NCE Practice Test 1 (Questions 1-100)

The importance of a counselor's openness to feedback is shown through evaluation of self and counselor effectiveness; a professional behavior related to: a. accountability. b. finances. c. advertising. d. record-keeping.

a. accountability.

When planning a client treatment plan for a DSM-5 disorder which interview system would be the best choice? a. biopsychosocial b. developmental c. motivational d. Cultural Formulation Interview

a. biopsychosocial

Which of the following techniques might be most appropriate for a client experiencing an internal conflict (such as top dog and/or underdog)? a. dialogue b. rehearsal c. exaggeration d. making rounds

a. dialogue Dialogue can be a playing out of conflicting feelings or attitudes.

A counselor who understands behavior is determined by unconscious forces, earlier experiences, psychic energy, and aggressive impulses is oriented toward the theory of: a. psychoanalytic. b. behavioral. c. reality therapy. d. transactional analysis.

a. psychoanalytic.

When attempting to influence a client for change, research suggests that the counselor has a power base. All of the following are power bases except? a. status b. referent c. expert d. legitimate

a. status Status. The five power bases are expert, referent, legitimate, reward, and coercive.

When a cultural group tries to become a part of the larger cultural group the process is known as: a. integration. b. assimilation. c. segregation. d. accommodation.

b. assimilation. Address family composition and cultural considerations, and 6E: Demonstrate knowledge of and sensitivity to multicultural issues. Alexson (1993) defined assimilation as a number of subprocesses. Generally, the term refers to cultural assimilation and the loss of ethnic identity, beliefs and values, and interest in heritage.

A term in group dynamics which depicts a group member who initiates a behavior such as withdrawal and then this behavior is picked up and duplicated by other members is: a. deindividuation. b. synergy. c. behavioral contagion. d. cohesiveness.

c. behavioral contagion.

A psychodynamic career counselor is providing career analysis to a 17-year-old female. The counselor makes every effort to understand what provides self-fulfillment for the teenager and considers her psychosexual development. What initial behavioral form of a psychosexual stage is considered important for the developmental direction for the person? a. compulsion b. self-concept c. play d. ego differentiation

c. play Play is what binds a self-fulfilling vocation and the requirements of a job.

A client was informed that he received a score equal to or above a z score of 2.00 on an accounting Quick Book qualification test. To be selected for the second step of the interview process the z score equivalent had to reach at or above the 75th percentile. The percentile interpretation of his 2.00 z score equals to: a. 50% b. 75% c. 84% d. 97%

d. 97%

When assessment was completed, the counselor was writing up the session notes and placing them in the client's folder. The client asked what he was putting in the folder and why. The counselor informed the client that when the therapy sessions are paid by the insurance company occasionally, they audit records for important therapy information. All of the following are considered important notations in the client folder except: a. treatment. b. diagnosis and symptoms. c. monitoring notes. d. payment schedule

d. payment schedule

A 36-year-old female indicated she feels worthless, was married at 16 and her two children left home last year. She has started to dress as though she were her teenage daughters and at times talks using youthful talk. Which defense mechanism might she be using? a. reaction formation b. compensation c. projection d. regression

d. regression Regression, a retreat to an earlier development level.

An intake interview is being conducted with a 35-year-old male by a career counselor to determine a work history that appears to reflect poor job performance and an inability to maintain a job. The counselor has decided to utilize the non-directive or semi-structured interview as opposed to the structured interview. The counselor's intentions are to use this approach to acquire the work information, plus attitudes, ambitions, and other affective matters related to the presenting concern from a client volunteering information. In utilizing the unstructured interview, the counselor is employing a principle of the: a. Hawthorne effect. b. Halo effect. c. Attribution effect. d. Ringlemann effect.

a. Hawthorne effect. Hawthorne Effect. This effect demonstrated that to increase production the managers did not have to make a direct demand for increased production but rather to pay attention to the workers. Frequently, you get more than what you request. The same principle is reflected in interviewing. If you ask a direct question, the response will be limited and directed at the information or feeling. Most likely one gets a yes or no. If you use an open-ended question the person answers from his/her frame of reference and with no parameters.

A 57-year old client was assigned to a counselor for unspecified depressive disorder assessed by the intake clinician. During the second session the client reported that his symptoms were more significant than earlier reported. The intake folder notes indicated he had minor problems with insomnia, weight issues, and lack of energy. Today, he said he was very anxious and had persistent thoughts about his health symptoms and was unable to free his mind of those issues. The counselor asked him to elaborate on the vegetative symptoms because another disorder might be present. The purpose of the vegetative question is to recognized that comorbidity may exist 50-95% of the time for what two disorders? a. Somatic Disorder and Major Depression Disorder b. Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Dementia Disorder c. Dementia Disorder and Bipolar I Disorder d. Major Depression and Adjustment Disorder with depressed mood

a. Somatic Disorder and Major Depression Disorder Vegetative symptoms are disturbances of a person's functions necessary to maintain life (vegetative functions). Symptoms for vegetative symptoms for Major Depressive Disorder include weight loss, anorexia (loss of appetite), insomnia, fatigue, low energy, and inattention.

Which of the following must be proven in the courts for malpractice to be established? a. a causal relationship was established between damages and negligence b. the client was not provided the informed-consent procedures c. the counselor was under a financial arrangement with the client d. the counselor was not adhering to one of the professional codes of ethics

a. a causal relationship was established between damages and negligence The four parts of malpractice are the relationship (duty), breach of duty, loss, and proximate cause.

During three marriage-counseling sessions both the husband and wife blame each other for the failure of their relationship and did not assume any responsibility for the worsening relationship. The counselor would evaluate this as: a. a classic feature of a personality feature. b. behavior typical of individuals coming from dysfunctional families. c. destructive behavior and typical of couples in the early stages of the relationship. d. an impasse in the therapy and an indication the therapist needs to provide direction.

a. a classic feature of a personality feature. Blaming can be a psychological projection, defense mechanism

Ethical considerations in using Internet interventions include all of the following except: a. advertising. b. appropriateness of the disorder for the Internet. c. privacy, confidentiality. d. client accessibility.

a. advertising. Provide distance counseling or telemental health

Mr. and Mrs. Bryson, in a pre-marital counseling session, were proponents of responsible parenting. They had heard about different parenting styles and were conflicted about a best choice for their child rearing. Both expressed an attitude of encouraging independence, enforcing rules, and responding to the needs and wishes of children. This type of parenting is called? a. authoritative b. autocratic c. authoritarian d. permissive

a. authoritative Dreikurs referred to authoritative parents' use of respectful discipline. Authoritative parents encourage respect, responsibility, self-discipline, choices with limits, and problem-solving skills. Authoritarian parents are demanding of instant obedience. They have no consideration of the child's point of view when a conflict exists. Permissive parents rarely use punishment or make demands

A counselor has been counseling a 31-year-old male who has been unable to sustain a job and other responsible commitments. The client has had numerous jobs lasting from a few days to three months and several broken interpersonal relationships. The client continues to ask for answers and the counselor readily provides answers. This pattern of responding is likely to reflect the counselor's impact on the client and process of counseling resulting in: a. client dependence b. client immaturity c. client transference d. client burn-out

a. client dependence Although there is limited information to respond to this question, the reluctance on the part of the client to explore and take some individual initiative and at the same time the counselor freely providing answers may set the conditions for continued or developed dependency.

A counselor is deciding a therapy for best client choice for two clients. The decision of choice is based on theory categories of exploration versus support or directive versus evocative. The two clients are assessed with depressed moods although each with different circumstances. The chart notes for client one included the following: forward looking, positive, and seeking change. Which therapy would be a best treatment choice for this client? a. evocative b. directive c. supportive d. exploration

a. evocative

For several months a counselor has been counseling Sandy, a three-year-old child. The focus of counseling has been age-related social immaturity. The counselor decides to include Sandy's four-year-old sister in play therapy. The focus of the therapy has shifted from: a. intrapersonal to interpersonal. b. individual concerns for sibling rivalry. c. thought to action (behavior). d. play to communication.

a. intrapersonal to interpersonal. Intrapersonal is within Sandy and interpersonal refers to the interaction between Sandy and her four-year-old sister.

An older adult sought counseling for changing work roles, pre-retirement adjustment, leisure activities, and maybe a second career. For the past 40 years he has known only one job and one task and has devoted himself to that endeavor without participating in extracurricular activities or adjunct hobbies. He asked for an integrative counseling approach (biosocial, career, and family) because that approach emphasizes: a. learning from a mentor. b. career transitions are caused by external events. c. working with older individuals because of reduced physical and mental work skills. d. starting the process of search as though it was the very first exploration, like 40 years ago.

a. learning from a mentor. Integrative models are adaptable to the older adult and suggest using models such as Erikson's stages of identity through integrity.

A single 27-year-old female presented with a conflict in her life might be expected to be struggling with which of Erikson's stages? a. maintaining a close personal relationship versus living as an emotionally isolated individual. b. adhering to an established routine versus pursuing various satisfaction. c. deciding to engage or disengage. d. maturing her ego identity versus narrowing down.

a. maintaining a close personal relationship versus living as an emotionally isolated individual. Facilitate resolution of interpersonal conflict. Since this question provides no additional data, it is reasonable to answer this question based upon age and a theory of human growth and development. Developmental theories often suggest age-related issues for counseling. The client is 27 years of age and is considered a young adult.

Most therapies have in common what type of medicine that has no physical effect but does work psychologically. a. placebo. b. relaxation training. c. talk therapy. d. reinforcement.

a. placebo. Explain counseling processes, procedures, tasks, and benefits. There is no pharmacological activity but taking the placebo often produces effects similar to an active drug. The effect is an enhancement of the psychological effect. The client believes the placebo will create a change.

A person who attributes to others qualities or traits that are unacceptable to that person's ego uses which defensive mechanism? a. projection b. displacement c. rationalization d. compensation

a. projection Projection, the act of attributing to others qualities or traits that are unacceptable to our ego.

A counselor utilizing play therapy with a four-year-old child employs limit-setting. The purpose of limit-setting is to observe all of the following except: a. promoting the therapist's responsibility-taking. b. promoting consistency. c. facilitating acceptance of the child. d. assuring physical and emotional security.

a. promoting the therapist's responsibility-taking. The therapist's responsibility. Landreth (1991) provides a rationale for limit-setting. This rationale includes: assuring physical and emotional security for children, facilitating acceptance of the child, facilitating decision-making, self-control and self-responsibility of children, emphasizing the here and now, promoting consistency, promoting ethical and socially acceptable relationships, and protecting the play therapy materials and room.

An authoritarian group leader is likely to do which of the following using power tactics to determine group goals and objectives? a. seek input from the members and emphasize his/her authority b. divide members into dyads to come up with goals and objectives c. prefer for the goals to be developed naturally as the group progresses d. use a process-oriented style of stages

a. seek input from the members and emphasize his/her authority This leader tends to not seek input from the members and will emphasize his/her authority through power tactics

A three-year-old child was referred to a counselor by a day-care provider because the child isolates and hides play toys from the other children. When asked why the child hides the toys the child refuses to answer. The counselor decides the child has not developmentally accomplished the act of sharing with others. The counselor may choose to initiate a goal to develop trust and sharing as a positive behavior to improve: a. social skills b. improved communication c. self-esteem d. expressing emotions

a. social skills Play therapy will bridge the gap between concrete experiences (Piaget-second stage) and abstract thought (Piaget-third stage; Landreth, 1991).

All of the following are considered a type of micro aggression (specific example) except? a. switching b. insults c. invalidations d. assaults

a. switching Cultural switching is two or more cultures interaction (strong identity while a second identity)

A mother and father have been concerned about their five-year-old child because of impatience and sometimes demanding behavior to get what he wants. He has not responded well to parental instruction to delay gratification. A counselor might recommend what operant conditioning behavioral technique to teach delayed gratification? a. token economy b. implosion c. reciprocal inhibition d. systematic desensitization

a. token economy Contingency management is an operant reinforcement technique, a system or rewarding with symbols to change or alter a behavior. This reward system has been successfully used with children.

A career decision theorist approach to counseling is to differentiate the evolving ego. To effectively differentiate an ego for this purpose the counselor begins with: a. trust versus mistrust. b. to want to work or not work. c. to be educated or to be trained. d. to be a leader or a follower.

a. trust versus mistrust. Trust vs. mistrust. Tiedeman and O'Hara utilize Erikson's Psychosocial stages in ego differentiation using Erikson's Psychosocial stages.

What is the key causal factor in a disaster? a. vulnerability b. social marginalization c. individual impairment d. legal restrictions

a. vulnerability Stress management

A counselor was researching common concerns that adolescents would most likely bring to the counseling hour including stress, media platforms, achievement, competition, attraction, suicide, dating, and belonging. The counselor researched a statistic that indicated anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa were the third and fourth-most-chronic conditions for adolescents. What symptoms might be common with anorexia and bulimia nervosa? a. weight and image b. being perfect c. parental relationships d. fitting in, good peer relationships

a. weight and image

Which statement would be a recommended "warm up" to start a personal growth group session that has completed several sessions with most sessions filled with emotional material and somewhat functional interactions between the members? a. Today, we are going to talk about emotional material from the last session. b. Is there anything from our last session the group needs to talk about? c. We have been talking about some personal issues and maybe some of you would like to continue. d. Does anyone have any comments about Barbara's comments from the last session?

b. Is there anything from our last session the group needs to talk about? The statement is non-threatening, yet it allows the members to pick up where they choose and work into depth rather than attempt to start at that level.

During the initial interview for family counseling the counselor asked each member to state why the family needs counseling. Mother: "The family has a communication problem mostly between Father and John but also Sharon." Father: "John does not mind, is not responsible, is failing school, and is disrespectful of his siblings." John: (16-year-old male) "My parents do not understand teenagers. They are too strict, and they do not like my friends." Sharon: (15-year-old female) "There is nothing wrong with our family." Betty: (9-year-old female)" My mom is my best friend and my dad likes John best." Which family member would be labeled the identified patient or scapegoat from the above statements? a. Father b. John c. Sharon d. Mother

b. John Some families come to therapy identifying one member as the problem and want that person fixed. In this example, the majority of the members have identified John yet it is a family problem.

Family therapy is recommended for clients who have genetic or familial components. All of the following disorders are likely to be recommended for family therapy except? a. Bipolar Disorder. b. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. c. Panic Disorder. d. Substance Use Disorder.

b. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Percentages are based on first-degree relatives compared to relatives without the disorder and twin studies. A single percentage for inheritability is not provided in the DSM-5-TR.

According to Adlerian theory the first-born child when the second-born child arrives tends to exhibit: a. sense of humor. b. achieving. c. the urge to help people. d. an extroverted personality.

b. achieving. A first child typically takes on a care-taker role, is responsible, hard worker and is a conforming achiever. A second-born child starts out competitive but if does not excel than develops social skills. The second born children are easily discouraged and develop an extroverted, creative, free-thinking disposition and often pick another role rather than compete with the older sibling. Sources are Thompson and Rudolph (1992), Capuzzi and Gross and Archer and McCarthy.

A school counselor in preparation for a first session for an 18-year-old student who was referred by two classroom teachers was considering comments on the teacher's referral documents. Both teacher comments isolated circumstances concerning the student's academic involvement in which it was observed that he displayed a lack of engagement in classroom participation and appeared to have an attitude of disinterest. The student did at times, meet his requirements and did complete assignments when individually performed but did not do as well when the assignments consisted of group-shared learning projects or laboratory two-person effort. One of the teachers shared that the student indicated to her that his preference for individual or group involvement was to work alone. He said, that while in the group setting, he found it uncomfortable and did not like to contribute and hoped someone in the group would volunteer. The teachers were questioning if the size or make-up of the group made a difference or was it more to do with the student and his personality? The school counselor, in preparation for the first session with the student, and in an attempt to understand his behaviors, personality, and the teacher concerns might: a. research behaviors associated with the Ringlemann effect. b. administer the Level 1 Cross-Cutting Symptom Measure for Adults. c. consider that he has poor interpersonal skills. d. that he is a second-order birth child and exhibiting behaviors commensurate with a number two child.

b. administer the Level 1 Cross-Cutting Symptom Measure for Adults. This measure is a pre-interview set of 23 questions and 13 psychiatric domains. The 18-year-old student is on the border line between using the Parent-Guardian and Adult version of Level I measures. The adult version includes scales for eliciting symptoms for anxiety and personality functioning.

A sophomore male was referred to the counselor by his parents after the high school football coach became concerned about the student's eligibility for sports and a lack of motivation to remain eligible. The counselor reviewed the student's cumulative record and noted the student had high aptitude scores on the Scholastic Aptitude Test. However, his achievement scores on the national achievement test were average to below average in most subject areas. The counselor concluded this student might likely be: a. an overachiever b. an underachiever c. gifted d. high-spirited

b. an underachiever A basic definition of an underachiever is one who fails to achieve school grades and achievement scores which are commensurate with his aptitude scores or composite intellect.

Which of the following counselor traits do clients perceive as the strongest predictor of successful therapy outcomes? a. expertness b. attractiveness c. trustworthiness d. resources

b. attractiveness Kanfer and Goldstein (1991) identify structure, imitation, and conformity pressure as three elements of attraction. These components are extremely helpful in enhancing the therapeutic relationship. Clients indicate expertness and trustworthy components are the factors which create and hold the client.

A school counselor requested a sixth-grade boy's mother to meet at the school because her son was observed fighting on the school grounds. Together, they decided her son was to be referred to a mental health agency's counselor. The counselor conducted an assessment and after two sessions entered into the chart Unspecified Intermittent Explosive Disorder. After the third session, a deputy sheriff handed the counselor a subpoena from the father's lawyer to appear in court for a custody hearing regarding this youth. The appropriate behavior is to: a. honor the subpoena even though it is not signed by a judge. b. call the mother and inform her of the subpoena and ask her if she wants you to appear. c. find out what is the policy of the school in responding to a subpoena. d. respect the rights of children but disregard the subpoena as the ten-year-old is your client.

b. call the mother and inform her of the subpoena and ask her if she wants you to appear. If a subpoena is signed by a judge, a counselor is required by law to appear. If the subpoena is not signed by a judge, rather an attorney, it becomes discretionary, and the agency counselor should contact the agency's lawyer or the professional association the counselor is a member for advice. The client is a minor therefore, the parent is the responsible person and has a right to the information and decision.

A counselor provides therapy for an agency with EAP contracts with local companies. For several sessions the counselor has been counseling an employee who is to retire in eight months although has not informed his work supervisor or company. The company has treated him very well. The client has two sessions remaining on the contract and the counselor has started termination procedures. The same week the clinical director at the agency assigned the counselor a second employee from the same company. During an early session with the second employee from the company requested assistance for the best way to conduct firing an employee. The second client stated firing people was very difficult for him and has not been able to sleep, is grouchy, and questions his ability to manage workers. The second client inadvertently mentioned the first client's name and that the employee has worked 24 years at the company. The name matched the counselor's other client from the company. What should the counselor do? a. listen to the second client's request but do not respond b. consult with a supervisor for the least harm solution c. continue to see both clients because the first client has only two sessions left d. refer the second client to another colleague without telling the second client that you are the primary therapist for the first client

b. consult with a supervisor for the least harm solution

During the initial session Nancy discussed marital discord as a major concern. After several failed attempts to encourage her husband to attend counseling sessions, the counselor and client agreed to proceed with individual counseling. After six sessions the husband decides that he does want to join his wife in counseling. The counselor is to: a. counsel both of them. b. continue to counsel the female but refer the two of them for marital counseling. c. counsel them only after the male has had six individual sessions as did his wife. d. discontinue counseling his wife and refer both for marital counseling.

b. continue to counsel the female but refer the two of them for marital counseling. The answer may be different for another helping discipline, however, to avoid confidentiality issues the single clearest decision is to refer the couple. It may or may not be feasible to continue the individual counseling with the female.

Bob, an 18-year-old male, has been encouraged to take part in a career exploration workshop for high school seniors. After the workshop, Bob's parents scheduled an appointment for an interpretation for Bob's career test results. During the session Bob was non-interactive, however, he did set up the second session. The following day the parents called to inform the career counselor that Bob had a homosexual encounter during a senior trip and had later told his parents he was gay. At that time the family entered counseling with another counselor but shared with the career counselor that they felt like they were dealing with the disclosure but suggested that Bob should stick with his original career plans of pre-medicine. Bob stated in the previous session that he thought he would like to go into business management. The most appropriate counselor behavior is to: a. inform the student that if he is gay, he is likely to have a difficult time in the business management field. b. continue with the information sharing since Bob had not revealed his homosexual experience to the counselor. c. refer Bob to a counselor who is experienced in working with gay and lesbian clients. d. direct the career plans and session toward the pre-medicine field as his results on the interest and aptitude tests agree.

b. continue with the information sharing since Bob had not revealed his homosexual experience to the counselor. Since the parents shared personal information outside of the session, it is not appropriate for the counselor to act on this information.

The Jones family has been referred to a community counseling agency for family counseling. Mr. and Mrs. Jones have a 12-year-old son, 11-year-old daughter, and a six-year-old son. From the personal family history inventory and during the intake it is learned that incest between the father and 11-year-old daughter took place for several months and prior to this visit was unknown to other family members except for the son. No doubt the entire family can benefit from counseling but which family member may be most in need of individual counseling? a. father b. daughter c. father-daughter d. son

b. daughter Child abuse-related concerns. Counseling priority is for the abused daughter. The abusive father needs counseling although there is likely to be court action and a mandate. The mother is also a person of concern regarding the safety of the abused daughter as well as what this tragedy/trauma will mean for the marriage and the family. When abuse occurs in a family, all members are affected. Each member has questions to be answered. This does not preclude the fact that certain members may seek or be referred for individual counseling. The abused daughter is a priority for individual counseling.

A technique used by group leaders to encourage and reinforce members to stay on topic is: a. rounds b. focus. c. cutting off. d. pacing.

b. focus.

A counselor requested from the supervisor what social influence behaviors might he demonstrate for encouragers and reinforcers for client change. The supervisor suggested the counselor review the Social Influence Model where the counselor did identifying high levels in all of the following attributes except: a. expertness. b. friendliness. c. attractiveness. d. trustworthiness.

b. friendliness. Strong's Social Influence theory suggests three factors as prominent in interpersonal influence to be trustworthy, expert, and attractiveness.

What term describes a valuing process where or when an individual will cherish and publicly affirm his/her value. a. choosing b. prizing c. acting d. caring

b. prizing Awareness of self and impact on clients. Prizing is cherishing the choice and a willingness to affirm the choice in public.

When conducting individual or group therapy counselors are to be aware of cultural norms and rituals. A term which refers to communication through use of micro-space, that is, the distance we maintain, or attempt to maintain, is: a. kinesics. b. proxemics. c. paralanguage. d. metacommunication.

b. proxemics. Demonstrate knowledge of and sensitivity to multicultural issues. Proxemics is defined as interrelated observations and theories of man's use of space. Proxemics is often taught as one component of communication, such as the comfort zone for speaking, standing, and physical nearness to one another in different cultures.

The most important aspect of person-centered therapy is (are) the: a. techniques. b. relationship. c. the level of counselor functioning. d. self-disclosure of the client.

b. relationship.

The DSM-5 includes four assessment measures. The purpose of these assessment measures is to: a. provide the medical illness associated with a psychological disorder. b. serve as a pre-interview for dimensional assessment. c. identify a disorder with an 'unspecified' designation. d. provide one of the 10 classification for a z-code (ICM-10).

b. serve as a pre-interview for dimensional assessment.

A parent commented to a third-grade teacher that she had noticed that boys seemed to play with boys and girls play with girls. In addition, she noted that girls tended to form smaller groups and the boys form larger groups. The teacher referred to this as? a. a phase. b. sex cleavage. c. differentiation. d. developmental preference.

b. sex cleavage. Fagot (1995) stated that sex cleavage is maintained throughout the high-school years. Adolescence maintains a rigid interpretation of what groups think of male and female.

A counselor has experienced several clients who seem to be making poor decisions because of unrealistic expectations, faulty beliefs, and generalizations. These clients are unaware of their alternatives and often use prior learning approaches in making decisions. Which theory would the counselor most likely utilize to help these clients? a. Holland's stereotypical b. social learning c. psycho-dynamic d. trait-factor

b. social learning Use assessment instrument results to facilitate decision making. The terminology in this question suggests a social learning counselor. Terms such as unrealistic expectations, faulty beliefs, generalizations, and prior learning agree with social learning theory.

Career maturity is defined by the Career Development and Assessment in Counseling (CDA-C) as: a. the degree of vocational development, vocational attitudes, and competence in coping with vocational developmental tasks. b. the client has successfully met the tasks at the past and current stage of development. c. the tested amount of interest and skills a person has for maturity. d. the amount of information an individual has used in maturing a successful career through planning.

b. the client has successfully met the tasks at the past and current stage of development.

Several authors (e.g., Super, Levinson, Erikson) suggested that clients are vulnerable at certain times and during these times counselors are needed more than ever. Based on one of these theories what term refers to this point in time? a. mentoring b. transition c. critical juncture d. novice phase

b. transition According to Levinson (1990), a transition is when an era ends and a new one begins. Super used a similar term to denote the movement in cycles from one stage to the next.

In designing an empirical research study with plans to publish results the researcher is to generate a hypothesis that is specific (no ambiguity), simple (one predictor and one outcome variable), and stated in writing in advance of the study that can be tested by observations and experiments. The researcher recognizes that an understanding of statistical principles to test the hypothesis are critical and involve type of error, effect size, power, and a p-value. The researcher determined that all of the following definitions for statistical terms are accurate except for: a. a type II error that is failing to reject the null hypothesis. b. when the null hypothesis is not rejected the p-value is greater than alpha. c. the effect size that is to estimate the magnitude of association between a predictor variable and on outcome variable. d. power which is to use a statistical test to try to reject the null hypothesis in favor of its alternative.

b. when the null hypothesis is not rejected the p-value is greater than alpha. The null hypothesis is rejected if the p- value is less than alpha

Which of the following career theories advocate individual differences in backgrounds, physical and psychological variables, and accumulated experiences? a. Trait and Factor b. Career Development Assessment and Counseling c. Psychological emphasis d. Krumboltz's Social Learning

c. Psychological emphasis Anne Roe believed that specific childhood environments, need development, personality, and job choice all formed a relationship. Thus, genetically, each person is born with a psychological predisposition and a variety of physical strengths and weaknesses. These interact with one's child-rearing practices and as a result, a need hierarchy develops.

A high incidence of "individual-centered" as opposed to "group-centered" participation in a group may reveal: a. a high level of skill-training among members, including the group leader. b. the prevalence of democratic and laissez-faire philosophies of group functioning. c. a low level of group maturity, discipline, and morale. d. a high functioning group of individuals who are self-confident.

c. a low level of group maturity, discipline, and morale. Low participation is often the result of the leadership style, tension in the group, and lack of cohesive bonding.

A trait and factor vocational counselor is counseling Tom, a 27-year-old male, who has been in and out of college for the past 9 years. He has changed majors several times during these years, most of the time because he disliked what he was studying. Tom has become frustrated and would like to discontinue college and locate temporary employment in hopes that this would help him decide what career direction is best for him. Tom's counselor during the assessment session determined that a preferred occupational choice was the goal. The counselor's theory of choice consisted of matching the client's personal traits with worker traits. The counselor would most likely: a. advise the client to not make a choice and suggest alternative choices. b. teach the client decision-making skills. c. administer interest inventories and provide occupational information. d. suggest that Tom needs to find out who he is through counseling or a group guidance experience. He would then be able to find an occupation that is suitable to his satisfaction.

c. administer interest inventories and provide occupational information. The traditional trait-and-factor counselor would gather data through instruments and match for person-environment fit. For the most part, this counselor would be directive and tell the client what he/she is best suited for in pursuit of a vocation.

Short-term cognitive therapy is recommended for each of the following except: a. interpersonal difficulties. b. academic problems. c. bipolar disorders d. dysfunctional behaviors

c. bipolar disorders

During a counseling session with a family of four (mother, stepfather, 17-year-old female, 10-year-old boy) the mother becomes irate and states she does not have to listen to her daughter's tirades and blaming any longer and walks out of the session. Within a few minutes, the 10-year-old boy walks out of the session. Shortly thereafter the 17-year-old departs, leaving only the father and counselor. Thirty minutes remain in the hour-long session. What is the appropriate action for the counselor? a. continue the session with the father b. refer the family to another therapist c. create a break and allow the family time to re-enter the session d. discontinue the session because of confidentiality issues

c. create a break and allow the family time to re-enter the session Alternatives c. and d. are the choices. To discontinue the session is certainly a given, however, alternative c. may allow the counselor and clients to regroup and deal, at the time, with behavior which may be similar to their way of solving problems, escape. It is possible the family may not return without some closure.

A 34-year-old female client terminated counseling five months ago. This was a six-month relationship focusing upon her indecision to remain in a three-year blended family marriage. She is totally consumed by her career and in pursuing a top management position. The blended family consists of her husband's six-year-old daughter and 4-year-old son, both in his custody. She has expressed doubt about her ability to be a good parent, although she loves the children. Five months after discontinuing counseling, she called the same counselor and requested to return for counseling to discuss her desire to become pregnant and have children. She indicated that her husband does not care one way or the other about having more children. The appropriate counselor behavior is to: a. agree to reopen the case. b. refer the spouse to a new counselor. c. encourage the female to enter marital counseling with her husband. d. refer her to a physician.

c. encourage the female to enter marital counseling with her husband. From the available answers letter c. is the better choice. The appropriate behavior is to encourage the couple to seek counseling in order to address this serious concern, having a child that may be unwanted by her mate.

Which of the following is the most appropriate response for cognitive dissonance? a. accept the confronter's perception as accurate, for the person is skilled at discrimination b. change cognition to correspond to that of the confronter c. examine behavior with the help of the confronter d. confront the person who initiated the confrontation if you disagree, for he probably doesn't understand the situation

c. examine behavior with the help of the confronter Examine the behavior with the help of the client. See definition of cognitive dissonance.

A behavioral counselor is counseling a 31-year old male who expressed a desire to become less negative and more positive in his interactions with other individuals. This counselor is likely to: a. develop a stronger self-concept for the person in order to reduce or lessen feelings of an inferior position when interacting with others. b. allow the client to experience anxiousness (anxiety) with those thoughts and teach him how to use the anxiety in a positive way. c. focus on overt behavior, specify the treatment goals and assess the results. d. attempt to reduce the amount of competitive attitude and substitute some degree of nurturance.

c. focus on overt behavior, specify the treatment goals and assess the results. A behavioral counselor will attend to overt and covert behaviors. This counselor will chart the behaviors, specify the treatment goals, and assess the change behaviors.

A counselor has been providing clinical services to a family of five that includes three children, ages 16, 14, and 11. During the assessment session family rules were identified and listed. All five members agreed upon consequences for misbehavior. During the next week, the 14-year-old violated a curfew and was reprimanded by losing dating and telephone privileges for an indefinite period of time. The 14-year-old calls the counselor and states she feels revengeful and informs the counselor that her parents are unfair and she has the urge to hurt her parents. What is the appropriate counselor action? a. keep the 14-year-old on the telephone and have someone call 911 for an immediate response b. attempt to counsel the 14-year-old on the telephone about the seriousness of her thoughts and action c. inform the 14-year-old that you will have to inform her parents and that you will ask for an immediate session to assist in the family argument d. call the mother after the counselor terminates the call with the 14-year-old instructing her to mediate and attempt to get the family in for a session as the consequences appear to be too severe

c. inform the 14-year-old that you will have to inform her parents and that you will ask for an immediate session to assist in the family argument Practice legal and ethical counseling. In addition, it is advisable to inform the person who is being threatened. Another answer not listed would be to ask the daughter to put her parent on the telephone at this time.

A couple for marital discord for the past 8 months have not reached a stage of compromise. After the last session, the wife calls to inform the counselor of her plan to divorce her husband, but she does not want the counselor to tell her spouse. What is the appropriate ethical response? a. inform the client the counselor will maintain confidentiality until the next session and she will have to share this information at that time b. inform the client the counselor will maintain her confidentiality c. inform the client the counselor cannot maintain this confidentiality because the two of them are the clients d. inform the client the counselor cannot maintain this confidentiality and will have to call the husband and inform him

c. inform the client the counselor cannot maintain this confidentiality because the two of them are the clients

A family was referred by the police department because of four calls to their home for domestic family violence. The couple appeared with their 4-year-old child and a visible bruise was noted on the child's upper arm. Both parents indicated nothing happened except the child was accident prone. The appropriate action by the counselor is to: a. develop a contract with the parents not to use physical violence in their disputes. b. refer the child to a counselor of the same sex for observation of the bruise and refer if other bruises are found. c. inform the parents the counselor will have to report these bruises to the Child Welfare Agency but the counselor will continue to work with them. d. do nothing until such time you witness another set of bruises.

c. inform the parents the counselor will have to report these bruises to the Child Welfare Agency but the counselor will continue to work with them. The law requires a report when abuse of a child is suspected.

Prolonged stress affects fatigue which is a factor in several intellectual tasks that include time pressures, speed in completion, competition, test performances, and in making decisions. Which modality is most affected? a. anxiety b. motor ability c. motivation d. perceptual skills

c. motivation When a person is tired, it will affect his/ her reasoning and performance during testing and other endeavors.

A counselor who practices and views a person as mentally healthy when the real self and ideal self-merge, is grounded in what theory? a. rational-emotive b. reality-choice c. person-centered d. cognitive-behavioral

c. person-centered Carl Rogers believed that a person is congruent when the real and ideal self become one.

A client returned to therapy after a discharge four months ago because major depressive symptoms of nine months ago (weight gain, rumination, energy loss, emotional dysregulation) returned. The counselor asked for a report about which symptom of the four did persist or continue. The counselor was aware of literature that supported one of the symptoms to be a risk factor for increased presence? Which might it be? a. weight gain b. energy loss c. rumination d. emotional dysregulation

c. rumination Longitudinal associations between rumination and depressive symptoms in a probability sample of adults.

During supervision an intern presented a client who just completed an intake interview. The supervisor indicated that this client should be triaged. The intern understands this to mean the client should be: a. sent to three (tri) different specialists. b. seen by a psychiatrist, then the counselor. c. should be placed on a list to determine what type of services he will receive. d. seen by a more experienced therapist.

c. should be placed on a list to determine what type of services he will receive. Triage is a process deciding as to who is to receive treatment. If only one bed is available in a hospital and several clients need hospitalization, a decision is made as to who is most in need.

A counselor is employed in a feeding and eating unit of the local psychiatric hospital, primary interdisciplinary team approach. In addition to daily group therapy the counselor meets regularly with assigned clients to conduct follow-up to the group therapy interactions. When a new client was assigned it is the counselor's responsibility ethically as well as hospital policy to inform the client all of the following except: a. the client is informed of the team's existence. b. what type of information is shared with the team. c. the qualifications of each team member. d. the purpose the information is shared.

c. the qualifications of each team member.

If a counselor is unable to decide how to act professionally regarding an ethical issue, the appropriate behavior of the counselor is to: a. utilize time and allow the issue to resolve itself or take on new circumstances, thus a new definition for the concern. b. reflect the issue back to the client and allow him/her to decide the outcome for the issue. c. use professional judgment and act in a way that produces the least amount of harm. d. use the client's immediate feeling and thinking responses as well as what he/she should or should not do based on his/her current developmental perspective and prior learning.

c. use professional judgment and act in a way that produces the least amount of harm. Several alternatives may be appropriate under certain circumstances; however, not enough information is provided. When resolving an ethical dilemma and the counselor is unable to derive a suitable response, the overriding principle is to do no harm.

Motivational interviewing is used at the beginning of treatment for those clients who have histories of treatment refractory (TR). Each of the following disorders has a higher percentage of TR with the exception of: a. dementia disorder. b. feeding disorders. c. gambling issues. d. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.

d. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.

Satir's Human Validation Process Model for family counseling utilizes a triangle to illustrate communication for family interaction. The triangle represents: a. three different family members. b. a struggle for one family member against two other family members. c. a family systematic approach. d. a mind-body, feeling triad.

d. a mind-body, feeling triad. Virginia Satir advocated in conjoint therapy effective and ineffective communication patterns. She was the originator of communication theory (clarifying transactions among family members). Mind, body, and feeling each have a positive or negative value attached to it by the person. Satir's growth and development model were based on three factors: (1) genetic endowment, (2) learning acquired over time, and (3) the mind-body connection. The called it the primary triad-mother, father, and child. The body-mind feeling triad, included people have negative feelings about how they look and about particular parts of their body. There are eight interacting parts to their core (physical, intellectual, emotional, sensual, interactional, contextual, nutritional, and spiritual. Satir conducted family therapy pointing out different communication messages using mind-body physical actions for different members conveyed their negative/positive thoughts and feelings to other family members.

Follow-up research data reveals certain clients who are more likely to seek treatment and benefit from the process are all of the following except: a. college educated. b. women. c. middle-and upper-class participants. d. aging clients.

d. aging clients.

A couple entered marriage counseling because the wife has threatened the husband with divorce. During each session, the husband is extremely resistant and is either argumentative or silent. The counselor behavior is to: a. continue to see both the husband and wife. b. terminate and refer to a co-therapist. c. see only the wife while the husband counsels with another therapist. d. ask the husband what would make it better for him during the session.

d. ask the husband what would make it better for him during the session. Empathically communicate to the spouse that the talk may be unpleasant and ask what could be included to make it easier. A logical response is to address the husband's resistance or change of behavior in the session. This behavior is likely to be similar to behavior outside of the session.

An effective way to respond to a group member who lacks involvement and does not contribute is to: a. remove that member from the group. b. attempt to use silence as a way to draw the member out. c. request him/her to reflect on others in the group; that way he/she will not have to talk about himself/herself. d. break the group into dyads for appropriate experiences, thus each member responds to another member in the group.

d. break the group into dyads for appropriate experiences, thus each member responds to another member in the group.

A counselor who is counseling a 23-year-old male regarding self-esteem issues makes the following statement: "Everything you say in the session is confidential." What does this mean? a. this is an absolute and the counselor will not break this confidence b. confidentiality is a matter of professional ethics and is also a legal issue c. confidentiality is reserved only for medical, religious, and legal (attorneys) professions d. confidentiality has limitations but involves a relationship of trust in which one person imparts private or personal matters to a second party

d. confidentiality has limitations but involves a relationship of trust in which one person imparts private or personal matters to a second party A basic definition of confidentiality. The client is providing the private or personal matter information (self-esteem) to the counselor (2nd party). Review definitions for confidentiality and privilege (ethics and law). The format of this question is one of elimination of incorrect answers and making the best choice. Confidentiality is core principle in moral and ethical theory.

A technique that is typically used to heighten awareness for introjections and projections is: a. reversal b. rehearsal c. working with dreams d. dialoguing

d. dialoguing Introjection and projection are channels of resistance in Gestalt therapy. Dialogue is designed to promote awareness and integrate conflicting feelings.

A primary function of a code of ethics for any professional organization is to: a. establish and draw attention to the limitations of any professional organization. b. serve as a vehicle for the professional identity of the organization. c. serve as the mark of maturity for any professional organization. d. establish the framework for the professional behavior and responsibility of the membership.

d. establish the framework for the professional behavior and responsibility of the membership. Alternatives b., c., and d. are correct answers. In choosing a correct answer letter d. is a primary and direct responsibility to the client and to the profession.

An individual was home-schooled his first 12 years of education. A friend recommended he talk to a counselor about his major life decision dilemma. During the first session the client told the counselor he did not want someone to tell him what to do rather he had a good mind and has figured things out in the past but this problem was different. Because of the initial request the counselor's task is to explain the counselor's: a. role is to listen, reflect, and empathize with the client. b. model for how the client should work out his/her concerns. c. rationale for how the counselor's theory model fits the client's dilemma. d. interaction is defining the procedures, processes, risks, and benefits.

d. interaction is defining the procedures, processes, risks, and benefits.

A counselor administered a cognitive test to a group of 15, 17-year-old advanced students. During the first timed subtest, one of the students asks a question about a test item. The examiner is to: a. recognize that good examiner-examinee relationships are important to good test results and attempt to assist the student without giving the answer or even a hint toward the answer. b. refuse to answer on the premise the examiner is likely to bias the results. c. tell the student the examiner is sorry and is unable to answer any questions once a timed test has begun. d. know the appropriate response based on instructions in the instructor's manual.

d. know the appropriate response based on instructions in the instructor's manual. There are several answers that are not only correct under certain circumstances but also take into consideration the need for good interpersonal relations and positive interactions with examinees. However, because responses are so different from instrument to instrument, it is advisable to know beforehand the appropriate response. This question reinforces the basics. Be aware of appropriate manual instructions.

Some clients experience a lack of motivation in remaining current with the skills necessary to do their present jobs. As a result, many of these workers are released from their work roles and positions. What is the term which describes this lack of skill updating? a. hygiene b. boundless resource c. Bayesian syndrome d. obsolescence

d. obsolescence Obsolescence is a term referring to the lack of updating oneself in work

The therapeutic philosophical belief that clients move toward openness, trusting in self, spontaneity, and possessing is: a. psychoanalysis. b. rational-emotive therapy. c. transactional analysis. d. person-centered therapy.

d. person-centered therapy. Help facilitate clients' motivation to make the changes they desire. The basic philosophy of person-centered.

Effective group leadership is based upon many characteristics of the leader. Which one of the following positive characteristics is considered to be the most influential? a. training of the leader b. parental figure characteristics c. the personality of the leader d. power

d. power All of the alternatives are important characteristics, but the leader who has and effectively utilizes all five of the power bases has the potential to be a very effective leader.

What is the position of the person-centered counselor regarding the use of questioning? a. it is useful to ask probing questions b. "what and how" questions are more distracting than "why" questions c. questions are essential to provide direction to a group d. questions are generally best avoided

d. questions are generally best avoided The client is allowed to respond to his/her own direction. If the counselor is in the position of asking questions, frequently the counselor has an agenda.

Karen, a socially mature 16-year-old, confides in her counselor that she is pregnant. Her family is active in the "pro-life" movement, and Karen held similar beliefs before pregnancy. She now wishes to explore the physical and psychological ramifications of an abortion. She wants assurance that whatever the final decision, the counselor will not reveal any information to her family. The counselor, who is also "pro-life," contemplates informing the girl's parents. What is the appropriate action of the counselor? a. consciously encourage Karen to accept the values, lifestyle, and beliefs of her parents b. consciously encourage Karen to accept the values, lifestyle, and beliefs of the counselor c. challenge and assist Karen to explore her own values on which she can base her decision even if they are different from her parents d. recognize the legal responsibility to the parents and involve them by informing them of the decision

d. recognize the legal responsibility to the parents and involve them by informing them of the decision The client is a teenager and the parents have the right to information. This exception may not hold true in all states, therefore being aware of federal and state regulations regarding teenager's age is important.

A counselor received a court order to provide confidential or privileged information for one of his clients. Ethically, the counselor should do all of the following except: a. seek to obtain written permission from the client b. secure informed consent from the client c. take steps to prohibit the disclosure d. redact some material

d. redact some material Before redacting client information, the counselor should contact the agency's representative for legal (attorney) feedback for redacting considerations. There may be information within the counselor's notes that could be harmful to other persons in the client sharing the counselor included in the chart notes.

Counselors, in developing their professional identity, adhere to established standards of care. A major reason or purpose the counseling profession has established a standard of care is to: a. accredit agencies providing counseling services. b. instruct professionals as to what constitutes an adequate facility and adequate providers of psychological services. c. point out specialty areas. d. regulate the profession and professionals for the purpose of preserving public health, safety, morals, and welfare of clients and counselors.

d. regulate the profession and professionals for the purpose of preserving public health, safety, morals, and welfare of clients and counselors.

When a client demonstrates a reluctance to self-explore the counselor may choose to: a. recognize the reluctance as a fear of change. b. monitor the therapeutic relationship and build trust. c. explain counseling procedures work best when the client talks and the counselor listens and helps. d. respect the client's right to self-disclose or not.

d. respect the client's right to self-disclose or not.

A counselor asked the mother and child what brought them to counseling. The mother said her son was being bullied and he was having a number of issues related to the bullying. The counselor, as a child had been a recipient of intimidation and cyberbullying so immediately identified with the mother's report. The counselor sensed he was quite familiar with the negative outcomes in symptoms and behaviors associated with cyberbullying, victimization, and perpetration. The counselor asked the mother and son to elaborate on all of the following categories known to be associated with bullying except: a. psychological b. psychosomatic c. physical health d. socialization

d. socialization

All of the following are psychotic disorders except: a. schizophrenia. b. delusional disorder. c. schizoaffective disorder. d. somatic disorder.

d. somatic disorder.

Which counseling theory advocates past scripting and early decisions can be modified? a. behaviorist b. gestalt c. person-centered d. transactional analysis

d. transactional analysis

An adolescent client begins to reveal to the counselor that he/she wants to die and has considered a plan. Although each alternative is to be taken seriously which statement or act is considered to be a warning sign of serious intent to commit suicide? The client: a. says he/she is going to commit suicide. b. tells one of their friends he/she wants to die. c. gives away a prized possession. d. tried an attempt in the past.

d. tried an attempt in the past. Both c. and d. are serious so alert and action are important. Previous attempts are a clear sign to act. Giving away a prized possession is considered a final act before the person attempts suicide. All of the alternatives are serious and should be taken seriously.

Two years ago a student had taken an aptitude test for a job match and received a certain standard score. He retook the aptitude test recently and received a score lower than the previous one. When he asked the counselor why his score was lower the counselor said it was because of the regression effect. The counselor meant the score was different because of: a. differences between the student's effort and actual ability. b. a combination of test error and validity of the instrument. c. unpredictable nature of the average student in contrast to those of advanced abilities. d. unreliability.

d. unreliability. Regression is a tool for prediction. The fact the score was lower rather than the same or higher is a fact of several error components. If the correlation between the two tests had been conducted and known, a regression line could be established. If the correlation is low or weak the standard error of estimate will be larger. Whereas, if the correlation is strong or high, the standard error of estimate will be smaller.

A recommendation for individual therapy versus group therapy is best for which one of the following behaviors? a. interpersonal problems b. aggressiveness c. withdrawal d. vulnerability and passivity

d. vulnerability and passivity

A counselor attended a church-related social function and came into contact with a couple whom the counselor was presently counseling. What is the appropriate behavior in a social setting for the counselor? a. gracefully leave the social function b. try to avoid eye contact and/or social engagement c. immediately approach the couple and says hello, thus avoiding any social clumsiness in meeting them later d. wait to see if the couple approaches the counselor and if they do, cordially says hello

d. wait to see if the couple approaches the counselor and if they do, cordially says hello Appropriate professional behavior is not to avoid an interaction but at the same time not to initiate the behavior related to the counselor's work. Should social engagement occur in a natural way, take the lead from the client and act in the best interest of the client. Be cordial but not overly engaging or share confidential communication.

Anne, a counselor, thinks highly of herself, cares about herself, and therefore is able to care for others. She recognizes the value of growth and is courageous in confronting the positive as well as negative experiences in her life. These counselor identifiers represent: a. early self-concept builders. b. self-actualized features. c. narcissistic personality. d. wellness characteristics.

d. wellness characteristics. Self-care in meeting circumstances in life and moving forward is a wellness approach.

The development of and maintaining an alliance with families is threatened primarily by which one of the following: a. too many members constitute the family. b. when male dominated families are counseled by a female. c. when session time runs beyond 45 minutes. d. when disagreement exists regarding the goals.

d. when disagreement exists regarding the goals.

How genuine or self-congruent the client and therapist perceive their respective role behavior is known as: a. therapy socialization. b. counseling attitude. c. self-concept. d. working alliance.

d. working alliance.