (CASVE)
Developmental Theories
>Life-Span Life-Space (Donald Super; 1957) A major point of Super's theory is that work / life satisfaction is depended upon the extent of adequate outlets for abilities, interests, personality, and values.
Descriptive Statistics
???????????????????????
Incorporating a biosocial developmental approach, her theory describes how people become attracted to certain occupations. Self-concept in vocational development is a key factor to career selection because people want jobs that are compatible with their self-images.
A key factor in career decision is self-concept that is determined by one's social class, level of intelligence, and experiences with sex-typing. Individual development progresses through 4 stages.
Counter-Conditioning
A negative conditioned stimulus is paired with a pleasant stimulus that elicits a response that is incompatible with the unwanted conditioned response
Correlations range from 0.00 (no relationship) to 1.0 or -1.0 (perfect relationship).
A positive relationship is not stronger than a negative relationship of the same numerical value. (i.e., .70 and -.70 are the same significance)
Correlation coefficient
A statistic that indicates the degree or magnitude of relationship between two variables, often abbreviated using the lower-case 'r'. (Makes a statement regarding the association of two variables and how a change in one is related to the change in the other.)
t test
A t-test is used to determine whether two sample groups are significantly different, simple form of the ANOVA, for comparing 2 sample groups (for "two-groups" or "two-randomized groups" research design)
A 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used for testing ONE IV.
A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to test TWO IVs. (Two IVs requires a two-way ANOVA, 3 IVs requires a 3-way ANOVA, etc.)
If t value is less than the t value in a statistical table
ACCEPT the null hypothesis (computations must exceed the number cited in the table in order to reject null)
One's life is accepted and one realizes that some things can't be changed
According to Gould, what are the characteristics of life development at 43-53 years of age?
Resolution phase
According to Master's and Johnson, what is the stage of sexual response where there is a decrease of sexual tension as the person returns to the unstimulated state?
The adjustment to pregnancy and new responsibilities
According to Rossi, there are 4 stages of parental development. What is the anticipatory stage?
The child leaving home
According to Rossi, there are 4 stages of parental development. What is the disengagement stage?
NCE - Group
According to research on organizational behavior, which of the following is the best method for lessening the tendency for group members to think alike: A- assign a clear decisive leader B- suggest that group members write down anonymous suggestions rather than discuss them out loud C- separate the group into two or three smaller groups D- ensure that the most vocal group members delay their decisions until later in the decision making process - RATIONALE - D. The question describes the phenomenon of groupthink in which group members think alike. The most vocal group members tend to be leaders and their opinions are often mirrored by the followers. By delaying their decisions, they allow different opinions to emerge. The assignment of a leader (A) is not necessary - usually, leaders will emerge.
An experiment is confounded when
An experiment is confounded when undesirable variables are not kept out of the experiment.
Iconic Mode
At what stage of cognitive development is a child If her knowledge is based heavily on images which stand for perceptual events (pictures stand for events).
Alfred Adler's Contribution of Birth Order
Birth order makes a difference. Oldest, Second, Middle, Youngest, Only
Stroking
According to the principles of TA, what is defined as any recognition, whether positive, negative, conditional or unconditional
________________________ refers to providing feedback to stakeholders.
Accountability
Early Recollections
Adler's teaching that early recollections are key to understanding an individual's style of life
Social connectedness
Adler's term for a belief that people wish to 'belong'. (suggests we need one another)
Which of the following four options represents the least complementary transaction?
Adult to natural child
_____________________ has been translated to mean "fear of the marketplace."
Agoraphobia
Lifestyle, birth order, and family constellation are emphasized by _____.
Alfred Adler (Adlerians believe lifestyle is predictable self-fulfilling prophecy based on psychological feelings about self)
The indivisible self model of wellness is based on _____________________ psychological theory.
Alfred Adler's
Individual psychology
Alfred Adler's theory; analyzed organ inferiority and methods in which the individual attempts to compensate for it; emphasizes the drive for superiority or perfection that motivates behavior; believes sibling interaction may have more impact than parent/child interaction; emphasizes social connectedness; believe that our lifestyle is a predictable self-fulfilling prophecy based on our psychological feelings about ourselves; stresses the importance of birth order in the family constellation; didactic and uses homework assignments; current family therapy movement has roots in this theory; believes behavior must be studied in a social context, never in isolation
Another name for 'Type I error'
Alpha error
Confederate (also known as 'stooge')
An accomplice who poses as a client being studied. (Frequently used in social psychology studies.)
unconditioned (unlearned) response
An association that naturally exists 9 (i.e., salivating when food is around)
Super recognized that individuals can recycle through the various stages during their lifetime, reentering a stage that they have been through before. Which of the following scenarios is an example of recycling?
An employee loses her job in construction after 15 years and begins taking classes at the local college to pursue a career in agriculture.
Columbia Mental Maturity Scale
An individually administered mental ability test for children that requires minimal verbal response
Person-environment theory
Anne Roe; a personality approach to career choice based on the premise that a job satisfies an unconscious need; primarily psychoanalytic, though it also draws on Maslow's hierarchy of needs; utilizes a two-dimensional system of occupation classification utilizing fields and levels; in terms of career choice, lower order needs take precedence over higher order needs (job meets the most urgent needs); career choice is influenced by genetics, parent-child interaction, unconscious motivators, current needs, interests (people/things), education, and intelligence; some support comes from the Rorschach and the TAT - projective tests
Which of the following is a DSM-5 neurodevelopment disorder?
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Ahistoric therapy
Any psychotherapeutic model that focuses on the here-and-now rather than the past.
Filial piety regarding family applies most closely to which cultural group?
Asian Americans
_____________________ are mistakenly considered to be the model minority.
Asian Americans
__________________________ are considered the fastest-growing racial and ethnic group.
Asian Americans
Reasoning and Physical World
Assuming that Brain Lateralization Theory is correct, what function does the left hemisphere play?
Stage 3: Orientation to social valuation
Assuming there are 4 major developmental stages that have effects on occupational aspirations, how can the stage between the ages of 9-13 be defined?
Tiedeman & O'Hara: Theory of Career Decision Making (1963)
Assumption that one is responsible for one's own behavior because one has the capacity for choice and lives in a world which is not deterministic.
Three Basic Leadership Styles
Autocratic (Authoritarian), Democratic, and Laissez Faire.
Mary becomes angry with God after the death of her close friend, and she questions herself as a spiritual person. What spiritual identity development status is Mary most likely in?
Awakening
Arnold Lazarus's concept of BASIC ID (multimodal approach)
B - behavior including acts, habits, reactions A - affective responses like emotions, mood S - sensations, hearing, touch I - images, the way we perceive C - cognitions, thoughts, insights I - interpersonal relationships D - drugs, alcohol, legal or illegal
A behavioral
B cognitive-behavioral C Gestalt D psychoanalysis - RATIONALE - Behavioral groups are more concerned with achieving a particular end goal or "product" - i.e., quitting smoking, becoming more extroverted, losing weight, dealing with anger, etc. Although such end results may be desirable for the other theories, those groups are more likely to be concerned with the impact of the therapy process itself.
Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT)
Bandura's Triadic Reciprocal Model of Causality - these factors are all affecting each other simultaneously: • personal attributes • external environmental factors • overt behavior
Basic Research
Basic Research is conducted to advance our understanding of theory.
Erikson's First Psychosocial Stage - Early Infancy (Birth - 1 year)
Basic Trust vs. Mistrust
Behavioral Theorists
Behavioral theory is based on the belief that behavior is learned. Classic conditioning is one type of behavioral therapy that stems from early theorist IVAN PAVLOV's research. Pavlov executed a famous study using dogs, which focused on the effects of a learned response (e.g., a dog salivating when hearing a bell) through a stimulus (e.g., pairing the sound of a bell with food). B. F. SKINNER developed another behavioral therapy approach, called operant conditioning. He believed in the power of rewards to increase the likelihood of a behavior and punishments to decrease the occurrence of a behavior. Behavioral therapists work on changing unwanted and destructive behaviors through behavior modification techniques such as positive or negative reinforcement.
Between-Subjects Design
Between-Subjects Design is a research study uses different subjects for each condition. (Each subject receives only one value of the IV)
Career Terms
CAREER - the total work one does in a lifetime plus leisure.
Career Salience
Career Salience refers to the significance an indivudal places on the role of career in relationship to other life roles. Career Salience involves 3 factors:
Which inventory would you administer to determine whether a client is experiencing decision-making confusion, commitment anxiety, and/or external conflict in regard to vocational decision making?
Career Thoughts Inventory
Every individual has potential. People have skills and talents that they develop through different life roles making them capable of a variety of tasks and numerous occupations.
Career development is life long
Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) (1996)
Career problem solving is primarily a cognitive process that can be improved through a sequential procedure known as CASVE, which includes generic processing skills. A GAP exists between the client's current situation and future career decision. Counselors are to seek out the problems and factors in this GAP.
One of the most popular sexual identity development models that was often used in developing other identity development models was developed by
Cass
Jung's Archetypes
Common, collective unconscious which is passed on from generation to generation
Which of the following is an example of a cross-sectional design?
Comparing the impact of a bullying incident across grade levels.
Freud's greatest contribution to psychological thought
Concept of the unconscious
Constructive Play
Define the self regulated creation of a product or problem-solution. Requires combining sensorimotor/practice repetitive activity with symbolic representation of thought
Terms
Delayed Entrants - In relation to the work force homemakers, military personnel, and the paroled are considered delayed entrants due to their absence from the work place for various periods of time.
______________________ is the most successful form of conditioning.
Delayed conditioning
NCE - Group
Depending upon the theoretical orientation of a group, the group meeting emphasis will vary, as will the goals of group members. Which of the following groups is most likely to focus on a specific goal to be attained: A T-group B behavioral group C existential group D Gestalt group - RATIONALE - Although all of the groups listed may have specific goals, the other groups are "process-oriented" groups, while behavioral groups are clearly "goal-oriented." Behavioral group therapy is similar to other types of behavioral therapy, in which the goal is to identify a target behavior and change it.
Alloplastic View
Development is the result of one's adapting to other people and objects. What is this view of cognitive development called?
The safest way to avoid Type I/Type II errors is to set alpha (significance level) at a very stringent level and use a large sample size for the study.
Differences revealed via large samples are more likely to be genuine than differences revealed using small sample size.
Freud's concept of Preconscious Mind
Easily recalled but not currently known memories and drives
EMDR
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (Francine Shapiro)
The Buckley Amendment is also known as the...
Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act.
The ____________________ allows employees to take up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave when they are unable to perform their job, need to care for a sick family member, or need to provide care to a child.
Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993
According to the U. S. Department of Labor's 2005 Occupational Projections, _______________________ occupations are expected to decline.
Farming, Fishing, and Forestry
Alfred Adler
Father of Individual Psychology
Sigmund Freud
Father of Psychoanalysis (originally worked with Adler, Jung, and Viennese neurologist [re: talking cure])
William Glasser
Father of Reality Therapy
William Glasser
Father of reality therapy
Alfred Adler
Father of the "inferiority complex"
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE)
Guide published by Department of Labor; it lists groups of jobs in 14 interest areas.
Adler's idea of "inferiority"
Feelings of inferiority come from one's self not matching the self-ideal.
Major goals:
Find methods of defining specific mediators from which learning experiences shape and influence career behavior. Explain how variables (interest, abilities, values) interrelate and influence career outcomes
Platykurtic distribution
Flatter and more spread out than a normal curve. (Memory: 'Plat' sounds like 'flat')
Frank Parsons
Founding Father of Guidance movement
The word 'eclectic' is most associated with
Frederick C. Thorne (felt true eclecticism was more a 'hodgepodge of facts') -preferred the term 'psychological case handling' rather than psychotherapy)
Oedipus/Electra complex
Freud's most controversial theory
Loves to be touched and held closely
From birth to 4 months an infant weighs 10-18 pounds and has a length of 23-27 inches. What can be said about emotional development at this age?
Gelatt's Decision-Making Model (1962)
Gelatt's decision-making model is a sequential model that includes generating alternatives and evaluating the consequences and desirability of each as steps in the sequence.
Counselors who works as consultants adhere to what theory (theories)?
Generally do NOT adhere to One Single Theory
Erikson's Seventh Psychosocial Stage - Middle Adulthood (35-65 years)
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Thanatos
Greek for 'death' (i.e., 'Thanatologists study death')
Eros
Greek god of 'love of life' Freudians use it also to mean 'self-preservation'
Secondary Group
Group works to reduce the severity or length of a problem and generally includes aspects of prevention. (A problem or disturbance is present but not usually severe)
Trait-Oriented Theories
Holds the position that individuals are attracted to an occupational environment that meets their personal needs and provides them with satisfaction.
Holistic/Integrative Therapy Theorists
Holistic and integrative therapy involves integrating various elements of different theories to the practice. In addition to traditional talk therapy, holistic therapy may include nontraditional therapies such as hypnotherapy or guided imagery.
Enterprising
Holland's personality type that like to see to others or perform leadership tasks; tend to value power and status; i.e., real estate agents, business owners, television producers, and hotel managers
Realistic (aka motoric)
Holland's personality type that likes machines; i.e., truck driver, an auto mechanic, or plumbing
Investigative
Holland's personality type that likes to think his or her way through a problem; i.e., scientists, design engineers, geologists, mathematicians, and philosophers
Social
Holland's personality type that prefers to solve problems using interpersonal skills and feelings; i.e., teachers, counselors, speech therapists, social workers
Conventional
Holland's personality type that values conformity, structure, rules, and feels comfortable in a subordinate role; i.e., statisticians, bank clerks, bookkeepers, clerical workers, and controllers
Artistic
Holland's personality type that values feelings over pure intellectual or cognitive ability; i.e., ballet instructor, writer, or singer; shuns conformity as well as structure; emphasis on self-expression
Test Reliability
How consistent does the test measure an attribute
Which of the following is NOT an example of an externalizing question?
How long have you been sad?
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator uses four dichotomous scales to measure personality. What specific aspect of personality does the sensing vs. intuition scale measure?
How you perceive the world around you
Humanistic Approach Theorists
Humanistic theories include: CLIENT-CENTERED, GESTALT, and EXISTENTIAL THEORIES. Carl Rogers developed client-centered therapy, which focuses on the belief that clients control their own destinies. He believed that all therapists need to do is show their genuine care and interest. Gestalt therapists' work focuses more on what's going on in the moment versus what is being said in therapy. Existential therapists help clients find meaning in their lives by focusing on free will, self-determination, and responsibility.
Sexual Coercion
If Sid threatens to tell Mary's mother that she smokes Marijuana unless she has sex with him, what type of harassment is he guilty of?
Attempts to touch, grab, kiss, fondle
If a person is found guilty of sexual assault, what behaviors were included toward the harassed person?
Without will; no desires
If a person suffers from schizophrenia and is in the AVOLITION phase, how can his behavior be characterized?
Multiple treatment interference
If a subject receives more than one treatment, it is often tough to discern which modality caused the improvements.
Reliable experiement
If an experiment can be replicated by others with almost identical findings.
Motivation
If modeling or acquiring of learning through observation occurs through four processes, what is the process where reinforcement, either internal/self reinforcement or external is required for behavior to be maintained and regularly manifested?
Cannon-Bard Theory
In a lecture or yours, you are discussing the theory that pertains to which comes first, the physical action or the emotional reaction. What is this theory called?
Construct Validity
In a research report you are writing about the extent to which a test measures a concept or trait of interest. What is this called?
Criterion Related Validity
In a research report, you are writing about the extent to which a test can predict, diagnose or classify and individual's behavior in specific situations. What is this called?
Traditionally, PROBABILITY in social science research is set at _____ or lower (i.e., 01, .001).
In social sciences, the accepted probability level is usually .05 or less (.05 indicates differences would occur via chance only 5 times in 100.
Cognitive Theorists
In the 1960s, psychotherapist AARON BECK developed cognitive theory. This counseling theory focuses on how people's thinking can change feelings and behaviors. Unlike psycho-dynamic theory, therapy based on cognitive theory is brief in nature and oriented toward problem-solving. Cognitive therapists focus more on their client's present situation and distorted thinking than on their past. Cognitive behavioral therapy, or CBT, has been found in research to help with a number of mental illnesses including anxiety, personality, eating, and substance abuse disorders.
The response occurs prior to the effect (reward)
In the case of Classical Conditioning stimulus-response sequence, the stimulus precedes the response. What happens in the case of operant conditioning?
Successive Approximation
Increments of change toward a desired behavior are reinforced, thereby shaping the response to the desired behavior
Independent Group Comparison Design
Independent Group Comparison Design, In a study of two groups, change in one group DID NOT influence the other group.
Which law most protects children with disabilities concerning public education?
Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA) of 2004
Which of the following is NOT true regarding self-efficacy?
Individuals with low self-efficacy may overestimate their actual abilities.
Erikson's Fourth Psychosocial Stage - Middle Childhood (6-11 years)
Industry vs. Inferiority
Erikson would consider a normal 4-year old child to be in the _____________________ stage of personality development.
Initiative vs. Guilt
3. Instrumental and associative learning experiences
Instrumental= person's behavior leads to a consequence (punishment or reward) Associative= observational learning, classical conditioning
Internal Validity
Internal validity 'in experiments' refers to whether the Dependent Variables, 'DVs' , the data were truly influenced by the experimental independent variables, 'IVs', treatment or if other factors impacted the Data.
Postconventional level
Kohlberg's level of morality also known as self-accepted morality. A person who reaches this level is concerned with universal, ethical principles of justice, dignity, and equality of human rights; many people never reach this level; stages: legal principles & universal moral principles
Preconventional level
Kohlberg's level of morality where the child responds to consequences and where reward and punishment greatly influence the behavior; stages: punishment & obedience and mutual benefit
Conventional level
Kohlberg's level of morality where the individual wants to meet the standards of the family, society, and even the nation; the individual wishes to conform to the roles in society and live up to society's expectations so that authority and social order can prevail; stages: interpersonal expectations & law-and-order
Moral Stages of Development
Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development constitute an adaptation of a psychological theory originally conceived by the Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget. ... The six stages of moral development are grouped into three levels: pre-conventional morality, conventional morality, and post-conventional morality.
John B. Watson is associated with what study?
Little Albert (demonstrated that fears were learned and not the result of some unconscious conflict)
The worldview that the environment accounts for actions that occur is best captured by which of Sue's (1978) dimensions?
Locus of responsibility
C. G. Jung said men operate on logic (aka ____) principle, while women are intuitive, operating on the ____ principle.
Logos, Eros (Founder of Analytic Psychology)
What parental style encourages autonomy while providing love and support?
Loving acceptance
_________________________ is NOT a characteristic that usually leads to higher member satisfaction.
Mandatory attendence
After spending 5 years in the United States, Maya believes she no longer belongs in her home culture and does not fit in the host culture. Which acculturation model best describes her acculturation level?
Marginalization
T-score (often called transformed score)
Mean of 50 with each SD of 10 [different from a Z-score] (i.e., a Z score of -1.0 would be a T score of 40. A Z-score of -1.5 would be a T-score of 35, etc.) - Not mathematically threatening because never expressed as a negative number.
Which objective personality test is designed to identify DSM-5 Axis II personality disorders?
Millán Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI-III)
Which one of the following is NOT an advantage associated with computer-based testing?
Minimizes human contact and involvement in the testing process
Most common measures of central tendency
Mode, Median, Mean
Sexual Bribery
Morton, who is Sarah's boss, is suggesting sex with her for a salary raise and promotion. What type of harassment has he committed?
...
NCE - Group Corrective recapitulation of the primary family group</question> A belief by the dominant culture that the minority group possesses a pattern of negatively valued traits is best referred to as:
The ______________________ is a division of ACA that strives to promote individuals' career development throughout the lifespan.
National Career Development Association (NCDA)
Negative reinforcement requires withdrawal of an aversive (negative) stimulus to increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur.
Negative reinforcement is NOT the same thing as punishment.
NOIR
Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio
Four basic measurement scales (by. S. S. Steven)
Nominal - simplest type, strictly qualitative NOT quantitative Ordinal Interval Ratio
...
Non-Directional hypothesis A non-directional hypothesis is two tailed. You assume that by manipulating the independent variable there will be a change in the dependent variable. You cannot predict if this change will be positive or negative. For example if you ask someone to roll a ball in their hands while trying to remember a list of words (the IV) this could either have a positive or negative impact on their ability to recall the words (the DV).
___________________________ is NOT a Computer-Assisted Career Guidance System.
Occupational Information Network (O*NET)
Vertical sampling
Occurs when persons from two or more socioeconomic classes are used.
Individuals with Conduct Disorder cannot simultaneously be diagnosed with
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Occupational Outlook Handbook (OOH)
Originally published by US Department of Labor in 1946 to aid war veterans. Most popular source used by career counselors. Easiest Guide to read and understand
Autonomous morality
Piagetian stage of moral development that occurs around 10 years that is character by the child's perception that rules are relative and can be altered or changed
Preoperations stage
Piagetian stage that focuses on egocentrism, cent ration, and acquisition of symbolic schema
Concrete operations stage
Piagetian stage that focuses on mastering conservation, counting, and reversibility
Sensorimotor stage
Piagetian stage that focuses on reflexes, object permanence, and representational thought
Scattergram (also known as scatterplot)
Pictorial diagram or graph of two variables being correlated.
NCE - Group
Pre-Interview The pre-interview serves as an INFORMED CONSENT procedure. Each member becomes aware of what is expected of them and what takes place in this type of group before it begins.
Which of the following is most likely an example of restriction of range?
Prediction of graduate school grades among students scoring >1400 on the Graduate Record Examination
Eight periods of life-span development
Prenatal; Infancy; Early Childhood; Middle and Late Childhood; Adolescence; Early adulthood; Middle adulthood; Late adulthood
Information that is known to self but unknown to others is found in which quadrant of the Johari window?
Private/hidden quadrant
Experimental Research
Process of gathering data in order to make evaluative comparisons regarding different situations
The 6 "levels" of skill include:
Professional & Managerial 1, Professional & Managerial 2, Semi-Professional / Small bBsiness, Skilled, Semi-Skilled, and Unskilled.
_____________________________ is one of the two most essential group member tasks.
Providing feedback
According to the NCDA Code of Ethics, which of the following behaviors is considered unacceptable when using the Internet?
Providing services to clients who refuse to self-identify
Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic Theory
Psychoanalysis or psychodynamic theory, also known as the "historical perspective," has its roots with SIGMUND FREUD, who believed there were unconscious forces that drive behavior. The techniques he developed, such as free association (freely talking to the therapist about whatever comes up without censoring), dream analysis (examining dreams for important information about the unconscious), and transference (redirecting feelings about certain people in one's life onto the therapist) are still used by psychoanalysts today.
NCE - Group
Psychodrama Moreno is considered the originator of psychodrama in a group setting and is often called the "father" of psychodrama.
NCE - Group
Psychodynamic Approach The psychodynamic approach attempts to uncover the unconscious determinants of groups members' present behavior. Psychodynamic group leaders do not require members to remain strictly in the here-and-now.
Ordinal scale (2nd level of measurement)
Rank-orders variables, though distance between the variables may not be equal - Provides relative placement or standing but does not delineate absolute differences (adding/subtracting is no-no) (Memory: 'ordinal' sounds like 'order')
Which one of the following is NOT true?
Rating scales are used to assess the presence or absence of an attribute.
Two basic classes of intermittent reinforcement schedules
Ratio - based on # of responses ('variable' often used with this) Interval - based on time elapsed ('fixed' often used with this)
Content Validity
Rational or logical validity. Does test examine or sample the behavior under scrutiny?
William Glasser is to reality therapy as Albert Ellis is to
Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT) (Ellis is father of REBT)
Types of ego defense mechanisms
Rationalization, Compensation, Repression, Projection Reaction formation, Identification, Introjection, Denial, Displacement
Spontaneous Recovery
Recurrence of the previous extinguished conditioned response after a rest period
____________________ is NOT a component of the tripartite model of multicultural counseling competence.
Relationship
A professional school counselor releases a client's test results to a bachelor's-level case manager who has no training in testing and assessment. What ethical guideline was violated?
Release of results to qualified professionals
Counselor's Social Power or Social Influence Three Factors
Remember "EAT" Expertise Attractiveness Trustworthiness
Solomon 4 group design
Researcher uses 2 control groups - only one experimental group and one control group are PRE-tested. The other control group and experimental group are merely post-tested. (Lets the researcher known if results are influenced by testing.)
Fixation
Resistance of a person to move to the next stage because cathexis is too intense. Fixation during a stage leads to certain problems as adults
NCE - Group
Rudolph Dreikurs Rudolph Dreikurs was a student of Adler and was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice. Dreikurs also introduced Adlerian principles in the treatment of children in the school setting.
SATISFACTION- an employee' contentment with work environment
Satisfaction: refers to clients who are more self-fulfilled-oriented
________________________ refers to an employee's contentment with the work environment. ___________________ describes the employer's satisfaction with an individual's job performance.
Satisfaction; Satisfactoriness
SATISFACTORINESS- the employer's satisfaction with an individual's job performance.
Satisfactoriness: refers to clients who are more achievement-oriented
NCE - Group
Selection of members The key factor in selecting a person for group work is to identify a personality pattern that may not lend itself to the group. Hostile, suicidal, homicidal, paranoid, and self-centered or psychotic persons are not good candidates for group counseling.
Which of the following assessments is based on Holland's hexagon model and is self-administered, self-scored, and self-interpreted?
Self-Directed Search
What do correlational studies tell us about the relationship between variables?
Since correlational research is Quasi-experimental, it only shows a positive or negative relationship between the variables, but does not yield cause-effect data.
Which career theory emphasizes the role of behavior (i.e. actions) and cognitions (i.e. knowing and thinking) in career decision making?
Social learning theory
NCE - Group
Sociogram As well as identifying alliances in the group, sociograms can help assess whether the alliances are growth-oriented. A sociogram is a graphic representation of the patterns showing which members are drawn to one another, which do not interact, and which members have a one-way attraction, mutual attraction, or aversion to each other.
This Adlerian technique can help reduce the desirability of unhealthy client behaviors.
Spitting in the client's soup
NCE - Group
Stages In the beginning (initial) stage of group work, the participants are concerned with fitting in. It is during the second (transition) stage that issues of power and control surface and conflicts arise. Nearing termination, groups tend to be less conflictual.
NCE - Group
Stages in a Group Introduction Conflict Cohesion Work Termination
Standardized tests always have formal procedures for test administration and scoring.
Standardization implies the testing format, test materials, and scoring process are consistent.
Statistic
Statistic is a value obtained from a sample.
SPSS
Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (computer program for crunching statistics)
Trend analysis
Statistical procedure performed at different times to see if a trend is evident, using ANOVA sometimes.
Statistically speaking, 68.26% of scores fall within + or - one SD of the mean.
Statistically speaking, 95.74% of scores fall within + or - 2 SD of the mean.
As X increases, Y also increases; As X decreases, Y also decreases
Statistically, how can 2 positively and directly related variables be described?
Vroom's Motivation and Management Expectancy Theory
Suggests employee performance is influenced by:
Brief Psychotic Disorder
Symptoms of schizophrenia that do not last more than a month is classified as which disorder?
For a person with the Myers-Briggs typology INTP, ______ indicates the dominant function.
T
CAREER THEORIES OVERVIEW
TRAIT-ORIENTED THEORIES > Trait-and-Factor (1909; 1939) > Person-Environment-Correspondence > Holland's Typology / Personality Approach (1966)
Intelligence, attention and motor skill defects
Taking into consideration that a mother takes aspirin during pregnancy, what effect could this have on the fetus?
Disillusionment and Anger
Taking into consideration that victims can react differently to sexual harassment what does the client experience when a resolution of the complaint may be a long hard process and not always successful with many organizations not always supportive?
Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) (1996)
Tenets: Career choice results from an interaction of cognitions and affective processes. Career development involves continual growth & change in knowledge structures.
Which source is designed to provide the layperson with understandable assessment information?
Test Critiques
Which one of the following is NOT an example of an aptitude test?
Test of Adult Basic Education
Use of tests of significance
Tests of significance are used to determine whether a difference in the groups' scores is significant or just due to change factors.
Alternative Hypothesis
The Alternative Hypothesis (aka 'affirmative hypothesis') asserts the independent variable (IV) has indeed caused a change.
The Experimental Group
The Experimental Group received the IV (has the same characteristics of the control group the averages between the two groups should not differ significantly)
Null hypothesis
The Null hypothesis suggests there WILL NOT be a significant difference between the experimental group which received the IV and the control group which did not. (asserts the samples will not change - will stay the same - even after the experimental variable is applied.) *The IV DOES NOT affect the DV.*
The RANGE is the simplest way to measure the spread of scores.
The RANGE is usually calculated by subtracting the lowest score from the highest scores (i.e., 93-33=60.) - If 'inclusive range' is specified on exam, then use the formula but add '1' to the final value after subtraction of the range. -generally increases with sample size
Discriminating Social Responsiveness
The attachment stage from 2-7 months where the infant begins to show a preference for a familiar person is known as _____________.
Echolalia
The automatic repetition by someone of words spoken in his or her presence (ie: the baby babbling when the mother talks). It can also be a mental disorder.
ONTOGENESIS
The course of development of an organism or an individual
Rosenthal Effect (experimenter expectancy)
The experimenter's beliefs about the individual may cause the experimenter to treat them in a special way so that they begin to fulfill the experimenter's expectations.
80% Four-fifths Rule
The hiring rate of minority is divided by the figure for non minorities. If the quotient is less than 80% (4/5s), then adverse impact is evident.; used for hiring and promotion purposes
X axis (also called 'abscissa')
The horizontal line drawn under a frequency distribution graph. (horizontal axis plots the independent variable [IV])
Freud's system of personality divided into these three processes or systems
The id, The ego, and the superego
Drug Dependence
The need for continued or repeated use of a drug in order to maintain a particular desired state which includes the avoidance of withdrawl
Drug Tolerance
The need for ever increasingly larger doses of a drug to obtain the initial effect of the original dose
Which Jungian archetype is said to contain the parts of the self that a person does not want to acknowledge?
The shadow
Experimenter effects
Things that can flaw an experiment because the researcher unconsciously communicates intent or expectations to the subjects.
According to the Myers-Briggs type theory, an individual who uses logic and analysis to make decisions uses which information-gathering style?
Thinking
Law of effect (aka 'trial and error')
Thorndike's suggestion that satisfying associations related to a given behavior will cause it to be 'stamped in' while those associated with annoying consequences will be 'stamped out'.
Resentful Demoralization of the Comparison Group (also called compensatory equalization)
Threat to validity in which comparison group lowers their performance or behaves inept in an attempt to make the experimental group look better than they should. (Noted if the comparison group deteriorates throughout the experiment while the experimental group does not.)
How many individual participants do you need to conduct Correlational research?
To conduct correlational research you needs 30 subjects per variable.
Primary purpose of Aptitude Tests
To predict future performance. Attempt to measure potential; could the individual capture certain skills with proper training and experience
answer needed
What are Rossi's four stages of adult development related to parenting?
Visual discrimination and memory skill problems
What are the consequences of PCB (a manufacturing chemical) exposure?
Pre-term births
What are the consequences to the new born if a pregnant woman takes caffeine?
Answer Needed
What are the four processes of "modeling" or acquiring learning through observation?
Mental Retardation
What are the health effects of a newborn if he has been exposed to x-rays for 6 months before his birth?
maternal diseases
What can produce birth defects by crossing the placental barrier
Death
What can the HIV taratogen cause to happen in a newborn?
Intimacy with Others
What characterizes the early adulthood stage of Erickson's stages of development?
Ancient Egypt
What civilization provided some of the earliest written evidence of treatment of disease and behavior disorders, including a detailed description of the treatment wounds and other surgical operations?
Seductive Behavior
What defines inappropriate sexual advances, attempting to discuss sexual interest or a person's sex life?
Lower birth weight and pre-term births
What impact does smoking have on a fetus?
ENCODING
What is the mental process of converting external stimuli into meaningful forms (memory)
Authoritative
What is the most effective form of parenting style where parents have definite standards but also encourage the child to be independent and will illicit opinions at times?
MANOVA
What is the name of the measurement that shows the relationship between each independent variable and the dependent variable?
Sampling Error
What is the name of the occurrence when subjects are not under the researcher's control or there is a discrepancy due to random sampling?
Standard Score
What is the name of the score that is derived from the normal curve?
Exploration Life Stage
What is the name of the stage which characterizes of the developing self; a realistic self concept and where one learns more about various opportunities
The Peabody Picture Vocabulary?
What is the name of the testing instrument used with severely handicapped individuals ages 2.5 to 18 years?
Concern with the larger world
What is the primary social characteristic that develops during late adolescence?
Stratified Random Sample
What is the sampling technique in which items/subjects are divided into parts and in each part, each item/subject, has an equal chance of being selected?
Iconic mode
What is the second stage to develop which utilizes symbols for thought?
Plateau Phase
What is the sexual response phase as defined by Master's and Johnson where the tension prepares the body for orgasm and there is increased stimulation of body parts and functions.
Biological Energy
What is the source of all basic drives as people progress through the stages of life?
Percentage
What is the statistic that indicates a proportion of a subgroup to a total group?
Lightner Witmer
Who founded the first psychological clinic in Philadelphia where he focused on addressing the problems of mentally deficient children?
Paul Ekman
Who is the researcher who studied the cross-cultural facial expressions of emotions?
Stanley Coopersmith
Who is the theorist who conducted the most extensive study of parent-child relationships and self-esteem with middle class boys from ages 10 -12 years?
A. Gibson
Who is the theorist who performed the VIsual Cliff experiment with infants?
Aretaeus of Cappadocia
Who was the first person to note the difference between acute and chronic mental disorders and to distinguish among illusions, delusions and hallucinations?
Asclepiades
Who was the first to note the difference between acute and chronic mental disorders and distinguish between illusions, delusions and hallucinations?
Answer the following analogy: An independent t-test is to a Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z procedure as a dependent t-test is to a(n)
Wilcoxon's signed-ranks test.
William of Occam
William of Occam as in Occam's Razor" was a 14th century philosopher and theologian. (Occam's Razor, aka 'parsimony' named for)
Within-Subjects Design
Within-Subjects Design is a two or more values or levels of the IV are administered to each subject.
Which of the following best describes the developmental issues of feminist identity development models?
Women grow psychologically as they address sexism.
Two forms of feminism are women of color feminism and Black feminism. What is the difference between the two?
Women of color feminism embraces all women, regardless of color, and Black feminism focuses mainly on the oppression of African American women.
NCE - Group
Working Stage During the working stage the leader links common themes in order to promote awareness of shared concerns.
Percentile Rank (PR)
You are giving a lecture on the types of derived scores. Your students what to know the name of the score which indicates the percentage of scores that fall below a given score. What is this score?
Transfer Learning
You are telling your students about the effect of earlier learning on present learning. What is this?
Enactive Mode
You are telling your students about the first stage to develop. What is it?
Penetrance
You are telling your students about the genetic transfer of mental illness or other characteristics from one generation to another. What are you telling them about?
Descriptive Research
You are telling your students about the research that is used when the independent variables have already occurred so the researcher cannot predict outcomes. What type of research is this?
Constructive Play
You are telling your students about the self-regulated creation of a product or a problem solution. How do you name it on being asked by your students?
Frequency
You are telling your students about the statistic that indicates the number of subjects in a particular category. What do you call this statistic?
Proportion
You are telling your students about the statistic that indicates the relation of a subgroup to the total group. How do you name it?
Achievement Tests
You are telling your students about the tests that measure the level of acquisition of information. What are they called?
Systematic desensitization
a behavioristic technique used to ameliorate phobic reactions; useful when trying to weaken/desensitize a client's response to an anxiety-producing stimuli; form of behavior therapy based on Pavlov's classical conditioning
Workbook in Vocations
a book by Proctor, Benefield, and Wrenn that set the stage for the popularization of the word "counseling"; published in 1931; began to conceptualize counseling as a psychological process
Psychosis
a break from reality that can include hallucinations, delusions, and thought disorders
Strong Interest Inventory (SII)
a career interest inventory based on Holland's theory; test assumes that a person who is interested in a given subject will experience satisfaction in a job in which those working in the occupation have similar interests; compares a person's interests with those of persons who have been in the occupation for at least 3 years and state that they enjoy their work; measures interests, not abilities; consists of 291 items and is untimed (typically completed in 35 minutes); suited to high school, college, and adult populations; must be computer scored; examinee responds to questions using a forced choice format of "strongly like" to "strongly dislike" to each item; takes 30 minutes to complete; first developed by E. K. Strong, Jr., known as the Strong Vocational Interest Bank (SVIB) for men and expanded by David P. Campbell; recent efforts focused on eliminating sex bias from the instrument; occupational scale for the inventory were created by examining 200-300 happily employed men and women in an occupation
Intensive experimental design (aka N=1)
a case study research approach that relies on a single individual for investigation purposes; popular with behaviorists who seek overt (measurable) behavioral changes; includes baseline measure; results are not usually generalizable; type: AB or ABA time-series design
Harmonic mean
a central tendency statistic that is the reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of the reciprocals of the set of values; occasionally used if measurements were not made on an appropriate scale; cannot be used with negative numbers or if the data include a score of zero
Object permanence
a child who is beyond approx. 8 months of age will search for an object that is no longer in sight (e.g., huddle be hid a parent's back or under a blanket); the child learned that objects have an existence even when the child is not interacting with them; developed during the sensorimotor stage; representational thought is needed to master; child learns the concept of time and causality
Maintenance role
a classification of group member roles where the member helps maintain or even strengthen group processes; EX: the follower or encourager; seen as positive
Self-serving roles (aka Individual roles)
a classification of group member roles where the member meets hit os her own individual needs at the expense of the group; seen as negative; EX: a person who downright refuses to participate or a person who criticizes or disagrees with others
Task role
a classification of group member roles where the member simply helps the group carry out a task; EX: an information giver or a clarifier; seen as positive
Ego state analysis
a common practice in transactional analysis in which the counselor helps the client discern out of which ego state (i.e., parent, child, or adult) he or she is primarily operating in a given situation
System of Interactive Guidance and Information (SIGI Plus)
a computer career program that allows students to conduct a self-assessment and explore career options; provides a realistic view of the finest career options for high school, college, and adult clients; created by the Educational Testing Service (ETS); intended for college students and even assists with up-to-date (updated yearly) information on colleges and graduate schools; Computer Assisted Career Guidance System
Sociogram is to a counseling group as a scattergram is to _____.
a correlation coefficient.
Biserial correlation
a correlation where one variable is continuous (i.e., measured using an interval scale) while the other is dichotomous; i.e., the correlation between state licensing exam scores to NCC status (licensed/unlicensed)
Tarasoff vs. the Board of Regents of the University of California
a court case that illuminated the duty to warn a client in serious and foreseeable harm to him- or herself or to others
Hedlund case
a court case which suggests the therapist should warn others (i.e., third parties) who also may be in danger
Percentile rank
a descriptive statistic that tells the counselor what percentage of the cases fell below a certain level;
Vocational guidance
a developmental and educational process within a school system
Cross-sectional study (aka Synchronic method)
a developmental study where clients are assessed at one point in time; data are indicative of measurements or observations at a single point in time, and thus it is preferable in terms of time consumption
Longitudinal study (aka Diachronic method)
a developmental study where the same people are studied over a period of time; beneficial because age itself can be used as an IV; data are collected at different points in time
Visual cliff
a device which utilizes a glass sheet which stimulates a drop-off; developed by Gibson; infants will not attempt to cross the drop-off, thus indicating that depth perception in humans is inherent
Family sculpturing
a family therapy technique in which the family members are instructed to arrange themselves spatially to create a live representation of family members' bonds, feelings of closeness (or lack of it), and sense of alliances
Little Albert
a famous case, John Watson (pioneer of American Behaviorism) in 1920 - toddler made to fear white furry things
Role conflict
a situation in which there is a discrepancy between the way a member is expected to behave and the way he or she actually behaves
Hypothesis
a hunch or an educated guess which can be tested utilizing the experimental model; i.e., cognitive therapy relieves depression in male in the midst of divorce; a statement which can be tested regarding the relationship of the IV and the DV
Privileged communication
a legal term that implicates a therapeutic interaction (verbal or written) will not be available for public inspection; anything said to a counselor by a client will not be divulged outside the counseling setting without the client's permission; the client, not the counselor, can choose not to have confidential information revealed during a legal proceeding; the client is the holder of the privilege; laws are unclear and vary from state to state; protects clients, not counselors; not applicable in cases of child abuse, neglect, or exploitation, suicide or homicide threats, criminal intentions, clients in dire need of hospitalization, or in cases where a counselor is the victim of a malpractice lawsuit; does not apply to minors (although their legal guardians generally hold the privilege) or those who are mentally incompetent; it is qualified - exceptions may exist; based on licensure status rather than one's graduate degree or certification credentials
Klinefelter's syndrome
a male shows no masculinity at puberty
Diagnostic Statistical Manual (DSM)
a manual used to classify and label mental disorders so that all mental health practitioners will mean roughly the same thing (i.e., regarding symptomatology, etc.) when they classify a client; primary nosological guide
Standard deviation
a measure of dispersion of scores around some measure of central tendency; the square root of the variance; same as a z-score
Variance
a measure of dispersion of scores around some measure of central tendency; the standard deviation squared
Range
a measure of variability; distance between the largest and the smallest scores; the larger the ____ the greater the dispersion or spread of scores from the mean; take the largest score minus the smallest score --> exclusive; the simplest way to measure the spread of scores; sometimes the highest score minus the lowest score plus --> inclusive; generally increases with sample size
Ratio scale
a measurement interval scale with a true zero point; addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division all can be utilized on a ratio scale; highest level of measurement; i.e., time, height, weight, temperature on the Kelvin scale, volume, distance; most psychological attributes cannot be measured on this type of scale
Social distance scale
a measurement of how an individual felt toward other ethnic groups; created by Emory Bogardus in the 1920s
Interval scale
a measurement scale that has numbers called at equal distances but has no absolute zero point; most tests used in school fall into this category; you can add and subtract using this scale but cannot multiply or divide; i.e., that an IQ of 70 is 70 points below an IQ of 140, yet a counselor could not attest that a client with an IQ or 140 is twice as intelligent as a client with an IQ of 70
Ordinal scale
a measurement scale that rank-order variables, though the relative distance between the elements is not always equal; i.e. a horse categorized as a second place winner in a race; provides relative placement or standing but does not delineate absolute differences; qualitative
Convergent validity
a method used to assess a test's construct/criterion validity by correlating test scores with an outside source; e.g., a measure purports to measure phobic responses. A client, who has a snake phobia, is then exposed to a snake and experiences extreme panic. if the client scores higher on the test than he would in a relaxed state, then this would display _______
General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB)
a multiaptitude test battery consisting of 12 tests developed specifically for vocational counseling in school and job placement settings; measures 12 job-related aptitudes; focuses on in-depth measurements of aptitude and skills that they relate to potential occupational success; takes about 2 1/2 hours to administer and is designed for use with students in grades 9-12 as well as with adults; test utilized by state employment security offices, Veterans Administration hospitals, and related government agencies; created by the U.S. Employment Service
Occupational Information Network (O*NET)
a new automated replacement for the DOT; lists far more occupations than the old DOT; many highly specialized jobs that only a small number of individuals worked in were dropped; easier and quicker to update
Chi-square
a nonparametric statistical measure that tests whether a distribution differs significantly from an expected theoretical distribution
Measure
a number or score has been assigned to the person's attribute or performance
t test (aka Two-groups or two-randomized-gruops research design)
a parametric statistical test used in formal experiments to determine whether there is a significant difference between two groups (i.e., two means); utilized to ascertain if the means of the groups are significantly different from each other; when using, the groups should be normally distributed; a test of significance; simplistic form of the analysis of variance (ANOVA); when computed, it yields a t value which is then compared to a t table and if the t value obtained statistically is lower than the t value (aka critical t) in the table, then you accept the null hypothesis; you computation must exceed the number cited in the table in order to reject null
Learned helplessness
a pattern in which a person is exposed to situations that he or she is truly powerless to change and then begins to believe he or she has no control over the environment; such a person can become easily depressed; associated with the work of Martin E. P. Seligman
Pervasive indecisiveness
a person who has a lifelong pattern of severe anxiety related to decision making; this makes the act of deciding on a career that much more difficult
Worldview
a person's perception of his or her relationship to the world as a whole
Educational Resource Information Center (ERIC)
a resource bank of scholarly literature and resources to help you complete your literature search before you begin writing a thesis or dissertation
Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey (GZTS)
a personality measure for persons who do not have severe psychiatric disabilities; used with normally functioning individuals aged 16+ measuring 10 traits; initially developed to assess Carl Jung's constructs of introversion and extroversion; can be used in a variety of settings, but it has been used most frequently with the college-aged population
Foot-in-the-door technique
a phenomenon that asserts that when a person agrees to a less repugnant request (step 1), then he or she will be more likely to comply with a request which is even more distasteful (step 2). Thus, a counselor who first asks to come in the house (a small request) and receives an answer "yes," can then, for example, ask for medical information (a bigger request or so-called target request) related to a possible case of child abuse. ; associated with the work of Freedman and Fraser
Sociogram
a pictorial account of a group which serves to diagram member interactions and affiliations; can help to identify group fractures or subgroups - a clique or a group of people within a group; credited to Moreno and Jennings;
Scattergram (aka Scatterplot)
a pictorial diagram or graph of two variables being correlated
Arnold Gesell
a pioneer in terms of using a one-way mirror for observing children; feel that development is primarily determined via genetics/heredity . Hence, a child must be ready before he or she can accept a certain level of education (e.g., kindergarten)
Arnold Lazarus
a pioneer in the behavior therapy movement, especially in regard to the use of systematic desensitization; his approach to counseling is multimodal, eclectic, and holistic; BASIC-ID; worked closely with Joseph Wolpe
Cognitive dissonance theory
a popular balance theory in social psychology created by Leon Festinger; suggest that people strive for consistency/balance in terms of their belief systems; individuals attempt to reduce or eliminate inconsistent or incompatible actions and beliefs; person will look for things which are consistent with his or her behavior; discrepancies or inconsistencies that create tension are caused by cognitions and attitudes
Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)
a popular computer software program that can ease the pain of computing your statistics by hand (e.g., a t test, correlation, or ANOVA); the most popular
Entropy
a popular family therapy/systems theory term that means that dysfunctional families are either too open or too closed (i.e., letting too much information in or not enough information in)
Aspirational ethics
a practitioner adheres to the highest possible ethical standards
Archetypes
a primal universal symbol, which means the same thing to all women and men; the material that makes up the collective unconscious that is passed from generation to generation; common types: the persona, shadow, animus, anima, self
Differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO)
a procedure used to reduce or eliminate an undesirable target behavior; the counselor positively reinforces an individual for engaging in a healthy alternative behavior; the assumption is that as the alternative desirable behavior increases via reinforcement, the client will not display the inappropriate target behavior as frequently
Accreditation
a process whereby an agency or school (not an individual) meets certain standards and qualifications set forth by an association or accrediting organization; not the law; disadvantages: costly for the institutions, faculty are busy teaching required courses and thus often don't have time to teach creative alternative courses, the organization not the school determines the curriculum, faculty credentials are determined via accreditation guidelines, the program approval can be misleading inasmuch as the program could be accredited yet ineffective
Rorschach Inkblot Test
a projective test created by Hermann Rorschach that utilizes ten inkblot cards; five of the cards are gray or black, while five are colored; the examinee is asked to describe what he or she sees or what the card brings to mind; appropriate for ages 3+; association projective test; clinical psychologists are the best qualified to administer
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
a projective test that consists of 30 cards with pictures plus one blank card; the pictures on each card are intentionally ambiguous, and the client is asked to make up a story for each of them (i.e., emotions, sentiments, complexes, and conflicts of the individual's personality); intended for ages 4+; up to 20 cards are used when administered too a given individual (i.e., 19 selected to fit the age and sex of the client plus one blank card)
Primal scene
a psychoanalytic concept that suggests that a young child witnesses his parents having sexual intercourse or is seduced by a parent. The incident, whether real or imagined, is said to provide impetus for later neuroses
Symptom substitution
a psychoanalytic concept; if you merely deal with the symptom another symptom will manifest itself since the real problem is in the unconscious mind
Ambivalent transference
a psychoanalytic notion which suggest that a client will treat a therapist with ambivalence - implies that the client will experience contradictory emotions, such as love and hate, alternating from one to the other - as he or she would any person viewed as an authority figure
Solomon four-group design
a research design where the researcher uses two control groups; only one experimental group and one control group are pretested; the other control group and experimental group are merely post-tested; lets the researcher know if results are influenced by pre-testing; the two control groups as well as the two experimental groups can then be compared; controls for pre-test effects; nonparametric statistical measure
Within-subjects design (aka Repeated-measures design)
a research study that the same subjects for each condition - both control and experimental; two or more values or levels of the IV are administered to each subject; type of matched design
Type II error (aka bet error)
a researcher has accepted the null hypothesis
Stanine score
a score that divides the distribution into nine equal parts with 1 the lowest and 9 the highest portion of the curve; 5 is the mean
Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA)
a statistical test that tests two or more groups while controlling for extraneous variables (aka covariates); similar to the ANOVA yet more powerful because it can help to eliminate differences between groups which otherwise could not be solely attributed to the experimental IVs; applied to test the null hypothesis tests a null hypothesis regarding the means of two or more groups after the random samples are adjusted to eliminate average differences; often referred to as an adjusted average statistical procedure
Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
a statistical test used if more than two groups in an experimental study; results yield an F-statistic, then consult the F table for critical value of F and if F computed exceeds the critical F value in the table, then the null hypothesis is rejected; used when there is more than one level of a single IV; one, two, three-way, etc.
Spearman correlation (aka Kendall's tau)
a statistical test used in place of the Pearson r when parametric assumptions cannot be utilized
Wilcoxon signed-rank test
a statistical test used in place of the t test when the data are nonparametric and you wish to test whether two correlated means differ significantly from each other; nonparametric statistical measure
Mann-Whitney U-Test
a statistical test used to determine whether two uncorrelated means differ significantly when data are nonparametric; alternative to the t test when parametric precepts cannot be accepted; nonparametric statistical measure
Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA)
a statistical test used when a study has more than one DV
Kruskal-Wallis
a statistical test which is used instead of the one-way ANOVA (for groups three or above) when the data are nonparametric; nonparametric statistical measure
Secondary reinforcement
a stimulus which accompanies a primary reinforcer takes on reinforcement properties of its own (most popular secondary is 'money')
Meta-analysis
a study that analyzes the findings of numerous studies
Cohort study
a study that examines people who were born at the same time (or shared an event; for example, fought in Vietnam) in regard to a given characteristic
Repeated-measures comparison design
a study where the researcher measures the same group of subjects without the IV and with the IV
Normal curve (aka Gaussian curve, unimodal distribution)
a symmetrical bell-shaped curve named after K. F. Causs; the the mean, median, and mode all fall precisely in the middle of the curve; mesokurtic - the peak is in the middle; unimodal
Confrontation
a technique that is used to illuminate discrepancies between the client's and the helper's conceptualization of a given situation
Karpman's drama triangle
a technique used most often in conjunction with transactional analysis as a teaching device to illuminate the roles of persecutor, rescuer, and victim in interpersonal relationships
Clarification
a technique used to ferret out the important points in a client's message; brings out the gist of a message and illuminates what was really said to lessen any confusion
Biofeedback
a technique utilized to help individuals learn to control bodily processes (autonomic responses), such as blood pressure, pulse rate, or hand temperature, more effectively; hooking the client to a sophisticated electronic device that provides biological feedback; devices include a mirror and a scale; Menninger Clinic in Kansas
Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI-III)
a test comprised of verbal and nonverbal scales designed to measure intellectual functioning of young children based on capacity to understand and cope with the world; suitable for children ages 2 years 6 months to 7 years, 3 months; takes about an hour and a half to administer
Power test
a test designed to evaluate the level of mastery without a time limit; i.e., a counseling test with 300 forced response items that is not timed; ideally designed so that nobody receives a perfect score
Speed test
a test intended to be fairly easy; difficulty is induced by time limitations, not the difficulty of the tasks or the questions themselves; purposely set up so that nobody finishes it; i.e., timed typing test used to hire secretaries; ideally designed so that nobody receives a perfect score
Timed test
a test that has a time limit; a type of speed test but it is usually more difficult; a high percentage of the test takers complete it; i.e., NCE
Vertical test
a test that has versions from various age brackets or levels of education (e.g., a math achievement test for preschoolers and a version for middle-school children)
16 Personality Factor Questionnaire
a test that measures key personality factors such as assertiveness, emotional maturity, and shrewdness; suitable for persons 16+; created by Raymond B. Cattell; can be used in martial counseling - each party can take it and an individual as well as a joint profile will be compiled; factor-analytic test
Personality test (aka Interest inventory)
a test that measures typical performance; popular with career counselors because such measures focus on what the client likes and dislikes; i.e., Strong Interest Inventory
Horizontal test
a test that measures various factors (e.g., math and science) during the same testing procedure
Achievement test
a test that measures what has been learned and maximum performance; e.g., NCE
Projective test (Aka Self-expressive test)
a test where the client is shown neutral stimuli; the client will project his or her personality if given an unstructured task; several formats: association, completion, construction; theory that self-report inventories like the MMPI do not reveal hidden unconscious impulses. In order to accomplish this the client is shown vague, ambiguous stimuli such as a picture or an inkblot; examiner bias is common and administering this type of test require more training than self-report tests; counselors who favor this type of test would most likely be a psychodynamic clinician due to the focus on the unconscious mind
Psychotherapy group
a type of group commonly used in inpatient psychiatric hospitals and residential facilities for patients with in-depth psychological problems; tertiary group; may emphasize the role of the unconscious mind and childhood experiences more than a counseling group; leader must have the most training because he or she may need to treat people who are not functioning in the range of "normality"
Counseling group
a type of group that focuses primarily on conscious concerns; does not tend to be psychodynamic; generally has less structure than a guidance group; the leader needs more training than an individual leading a guidance group; at times it may overlap with the features of a guidance/psychoeducational group
Marathon group
a type of group that is one long group; plays on the theme that after an extended period of time defenses and facades will drop and the person can become honest, genuine, and real; generally lasts a minimum of 24 hours and may be conducted over a weekend or a period of several days; created by Frederick Stoller and George Bach
Guidance/psychoeducational group
a type of group that is preventative and provides instructions about potential problems; EX: drug abuse or improving study skills; time limited and occasionally use videos and guest speakers to enhance the experience; does that deal with remediation of severe psychological pathology; similar to a primary group in the sense that is is mainly preventive; originated in the public school system
Consultee-centered administrative consultation
a type of mental health consultation in which your supervisor or consultant's intention is to sharpen up your administrative skills (e.g., making you a better presenter at your agency board meeting)
Consultee-centered consultation
a type of mental health consultation where the focus is on helping the consultee develop improved techniques or skills; when you licensing supervisor explains a better way for you to implement a hypnotic induction with one of your clients, then you are the recipient of _____
Client-centered consultation
a type of mental health consultation where the ultimate goal is to help a client; when your licensing supervisor suggest a plan of action for a given client, then you as a consultee are the recipient of ______
Completion projective test
a type of projective test, such as "Complete these sentences with real feelings."
Ex post facto study
a type of quasi-experiment (literally means 'after the fact') connoting a correlational study in which preexisting groups are utilized
Causal comparative research
a type of research that compares two groups that are not randomly assigned; the current researcher does not truly control the IV in the study
Cluster sample
a type of sampling that is used when it is nearly impossible to find a list of the entire population; solves the problem by using an existing sample or cluster of people or selects a portion of the overall sample; will not be as accurate as a random sample yet it is often used due to time and practical considerations
Horizontal sampling
a type of sampling that occurs when the researcher selects subjects from a single socioeconomic group
Quota sampling
a type of sampling where a specific number of cases are necessary from each stratum; merely a type of stratified sampling procedure
Systematic sampling
a type of sampling where you take every nth person; results will be virtually the same as if you used random sampling
Vertical sampling
a type of sampling which occurs when persons from two or more socioeconomic classes are utilized
Concurrent validity
a type of validity that deals with how well the test compares to other instruments that are intended for the same purpose; type of criterion-related validity
Construct validity
a type of validity that refers to a test's ability to measure a theoretical/abstract construct or psychological notion like intelligence, self-esteem, artistic talent, mechanical ability, or managerial potential; any trait you cannot directly measure or observe; answers the question of how well you test stacks up against a well-established test that measures the same behavior, construct, or trait
Face validity
a type of validity that refers to the extent that a test looks or appears to measure the intended attribute; most expects technically no longer list this type of validity
Predictive validity (aka Empirical validity)
a type of validity that reflects the test's ability to predict future behavior according to established criteria; i.e., a job test which predicted future performance on a job; type of criterion-related validity
Consequential validity
a type of validity that tries to ascertain the social implications of using tests
Incremental validity
a type of validity used to describe the process by which a test is refined and becomes more valid as contradictory items are dropped; refers to a test's ability to improve predictions when compared to existing measures that purport to facilitate selection in business or educational settings; provides you with additional valid information that was not attainable via other procedures
Synthetic validity
a type of validity where the helper or researcher looks for tests that have been shown to predict each job element or component (e.g., typing, filing, etc.). Tests that predict each component (criterion) can then be combined to improve the selection process; popularized by industrial organizational (I/O) psychologists who felt the procedure had merit, especially when utilized for smaller firms who did not hire a large number of workers
Association projective test
a type projective test, such as "What comes to mind when you look at this inkblot?"
Statistic
a value drawn from a sample
Parameter
a value obtained from a population; summarizes a characteristic of the population (e.g., the average male's height is 5'11")
Multiple submission
a violation of ethics that transpires when a journal article is submitted to more than one journal at a time
Consulting
a voluntary relationship between a professional helper and a help-needing individual, group, or social unit in which the consultant helps define or solve problems related to clients, the client system, or work-related issues; encourages growth and self-direction for the consultee; the consultant should not become a decision maker for clients or create a dependent relationship
Displaced homemaker
a women with children who was a homemaker but is currently in need of work to support her family; the high divorce rate and the declining birthrate created this phenomenon; could be married with grown children, divorced, or widowed
Compensatory effect
a worker compensates or makes up for things he or she can't do on the job; i.e., a librarian who must be quiet from 8 to 5 may go out after work and get wild, crazy, and loud; can also be used in a psychodynamic fashion - an individual might tend to compensate for poor job satisfaction by excelling in his or her activities outside of work; i.e., a man who hates his job that is trying desperately to be the perfect father, husband, and family man
Predictive Validity
a.k.a. empirical validity, which reflects the test's ability to predict future behavior according to established criteria
Relativistic thinking
ability to perceive that not everything is right or wrong, but an answer can exist relative to a specific situation; there is more than one way to view the world; adulthood
Eidetic imagery (aka photographic memory)
ability to remember the most minute details of a scene or picture for an extended period of time (children have it but is it gone by adolescence)
Retroflection
act of doing to yourself what you really wish to do to someone else (gestalt concept)
A counselor collaborates with clients to set goals in the ______________ stage of counseling.
action
REBT suggests the ABC theory of personality in which A is ____, B is the _____, and C is the ______.
activating event, belief system, emotional consequence
Motivational interviewing has been primarily used in
addictions counseling.
A cultural group that typically deals with issues with eating disorders and sexually risky behaviors is
adolescents.
Jung's Individuation
agreement or harmony between the conscious and unconscious parts of their personality; what individuals by instinct are driven toward
Universal culture
all human beings are a part of this culture; includes biological similarities and sameness
Collective unconscious
all humans have collected universal inherited, unconscious neural patterns; common to all men and women; Carl Jung
Deductive thinking/processes
allow an individual to apply general reasoning to specific situations; occurs in formal operations stage
Symbolic schema/mental processes
allows language and symbolism in play to occur (i.e., a milk carton can easily become a spaceship); a cognitive structure that grows with life experience; Piaget's theory
Standard score (aka Transformed score)
allows you to analyze the data in relation to the properties of the normal bell shaped curve; better than raw score; i.e., percentiles, t-scores, z-scores, stanines, or standard deviation
If a researcher changes the significance level from .05 to .001, then
alpha errors decrease, but beta errors increase.
Unmatched/uncorrelated groups
also known as independent groups
Children who are clingy and react strongly to separation from their caretakers are considered by Mary Ainsworth to display
ambivalent attachment.
Council for the Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP)
an ACA affiliate formed in 1981 that certifies counselors programs
Robert Williams
an African American psychologist who created the Black Intelligence Test of Cultural Homogeneity (BITCH) to demonstrate that Blacks often excelled when given a test laden with questions familiar to the Black community; believed that tests like the Binet and the Wechsler were part of "scientific racism"
Stooge (aka Confederate)
an accomplice of the researcher conducting the study that poses as a client; routinely employed by social psychology studies
The Education Act for All Handicapped Children (aka PL94-142)
an act passed in 1975 that sates all children between 5 and 21 are assured free education, handicapped persons are placed in the least restrictive environment (LRE), and an Individualized Education Plan (IEP) is developed for each child; gave individuals the right to read their own records and files if they were over 18, as well as the records of their children
Some counselors feel transference is actually a form of projection, displacement, and repetition in which client treats counselor in same manner as he would an _______ _____from the past.
authority figure.
1958 National Defense Education Act (NDEA)
an act that provides financial aid for graduate students education in counseling, expanded school guidance services, and improved guidance for gifted children; many pilot programs developed as a result of this funding; the funding found its way into helping counselors prepare to work with economically disadvantaged youth; the act eventually helped all types of young people secure better counseling and guidance services
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
an amino acid metabolic difficulty that causes retardation unless the baby is placed on a special diet
Free association
an analytic technique in which the client is instructed to say whatever comes to mind; practiced in psychoanalysis with the client lying on the coach and the therapist/analyst is out of sight
Shadow
an archetype that is the mask behind the persona, which contains id-like material, denied, yet desired; called the dark side of the personality, though it is not necessarily negative; encompasses everything an individual refused to acknowledge; represents the unconscious opposite of the individual's conscious expression; evident in dreams and when an individual engages in projection
Persona
an archetype that is the mask or role we present to others to hide our true self
Sickle cell anemia is
an autosomal disorder.
Premack principle
an efficient reinforcer is what the client himself likes to do. Thus, in the procedure a lower-probability behavior (LPB) is reinforced by a higher-probabilty behavior (HPB); any HPB can be used as a reinforcer for any LPB
Denial (aka Suppression)
an ego defense mechanism similar to repression except that it is a conscious act
Rationalization
an ego defense mechanism that is an intellectual excuse to minimize hurt feelings; interpret thoughts and feelings in a positive or favorable manner; person either underrates a reward (sour grapes) or overrates a reward (sweet lemon) to protect the self from a bruised ego
Reaction formation
an ego defense mechanism that occurs when a person can't accept a given impulse and thus behaves in the opposite manner
Displacement
an ego defense mechanism that occurs when an impulse is unleashed at a safe target; EX: a man who is furious with his boss but is afraid to show it and so he comes home and kicks the family dog
Compensation
an ego defense mechanism used when an individual attempts to develop or overdevelop a positive trait to make up for a limitation (i.e., a perceived inferiority); the person secretly hopes that others will focus on the positives rather than the negative factors
Identification
an ego defense mechanism which results when a person identifies with a cause or a successful person with the unconscious hope that he or she will be perceived as successful or worthwhile; another option is that it serves to lower the fear or anxiety toward the person
Erik Erikson
an ego psychologist who developed a psychosocial theory that includes the whole lifespan and focuses on the resolution of psychosocial crises; stages are described using bipolar or opposing tendencies; theory is epigenetic in nature; the individual does not totally succeed or fail, but rather leans toward a given alternative; a maturationist; believed each developmental stage needs to be resolved before an individual could move on to the next stage
A counselor encourages a couple to argue in the counseling session about how to discipline their children, a fight that frequently occurs outside of the counseling session. This technique is referred to as
an enactment.
Factorial experiment
an experiment where several experimental variables are investigated and interactions can be noted; include two or more IVs or levels
Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test
an expressive projective measure; known for its ability to discern whether brain damage is evident; suitable for ages 4+; the client is instructed to copy nine geometric figures which the client can look at while constructing his or her drawing; construction projective test; named after Lauretta Bender; can be used with a client the counselor fears has an organic, neurological, or motoric difficulty
Countertransference
an indication of unresolved problems on the part of the helper; i.e., romantic or sexual feelings toward a client; evident when the counselor's strong feelings or attachment to the client are strong enough to hinder the treatment process
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV)
an individual test comprised of verbal and nonverbal scales designed to measure intellectual functioning of children based on capacity to understand and cope with the world; appropriate for kids 6 to 16 years, 11 months; takes approx. 50-70 minutes
Dislocated worker
an individual who loses his or her job because a company downsizes or relocates; can also refer to a person who has an obsolete set of job skills
Imprinting
an instinctual behavior in goslings and other animals in which the infant instinctively follows the first moving object it encounters, which is usually the mother; illustrates the principal of critical periods; an instinct in which a newborn will follow a moving object; Konrad Lorenz
Kuder Career Inventory
an interest inventory that makes the assumption that a person will find satisfaction in an occupation where workers have similar interest patterns; a 100-triad inventory in which the respondent must choose between three activities, stating the one activity preferred the most and the activity preferred the least; it takes approx. 12 minutes to complete and can be taken and scored online
Conscious mind
aware of the immediate environment; Freud's topographic notion
Characteristics of youngest child (Adlerian)
baby in the family and can be pampered or spoiled, often exceed older children's performance due to modeling/imitating.
Kuder Career Search with Person Match (Interest Inventory) (previously Kuder Occupational Interest Survey (KOIS))
an interest inventory that makes the assumption that a person will find satisfaction in an occupation where workers have similar interest patterns; created by George Frederic Kuder; examines about 140 occupations and college majors; can be completed online in 20-30 minutes; scored by the computer; written at the 6th grade reading level and is effective for 7th grade through adulthood
Jung felt society caused men to deny their feminine side (aka ______) and women to deny their masculine side (aka ____).
anima, animus (memory: aniMA is feminine; aniMUS as in MUScles)
Replication
another researcher can repeat the experiment exactly as it was performed before; in most cases, counselors will not accept a finding as scientific unless an experiment has been _____
Operant
any behavior that is not elicited by an obvious stimulus; most behaviors; Skinner's term
Operant
any behavior which is not elicited by an obvious stimulant.
Demand characteristic
any bit of knowledge - correct or incorrect - that the subject in an experiment is aware of that can influence his or her behavior; can confound an experiment; deception has been used as a tactic to reduce this dilemma
Demand characteristic
any characteristic (aka bit of knowledge, correct or incorrect), that the subject in an experiment is aware of that can influence his or her behavior. (Demand characteristics can confound an experiment!)
Psychometric
any form of mental testing; the branch of counseling or psychology which focuses on testing
Introspection
any process in which the client attempts to describe his or her own internal thoughts, feelings, and ideas
Introspection
any process in which the client attempts to describe his own internal thoughts, feelings, and ideas.
Members of IAAOC are committed to helping clients who...
are dealing with addictions; have engaged in criminal acts as adults; and are juvenile delinquents.
When working with an 8-year old child in a non-school setting, it is ethically necessary to obtain...
assent from the child and informed consent from the parent.
Gelatt Decision Model
asserts that information can be organized into three systems - predictive, value, and decision; refers to information as "the fuel of the decision"; a decision-making theory
Law of effect (aka Trial and error learning)
asserts that responses accompanied by satisfaction will be repeated, while those which produce unpleasantness or discomfort will be stamped out; behaviorism; postulated by Edward Thorndike; practice does not ensure effective learning. The practice must yield a reward.
Rosentahl effect (aka Experimenter expectancy effect)
asserts that the experimenter's beliefs about the individual may cause the individual to be treated in a special way so that the individual begins to fulfill the experimenter's expectations; named after Robert Rosenthal; like Pygmalion effect
According to Piaget, when people use their existing cognitive framework to understand new information, they are involved in the process of adaptation known as
assimilation.
DISCOVER
assists high school (grades 9 and beyond) and adult clients prepare for two- or four-year college, professional or graduate school, career or technical training, military service, or even immediate employment; well known computerized career development program created by the DISCOVER Foundation in Maryland; Computer Assisted Career Guidance System; also a special version targeted at middle school children
Trait-and-factor theory (aka trait-factor, actuarial, or matching approach)
assumed that via psychological testing one's personality could be matched to an occupation which stressed those particular personality traits; sometimes classified as a structural theory since it emphasizes individual differences; grounded in differential psychology - the study of individual differences; fails to take individual change throughout the life span into account; assume that human beings are rational. Hence, when the proper information (e.g., from tests) is available, the individual can make a proper or wise choice of career; been accused of being oversimplified because it subordinated personal choice making, advanced the idea of a single job for life, and assumed that the choice of an occupation is a one-time process; often used by computer career guidance programs; associated with Parsons, Williamson, & Patterson
Deductive reasoning
assumes that the general can be reduced to the specific; i.e., a client goes to a string of 14 chemical dependency centers that operate on the 12-step model. When his current therapist suggest a new inpatient program the client responds with, "What for, I already know the 12-steps?"
Heredity
assumes the normal person has 23 pairs of chromosomes; assumes that heredity characteristics are transmitted by chromosomes; assumes genes composed of DNA hold a genetic code
Group members sometimes take on challenging roles to address a personal need or issue related to each of the following EXCEPT
attachment.
An eclectic counselor
attempts to choose the best theoretical approach based on the client's attributes, resources, and situation. (50% of counselors claim to be eclectic)
Culture-fair test
attempts to expunge items which would be known only to an individual due to his or her background; items are known to the subject regardless of his or her culture
Minnesota viewpoint
attempts to match the client's traits with a career (created by E. G. Williamson)
Profile matching
attempts to match the worker and the work environment (job factors). The approach thus makes the assumption that there is one best or single career for the person; approach where a job candidate's personality or skills profile is matched to that of successful workers; the decision to hire is then based on the closeness or similarity of the match based on a pattern of predictor scores; considered the first major and most durable theory of career choice
Alfred Binet
created the first intelligence test with Theodore Simon; created a 30-question test with school-related items of increased difficult; used his own daughters as test subjects in order to investigate mental processes; cited as one of the pioneers in projective testing based on his work with inkblots; created the first IQ test around 1905 to discriminate normal from retarded Parisian children so that mentally retarded children could be taught separately
Wilhelm Stern
created the formula MA/CA x 100 to measure IQ
Henry Murray
created the needs-press theory and the TAT (along with Christina Morgan) projective test
John Holland
created the psychological needs career personality theory; suggested that a person's personality needs to be congruent with the work environment; career theorist with the most popular approach to career choice; felt that people try to avoid environments which are disagreeable; believed in stereotypes - the person psychologically defines himself or herself via a given job (AS RICE) - hexagonal representation; personality theorist; believed that a given occupation will tend to attract persons with similar personalities; like Roe, felt that early childhood development influences adult personality characteristics; the Strong Interest Inventory (SCII) is based on his theory
All of the following words describe the adapted child ego state EXCEPT
creative.
The social influence model espouses that a counselor should have ______________________ for maximum influence.
credibility
The question "Why should I believe your qualitative findings?" is best answered by focusing on
credibility.
Demand characteristics
cues or features of a study which suggest a desired outcome
Labeling clients as resistant and because they do not make eye contact during a counseling session might be an example of...
cultural encapsulation.
John B Watson is to cause as Mary Cover Jones is to
cure (demonstrated learning could serve as treatment for a phobic reaction)
Culture
customs shared by a group which distinguish it from other groups; values shared by a group that are learned from others in the group; attitudes, beliefs, art, and language which characterize members of a group
Language rules that transcend specific languages and cultures are called
deep structures.
Jenna is a second-semester sophomore and needs to declare her major by the end of the semester, but she remains undecided. Her academic advisor has suggested that she research career and major information to help her reach a decision. However, Jenna has been putting off this task for several month and still has not made a decision. Jenna is displaying
defensive avoidance.
Ethics
define standards of behavior set forth by organizations and certification bodies; not state or federally mandated laws; generally do not spell out penalties for violations; not universal - ____ set forth by one organization may not be identical to those spelled out by another organization; standards of conduct imposed by ACA and NBCC; most are related to confidentiality
Experimental is to cause and effect as correlational is to _____ of _______.
degree of relationship.
Flooding (in anxiety terms)
deliberate exposure with response prevention
Developmental theory
delineates stages in terms of a process which can change throughout the lifespan - longitudinal behavior; includes vocational, psychosocial, cognitive, and personality development
Acceptant child rearing style
democratic; person-to-person interaction is rewarded; seek out careers emphasizing contact with others
Neal Miller
demonstrated that animals could be conditioned to control autonomic processes. (heart rate, blood pressure)
Mary Cover Jones
demonstrated that learning could serve as a treatment for a phobic reaction
Folkways
describe correct, normal, or habitual behavior; different than mores because breaking _____ generally results in embarrassment
National culture
describe the cultural patterns common to a given country; ideal culture vs. real culture; most countries have an official language, a stated viewpoint, and a central government
Zone of proximal development
describes the difference between a child's performance without a teacher versus that which he or she is capable of with an instructor; Lev Vygotsky
Manifest content
describes the dream material as it is presented to the dreamer; psychoanalytic term
Cultural norm
describes the expectations of how people are supposed to act
Risky shift phenomenon
describes the fact that a group decision is typically more liberal than the average decision of an individual group member prior to participation in the group; the individual's initial stance will generally be more conservative than the group's decision; the group decision shifts towards the social norm
Correlation coefficient is a
descriptive statistic which indicates the degree of 'linear relationship' between two variables.
Self-Directed Search (SDS)
designed to measure the six personality types in Holland's career theory; score will reveal the individual's three highest scores based on Holland's personality types; a self-administered, self-scored, and self-interpreted career interest inventory based on John Holland's theoretical notions; an Occupational Finder booklet then describes over 1,300 occupations in order to ascertain which occupations best match the personality type; suitable for ages 15 and older; originally created to help those who did not have access or could not afford professional career counseling; the test is NOT suitable for grossly disturbed, uneducated, or illiterate persons, although an easy form (Form E) is available for those with limited reading skills or those who lack a high school education; also not recommended for those who have a great deal of difficult making decisions
Cohort study
examines people who were born at the same time (or shared an event, like fought in Vietnam) in regard to a given characteristic.
Chi-square nonparametric test
examines whether obtained frequencies differ significantly from expected frequencies
Martin E. P. Seligman
experimentally induced learned helplessness in dogs via giving them electric shocks while placed in a harness. These dogs - unlike trained dogs - did not even try to escape the painful shocks when the harnesses were removed
Dependent variable
expresses the outcome or the data regarding factors one wants to measure. Memory Device: 'D' in dependent signifies 'D' in data.
Congruence in counselor
external behavior matches an internal response or state.
A(n) _________________________ variable can create an uncontrolled effect in a study's outcome.
extraneous
Dual-career family
family in which both partners have jobs to which they are committed on a somewhat continuous basis; have higher incomes than the so-called traditional family in which only one partner is working; since both partners are working there are more problems related to household chores and responsibilities; partners seem to be more self-sufficient; women are typically secure their careers before having children; often report a lack of leisure time which can in turn abet additional stress for both partners; research shows that dual-career households manage to spend as much time with their children as households with a single wage earner
Carl G. Jung
father of analytic psychology; anima and animus; MBTI and GZTS were based on his work; collective unconscious - all humans have collected universal inherited, unconscious neural patterns; introversion (person is his or her own primary source of pleasure) and extroversion (tendency to find satisfaction and pleasure in other people)
Sigmund Freud
father of psychoanalysis - the most comprehensive theory of personality and therapy ever devised; structural theory: id, ego, superego; believed morality developed from the superego; 5 psychosexual stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital - if a child is severely traumatized he or she may become fixated at a given psychosexual stage; believed each developmental stage needed to be resolved before an individual could move on to the next stage; a maturationist; terms: eros, thanatos, manifest & latent content; most significant theorist in the entire history of psychology, but many aspects of his theory are difficult to test from a scientific standpoint; his most influential work was a book called The Interpretation of Dreams; worked with Jung and Adler
William Glasser
father of reality therapy
Wilhelm Reich
felt repeated sexual gratification was necessary for cure of emotional maladies. (orgone box - later outlawed and Reich died in jail)
Frederick C. Thorne
felt that true eclecticism was much more than a "hodgepodge of facts;" closely associated with the term eclectic
Ethology
field research utilizing animals; the study of animals' behavior in their natural environment; developed by European zoologists who tried to explain behavior using Darwinian theory; associated with the work of Konrad Lorenz
Rudolph Dreikurs
first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice. (also introduced Adlerian principles to treatment of children in school setting)
Ritualistic behaviors
fixed-action patterns elicited by sign stimuli; results whenever a releaser in the environment is present; the action, or sequence of behavior, will not vary
T-group (aka training group)
focuses on human relations processes between personnel in a business setting rather than on mental health issues; originally used in industrial and organizational settings to process personnel interactions and improve efficiency; a wealth of work in this area was done by National Training Laboratories in Maine created by Leland Bradford, Kenneth Benne, and Ronald Lippitt
The ACA Code of Ethics prohibits sexual or romantic relationships between counselors and clients...
for 5 years after they last saw each other professionally.
Individuals can think logically and abstractly when they reach the ____________________ stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development.
formal operational
Joseph H. Pratt
formed the first counseling/therapy groups from approx. 1905 to 1923; groups dealt with tuberculosis
Arthur Jensen
his article sparked the Black versus White IQ controversy in 1969; suggested that the closer people are genetically, the more alike their IQ scores; e.g., adopted children will sport IQs closer to their biological parents than to their adopted ones; stated that Whites score 11-15 IQ points higher than Blacks (regardless of social class); his theory stated that due to slavery it was possible that Blacks were bred for strength rather than intelligence; he estimated that heredity contributed 80%, while environment influenced 20% of the IQ
Stanley Coopersmith
found that child-rearing methods seem to have a tremendous impact on self-esteem; the findings of his study indicated that children with high self-esteem were punished just as often as kids with low self-esteem. The children with high self-esteem, however, were provided with a clear understanding of what was morally right and wrong. This was not usually the case in children with low self-esteem. When the child with high self-esteem was punished the emphasis was on the behavior being bad and not the child. Parents of children with high self-esteem were more democratic in the sense that they would listen to the child's arguments and then explain the purpose of the rules.; study utilized middle-class boys, ages 10-12
Gustav Jung
founded Analytic Psychology
Existential counselors emphasize the client's
free choice, decision, and will
Baseline
frequency that a behavior is manifested prior to or in the absence of treatment.
Oral character
from a Freudian perspective, a client who has a problem with alcoholism and excessive smoking
Anal retentive personality
from a Freudian perspective, a client who is stingy
Systematic desensitization hierarchy
from least anxiety-producing to most, ideally with 10 to 15 evenly spaced steps.
Noogenic neurosis (Existentialism)
frustration of the will to meaning
Little Hans
gave Little Albert study a psychoanalytic explanation.
According to Gesell, human development is PRIMARILY due to
genetics.
Intelligence is accounted for mostly by a person's
genetics.
Selective placement approach
give the client job leads and take an active stance in terms of working with the client; preferable with clients who lack the concrete skills necessary to land a job
Forced choice test format (aka Recognition test format)
give the examinee two or more alternatives; i.e., multiple choice test; this format is used to control for social desirability phenomenon
Reinforcement schedule
gives guidelines for reinforcement.
Reinforcement schedule
gives the guidelines or rules for reinforcement; types: continuous or intermittent
Animism refers to
giving life to lifeless objects.
Characteristics of firstborns (Adlerian)
go to great lengths to please their parents, may feel upstaged by 2nd born and prone to feelings of inferiority
Experimental group
group in an experience that receives the IV
Horizontal interventions
group strategies that approach the group as a whole; techniques which focus on group relationships, processes, tasks, and interactions; here-and-now interventions; often called the interpersonal method since it focuses on interactions
A _______________________ group is NOT one of the four primary types of group work.
growth
Placebo effect
happens when an item is thought to have an effect and produces results, even though there is no effect from the item (all in their head)
Bimodal distribution
has two modes (graphically looks like a camel with 2 humps)
Some teenagers drive over the speed limit without wearing seatbelt because they do not believe that they can be hurt. These teenagers
have created a personal fable.
A resilience characteristic is...
having a supportive social network.
Charles Spearman
he postulated two factors - a general ability G and a specific ability S which were thought to be applicable to any mental task
Nancy Schlossberg
heavily focused on adult career development; suggested 5 noteworthy factors: (1) Behavior in the adult years is primarily determined by social rather than biological factors. (2) Behavior can either be a function of one's life stages or one's age at other times. (3) Sex differences are actually more powerful than age or stage differences. (4) Adults continually experience transitions which require adaptation and self-assessment. (5) Identity, intimacy, and generativity are recurring themes in adulthood.
Linda Gottfredson
her developmental theory of career focuses on circumscription and compromise theory; people do restrict choices (circumscription) and when people do compromise in regard to picking a job (and indeed she feels they do) they will often sacrifice the field of work before they sacrifice sextype or prestige
Latent content of dreams
hidden meaning of a dream
Ulterior transactions
hidden transactions as two or more ego states are operating at the same time.
Low levels of job satisfaction have been linked to
higher levels of anxiety and depression, burnout, and increased susceptibility to disease.
Lower significance =
higher risk of Type II errors
Occupational Outlook Handbook (OOH)
highlights the salient factors of the job, necessary training, earnings, and advancement opportunities; most popular source used by career counselors; originally published by the U.S. Department of Labor in 1946 to aid war veterans; used by 9 out of 10 high schools since it is easy to comprehend; focuses on outlook and useful trends or predictions in the labor market; considered the easiest guide to read and understand when in search for career information; contains; contains approx. 800 job descriptions
John Locke
his philosophy is the foundation of empiricism
If you are trying to determine the typical salary for real estate professionals and your data includes $30,000, $32,000, $25,000, $38,000, and $249,000, using a ______________________ would be the most appropriate measure of central tendency.
median
Daniel J. Levinson
his research found that 80% of the men in the study experienced moderate to severe midlife crises and an "age 30 crisis" occurs in men when they feel it will soon be too late to make later changes; found that adult developmental transitions in white-collar and blue-collar men seemed to be relatively universal; subsequent research indicates that his theory of a midlife crisis for men or for women does not really hold water
John O. Crites
his work includes research into the phenomenon of career maturity; well-known for his Career Maturity Inventory (CMI); a career counseling trailblazer who felt the need for career counseling exceeds the need for therapy; believed career counseling (which he felt is more difficult than performing psychotherapy) can be therapeutic since a positive correlation between career counseling and personal adjustment is evident
Factorial notation
i.e., 2x3 factorial notation = The first variable has 2 levels (i.e., male or female) and the second IV has 3 levels (age, height, weight)
Resolution of Freud's Oedipus complex leads to the development of the superego, which is accomplished by
identifying with the same sex parent (also called aggressor)
Hawthorne effect
if subjects know they are part of an experiment - or if they are given more attention because of the experiment - their performance sometimes improves --> observer/reactive effect; relates to a study at the Hawthorne Works of the Western Electrical Company in Illinois which indicated that work production tended to increase with better lighting or worse lighting conditions
The two I's in BASIC ID stand for
imagery and interpersonal relationships.
Ecological culture
implies that cultural norms are often the result of practical and survival behaviors related to the climate or the resources in a given physical or geological environment; eating, drinking, clothing, and shelter behaviors would clearly be different in the Polar Regions than at the equator, desert region, or New York City
Fixation
implies that the individual is unable to go from one developmental stage to the next. The person literally becomes stuck in a stage where he or she feels safe. Therefore, when life becomes too traumatic, emotional development can come to a screeching halt, although physical and cognitive processes may continue at a normal pace.
68-95-99.7 rule (aka Empirical rule)
in a normal distribution 68% of the scores fall within plus/minus 1 standard deviation of the mean, 95% within 2 SDs of the mean, and 99.7% within 3 SDs; almost all scores will fall between 3 SDs of the mean
Contrast effect
in career placement settings, an interviewer's impression of an interviewee is often affected by previous interviewees; a typical applicant would look more impressive if interviewed after a string of applicants who are ill qualified for the job while an average applicant whose interview comes after several high qualified applicants will not be judged as favorably by the person who is doing the interviewing
Computer Assisted Career Guidance Systems (CACG) (aka Computer-based Career Information Systems (CBCISs)
include SIGI Plus, Choices, and Discover
Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures
includes adverse impact
Habituation (aka adaptation)
indicates a decrease in response to a constant stimulus or a stimulus that is repeated too frequently
Changing view of work
indicates that in the past work was seen as drudgery, while today it is seen as a vehicle to express our identity, self-esteem, and status; in the past, work was primarily a way to pay the bills, but now the rewards of a career are often conceptualized as fulfilling emotional needs
Baseline
indicates the frequency that a behavior is manifested prior to or in absence of treatment; a behaviorist term; signified in the literature on a chart using an upper case letter A
Item difficulty index (aka Difficulty value)
indicates the percentage of individuals who answered each item correctly; the higher the number of people who answer a question correctly, the easier the item is - and vice versa; 0.5 would indicate that 50% of those tested answered the question correctly, while 50% did not --> this is the level most tests are set at; calculated by taking the number of persons tested who answered the item correctly divided by the total number of persons tested; ranges from 0.0 to 1.0
Fixed interval scheduling is the most _____ of them all.
ineffective
Instincts
innate behaviors that do not need to be practiced or learned; not learned behavioral responses
Rationalization
intellectual excuse to minimize hurt feelings (tends to interpret thoughts in a positive manner)
IQ
intelligence quotient; mental age/chronological age (MA/CA) x 100; score indicates how you compare to those in your age group
Another name for N=1
intensive experimental design (pioneered by Freud), also known as a case study (N= the number of people being studied)
Expressed interests refers to
interests that are verbally reported.
Tertiary oppression is...
internalized oppression.
Q-sort design
involves a procedure in which an individual is given cards with statements and asked to place them in piles of"most like me" to "least like me." Then the subject compiles them to create the "ideal self." The ideal self can then be compared to his or her current self-perception in order to assess self-esteem; often used to investigate personality traits
Ellis feels that _____ is at the core of emotional disturbance.
irrational thinking (at point B)
Early in their theory's formulation, Ginzberg and colleagues proposed that the career decision-making process was
irreversible.
Motivational interviewing is mainly based on a Rogerian counseling style, but
is also directive.
Situational poverty is due to...
lacking resources due to an extenuating circumstance.
A group in which the members take almost full responsibility for the group sessions and process most likely have a(n) ______________________________ leader.
laissez-faire
B. F. Skinner's reinforcement theory elaborated on Edward Thorndike's ____ of _____.
law of effect (responses accompanied by satisfaction will be repeated)
Jean Piaget
leading name in cognitive development in children; developed a four stage model that remains the same for any culture although the age of the individual could vary; structuralist; his findings were often derived from observing his own children; felt teachers should lecture less, as children in concrete operations learn best via their own actions and experimentation with peers; genetic epistemologist
Lawrence Kohlberg
leading theorist in moral development; theory is epigenetic in nature; theory has 3 levels of moral development each with 2 stages that applies to all people
On a set of geography test results, the instructor informed the class that almost everyone had scored within one standard deviation of the mean. Results like these would be depicted by a(n) _________________________ distribution.
leptokurtic
Other terms for 'level of significance'
level of confidence confidence level alpha level
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE)
lists groups of jobs listed in 14 areas; helps job seekers explore jobs that are slanted toward a given interest area; published by the U.S. Department of Labor
The purpose of interpretation in counseling is to
make the client aware of their unconscious processes. (in the hopes that insight will be followed by motivation)
animus, anima, self archetypes
male, female sides
Persona (archetype)
mask or role we present to others to hide our true self.
Group content
material discussed in a group setting
Preconscious (aka foreconscious)
material not conscious but can be recalled without the use of special psychoanalytic techniques; deeper than the conscious but not as deep as the unconscious
If a professional school counselor wants to know if a student is ready to move to the next grade level, she should administer a(n)
maximal performance test.
Characteristics of 2nd born (Adlerian)
may compete with firstborn and often passes 1st child's performance
Characteristics of middle child (Adlerian)
may feel they are treated unfairly, seen as more manipulative.
Discriminant validity
means the test will not reflect unrelated variables; e.g., if phobias are unrelated to IQ, then when on correlates clients' IQ scores to their scores on the test for phobias, this should produce a near zero correlation; e.g., if evident, a counselor who is genuinely qualified to sit for a state licensing exam should score higher on the exam than a student who flunked an introductory counseling course
Career Maturity Inventory (CMI)
measures aptitudes and competencies related to the career choice process; created by John Crites
Member-specific measures
measures designed to assess change (or lack of it) in an individual group member; EX: self-rating or a rating by an outside observer; not standardized; used to assess the impact of the group
Group-specific measures
measures intended to measure the degree of change (or lack of it) in all persons participating in the group
Kuder-Richardson coefficients of equivalence (aka KR-20 or KR-21 formulas)
measures internal consistence reliability; alternative to the split-half method
Electroencephalogram
measures the alpha waves of the brain What is an EEG?
Global measures
measures, such as standardized tests, that may well assess traits and factors not specifically addressed in the group; EX: giving members of a Weight Watchers group a pre- and post-MMPI-2 would constitute a global measurement
Internal consistency/homogeneity reliability (aka Interitem consistency)
method of testing reliability that assesses whether each item on the test is measuring the same thing as every other item or in other words, is performance on one item truly related to performance on another?
Interrater/interobserver reliability (aka Scorer reliability)
method of testing reliability where several raters assess the same performance; utilized with subjective tests such as projectives to ascertain whether the scoring criteria are such that two persons who grade or assess the responses will produce roughly the same score; useful with an essay test but not with a test of algebra problems
Split-half method
method of testing reliability where the individual takes the entire test as a whole and then the test is divided into halves. The correlation between the half scores yields a reliability coefficient; e.g., a counselor doing research decided to split a standardized test in half by using the even items as one test and the odd items as a second test and then correlating them; can also split the test using random numbers (merely dividing the test according to first half versus second half could confound the data due to practice and fatigue effects)
Equivalent forms reliability (aka Alternate forms reliability)
method of testing reliability where the same population is given alternate forms of the identical test; each form will have the same psychometric/statistical properties as the original instrument; a single group of examinees takes parallel forms of a test and a reliability correlation coefficient is figured on the two sets of scores; counterbalancing is necessary --> half of the individuals get parallel form A first and half get for B first. This controls for variables such as fatigue, practice, and motivation
Test-retest reliability
method of testing reliability where the same test is given to the same group of people two times and then the scores are correlated; tests for stability; the client usually takes the same test after waiting at least 7 days; only valid for traits such as IQ which remain stable over time and are not altered by mood, memory, or practice effects
Organ inferiority
methods in which person attempts to compensate for inferiority (Alfred Adler)
Havighurst believes that relating to one's spouse as a person is a developmental task of
middle age.
Median
middle scores in a distribution of scores (The middle scores when data are arranged from highest to lowest.)
Regardless of the shape, the ____ will always be the high point when a distribution is displayed graphically.
mode
Children often do not understand the reasons behind rules when they are in the _____________________ stage of Piaget's theory of moral development.
moral realism
A woman who balances her personal needs with those of others is in the ____________________ stage of Gilligan's theory of moral development.
morality of nonviolence
If a math test item has positive item discrimination, it can be said that
more students who knew the material answered the question correctly than students who did not know the material well.
Nominal scale
most basic, does not provide measurable info, merely classifies names, labels, or identifies by group, has NO TRUE ZERO point and DOES NOT INDICATE ORDER. (i.e., street address, telephone #, gender, brand or therapy; adding/subtracting nominal categories is meaningless)
Mode
most frequently occurring scores and the least important measure of central tendency. (The highest or maximum point of concentration on a curve.)
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
most widely used measure of personality preference and disposition, 4 bipolar scales (based on Jung's work)
Victor Vroom
motivation and management expectancy theory; suggests that an employee's performance is influenced by valence (will the work provide rewards such as money, a promotion, or satisfaction?), expectancy (what does the person feel he or she is capable of doing?), and instrumentality (will the manager actually give the employee the promised reward such as a raise?)
Noam Chomsky's theory of language development is considered to be a(n)
nativist approach.
Joseph Breuer
neurologist who taught Freud 'talking cure', or 'catharsis'
Null hypothesis
no significant differences between the experimental group which received the IV and the control group which did not; asserts that samples will not change even after the experimental variable is applied; the IV does not affect the DV
Rene Spitz
noted that children reared in impersonal institutions (and hence experienced maternal deprivation between the sixth and eighth month of life) cried more, experienced difficulty sleeping, and had more health-related difficulties - called anaclitic depression. These infants would ultimately experience great difficulty forming close relationships.
Insight
novel sudden understanding of a problem.
According to the Indivisible Self wellness model, the following is NOT part of the essential self:
nutrition
Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB)
occupational aptitude test often administered at recruiting stations or to high school seniors interested in the military; the reliability and validity have recently come under fire; grew out of the trait-and-factor movement related to career counseling
Differential Aptitude Test (DAT)
occupational aptitude test that helps students decide whether a student should attend college, and if so, where he or she might excel the most; suitable for students in grades 8-12; takes about 3 hours to complete; grew out of the trait-and-factor movement related to career counseling
Animism
occurs when a child acts as if nonliving objects have lifelike abilities and tendencies; related to Piaget's pre operational stage
Mental health consultation
occurs when a consultant works with a consultee regarding clients or administrative/program issues
Dual relationship
occurs when a counselor has a relationship with the client in addition to being his or her counselor (e.g., sexual relationship or a business deal with the client); when a counselor has another significant relationship with the client that hinders objectivity
Accurate empathy
occurs when a counselor is able to experience the client's point of view in terms of feelings and cognitions
Accurate empathy
occurs when a counselor is able to experience the client's point of view in terms of feelings and cognitions.
Defamation
occurs when a counselor says something (i.e., slander) or writes something (i.e., libel) that damages a client's reputation; behavior that can damage one's reputation
Abandonment
occurs when a counselor stops providing services and does not refer the client to another helper
Shrinkage
occurs when a cross-validation coefficient is smaller than the initial validity coefficient
Blocking
occurs when a leader of a group uses an intervention to stop a negative or counterproductive behavior which could hurt another member or the group; can be used in cases of gossiping or breaking confidentiality
Reaction formation
occurs when a person can't accept a given impulse and this behaves in the opposite manner.
Culture conflict
occurs when a person experiences conflicting thoughts, feelings, or behaviors due to divided cultural loyalties; can describe the difficulties which arise when persons of different cultures live in the same geographical area
Central tendency bias
occurs when a rater rates almost everybody in the average range
Leniency/strictness bias
occurs when a rater tends to give employees very high/lenient or very low/strict ratings while avoiding the middle or so-called average range
Recency effect
occurs when a rater's judgement of an employee reflects primarily his or her most recent performance
Type I error (aka Alpha error)
occurs when a researcher rejects the null hypothesis when it is true; the probably of committing this error equals the level of significance; raising the size of the same helps to lower the risk of chance/error factors
Stimulus generalization (aka Second order conditioning or irradiation)
occurs when a stimulus similar to the CS produces the same reaction
Stimulus generalization (aka 'second order conditioning')
occurs when a stimulus similar to the conditioned (learned) stimulus produces the same reaction. (i.e., buzzer instead of bell)
Halo effect
occurs when a trait which is not being evaluated (e.g., attractiveness or how well he or she is liked) influences a researcher's rating on another trait; rater gives a higher rating when scoring subjective tests; i.e., an attractive examinee or an individual of the same race might be given a higher rating; in job settings, peers generally rate their colleagues higher than do their supervisors
Confounding (aka Contaminating variable)
occurs when a undesirable variable which is not controlled by the researcher is introduced in the experiment
Underemployment
occurs when a worker is engaged in a position which is below his or her skill level; can occur when an abundance of educated people floods a labor market that does not have enough jobs that require a high level of training
Displacement
occurs when an impulse is unleashed at a safe target. (man hates boss but kicks dog)
Hysteria
occurs when an individual displays an organic symptom (i.e., blindness, paralysis, or deafness), yet no physiological causes are evident
Sublimation
occurs when an individual expresses an unacceptable need in a socially acceptable manner. A person, for example, who likes to cut things up might pursue a career as a butcher or perhaps a surgeon.
Reciprocity
occurs when one state or organization accepts the license or credential of another state or organization
Positive punishment
occurs when something is added after a behavior and the behavior decreases
Extinction
occurs when the CS is not reinforced via the US; the CR is not eliminated but is suppressed or inhibited; common methods: ignoring behavior or time-out; the behavior will get worse before it is eliminated - extinction burst
Perception
occurs when you perceive something unconsciously and thus it has an impact on your behavior.
Subliminal perception
occurs when you perceive something unconsciously and thus it has an impact on your behavior; Wilson Bryan Key; EX: an advertising company secretly imbeds the word "sex" into newspaper ads intended to advertise his center's chemical dependency program
Reversibility
one can undo an action, hence an object can return to its initial shape; mastered in concrete operations
Sensitization
one is made more sensitive to a stimulus
The Heinz Story
one method used by Kohlberg to assess the level and stage of moral development in an individual; the individual's reason for the decision (rather than the decision itself) could be used to assess moral development
John Krumboltz
postulated a social learning approach (a cognitive approach) to career choice; model is based primarily on the work of Albert Bandura; interests are the result of learning, such that changes in interests can be learned; believed exposure to a wide range of work settings is highly desirable; occupational indecisiveness is seen as an indication of an information deficit rather than a lack of career maturity; his model is a behavioristic model of career development; his theory has been categorized as a decision-making theory or even a cognitive one; believed that decision making is a skill which can be learned; acknowledged the role of genetics and the environment but focused on what can be changed via learning
Anne Roe
one of the first individuals to suggest a theory of career choice based heavily on personality theory; major propositions: needs which are satisfied do not become unconscious motivators, that higher order needs will disappear even if they are rarely satisfied, but lower order needs (such as safety) will be the major concern, and needs which are satisfied after a long delay will become unconscious motivators; emphasized that early child rearing practices influence later career choices since a job is a major source of gratification for an unconscious need; first career specialist to utilize a two-dimensional system of occupational classification utilizing fields and levels; spoke of 3 basic parenting styles - overprotective, avoidant, or acceptant - that result in the child developing a personality which gravitates toward people or away from people
Ectomorph
one of the three basic temperaments based on one's physical build suggested by Sheldon's theory of personality; characterized by a slender or frail build; sensitive and inhibited
Endomorph
one of the three basic temperaments based on one's physical build suggested by Sheldon's theory of personality; soft rotund individual; inclined to love food, comfort, and relaxation
Mesomorph
one of the three basic temperaments based on one's physical build suggested by Sheldon's theory of personality; the muscular type; assertive, courageous, and willing to take risks
Formative process research
ongoing evaluation while the program is underway (e.g., After three weeks of a proposed year-long drug awareness education program, how many high school students are taking drugs?)
According to Adler, ______________________ tend to be bright but are often spoiled and lack social skills comparable to those of other children.
only children
A person who loves to travel to new destinations and, once there, enjoys exploring cultural epicenters and experiencing new types of food probably has a high score on the ___________________________ factor of the Five Factor Model.
openness
1. SELF EFFICACY- Perceived abilities; Judgments of one's abilities to
organize and carry out actions. It is strengthened with repeated success and weakened with repeated failure. It is developed through 4 types of learning experiences: 1- Personal Performance Accomplishments (MOST Influential) 2- Vicarious Learning, 3- Social persuasion, and 4- Physiological States and Reactions (Weak efficacy beliefs can produce anxiety/high levels of anxiety undermine performance).
Operational definition
outlines a procedure into exact terms and actions; important that researchers define procedures so that other researchers can attempt to replicate an experimental procedure
A woman volunteers at a child-care center. During one of her visits, two of the children get upset with her when she tells them it's time to clean up and start kicking her. The woman quits volunteering because she concludes that all children are violent. The type of distorted thinking that best describes this example is
overgeneralization.
Aversive conditioning
pairing an unpleasant stimulus to a pleasant stimulus to reduce the satisfaction (i.e., Antabuse and alcoholics)
Adler was the first therapist who relied on ______.
paradox (exaggerate the behavior you want to stop)
Frankl is the Father of existentialism and ____ _____.
paradoxical intention
Repeating a client's statement back to them in different words is called
paraphrasing.
Slips of the tongue
parapraxis (Freud called it 'the psychopathology of everyday life')
Social Learning Theory states that
people learn not only from the consequences of their own behavior but also from observing the consequences of others.
Social learning theory
people learn not only from the consequences of their own behavior but also from observing the consequences of others; emphasizes the environment rather than genetics or inborn tendencies; contradicts the innate/instinct aggression theory; generally associated with the work of Albert Bandura; this phenomenon is greatest when the adult is admired, powerful, or well-liked
The superego strives for _____ rather than _____ like the id.
perfection, pleasure
Incomplete parent (according to TA)
person expects others to parent him or uses lack of parenting as an excuse for poor behavior.
Humanistic counselors are
person focused.
Extroversion
person has tendency to find satisfaction in other people (term is Jungian)
A. A. Brill
personality career theorist who drew upon psychoanalytic doctrines; emphasized sublimation as an ego-defense mechanism
According to career trait and factor theory, self understanding is derived from assessing
personality, ability and values.
Buckley Amendment (aka Public Law 93-380)
persons over 18 can inspect their own records and those of their children; information cannot be released without adult consent; part of the Family Education Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA); the act applied to educational files (often called student cumulative record files) rather than counseling records, but most agencies and ethical bodies created procedures so clients who wish to can view their records; in order to abide by FERPA, school counselors are urged to keep their counseling notes separate from the rest of the student's file and to make certain other teachers do not have access to the files
Existentialism is a type of _______.
philosophy
Monitoring if a program is running as planned is known as
process evaluation.
Outcome evaluation can be used for all of the following purposes EXCEPT to
process group dynamics.
Discussing a conflict that arises in a group with all group members would be an example of addressing a
process issue.
Broad statements that indicate how the career intervention program will respond to a population's needs are referred to as
program goals.
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act
prohibits the discrimination on the basis of color, sex, religion, race, or national origin; stated that women would have equal work opportunities and equal job pay; created in 1964 and amended in 1972; instrumental in setting the stage for minority concerns
R. J. Havinghurst
proposed developmental tasks for infancy and early childhood (e.g., learning to walk or eat solid foods); tasks for middle childhood, ages 6-12 years (e.g., learning to get along with peers or developing a conscience); tasks of adolescence, ages 12-18 years (e.g., preparing for marriage and economic career); tasks of early adulthood, ages 19-30 (e.g., selecting a mate and starting a family); tasks of middle age, ages 30-60 (e.g., assisting teenage children to become responsible adults and developing leisure-time activities); and tasks of later maturity, age 60 and beyond (e.g., dealing with the death of a spouse and adjusting to retirement)
Gerald Caplan
proposed the most popular paradigm of metal health consultation that includes four basic types of consultation; pioneer in the crisis intervention movement; popularized a model of classifying groups - primary, secondary, & tertiary
A counselor who receives both a subpoena and a court order must...
provide the court with the appropriate information or be held in contempt of court.
The DSM-5
provides a common language for mental health professionals to communicate with one another.
The Vocational and Technical Education Act of 1984 (Carl D. Perkins Act)
provides disadvantaged populations access to vocational assessment, counseling, and placement services.
Decision system
provides rules and criteria for evaluating the outcome; stage of Gelatt Decision Model
Phrenology
pseudo-science which asserted one's personality could be determined by the shape of their skull.
Open groups are most appropriate in
psychiatric hospitals.
By license, all ___________________________ can prescribe medication to their clients.
psychiatrists
Symptom substitution
psychoanalytic concept which means if one symptom is stopped, a new symptom may start in its place (behaviorists also believe in this concept)
The mental health practitioners who most commonly administer psychological testing are...
psychologists.
Senile psychosis
psychosis brought on via old age; loss of memory
Lewis M. Terman
published an American version of the Binet that was translated into English and adapted to American children --> Stanford-Binet IQ; associated with Stanford University so the test became the Stanford-Binet
All reinforcers strengthen probability that a behavior will occur, but _____ lowers it.
punishment
Behavior modifiers feel _____ temporarily suppresses the behavior.
punishment (decreases the probability a behavior will occur)
Analyzing digital recordings of patients with schizophrenia to determine the quality of their social interactions would most likely be an example of
qualitative research.
During the ___________________ stage of family development, it is most important for boundaries to become more flexible.
raising adolescents
The theory most concerned with irrational thoughts is
rational emotive behavior therapy.
Mark is obsessed with stamping out pornography. He is unconsciously involved in this cause so that he can view the material. This is
reaction formation (the person acts the opposite of the way they actually feel.)
Children of permissive parents often become all of the following EXCEPT
rebellious.
Francis Galton
recognized as one of the major pioneers in the study of individual differences; he did research and concluded that intelligence was normally distributed like height or weight and that it was primarily genetic; felt intelligence was a single or so-called unitary factor; believed that exceptional mental abilities were genetic and ran in families; cousin of Charles Darwin
A counselor decides to increase the sample size in her experiment. This will ____
reduce Type 1 and Type II errors. Raising the size of a sample helps lower the risk of chance/error factors.
Anxiety
refers to fear, dread, or apprehension without being able to pinpoint the exact reason for the feeling; contrast to a phobia; client is unaware of the source of the fear
Nature
refers to heredity and genetic makeup
Comparative psychology
refers to laboratory research using animals and attempts to generalize the findings to humans
Decision-making theory
refers to periods of anticipation and implementation/adjustment; proposed by David Tiedeman and Robert O' Hara; the decision-making process is best explained by breaking it down into a two-part process - anticipation stage and implementation phase; all contend that the individual has the power to choose from the various career options; asserts that although occupational choice is an ongoing process, there are times when a key decision must be made
Nurture
refers to the influence of the environment on development
Kurtosis
refers to the peakedness of a frequency distribution
Quartile
refers to the points that divide a distribution into fourths. (indicates 25th percentile is the 1st quartile, 2nd quartile is the median, 3rd quartile is at 75 percentile.
Acquisition period
refers to the time it takes to learn or acquire a given behavior
Internal validity
refers to whether the DVs were truly influenced by the experimental IVs or whether other factors (i.e., extraneous variables) had an impact
External validity
refers to whether the experimental research results can be generalized to larger populations (i.e., other people, setting, or conditions)
Validity
refers to whether the test measures what it says it measures; critical factor in test selection; the most important factor in the construction of a test; i.e., a scale that measures body weight accurately; a test that is valid for one population is not necessarily valid for another group; 5 types: content, construct, concurrent, predictive, consequential; evidence is expressed via correlational coefficients
A racial interaction in which an individual of a lower racial identity status holds more social power over an individual would be considered a(n)
regressive interaction.
All ______ rend to increase probability that a prior behavior will occur.
reinforces
Continuous schedule of reinforcement
reinforcing every behavior (not necessarily the most practical or effective)
Type I errors _____ null when it is _____.
reject, true. (memory: RA - Reject when Applicable/true)
Avoidant child rearing style
rejecting; emotionally cold or hostile style; be more likely to produce an individual who would shun person-oriented careers
Systematic desensitization consists of 4 steps
relaxation training, construction of anxiety hierarchy, desensitization in imagination, and in vivo desensitization.
Subjective test
relies mainly on the scorer's opinion, thoughts, and feelings; if the rater knows the test taker's attributes, the rater's personal bias can significantly impact upon the rating; i.e., an essay test, free choice test
Doctor-patient consultation model
relies on four distinct stages: entry, diagnosis, implementation, and evaluation; the consulted (i.e., the person receiving consultation) must accurately depict symptomatology, trust the consultant's diagnosis, and carry out the consultant's directives; associated with the work of Schein; consultants can focus on process (what is happening from a communications standpoint) or content (knowledge imparted from the consultant to the consultee)
Psychoeducational groups are
remedial, preventative, and growth oriented.
Anima
represents the female characteristics of the personality; Jung; an archetype - inherited unconscious factor
Animus
represents the male characteristics of personality; Jung; an archetype - inherited unconscious facto
Suppression differs from repression in that
repression is automatic and involuntary.
Applied research
research conducted to advance our knowledge of how theories, skills, and techniques can be used in terms of practical application
Inductive research
research goes from the specific to a generalization.
Inductive reasoning
research goes from the specific to a generalization; i.e., a researcher studies a single session of counseling in which a counselor treats a client's phobia using a paradoxical strategy. He then writes in his research report that paradox is the treatment of choice for phobias.
Correlational research
research that does not yield cause-effect data; quasi-experimental; bivariate (two variables) and multivariate (more than two variables)
Ethnographic research
research that is collected via interviews, observations, and inspection of documents
Standard error of measurement (SEM)
tells you how accurate or inaccurate a test score is; the lower the better --> indicates high reliability; if a client decided to take the same test over and over and over again you could plot a distribution of scores and this would be the _____ for the instrument in question; tells the counselor what would most likely occur if the same individual took the same test again
Mandalas
term borrowed from Hinu writings by Jung that stands for a magic protective circle that represents self-unification.
Negative entropy
term for the balanced state of a healthy family
Freud's critics cite that many aspects of his theory are difficult to ____ from a scientific standpoint.
test Freud's psychoanalysis is the OLDEST major form of psychotherapy.
Self-Directed Search (SDS)
test based on work of John Holland, is self-administered, self-scored and self-interpreted
Ipsative test format
test format the person taking the test must compare items to one another; the person is measured in response to his or her own standard of behavior; points out the highs and lows that exist within a single individual; does not reveal absolute strengths, therefore it does not compare a person to other persons who took the instrument; i.e., Kuder Career Search with Person Match
Normative test format
test format where each item on a test is independent of all other items; the individual's score is evaluated by comparing it to others who took the same test; i.e., a percentile rank
Minnesota Occupational Rating Scales
test specifically aimed at enhancing the actuarial approach to career choice
Aptitude test
test that attempts to measure potential; purpose is to predict future performance; does not imply that you are adept at the skill (say math, music, or principles taught in law school) at the present moment; speculates whether or not you could capture these skills with proper training and experience; predictive validity is important when choosing this kind of test; e.g., GATB, the O*NET Ability Profiler; school selection tests assess aptitude (i.e., LSAT, MCAT)
Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)
tests 2 or more groups while controlling for extraneous variables that are called covariates
ANCOVA
tests a null hypothesis regarding the means of two or more groups AFTER the random samples are adjusted to eliminate average differences.
Ethnicity
that which pertains to a large group of individuals who are categorized by national, religious, linguistic, or cultural attributes
Trace conditioning
the CS will terminate prior to the onset of the US
Berne's Transactional Analysis (TA) posits 3 ego states
the Child (like id) the Adult (like ego) the Parent (like superego)
Thanatos
the Freudian concept of self-destructive death instinct
Eros
the Freudian concept of the life instinct; self-preservation
Superego
the Freudian term for one's conscience; ego ideal; strives for perfection; composed of values, morals, and ideals of parents, caretakers, and society
The first form of psychodrama was called
the Theater of Spontaneity.
Stability
the ability of a test score to remain stable or fluctuate over time when the client takes the test again
Generativity
the ability to be productive and happy by looking outside one's self and being concerned with other people; part of one of Erikson's stages
Divergent thinking
the ability to generate a novel ideal; J. P. Guilford
Eidetic imagery (aka Photographic memory)
the ability to remember the most minute details of a scene or a picture for an extended period of time; usually gone by the time a child reaches adolescence
Amount waived
the amount a third party payer did not cover
Mean
the arithmetic average; measure of central tendency; the most useful of the three measures of central tendency
X axis (aka Abscissa)
the axis used to plot the independent variable; a horizontal line drawn under a frequency distribution
Equilibration (aka equilibrium)
the balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and that which is changed (accommodation); occurs when a child achieves a balance
Ratio
the behavior is reinforced based on the number of responses; type of intermittent reinforcement; fixed or variable; most difficult is variable ____
Interval
the behavior is reinforced based on time elapsed; the reinforcement always takes place after a fixed time or number of responses; type of intermittent reinforcement; fixed or variable; most ineffective is fixed ____
In Ivan Pavlov's famous experiments with dogs, the conditioned stimulus was
the bell, buzzer, or tone.
The Bureau of Labor Statistics website
the best resource for career data (i.e., detailed statistics about the average wages in your state)
What Color Is Your Parachute?
the best-selling job hunting book of all time by Richard N. Bolles; recommended for people seeking employment or change in employment
Nosology
the branch of medicine which concerns itself with the classification of disease
Informed consent
the procedure of informing the client what will take place so the client will have the necessary information to decide whether he or she wants to consent to the procedure; giving the client a statement of disclosure and having him or her read it and sign it; the client has the information to consent to treatment; an example of desirable counselor behavior that can actually reduce the chances of a malpractice suit; applies to research and counseling
Job-netting
the process of finding a job on the internet; younger, lower paid workers are more apt to search for a job on the Internet than those who are more mature or making high salaries; 5.5% of the population has found a job on the Internet
Experimental Research
the process of gathering data in order to make evaluative comparisons regarding different situations.
Insight
the process of making a client aware of something which was previously unknown; increases self-knowledge; a novel sudden understanding of a problem; equated with the work of the gestalt psychologist Wolfgang Kohler who studied chimpanzees and great apes
Ecological planning
the process of obtaining information to determine whether a group is the most desirable form of treatment and, if it is, to decide the exact nature of the group experience
Assimilation
the process of taking in new information; Piaget; age varies
Quasi-experiment
the researcher uses preexisting groups; the subjects cannot be randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups; the IV cannot be altered (e.g., gender or ethnicity) because it was administered before the research began; you cannot state with any degree of statistical confidence that the IV caused the DV; popular type is ex post facto study
Lavender ceiling phenomenon
the same basic notion as the glass ceiling phenomenon that is true for gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered individuals
Standardized test
the schooling and administration procedures of the test are formal and well delineated; the testing format, the test materials, and the scoring process are consistent
Reality distortion occurs when
the social environment in the group is radically dissimilar to the outside world.
Oedipus complex
the stage in which fantasies of sexual relations with the opposite-sex parent occurs; the boy's secret wish to marry his mother, paired with rage toward his father; child realizes that retaliation would result if he would act on these impulses. The child thus strives for identification with the parent of the same sex to achieve vicarious sexual satisfaction; occurs during the phallic stage (ages 3-5); most controversial part of Freud's theory
State Department of Economic Regulation
the state department that often handles counselor licensing; mental health licensing might also be handled by the board of healing arts
Realistic job preview (RJP)
the student, usually in college, contacts a worker in the field and then interviews the worker; behavioral technique
Group dynamics
the study of interrelationships and interactions between group members; EX: group stages, cohesiveness, leadership style, and decision making; any factor that has an impact on the group
Sociometry
the study of measuring person-to-person relationships regarding what members in a group think or feel; a quantitative study of relationship concerns in a group
Single-blind study
the subject does not know whether he or she is a member of the control group or the experimental group; the researcher knows which group the participants are in; helps eliminate demand characteristics
Double-blind study
the subjects AND the researcher do not know whether the participant is a member of the control group or the experimental group; helps eliminate confounding caused by experimenter effects; the person assigned to rate or judge the subjects are often unaware of the hypothesis
Matched subjects design (aka Matched sampling)
the subjects are matched in regard to any variable that could be correlated with the DV; e.g., if you wanted to test a hypothesis concerning a new treatment for bipolar disorder but felt that IQ might be correlated with the DV, then you would try to match subjects based on IQ; can ensure that an extraneous variable confounds the study; a special kind is the repeated-measures or within-subjects design
Ego ideal
the superego (the perfect self that the person judges himself against)
Catharsis (aka Abrecation)
the talking cure; talking about difficulties in order to purge emotions and feelings; taught to Freud by Joseph Breuer
Propinquity
the tendency for people who are in close proximity (i.e., working at the same office or living close) to be attracted to each other
Leisure
the time away from work which is not being utilized for obligations where the individual has the freedom to choose what he or she would like to do; time that is said to be self-determined
Dependent variable (DV)
the variable that expresses the outcome or the data; expresses the data regarding factors you wish to measure; can be discrete (e.g., a brand of counseling or occupation) or continuous (e.g., height or weight)
Independent variable (IV)
the variable that the researcher manipulates, controls, alters, or wishes to experiment with; can be discrete (e.g., a brand of counseling or occupation) or continuous (e.g., height or weight)
Independent variable
the variable the researcher manipulates, controls, alters, or wishes to experiment with. Memory Device: 'I' manipulate the IV, or a hospital patient gets treatment form IV)
Y axis (aka Ordinate)
the vertical axis which is used as a scale for the dependent variable
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)
the watchdog for Title VII guidelines that prohibit discrimination; has enforced Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures
Empiricism (aka associationism)
theorists who believe that development merely consists of quantitative changes; according to this theory, scientists can learn only from objective facts; adheres to the principle that experience is the source for acquiring knowledge; the forerunner of behaviorism; the empiricist view of development is behavioristic - value statistical studies and emphasize the role of the environment
Holland's psychological needs career personality theory
theory described by 4 assumptions: (1) In our culture, there are six basic personality types: realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, or conventional. (2) Most work environments correspond to six personality types. (3) People search out an agreeable environment which lets them express their personality type. (4) The individual's behavior is determined by an interaction of the personality and the environment.; using this theory the counselor attempts to find a job for the client in which the personality/environment interaction is congruent; viewed as a trait-and-factor approach; most people are not pure personality types and thus can best be described by a distribution of types such as RSI - each individual has a primary direction or type but are best described using a profile over three areas
Constructivist therapy
theory of intervention which stresses that it is imperative that helpers/counselors understand the client's view/constructs to explain his or her problems; types: brief & narrative
Status attainment theory
theory posits that the child will eventually secure a job commensurate with his or her family status; this notion will not hold water with a child who has exceptionally low or high career aspirations (e.g., a lower-class child who insists she will become a physician)
Human capital theory
theory purports that individuals secure training and education to get the best possible income; this theory doesn't seem valid when applied to folks of lower economic status
Accident theory
theory suggest that chance factors influence one's career; i.e., a student liked his history teacher so he decided to become a history teacher himself
Psychiatry of Interpersonal Relations
theory that is similar to Erikson's in that biological determination is seen as less important than interpersonal issues and the sociocultural demands of society; Harry Stack Sullivan's theory
Therapeutic letters are written by
therapists.
P.05 means
there is only a 5% chance that the difference between the control group and the experimental group is due to chance. (differences truly exist; the experimenter will obtain the same results 95 out of 100 times.)
Pilot studies are useful for each of the following reasons EXCEPT
they confirm post hoc a larger study's findings.
Dualistic thinking
things are conceptualized as good or bad or right and wrong; common to teens; William Perry
Concreteness (aka 'specificity')
this principle is used to alleviate vague language.
John Henry Effect (also known as 'compensatory rivalry of a comparison group')
threat to internal validity when subjects strive to prove an experimental treatment that might threaten their livelihood isn't really effective. (i.e., sabotage)
Evaluating the impact of a smoking cessation program for a sample of 150 clients using repeated measures is an example of a
time series design.
Desensitization
to make one less sensitive
Group conflict usually occurs during the _________________________ stage of a counseling group.
transition
Cultural awareness
trend in counseling that suggests that the counselor must understand cultural factors; contrast to cultural tunnel vision
Beck's contention was that depression is the result of a cognitive _____ of negative beliefs regarding oneself, one's future, and one's experience.
triad
Narrative therapy
type of constructivist therapy which looks at stores in the client's life and attempts to rewrite or reconstruct the stories when necessary
Fluid intelligence
type of intelligence that is flexible, culture-free, and adjusts to the situation; inherited neurological intelligence that decreases with age and is not very dependent on culture; measured by content-free reasoning such as a block design or a pictorial analogy problem; Raymond B. Cattell
Crystallized intelligence
type of intelligence that is rigid and does not change or adapt; intelligence from experimental, cultural, and educational interaction; measured by tests that focus on content; Raymond B. Cattell
Hopson and Adam's model of adult transitions proposes that crises are usually
unanticipated and involuntary.
Ego defense mechanisms
unconscious processes which serve to minimize anxiety and protect the self from severe id or superego demands
Id, ego, superego is to structural theory as _______, _____, _____ are to topographical theory.
unconscious, preconscious, and conscious
Sour grapes rationalization
underrating a reward (because they didn't get it)
Constructivist theories of intervention stress importance of ______ the client's views.
understanding
Unfinished business (Gestalt concept)
unexpressed emotions
According to the ACA and NBCC codes of ethics, professional counselors
use instruments that provide norms for the specific client population that is being assessed.
Subjective units of distress scale (SUDS)
used in forming a hierarchy to perform Wolpe's systematic desensitization; created via the process of introspection by rating the anxiety associated with the situation; 0-100 with 100 being the most threatening situation; counselor can ask a client to rate imagined situations on the _____ so that a treatment hierarchy can be formulated
Kruskal-Wallis
used instead of the ANOVA when data is nonparametric
Third culture
used to describe financial markets, international law, and other elements which transcend national culture
Spearman Brown formula
used to estimate the impact that lengthening or shortening a test will have on test's reliability coefficient
Naturalistic observation
used when doing ethological investigations or studying children's behavior; in this approach, the researcher does not manipulate or control variables; the setting is natural rather than an artificial laboratory environment; the oldest method of research
Quasi-experiment
uses PRE-EXISTING groups, so the independent variable (IV) cannot be altered (i.e. gender or ethnicity), & cannot state with any statistical confidence that the IV caused the dependent variable (DV).
Ethnocentrism
uses one's own culture as a yardstick to measure all others; conveys the notion that one's own group is superior; based on an opinion; a universal phenomenon; i.e., a sense of patriotism and national sovereignty; dangers in trying to promote stability and pride in the nuclear age
Rational-behavior therapy
uses rational-emotive imagery regularly, works well for multicultural counseling, by Maxie Maultsby.
J. P. Guilford
using factor analysis he isolated 120 factors which added up to intelligence; remembered for his thoughts on convergent and divergent thinking
Maturational theory
utilizes the plan growth analogy, in which the mind is seen as being driven by instincts while the environment provides nourishment, thus placing limits on development; counselors who adhere to this theory allow clients to work through early conflicts; psychoanalysts and psychodynamic therapists fall into this category
Slander
verbal defamation
Kelly (1955) proposed that individuals develop _____________________ that assist them in finding purpose at work, evaluating career decisions and tasks, and developing a sense of identity through work.
vocational constructs
David Wechsler
well-known for creating the Wechsler intelligence scales; felt that Binet was slanted toward verbal skills and thus he added performance skills to ascertain attributes which might have been cultivated in a background which did not stress verbal proficiency
Resistance
when a client refuses to follow a counselor's directives such as homework, completing psych tests, etc.)
Computer Managed Counseling (CMC)
when a computer helps manage your practice; include tasks such as bookkeeping, client scheduling, printing billing statements, and compiling referral sources
Summarization
when a counselor reviews what has transpired in past counseling sessions he is using (constitutes a 'synthesis' regarding general tone and feeling of helping process)
Counterculture
when a group of persons vehemently opposes the values of the culture
Higher order conditioning.
when a new stimulus is paired with the conditioned (learned) stimulus and the new stimulus takes on the power of the conditioned (learned) stimulus.
Higher order conditioning
when a new/neutral stimulus is associated with the CS and the new stimulus takes on the power of the CS; After a dog is conditioned to the bell, a light is paired with the bell. In a short period of time, the light alone would elicit the salivation.
Sublimation
when a person acts out an unconscious impulse in a socially acceptable way (i.e., aggressive person has a career as a boxer)
Identification
when a person identifies with a cause or a successful person with the unconscious hope that he or she will be perceived as successful or worthwhile.
Multipoint item
when a test gives the person taking the exam three or more forced choices; i.e., the NCE
Parallel forms (aka Equivalent forms)
when a test has two versions or forms that are interchangeable; each form must have the same mean, standard error, and other statistical components
Ego identity
when an adolescent is able to integrate all his or her previous roles into a single self-concept; an inability to accomplish Erikson's task results in role confusion, which is known as identity crisis
Trace conditioning
when conditioned (learned) stimulus terminates before the occurrence of the unconditioned (unlearned) stimulus.
Delay conditioning
when the CS is delayed until the US occurs
Backward conditioning
when the US comes before the CS; ineffective and does not work
Delayed conditioning
when the conditioned (learned) stimulus is delayed until the unconditioned (unlearned) stimulus occurs
Experimental neurosis
when the differentiation process becomes too tough because the stimuli are almost identical, the dog will show signs of emotional disturbance
Paraphrasing
whenever a counselor restates a client's message in the counselor's own words.
Counselors should assess ______________________ when they believe a client might be suicidal.
whether the client has a plan, whether the client has a means for carrying out the plan, and whether the plan is specific, detailed, and plausible.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
widely used measure of personality disposition and preferences created by Isabel Briggs Myers and her mother, Katharine Cook Briggs; 166 items; based on Carl Jung's analytic psychology and theory of perception and judgment; uses dichotomous types: extraversion versus introversion, sensing versus intuition, thinking versus feeling, and judging versus perceiving; resulting in 16 individual personality types, each of which is given a four-letter code used for interpreting personality type test; theory-based test or inventory; suitable for use with upper elementary-aged children as well as adults
Interest inventory
work best with individuals who are of high school age or above inasmuch as interests are not extremely stable prior to that time - interests become stable around age 25; major criticism is that they emphasize professional positions and minimize blue-collar jobs; interests and abilities are not highly correlated (i.e., a client could have tremendous musical ability yet could thoroughly dislike being a musician); advantage: they are reliable and not threatening to the test taker - generally the least threatening variety of test; problem is that the person often tries to answer the questions in a socially acceptable manner
What percentage of first marriages end in divorce?
~50%