NCE Study Set
Kegan
"Meaning-making" ; holding environment- client can make meaning in the face of crisis and find new direction; 6 stages of lifespan development: incorporative, impulsive, imperial, interpersonal, institutional, interindividual
Epictetus said about thinking
"People are disturbed not by things, but by the views they take of them." - very REBT
Gestalt Psychology
"The whole is greater than the sum of its parts"
Richard Bolle
"What Color is Your Parachute" - book; job hunting tool
Albert Ellis believes
"When you change your thinking, you change your life." (Ellis known for REBT and work in sexology.)
Insight
"aha, now I understand!" -equated with gestalt psychologist Wolfgang Kohler
Parapraxis
"freudian slips" of the tongue
External validity
'External validity' or outside of experiment, refers to whether the experimental research results can be generalized to larger populations, e.g. other people, settings, conditions. If the results of the study only apply to the population in the study then external validity is LOW.
Premack principle
'an efficient reinforcer is what the client himself likes to do.'
(1) Orientation to vocational choice (an attitudinal dimension)
(2) Information and Planning (a competence dimension concerning specificity of information concerning future career decisions) (3) Consistency of Vocational Preferences (4) Crystallization of Traits (progress towards forming self-concept) (5) Vocational Independence (independence of work experience) (6) Wisdom of Vocational Preferences (realistic preferences)
Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT)
(Lent) -emphasizes role of self-efficacy and cognitive process
Unconditional positive regard (UPR)
(Rogers) counselor must care for the client even when the counselor is uncomfortable or disagrees with the client's position; counselor accepts client as they are
In a graph, the tail indicates whether a distribution of scores is positively or negatively skewed.
(Tail to left - negatively skewed. Tail to right - positively skewed.)
Narrative Therapy
(White & Epston) -Individuals contract their lives by stories they tell about themselves/stories others create about them -Stories create meaning & this becomes the client's identity -Rewriting the narrative in a new way (therapy) -Therapist externalizes the problem in their notes and sends it the the client as a letter
Brief therapy
(a class of constructivist therapy) emphasizes what worked for a client in the past
Longitudinal method
(also known as 'diachronic method') The same clients are studied over a period of time.
Cross-sectional method
(also known as 'synchronic method') Clients are assessed at one point in time. (Indicative of measurements or observations at a single point, and thus preferable in terms of time consumption.)
Identification
(defense mechanism) joining a feared person - such as a gang - to relieve your anxiety
Suppression/Denial
(defense mechanism) not unconscious or automatic; occurs when you purposely don't think of a situation
Displacement
(defense mechanism) taking your anger out on a safe target rather than the source of your anger
Rationalization
(defense mechanism) when a person overrates or underrates a reward or outcome
Projection
(defense mechanism) you can't accept a quality about yourself so you attribute it to others (i.e. you think you are looking out a window, but you are really looking in a mirror)
Reaction Formation
(defense mechanism) you deny an unacceptable unconscious thought by acting in the opposite manner
Sublimation
(defense mechanism) you express an unacceptable impulse in a socially acceptable manner
Repression
(defense mechanism; most important) something that is too painful to face is totally forgotten
standardized scores
(e.g. t scores, z scores, percentile rank, standard deviation, stanine) -standardized so that they relate to the normal bell curve and can be compared
Predictive Validity
(empirical validity) reflects the tests ability to predict future behavior according to established criteria
Folkways
(etiquette) describe correct, normal, or habitual behavior; breaking generally results in embarrassment
Etic vs. Emic
(etiquette) same strategies and techniques on any client regardless of race; emic- (mimic the culture? )culturally specific approach
Threatened Punishment
(firing, demotion, failing the course) If a person is found guilty of sexual coercion, what did his behavior include toward the harassed individual?
Ratio scale
(highest level of measurement) Interval scale with a TRUE ZERO POINT. Add/subtract/multiply/divide all possible. (Most psychological attributes can't be measured by ratio scale.)
Nonparametric
(i.e., NOT normal distribution) Most popular is the chi-square, used to determine whether an obtained distribution differs significantly from an expected distribution.
Therapeutic surrender
(in multiracial counseling) the client psychologically surrenders him/herself to a counselor from a different culture and becomes open w/ feelings and thoughts
Type II error (beta error) occurs when a researcher accepts null even though it is false.
(memory: RA as in 'residence advisor'... R - signifies reject when true A - signifies accept when false
panacea
(n.) a remedy for all ills; cure-all; an answer to all problems
propinquity
(n.) nearness in place or time; kinship; proximity
Content Validity
(rational/logical validity) extent to which a measure represents all facets of a given construct
Mimesis
(structural family therapy - Minuchin) a type of joining where the therapist imitates/copies the family's communication and patterns
Joining
(structural family therapy - Minuchin) blending in with the family is used by the therapist
Differentiation
(the opposite of fusion) the ability to control reason over emotion; people often secure their level of differentiation from a multigenerational transmission process
T-groups
(training groups) are often intended for business or personal motivation
Validity
*most important property of psyc test* does the test, test what is says it does? *a valid test is ALWAYS reliable
- Job satisfaction is a significant indicator of work adjustment.
- Job satisfaction is significant variable in determining productivity, job involvement, and career tenure. - Individual needs and values are significant components of job satisfaction
- Achievement: related to experiences of accomplishments in the work situation
- Social Service: related to the opportunities that a work situation offers for performing tasks that will help people
WAIS-IV
- test is based off of a neurocognitive research and cattell-horn-carroll leading theory of human intelligence - can be administered and scored online - exam takes 60 to 90 minutes to complete - ten subject areas - less emphasis on crystallized intelligence
Suicide stats
-31,000/year is US -2,000 attempts/day -men commit more frequently, women attempt more often -2-3rd leading killer for teens -10 - 15% of claims handled by ACA liability insurance programs are related to suicide
Consultation theories
-Caplan's psychodynamic mental health consult -Social learning theory assoc. with Bandura -Schein's process consultation model
Perry's Three Stage Theory of Intellectual and Ethical Development in Adults/College Students
-Dualism: students view the truth as either right or wrong -Relativism: the notion that a perfect answer may not exist -Commitment to relativism: final stage, the individual is willing to change his opinion based on novel facts and new points of view
Social Comparison Theory
-Festinger -Postulates that we evaluate our behaviors and accomplishments by comparing ourselves to others
Cyclical Test
-Have several sections which are spiral in nature (The questions go from easy ones to those which are more difficult).
Maslow
-Hierarchy of needs -Lower order needs (physiological and safety) must be fulfilled before higher order (love & belongingness; esteem; self-actualization)
Drama Triangle
-KARPMAN -TA A person changes his or her position from victim to persecutor to rescuer during the discussion
Life Positions (Tom Harris)
-TA -I'm Ok, You're Okay, healthy -I'm Ok, You're not Ok, -I'm not Ok, You're not Ok
Proxemics
-addresses the issue of personal space, also known as SPATIAL RELATIONS -e.g. a counselor who sits too close to a client may make the client uncomfortable
Rogers' 3 key factors to being an effective counselor
-attitude must be genuine -unconditional positive regard -empathic understanding
Allen Ivey's 3 types of empathy
-basic: counselor's response is on same level as client -subtractive: counselor's behavior doesn't convey understanding -additive: adds to client's understanding and awareness
Coefficient of Determination
-calculate by square the correlation coefficient -the true variance (the % of shared variance or level of the same thing measured in 2 groups where the same test is given to the same ppl) -to demonstrate the variance of one factor account for by another -statistical measure of how close the data are to the fitted regression line
Coefficient of Non-Determination
-calculate: (100 - coefficient of determination) -shows unique variance
Means tests
-determine whether a client is eligible for a social program or benefit such as temporary assistance or food stamps -income and assets are considered
Donald Super
-developmental approach -emphasized the role of self-concept -life rainbow -stages: growth, exploration, establishment, maintenance, decline
Gottfredson
-developmental career theory -circumscription (narrowing the acceptable alternative) vs. compromise (realization that the client will not be able to implement their most preferred choices) -client adjusts aspirations to accommodate
Daniel Paul Schreber
-ex mental patient who spent 9 years in hospital -wrote Memoirs of a Mental Patient (1903) -'most quoted case in modern Psychiatry'
Whitaker
-experiential family therapy -theory = excuse -promoted "craziness"
Four bipolar scales of the MBTI
-extroversion/introversion -perception/intuition -thinking/feeling -judging/perceiving
Internal consistency
-homogeneity of items; inter-item consistency -performance on one item is truly related to performance on another -Can use Kruder-Richardson Estimates or Chronbachs Alpha to measure this
Paralanguage
-implies that the client's tone of voice, loudness, vocal inflections; and speed of delivery, silence, and hesitation must be taken into consideration - this nonverbal communication is more accurate than verbal communication
A life script is actually a life drama or plot:
-never scripts (will never succeed) -always scripts (always be a certain way) -after scripts (will be after an event happens) -open ended scripts (no direction) -desirable scripts (what they want)
Chi Square
-non-paramentric test -intended to test how likely it is that an observed distribution is due to chance -also called a "goodness of fit" statistic
Ann Roe
-psychodyanmic needs approach (to career counseling) -jobs meet our needs determined by our childhood satisfactions and frustrations -occupations are organized by six levels and 8 fields -our orientation toward or away from other people can influence our career choices
3 types of learning
-reinforcement (operant conditioning) -association (classical conditioning) -insight
Cycle of violence (3 phases)
-tension building (walking on eggshells) -acute incident (abuse takes place) -honeymoon phase (romance, making up) (by Dr. Lenore Walker)
**** This theory emphasizes that both ABILITIES (work skills) and VALUES (work needs) are important components of optimal career selection.
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**Career development was viewed as a continuous process that involved multiple life roles.
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**The most important aspect of Holland's theory is the match between personality and work environment in which similar personalities choose certain careers and respond to problems in similar ways.
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- A major criticism of this theory has been a dependence on test results. Another criticism is that it doesn't account for how interests, values, aptitudes, achievements, and personalities grow and change.
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- CONGRUENCE of one's view of self with occupational preference establishes a Modal Personal Style.
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- Individuals are attracted to a particular role demand of an occupational environment that mets their personal needs and provides them with satisfaction.
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- Intelligence is considered less important than personality and interest.
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- KEY ASSUMPTION: Individuals have unique patterns of ability or traits that can be objectively measured and correlated with requirements of occupations (MATCHING). These can be profiled to represent an individual's potential.
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- KEY ASSUMPTION: Individuals seeks to achieve and maintain a positive relationship with their work environments. Individuals bring their own requirements to a work environment, and the work environment makes its requirements of individuals. To survive, individuals and work environments must achieve some degree of CONGRUENCE (CORRESPONDENCE).
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- PERSONALITY Structure: A stable characteristic made up of abilities and values.
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- People are products of their environment.
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- Traits: refers to abilities and interests
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- Used assessment and test results and other data to reveal congruence between the individual and work environment. Individual strengths and weaknesses were evaluated, with the primary purpose of finding a job that matched measured abilities and achievements.
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1) CONSISTENCY - Defined as degree of similarity between the 6 Holland types. The closer the types are to each other, the more consistent they are.
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1- DIFFERENTIATION - expressing one's unique individuality,
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1. Genetic endowment and special abilities - sex, race, physical appearance, intelligence, abilities, and talents
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1. Orientation to size and power (ages 3-5) - Thought process is concrete; children develop some sense through sex roles of what it means to be an adult.
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2) DIFFERENTIATION- Refers to level of distinctiveness between each of the 6 Holland types (RIASEC). Because undifferentiated individuals have many interests and abilities, they often have trouble making a career choice. **A TERM USED TO DEFINE HOW WILL A PERSON'S LIKES AND DISLIKES ARE DECLARED.
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2- INTEGRATION - ability to adjust to others to be part of society, and
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2- SPECIFICATION (18 -21) - narrowing choices to specific preferences
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2. EXPLORATION (15-24) - Crystallizing, Specifying, Implementing - a tentative phase in which choices are narrowed but not finalized; "trying it out" through classes, work experience, hobbies; The crystallization of traits occurs when there is progress toward forming a stable self-concept.
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2. Environmental conditions and events - cultural, social, political, and economic forces beyond our control
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2. Orientation to sex roles (ages 6-8) - Self-concept is influenced by gender development. Begin to assign job roles to certain sexes.
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3- EGO IDENTITY (Central to his theory) - personal meanings, values, and relationships that are the foundation for broader integration with society.
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3- IMPLEMENTATION (21 - 24) - completing training and entering career
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3. ESTABLISHMENT (25-44)- Stabilizing, Consolidating, Advancing - characterized by trail and stabilization through work experiences
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3. PERSONAL GOALS- Seen as playing a primary role in behavior. A goal is defined as the decisions to begin a particular activity or future plan. Behavior is organized or sustained based on these previously set goals
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4) CONGRUENCE- Concerned with relationship between an individual's personality type and the work environment. Congruence between the 2 leads to job satisfaction.
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4- STABILIZATION (24 -35) - confirming career choice, feeling of security
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4. MAINTENANCE (45-64)- Holding, Updating, Innovating - characterized by a continual adjustment process to improve working position and situation.
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4. Orientation to the internal unique self (ages 14+) - Introspective thinking promotes greater self-awareness and perceptions of others. Individual achieves greater perception of vocational aspirations in the context of self, sex role, and social class. Until this point circumscription has been mainly an unconscious process.
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4. Task approach skills (e.g., self-observation, goal setting and information seeking).
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5- CONSOLIDATION (35+) - period of establishment, advancement, status, and seniority.
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5. DISENGAGEMENT (65+)- Decelerating, Retirement Planning, Retirement Living - characterized by preretirement considerations, reduced work output, and eventual retirement.
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A MINICYCLE is a process of going through the same stages; however this occurs stage to stage. Therefore, a person would probably conduct a minimum of 6 minicycles during a maxicycle.
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ANALYSIS (problem is reduced into components)- identifying and placing problems in a conceptual framework; Understanding Myself and My Options; what are reasons for my gap?
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ARTISTIC - creative ability; uses intuition and imagination for problem solving; musician, artist, interior decorator, write, industrial designer
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After circumscription has excluded options outside a perceived social and personal space, the next process is one of COMPROMISE. In this stage, individuals may be inclined to sacrifice roles they see as more compatible with their self-concept in favor of those that are perceived to be more easily accessible. Individuals give up interests, prestige, and sex type when forced to compromise.
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Although both may be present in each session, it is likely to encounter a change from primary tension to secondary tension in the Transition Stage.
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Anne Roe postulated that overprotective parents teach children to place emphasis on the speed at which needs are met.
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Based on psychometric methods that could be measured.
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Behavior MODIFICATION strategies are based heavily on INSTRUMENTAL conditioning (i.e., B. F. Skinner with the 'i'), while behavior THERAPY emphasizes CLASSICAL conditioning (Pavlov).
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CAREER COUNSELING - a therapeutic service for adults performed outside an educational setting
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CAREER DEVELOPMENT - Implementation of an integrated series of career decisions over the life span.
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CAREER DEVELOPMENT - the total constellation of psychological, sociological, educational, physical, economic, and chance factors that combine to influence the nature and significance of work in the total life span of any given individual.
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CAREER GUIDANCE - developmental and educational process within a schools system
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CENTRAL TENDENCY BIAS - when a rater rates almost everybody in the average range
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COERCIVE POWER - dispensing punishment or sanction to those who don't comply with the group's norms and standards. Used to bring out in the open a conflict to be resolved.
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COGNITIVE MAPS OF OCCUPATIONS - These constitute how adolescents and adults distinguish occupations into major dimensions, specifically, masculinity/femininity, occupational prestige level, and field of work.
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COMMITMENT - an emotional attachment to the work role
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CONVENTIONAL - systematic and practical worker, good at following plan and attending to detail; banker, secretary, accountant
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Career counselors should use cognitive reconstructuring, reframing, role playing, desensitization with phobias, and paradoxical intention.
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Clients need to prepare for changing work tasks, not assume that occupations will remain stable. Clients need to expand their capabilities and interests, not base decisions on existing characteristics only.
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College Entrance Examination Board (also known as Educational Testing Services [ETS]) scores range from 200 to 800 with a mean of 500.
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Concludes with return to Communication phase. Was gap removed successfully? Yes - Move on to successive problems; No - Recycle
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Counselors who work as consultants generally do not adhere to one single theory.
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DECISION MAKING - transform the choice into action
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Dislocated Worker - a person who is unemployed due to downsizing, a company relocation, or the fact that the company closed the business
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Displaced Homemaker - women who enter or reenter the workforce after being at home. This often occurs after a divorce or death of partner.
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During the working stage the group functions very well on its own and the leader becomes less active or directive.
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ENTERPRISING - leadership, speaking and negotiating abilities; likes leading others towards the achievement of a goal; salesperson, tv producer, manager, lawyer
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EXECUTION (problem solutions are accomplished by formulating strategies - taking action to narrow the gap) Implementing My Choice
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EXPECTANCY (what am I capable of doing?)
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EXPERT POWER- member has expertise or ability that group relies on; looked upon as a very trustworthy person
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Early childhood experiences and parental style affect the needs hierarchy and the relationship of those needs to adult lifestyle.
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Frankl felt that suffering would be transformed into achievement and creativity.
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GIS (Guidance Information System) - developed by Tiedeman and is used exclusively today.
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GOE (The Guide of Occupational Exploration) - Published by US Department Of Labor - Helps persons "explore" jobs that are slanted toward a given "interest' area. The 12 interest areas include: Artistic, Scientific, Plants and Animals, Protective, Mechanical, Industrial, Business detail, Selling, Accommodating, Humanitarian, Leading-influencing, and Physical-performing.
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Gelatt's decision-making model is prescriptive (describes ideal approaches to decision making). The model exerts that all decisions have similar qualities in that a choice, which has 2 or more possible courses of action, must be made and an individual must rationally analyze information accurately to predict the outcome of their choice.
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Gestalt can imply that the integrated whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
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Group process is the study of stages in a group. All group go through 3 stages regardless of the type of group or style of leadership. The three stages are: Beginning Stage, Middle or Working Stage, and Ending or Closing Stage.
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HALO EFFECT - a supervisor generalizing about an employee based on a single characteristic
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However, psychotherapy groups in an inpatient setting focus more on individual concerns. The aggressive construction worker and the aforementioned personality types would be good choices for psychotherapy groups.
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However, these are also influenced by contextual factors (e.g. job opportunities, access to training opportunities, financial resources).
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IDENTITY ACHIEVEMENT - the status in which the adolescent has gone through an identity crisis and has made a commitment to a sense of identity (i.e., certain role or value) that he or she has chosen
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IDENTITY FORCLOSURE - the status in which the adolescent seems willing to commit to some relevant roles, values, or goals for the future. Adolescents in this stage have not experienced an identity crisis. They tend to conform to the expectations of others regarding their future (e. g., allowing a parent to determine a career direction) As such, these individuals have not explored a range of options.
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IDENTITY MORATORIUM- the status in which the adolescent is currently in a crisis, exploring various commitments and is ready to make choices, but has not made a commitment to these choices yet.
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IMAGES OF OCCUPATIONS - Refer to occupational stereotypes that include personalities of people in different occupations, the work that is done, and the appropriateness of that work for different types of people.
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INDECISIVE CLIENT - one who has a high level of anxiety accompanied by dysfunctional thinking. They lack self confidence, tolerance for ambiguity, and a sense of identity.
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INFORMATIONAL POWER - member has knowledge to accomplish a goal or task.
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INSTRUMENTALITY (will management come through with promised rewards?)
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INVESTIGATIVE - analytical and precise; good with detail; prefers to work with ideas; enjoys problem solving and research; chemist, geologist, biologist, researcher
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In CIP terms, CAREER IDENTITY is defined as the level of development of self-knowledge memory structures. Career identity is a function of the complexity, integration, and stability of the schemata constituting the self-knowledge domain.
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In CIP terms, CAREER MATURITY is defined as the ability to make independent and responsible career decisions based on the thoughtful integration of the best information available about oneself and the occupational world.
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In PREDICTION, standardized test data are used to predict a client's success in various areas, such as academic and career behaviors. DISCRIMINATION involves using tests and inventories to help the client learn what occupational and/or academic groups he/she resembles in terms of interests, values, personality traits, etc. MONITORING data are used to identify a client's level of career maturity (i.e., readiness to make a career choice). EVALUATION entails using tests to determine the effectiveness of an intervention (e.g., whether and to what extent intervention goals are being achieved).
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In SCCT, career interests are regulated by self-efficacy and an outcome expectation, which means people, will form lasting interests in activities when they experience personal competency and positive outcomes. On the contrary, a belief of low personal competency will lead people to avoid activities. Perceived barriers such as those related to gender, ethnicity, age, socioeconomic status, or family constraints may create negative outcome expectations, even when people have had previous success in the given area.
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In essence, a person inputs (e.g. gender, race) interact with contextual factors (e.g. culture, family geography) and learning experiences to influence self-efficacy beliefs and outcome expectations.
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In recent revisions of her theory, Gottfredson's (2002, 2005) elaborated on the dynamic interplay between genetic makeup and the environment. Genetic characteristics play a crucial role in shaping the basic characteristics of a person, such as interests, skills, and values, yet their expression is moderated by the environment that one is exposed to. Even though genetic makeup and environment play a crucial role in shaping the person, Gottfredson maintained that the person is still an active agent who could influence or mould their own environment. Hence, career development is viewed as a self-creation process in which individuals looked for avenues or niches to express their genetic proclivities within the boundaries of their own cultural environment.
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Individuals implement their self concepts into career as a means of self-expression. The self concept developmental process is multidimensional. Both internal factors (aptitudes, values, personality) and external situational conditions (contextual interactions) are major determinants or self concept development.
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Know thyself.
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Krumboltz uses Bandura's social learning theory and lists four factors that influence career choice: Genetic endowment and special abilities, Environmental conditions and events, Learning experiences, and Task-approach skills.
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LEGITIMATE POWER- legitimate base of social power; belief that it's ones duty to follow the leader's directions (i.e. teachers, law enforcement, supervisors)
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LIFESTYLE - Integration of decisions in the areas of career, personal, and family relationships, spirituality, and leisure that result in a guiding purpose, meaning, and direction in life
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LIFESTYLE - the overall balance of work, leisure, family, and social activities. AKA avocational.
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Modifying faulty self efficacy and outcome expectations can help individuals acquire new successful experiences and open their eyes to new career occupations
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Most counselors see themselves as practitioners, not researchers.
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NCE - Group
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Noted that job satisfaction is determined by the extent to which a person's perceived needs are meet
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OOH (The Occupational Outlook Handbook) - is also developed by the US Dept. of Labor - it describes 250 occupations, describes the nature of work, conditions, opportunities, education and training requirements, advancement potential, job outlook, salary, and related occupations. Easiest to understand.
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OOH (the Occupational Outlook Handbook) and DOT (the Dictionary of Occupational Titles) provide information about specific occupations and are available in book and computerized form.
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One observes work environments from several perspectives, including work requirements, personal-environment-fit, and potential reinforcers of one's personal needs.
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One should consider a number of occupations rather than just focus on one specific occupation.
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Original theory posits that warm and accepting parents created people who enjoy working with people but has since suggested that more important factors are involved in determine career choice.
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PARTICIPATION - spending time and energy in a work role
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PREDICTION and DISCRIMINATION are relevant to the content of a client's career choice, MONITORING is relevant to the process of a client's career choice.
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PROBLEM SOLVING - choosing how to remove the gap
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Power: Leadership
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RECENCY EFFECT - when a rater's judgment of an employee reflects primarily his or her most recent performance (rather than the entire rating period)
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REWARD POWER- refers to a person's ability to influence another through control of valued rewards and resources.
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Reentry Woman - a woman who goes from working within the home to working outside the home
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Research is a necessary factor for professionalism in counseling.
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Roe's theory of career development uses the hierarchy of needs developed by Maslow.
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SECONDARY Tension has to do with the individual differences and similarities that exist between and among the members as they work on issues within the group.
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SELF-CREATION - Included in circumscription process; altering self-concept in light of developmental or environmental factors
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SELF-KNOWLEDGE in terms of understanding the level and depth of one's traits and characteristics is an essential element for evaluating career information: Traits of aptitude, interests, and personality types are projected into potential work environments to find CONGRUENCE and fit.
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SIGI (System of Interactive Guidance and Information) - primarily used for college students that helps the user assess interests, values and abilities, and explore occupational alternatives.
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SOCIAL SPACE - The zone of acceptable alternatives in each person's cognitive map of occupations, or each person's view of where they fit or want to fit in society. Career decision should center around "territories" instead of specific jobs.
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SPILLOVER THEORY - by contrast, proposes that what people do at their job "spills over" to their leisure time. For example, a salesperson may choose leisure activities that involve interaction with other people.
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SYNTHESIS (problem is restructured by creating likely alternatives) Expanding and Narrowing My List of Options; formulating courses of action; elaboration (brainstorming); crystallization is used to narrow down to 3-5 options
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Self-concepts contain both objective and subjective elements.
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Self-concepts continue to develop over time, making career choices and adjusting to them lifelong tasks.
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Self-efficacy beliefs and outcome expectations in turn shape people's interests, goals, actions, and eventually their attainments.
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Service, Business, Contact, Organizations, Technology, Outdoor, Science, General Culture, and Arts & Entertainment
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Stage 2 (1920-1939) - marked by the growth of educational guidance in elementary and secondary schools; Great Depression (1930s)
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Stage 3 (1940-1959) - was a time of significant growth of guidance needs in colleges and universities and in the training of counselors; World War II (1939-1945)
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Stage 5 (1980-1989) - was a period of significant transitions brought on by information technology and the beginning of career counseling private practice and outplacement services.
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Stage 6 (1990-present) - viewed as a time of changing demographics, the beginning of multicultural counseling, continued development of technology, and a focus on school-to-work transitions.
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Step 2: Obtaining Knowledge about the World of Work- occupational requirements, conditions of success, compensations, working conditions
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Step 3: Decision Making - TRUE REASONING of above 2 - Match the person (traits) with the career (factors).
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Structured techniques are less effective than unstructured ones.
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Structured techniques can foster dependency upon the leader.
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Structured techniques can generate early cohesiveness.
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Surveys should include at least 100 people.
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Sympathy often implies pity, while accurate empathy is the ability to experience another person's subjective experience.
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The 8 occupational "fields" include:
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The APA's Journal of Psychology publishes more counseling research articles than any other periodical in the field.
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The Archway Model clarifies how biological, psychological, and sociological determinants influence career development, and, reveals diverse life roles over an individual's life span.
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The avoidant style produces children who do not know how to meet one's own needs. The accepting parent helps a child develop strategies for meeting one's own needs.
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The benefit of standard scores such as percentiles, t-scores, z-scores,stanines, or standard deviations over raw scores, is that a standard score allows you to analyze the data in relation to the properties of the normal bell shaped curve.*
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The goal of career counseling is to provide the conditions of learning that facilitate the growth of memory structures and cognitive skills so as to improve the client's capacity for processing information.
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The major strategy of career intervention is to provide learning events that will develop the individual's information-processing abilities. The ultimate aim of career counseling is to enhance the client's capabilities as a career problem solver and a decision maker.
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The most important concept in Freud's theory is the unconscious mind.
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This model emphasizes that career information counseling is a learning event. However, CIP theory places the role of cognition as the mediating force that leads individuals to greater power and control in determining their own destinies.
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UNDECIDED CLIENT - have not made a career decision but might not view their current status as a problem. They prefer to delay making a commitment. They are uninformed, immature person who generally lacks self-knowledge, information about occupations, or both.
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VALANCE (rewards such as money, promotion, or satisfaction)
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VALUE EXPECTATION - the satisfaction gained from the vocational decisions and actions one makes throughout the course of one's lifespan.
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Values inventories measure broader aspects of lifestyle.
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Vocational maturity is acquired through successfully accomplishing developmental tasks within a continuous series of life stages.
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WORK - an activity that produces something of value for oneself or others.
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• Big 3: Self-Efficacy; Outcome Expectations; Personal Goals
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• Career choice is influences by environmental factors.
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• Personal Agency - reflects how a person exerts power to achieve a solution;
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NCE - Group
... Although all groups are unique, certain traits are typical of most groups. In the beginning stages of therapy, group members haven't yet started to relate to one another or to form social relationships and, therefore, they typically communicate only with the therapist, as if other group members aren't present. During this initial stage, the therapist should be prepared to play an active role.
NCE - Group
... It is a dysfunctional group norm to focus on the past or issues not relevant to the group purpose. Immediate events take precedence over the past, although the group doesn't have to focus exclusively on the here-and-now. Some accounts of past incidents are important and relevant.
NCE - Group
... T-groups help people develop human relationship skills in organizational settings by examining group process rather than personal growth.
A study that would best rule out chance factors would have a significance level of P=___.
.001 The smaller the value for P, the more stringent the level of significance.
Social Science Significance level
.05 or less
accepted probability level is
.05 or less
The most effective time interval between the CS and Us is ____________________.
.5 or ½ of a second.
The most effective time interval (temporal relation) between the CS and the US is ____.
.5 seconds
a career counselor is using a test for job selection purposes. an acceptable reliability coefficient would be?
.80
Power
1 - beta a statistical tests ability to correctly reject a false null hypothesis
Carkhuff's 'scale for measurement' levels for counseling skills
1 - not attending 2 - subtracts noticeable affect from communication 3 - feelings expressed are interchangeable with client's meaning 4 - Counselor adds to client's affect 5 - Counselor adds to client's feelings, meanings
Major Points:
1) Career development is a life long process and self-concept is constantly being shaped 2) Career pattern is determined by parent's socioeconomic level, mental ability, personality, and opportunities 3) Work / life satisfaction is depended upon extent of adequate outlets for abilities, interests, personality, and values 4) Super / Kidd suggested that "career adaptability" depends on a person's ability to face, pursue, or accept career change.
Five Critical Client Skills:
1) Curiosity- explore learning opportunities 2) Persistence- way of dealing with obstacles 3) Flexibility- adapting and adjusting to various circumstances 4) Optimism- positive attitude when pursuing new opportunities 5) Risk-taking- necessary during unexpected events
TENTATIVE Period (ages 11-17)
1) Interest Stage - career decisions are based on likes and dislikes 2) Capacity Stage - individuals are able to assess and consider their capabilities in relation to career aspirations 3) Value Stage - personal goals and values are incorporated into the decision-making process 4) Transition Stage - availability, demand, and benefits of certain careers are taken into account
eight career anchors
1) autonomy/indepedence 2) security/stability 3) technical/functional 4) general managerial competence 5) entrepreneurial creativity 6) service /dedication to a cause 7)pure challenge 8) life style
Work adjustments usually follow one of two modes:
1- ACTIVE Mode: attempts to change the work environment 2- REACTIVE Mode: attempts to make changes in themselves
Anticipating a Choice (process of making career choice)
1- EXPLORATION: try out new behaviors and fantsize about careers 2- CRYSTALLIZATION: evaluate advantages and disadvantages about possible alternatives, which leads to vocational clarification 3- CHOICE: a choice is made and they may feel confident or unsure about the decision 4- SPECIFICATION: reassess their decision and clarify options
Asserts that information can be organized into 3 systems:
1- PREDICTIVE SYSTEM- concerned with probable alternatives, actions, and possibilities 2- VALUE SYSTEM - concerned with one's relative preferences, likes, and dislikes regarding the outcomes 3- DECISION SYSTEM - provides rules and criteria for evaluating the outcome
Decision-making process consists of:
1- Recognizing that a decision needs to be made 2- Collecting data and surveying possible courses of action 3- Determining possible outcomes and applying a prediction and value system to analyze possible outcomes 4- Making a choice, which could be terminal (final decision) or investigatory (call for additional information).
Power of a statistical test
1- beta (Power connotes a statistical test's ability to correctly reject a false null hypothesis.)
Super's 5 vocational tasks
1. Crystallization 2. Specification 3. Implementation 4. Stabilization 5. Consolidation
Super's 5 vocational stages
1. Growth 2. Exploratory 3. Establishment 4. Maintenance 5. Decline or Disengagement
Freud's 3 Personality Systems
1. Id: biological forces; pleasure principle; strives for immediate gratification 2. Ego: reality principle that balances id and superego 3. Superego: the moral seat of the mind housing conscience
Gould's (1978) six stages of adult development?
1. Leaving the Parent's World (16-22) 2. Getting into the adult world (22-28) 3. Questioning and Reexamination (28-34) 4. Midlife Decade (35-45) 5. Reconciliation and Mellowing (43-50) 6.Stability and Acceptance (50 and over)
Freud's Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Psychosexual Stages
1. Oral 2. Anal 3. Phallic (oedipal/electra complex) 4. Latency 5. Genital Key terms: libido, regression, fixation
Group stages
1. initial/forming/orientation stage 2.transition/conflict/storming stage 3.working/productive/performing/action stage 4.termination/closure/completion/mourning and adjourning stage
T test process
1. set significance level 2. compute t-test, which yields t value 3. go to t table 4. if t value obtained statistically is lower than the "critical t" in the table, then you ACCEPT the null hypothesis - no effect 5. computed t value must EXCEED the critical t value on the table to REJECT the null - aka find an effect
Reliability Coefficient Values
1.0 = perfect .90 = excellent (only 10% error) .80 = necessary for admission to jobs, schools, etc .70 = generally acceptable for most psychological attributes
in constructing a test you notice that all 75 people correctly answered item number 12. this give you an item difficulty of
1.0 because 75/75 (item correct/total number who took it)
Suicide is the 3rd leading cause of death among ____________
10 to 24 year olds
mean for wechsler or stanford binet inelleigence scale is
100
Mean of Wechsler and Binet
100 SD of Wechsler - 15 SD of Binet - 16
What is the suicide rate in America?
11 / 100,000
You develop a test of leadership with a reliability coefficient of .64, a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 20. From this you know that the standard error of measurement is:
12 (SEM = SD*r ----- 12=20*.64)
standard deviation for wechsler test is
15
standard deviation for stanford binet intelligence is
16
The peak period of competition between therapies was during the late
1960s
Forces of psychology
1st - psychoanalysis 2nd - behaviorism 3rd - humanism 4th - multiculturalism
SFBT Family therapists speak of
1st Order and 2nd Order Change. 1st order is superficial. 2nd is true change in rules or structure of family.
First Order Change vs. Second Order Change
1st: occurs when a client makes a superficial change to deal with a problem, but the change does not alter the underlying structure of the family 2nd: alters the underlying structure and thus makes a difference that is longer lasting
Bimodal
2 peaks in the curve
1) Exploration Stage - individual narrows career choice to 2 or 3 possibilities but is generally in a stage of ambivalence.
2) Crystallization Stage - commitment to a specific career field is made; change of direction in this stage is called pseudocrystallization 3) Specification Stage - individual selects a job or professional training for a career
Each experiment has at least ____ hypotheses, the _________ hypothesis and the _______________ hypothesis. (R.A. Fisher)
2, null, experimental
If a distribution is bimodal, there is a good chance that the researcher is working with ____ distinct ______.
2, populations.
Z-scores (aka standard scores) are the same as standard deviations, thus a Z-score of -2.5 means
2.5 SD below the mean
Roe Parenting Styles
3 parenting styles: overprotective, avoidant/rejecting, or acceptant/democratic, result is child will seek either careers toward people (service, business, organization, or general culture) or away from people (outdoor, science, or technology)
How many people are needed for a true experiment?
30 30 per variable for correlational research 100 people for survey
Approximately how many adolescents kill themselves each year?
4,500
Ideal size for a group
5 to 8 members (8 preferable) smaller for children long term groups (6+ months) can function with 10
Adjusting to the Choice (implementing the decision)
5- INDUCTION: implementation of career choice 6- REFORMATION: adjust to new situations and people 7- INTEGRATION: occurs as individuals become comfortable and familiar with the new environment
binet stress age related task for a 9 year hold suggests that
50% of the 9 year olds could answer correctly
Empirical normal curve rule
68-95-99.7 68% of scores bt plus/minus 1 SD 95% bt plus/minus 2 SD 99.7 bt plus/minus 3 SD
Appropriate Number of People in groups
8-10 Adults, 3-4 Children
The Hidden Job Market
80% of all jobs are not advertised and thus job seekers need to network
What percent of the population has a belief in a divine power?
90
The difference is significant if p ___________. This means the probability of chance is less than 5%.
<0.05
Cognitive Information Processing (CIP)
> 10 Assumptions 1. Career choice results from an interaction of cognitive and affective processes 2. Making career choices is a problem-solving activity 3. The capabilities of career problem solvers depend on the ability of cognitive operations as well as knowledge. 4. Career problem solving is a high-memory-load task 5. Motivation 6. Career development involves continual growth and change in knowledge structures. 7. Career identity depends on self-knowledge. 8. Career maturity depends on one's ability to solve career problems 9. The ultimate goal of career counseling is achieved by facilitating the growth of information-processing skills. 10. The ultimate aim of career counseling is to enhance the client's capabilities as a career problem solver and a decision maker.
Development of Career Counseling
> 6 Stages (1-3) Stage 1 (1890-1919) - began the growth of placement services in urban areas to meet the needs of the growing Industrial organizations; Industrial Revolution, World War I (1914-1918)
Development of Career Counseling
> 6 Stages (4-6) Stage 4 (1960-1979) - highlighted by organizational career development. The nature of work become more appropriately viewed as a very pervasive life role; Vietnam War (1960-1975)
OTHER THEORIES
> Ann Roe's Need Theory / Personality Approach (1956) > Gelatt's Decision-Making Model (1962)
Cognitive Information Processing (CIP)
> CASVE Cycle (Decision Skills Domain) COMMUNICATION (identifying a need - problems perceived as a gap) -receiving, encoding, and sending out queries; Knowing I need to make a choice
Cognitive Information Processing (CIP)
> CASVE Cycle (Decision Skills Domain) VALUING (problem solutions are evaluated by prioritizing alternatives) judging each action as to its likelihood of success and failure and its impact on the individual, others, and society; Choosing An Occupation, Program, or Job
Computer Programs
> CIDS, SIGI CIDS (The Career Information Delivery System) - developed by the Univ. of Oregon, helps career counselors manage clerical and administrative tasks, exploration, interpretation, awareness of various careers and the decision making process.
Developmental Theories
> Career Pattern CAREER PATTERN is determined by the parent's SES, mental ability, education, skills, personality characteristics, and career maturity. A career pattern is established when a person combines their life roles which are comprised of a lifestyle, life space, and life cycle.
Effects
> Compensatory Effect, Spillover Theory, Recency Effect COMPENSATORY EFFECT - proposes that in their leisure time people compensate for what they do during their work hours. For example, an accountant would compensate for a conservative, structured work environment by participating in a daring leisure activity like skydiving.
Computer Programs
> DISCOVER II, GIS, OOH DISCOVER II - primarily used for high school and utilizes Super's concepts, Tiedeman's decision model, Holland categories, and DOT information
DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES
> Ginzberg & Associates (1951) > Life-Span, Life-Space Theory (1957) > Tiedeman & O'Hara Decision-Making Model (1963) > Theory of Circumscription & Compromise (1980s)
Developmental Theories
> Ginzberg and Associates (1951) FANTASY Period (around age 11) - Play gradually becomes work oriented and reflects initial preferences for certain kinds of activities. Occupational preference reflects identification with role of an adult they know.
Developmental Theories
> Ginzberg and Associates (1951) REALISTIC Period (ages 17 -21)
Developmental Theories
> Gottfredson's Circumscription, Compromise, and Self-Creation: A Developmental Theory of Occupational Aspirations > 4 Stages (1-2) 4 Stages of Cognitive Development / Stages of Circumscription
Developmental Theories
> Gottfredson's Circumscription, Compromise, and Self-Creation: A Developmental Theory of Occupational Aspirations > 4 Stages (3-4) 3. Orientation to social valuation (ages 9-13) - Development of concepts of social class contributes to the awareness of self-in-situation. Preferences for level of work develop. They will begin to designate some jobs as unacceptable because they fall below a minimum status level (tolerable level boundary) and some higher status jobs as unacceptable because they represent too much effort or risk of failure (tolerable effort boundary).
Developmental Theories
> Gottfredson's Circumscription, Compromise, and Self-Creation: A Developmental Theory of Occupational Aspirations (1980s) CIRCUMSCRIPTION - Ruling out unacceptable options based on their perceived fit with ones' developing self-concept. Process by which an individual narrows their territory when making a decision about social space or acceptable alternatives. Ideas about gender and prestige influence and limit career choices.
Developmental Theories
> Gottfredson's Circumscription, Compromise, and Self-Creation: A Developmental Theory of Occupational Aspirations (1980s) Genetically distinct individuals create different environments and each individual's genetic uniqueness shapes their experiences. She suggests both GENES and ENVIRONMENT drive human experiences which in turn consolidate individual traits.
Developmental Theories
> Gottfredson's Circumscription, Compromise, and Self-Creation: A Developmental Theory of Occupational Aspirations (1980s) SELF-CONCEPT - One's view of self that has many elements, such as one's appearance, abilities, personality, gender, values, and place in society. If core elements of self-concept conflict with an occupation, the occupation is rejected.
Developmental Theories
> Gottfredson's Circumscription, Compromise, and Self-Creation: A Developmental Theory of Occupational Aspirations (1980s) The theory assumes that we build a COGNITIVE MAP of occupations by picking up OCCUPATIONAL STEREOTYPES from those around us. Occupations are placed on this map using only a small number of dimensions: SEX-TYPE, PRESTIGE LEVEL, & FIELD OF WORK. As young people build this map, they begin to decide which occupations are acceptable and which are unacceptable — those which fit with their own developing SELF-CONCEPT and those which do not.
Learning Theory of Career Counseling (LTCC)
> Happenstance Approach (Krumboltz) Clients are to learn to deal with unplanned events, especially in the give-and-take of the life the 21st century workforce.
Trait-Oriented Theories
> John Holland's Typology - Career Choice is an expression of, or an extension of personality into the world of work. Individuals search for environments that will let them exercise their skills and abilities, express their attitudes and values, and take on agreeable problems and roles. Their are six kinds of occupational environments and six matching personal orientations.
Trait-Oriented Theories
> John Holland's Typology - Holland stressed the importance of SELF-KNOWLEDGE in the search for vocational satisfaction.
Trait-Oriented Theories
> John Holland's Typology 3) IDENTITY - Describes individuals who identify with their work environment and have a clear and stable picture of their goals, interests, and talents. Client who have many occupational goals have low identity.
Trait-Oriented Theories
> John Holland's Typology Holland's hexagonal model has 5 key concepts:
Trait-Oriented Theories
> John Holland's Typology Instruments that use Holland's Classifications include: Kuder Preference Record, Strong Interest Inventory (SII), Self-directed Search (SDS), Career Aptitude Placement Survey (CAPS), and Career Occupational Preference Survey (COPS).
Learning Theory of Career Counseling (LTCC)
> John Krumboltz The 4 main factors that influence career choice:
Learning Theory of Career Counseling (LTCC)
> John Krumboltz (1990) Tenets: Each individual's unique learning experiences over the life span develop primary influences that lead to career choice. Development involves genetic endowments and special abilities, environmental conditions and events, learning experiences, and task approach skills.
SOCIAL LEARNING & COGNITIVE THEORIES
> Learning Theory of Career Counseling (LTCC) (1990) > Cognitive Information Process (CIP) (1996) > Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) (1996)
Effects
> Leniency/Strictness Effect, Central Tendency Bias, Halo Effect LENIENCY/STRICTNESS EFFECT - occurs when a rater tends to give employees very high/lenient or very low/strict rating while avoiding the middle/average range.
Developmental Theories
> Life-Span Life-Space (Super) > CAREER MATURITY Super & Crite's term for successful completion of the appropriate life tasks for the stage that society presents to the person. A person is capable of maturity at each stage of the maxicycle.
Ann Roe (1956)
> Needs Theory A job satisfies an UNCONSCIOUS NEED.
Ann Roe (1956)
> Needs Theory Ann Roe's theory is the most deterministic approach. Roe believed that the type of parenting one receives influences the career choice of child - innate tendencies and expression of needs. Career choices gratify one's needs. Children whose parents provide a warm, accepting, and protected environment choose person-oriented occupations. Children whose parents were cold or rejecting choose technical or scientific careers. "An appropriate and satisfying vocation can be the bulwark against neurotic ills or a refuse from them. An inappropriate vocation can be sharply deleterious."
Ann Roe (1956)
> Needs Theory Anne Roe was the first career specialist to develop a two-dimensional system of occupational classification that utilizes FIELDS and LEVELS.
Trait-and-Factor Theory
> Parsons' True Reasoning 3 Step Model Step 1: Assessment of Self - gaining clear understanding of your aptitudes, abilities, resources, and limitations.
Trait-Oriented Theories
> Person-Environment-Correspondence (PEC) - OCCUPATIONAL REINFORCERS (achievement, advancement, authority, coworkers, activity, security, social service) are vital to an individual's work adjustment.
Trait-Oriented Theories
> Person-Environment-Correspondence (PEC) - The process of achieving and maintaining correspondence with a work environment is referred to as WORK ADJUSTMENT. The principle indicator of work adjustment is TENURE.
Trait-Oriented Theories
> Person-Environment-Correspondence (PEC) - Used to be referred to as Theory of Work Adjustment
Trait-Oriented Theories
> Person-Environment-Correspondence (PEC) Environmental Structure: characteristic abilities and values of individuals who inhabit the work environment. Basic assumption is that clients who have abilities and values similar to individuals already on the job will make it less difficult for an individual to adjust to a work environment. This is example of MATCHING.
Cognitive Information Processing (CIP)
> Problem, Problem Solving, Decision Making, Career Development, Lifestyle PROBLEM - a gap between the existing and the ideal; gap between indecision and decidedness
Cognitive Information Processing (CIP)
> Pyramid of Information-Processing Domains (Base & Middle) (Base) KNOWLEDGE DOMAINS > "Knowing about myself and knowing about my options" > Self-Knowledge (one's interests, abilities, values) > Occupational Knowledge
Cognitive Information Processing (CIP)
> Pyramid of Information-Processing Domains (Top) (Top) EXECUTIVE PROCESSING DOMAIN > "Thinking about my decision making." > Meta-Cognitions (skills initiating, coordinating, storing, and retrieving information. Used in problem solving: a) Self-Talk (creates expectations and reinforces behavior; alters task approach skills; positive required for effective problem solving) b) Self-Awareness (balance between individual goals and the goals of important others c) Control (ability to control impulsive actions in the career decision process; know when to move to next phase in CASVE cycle).
Trait-Oriented Theories
> RIASEC descriptions RIA REALISTIC - has practical abilities and would prefer to work with machine or tools rather than people; mechanic, farmer, builder, pilot
Trait-Oriented Theories
> RIASEC descriptions SEC SOCIAL - good social skills, friendly and enjoys involvement with people and working in teams; nurse, teacher, social worker, counselor
Developmental Theories
> Super's 5 DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS 1- CRYSTALLIZATION (14-18) - forming a preferred career plan and how to implement it
Developmental Theories
> Super's 5 LIFE STAGES and 3 Substages 1. GROWTH (birth-14) - Curiosity, Fantasy, Interest - development of capacity, attitudes, interests, and needs associated with self concepts.
Developmental Theories
> Super's 6 Dimensions For Adolescents (Career Maturity) Super's (1974) 6 Dimensions For Adolescents (Career Maturity):
Developmental Theories
> Super's Life Rainbow > Super's Archway Model The Life Rainbow is a two dimensional scheme of life stages that includes the Longitudinal: a maxi cycle life span with mini cycle stages and the Latitudinal: life space roles throughout life.
Developmental Theories
> Super's Life Roles People tend to play some or all of nine major roles:
Developmental Theories
> Super's Maxicycle & Minicycle The process of change is a MAXICYCLE. Any life-career stage depends on Readiness to cope. A MAXICYCLE is the progression through stages of one's lifetime (birth, growth, exploration, establishment, maintenance, decline, and death).
Developmental Theories
> Super's SELF-CONCEPT Career decisions reflect our attempts at translating our self-understanding into career terms.
Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) (1996)
> The Big 3 (1) The personal determinants (Big 3) of career development have been conceptualized as:
Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) (1996)
> The Big 3 (2-3) 2. OUTCOME EXPECTATIONS- Imagined consequences of engaging in particular behaviors - Beliefs about: Extrinsic reinforcement (tangible rewards) Intrinsic reinforcement (pride in achievement) Outcomes derived from task process (absorption) Values, defined as preferences for particular reinforcers or work conditions (money, status, autonomy, etc.) are incorporated into outcome expectations. That is, we expect to receive these things when we engage in certain activities.
Developmental Theories
> Tiedeman and O'Hara's Developmental Model Tiedeman and O'Hara's developmental model parallels Erikson's stages. A lifetime of decision-making abilities and self-awareness is of major importance in choosing one's career. Their 3 concepts included:
Trait-Oriented Theories
> Trait-and-Factor Theory Overview - Frank Parsons (1909) & E.G. Williamson (1939)
Trait-Oriented Theories
> Trait-and-Factor Theory Overview - Primary goal of using assessment data was to predict job satisfaction and success.
Trait-and-Factor Theory
> Williamson's 6 Stages of Career Guidance 1. ANALYSIS: data gathering attitudes, interests, ect. 2. SYNTHESIS: strengths & weaknesses 3. DIAGNOSIS: I.D. the problem; discover its causes; 4 categories for diagnosing: No Choice, Uncertain Choice, Discrepancy between interest and aptitudes/abilities and field, Unwise Choice 4. PROGNOSIS: how successful will the client be? 5. COUNSELING: if poor prognosis, client should receive additional counseling, which is likely to involve a recycling through the previous steps 6. FOLLOW-UP: was course of action correct?
(Middle) DECISION SKILLS DOMAIN
>"Knowing how I make decisions" > General information processing skills (CASVE)
Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT)
>>Lent, Brown, & Hackett (1996)
Developmental Theories
>Life-Span Life-Space (Donald Super; 1957) A major point of Super's theory is that work / life satisfaction is depended upon the extent of adequate outlets for abilities, interests, personality, and values.
Developmental Theories
>Life-Span Life-Space (Donald Super; 1957) Tenets: One chooses an occupation that best expresses one's vocational SELF-CONCEPT. Self-knowledge is key to career choice and job satisfaction.
Descriptive Statistics
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Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)
A - activity B - belief C - consequent effect D - disputing irrational belief E - effect (cognitive)
ABA model of research (also known as 'withdrawal design')
A - baseline secured B - intervention implemented A - outcome is examined via a new baseline
Kleinfelter's Syndrome
A 16 year old boy, who is a client of yours, shows no masculinity at puberty. What is the name of this syndrome?
Hunch
A Hunch the experimental or alternative hypothesis.
Quasi-experiment
A Quasi-experiment uses PRE-EXISTING groups, so the independent variable (IV) cannot be altered (i.e. gender or ethnicity), & cannot state with any statistical confidence that the IV caused the dependent variable (DV).
Counseling became popular after the publication of:
A Workbook In Vocations - 1937
Psychosis
A break from reality which can include hallucinations, delusions, and thought disorders.
Due to the stages of muscle development and coordination seen in children, what would the best age be for a parent to train a child to use the toilet?
A child of two years old is at the proper stage for coordination of specific muscles, such as those found in the sphincter.
NCE - Group
A client receiving verbal feedback from her peers in a Gestalt therapy group is generally said to be experiencing: The Hot Seat
multimodal therapy
A comprehensive, systematic, holistic approach to behavior therapy
Punishment
A consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior.
negative punishment
A decrease in behavior that results in a stimulus being removed
Histogram
A distribution with class intervals graphically displayed on a bar graph.
Physical Addiction
A drug produced condition characterized by both tolerance and dependence
Turner's Syndrome
A female client of yours has no gonads or sex hormones. What do you think is the problem with her?
Mesomorphy
A friend of yours has a good, developed, stocky, muscular body. How would you describe this body type?
Ectomorphy
A friend of yours has a long, stringy, skinny body. How would you categorize this body type?
Endomorphy
A friend of yours has a round, plump, soft, heavy body having a heavy trunk. How would you describe this body type?
Alogia
A friend of yours, who is suffering from some mental disorder, has diminished thinking ability. What is he suffering from?
Risky Shift Phenomenon
A group decision is often more liberal than an individual decision.
Race
A group of humans being distinguished by physical traits, blood types, genetic code patterns or genetically inherited characteristics.
Occupation
A group of jobs so similar in nature that a person successful in one could move to another without difficulty
T-test
A group of statistics used to determine if a significance difference exists between the means of two sets of data.
Incorporating a biosocial developmental approach, her theory describes how people become attracted to certain occupations. Self-concept in vocational development is a key factor to career selection because people want jobs that are compatible with their self-images.
A key factor in career decision is self-concept that is determined by one's social class, level of intelligence, and experiences with sex-typing. Individual development progresses through 4 stages.
A life script
A life drama or plot.
Premack Principle
A lower probability behavior is reinforced by a higher probability behavior.
Variance
A measure of dispersion of scores around some measure of central tendency; it is also the standard deviation squared.
What are the three main factors of Bowlby's Internal Working Model?
A model of being trustworthy A models of the self as valuable A model of the self as effective when interacting with others
Yerkes-Dodson Law
A moderate amount of arousal actually improves performance.
Counter-Conditioning
A negative conditioned stimulus is paired with a pleasant stimulus that elicits a response that is incompatible with the unwanted conditioned response
Serotonin
A neurotransmitter that affects hunger,sleep, arousal, and mood.
Acetylcholine
A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction
Always script
A person will always remain a given way.
Correlations range from 0.00 (no relationship) to 1.0 or -1.0 (perfect relationship).
A positive relationship is not stronger than a negative relationship of the same numerical value. (i.e., .70 and -.70 are the same significance)
Behavioral Rehearsal
A role-playing strategy in which a client acts out a behavior he wants to change or acquire. Can be quite useful in assertiveness training.
Schema
A set of linked mental representations of the world, which we use both to understand and respond to situations
Correlation coefficient
A statistic that indicates the degree or magnitude of relationship between two variables, often abbreviated using the lower-case 'r'. (Makes a statement regarding the association of two variables and how a change in one is related to the change in the other.)
Proxemics
A student of yours asks about the research of territorial or personal space. How do you name that research for her?
t test
A t-test is used to determine whether two sample groups are significantly different, simple form of the ANOVA, for comparing 2 sample groups (for "two-groups" or "two-randomized groups" research design)
Nondirectional experimental hypothesis
A two-tailed test (i.e., 'The average patient who has completed psychoanalysis will have a statistically different IQ from the average patient who has not received analysis.')
A 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used for testing ONE IV.
A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to test TWO IVs. (Two IVs requires a two-way ANOVA, 3 IVs requires a 3-way ANOVA, etc.)
Operant Conditioning (Instrumental Conditioning)
A type of associative learning in which an animal learns to associate one of its own behaviors with a reward or punishment and then tends to repeat or avoid that behavior; also called trial-and-error learning.
Dyad
A unit of two functioning as a pair.
If t value is less than the t value in a statistical table
ACCEPT the null hypothesis (computations must exceed the number cited in the table in order to reject null)
Jung
ANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGY -Man strives for individuation or a sense of self-fulfillment -becoming "whole"
An _____________ is the analysis of covariance.
ANCOVA
An ______________ is used to adjust the groups so that a variable that may correlate with the dependent variable will not throw off the results of the study.
ANCOVA
An ____________ is comparing more than 2 groups.
ANOVA
Computer Assisted Career Guidance Systems (CACGS)
AUTOCOUN CHOICES Career Information System (CIS) Computerized Occupational Information System (COIS) Computerized Vocational Information System (CVIS) DISCOVER Education and Career Exploration System (ECES) Information System for Vocational Decisions (ISVD) Guidance Information System (GIS) System for Interactive Guidance Information (SIGI - value based) Total Guidance Information System (TGIS)
Validity
Ability of a test to measure what it is supposed to measure and to predict what it is supposed to predict. A Valid test is always reliable.
Reliability
Ability of a test to yield very similar scores for the same individual over repeated testings. A reliable test is not always valid.
Type 2 Error (Beta)
Accepting null hypothesis when it is false.
One's life is accepted and one realizes that some things can't be changed
According to Gould, what are the characteristics of life development at 43-53 years of age?
Resolution phase
According to Master's and Johnson, what is the stage of sexual response where there is a decrease of sexual tension as the person returns to the unstimulated state?
The adjustment to pregnancy and new responsibilities
According to Rossi, there are 4 stages of parental development. What is the anticipatory stage?
The child leaving home
According to Rossi, there are 4 stages of parental development. What is the disengagement stage?
State of Mind
According to cognitive theorists, what is the process which involves an element of self-consciousness that develops when new or next stage tasks are attempted?
NCE - Group
According to research on organizational behavior, which of the following is the best method for lessening the tendency for group members to think alike: A- assign a clear decisive leader B- suggest that group members write down anonymous suggestions rather than discuss them out loud C- separate the group into two or three smaller groups D- ensure that the most vocal group members delay their decisions until later in the decision making process - RATIONALE - D. The question describes the phenomenon of groupthink in which group members think alike. The most vocal group members tend to be leaders and their opinions are often mirrored by the followers. By delaying their decisions, they allow different opinions to emerge. The assignment of a leader (A) is not necessary - usually, leaders will emerge.
Stroking
According to the principles of TA, what is defined as any recognition, whether positive, negative, conditional or unconditional
What are the four principal neurotransmitters?
Acetylcholine Serotonin Dopamine GABA
Maintenance Structure Technique
Act of the therapist focusing or highlighting certain behaviors in order to increase the functional aspects of the family structure
Adaptation
Adjustment to the environment Daniel
Social connectedness
Adler's term for a belief that people wish to 'belong'. (suggests we need one another)
In TA, the _______ ego state processes facts and does not focus on feelings.
Adult
Sleeper Effect
After a period of time, one forgets the communicator but remembers the message.
When does child abuse most often occur?
Ages 7-13 by a male known to the child
Bobo doll Experiment - social and observational leaning
Albert Bandura
Individual psychology
Alfred Adler
Lifestyle, birth order, and family constellation are emphasized by _____.
Alfred Adler (Adlerians believe lifestyle is predictable self-fulfilling prophecy based on psychological feelings about self)
Culture Epoch Theory
All cultures pass through the same stages of development in terms of evolving and maturing.
Another name for 'Type I error'
Alpha error
Abreaction
Also known as catharsis.
Statistical Analyses
Although descriptive statistics such as the mean and SD of a sample may be useful in comparing 2 different treatment groups or different time points for 1 group, such as pretreatment to post treatment scores, clinicians also want to know whether observed sample differences represent true differences in the target population of patients. T-tests, ANOVA, ANCOVA, Chi-Square, Kruskall Wallis
Why do groups work well?
Altruism, Universality, Installation of Hope (Members expect work to happen), Catharsis, Group Cohesiveness (We-ness), Imitative Behavior, Family Reenactment, Imparting Information, Interpersonal Learning, Socialization Techniques like feedback and instruction are helpful, Existential Factors - Life can have meaning even if it is harsh.
What groups are at a greater risk for committing suicide in teenagers?
American Indian and Alaskan Native, and gay and lesbian youth
Confederate (also known as 'stooge')
An accomplice who poses as a client being studied. (Frequently used in social psychology studies.)
normal anxiety
An appropriate response to an event being faced
Values Inventory
An assessment of the person's work ethics.
unconditioned (unlearned) response
An association that naturally exists 9 (i.e., salivating when food is around)
Plasticity
An easy and smooth transition from one stage to the next
An experiment is confounded when
An experiment is confounded when undesirable variables are not kept out of the experiment.
A vertical relationship is when the counselor is viewed as ____________.
An expert.
self-efficacy
An individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task.
Columbia Mental Maturity Scale
An individually administered mental ability test for children that requires minimal verbal response
GABA
An inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. Promotes relaxation and sleep
Explain Gestalt's field theory
An organism must be seen in its own environment as a part of an ever changing field
Trait-and-Factor career counseling - 6 steps
Analysis, Synthesis, Diagnosis, Prognosis, Counseling, Follow-up (Criticized as too directive)
Fields and Levels
Anne Roe; 2-Dimensional - 8x6 - 8 Fields (or Categories) (service, business contact, organization, technology, outdoor, science, general culture, and arts and entertainment) and 6 Levels (1. professional 2. managerial 3. semiprofessional and small business 4. skilled 5. semiskilled 6. unskilled)
ABC Model
Antecedents Behaviors Consequences
Sublimation
Anxiety or sexual tension or energy is channeled into socially acceptable activities such as work
Neurotic Anxiety
Anxiety out of proportion to the situation
Higher Order Needs
Any need which is not physiological, also known as Metaneeds.
Covert
Any psychological process which cannot be directly observed.
Ahistoric therapy
Any psychotherapeutic model that focuses on the here-and-now rather than the past.
Mental Status Exam
Appearance and behavior Thought processes Mood and effect Intellectual functioning Sensorium (awareness)
____________ research tells whether or not the theory helps solve real world problems.
Applied
Applied Research
Applied Research, (aka 'action research' or experience-near research) is conducted to advance our knowledge of how theories, skills, and techniques can be used in terms of practical application.
I am not Ok, You are Ok
Are those who hate themselves, often will harm or cut themselves, and may kill themselves.
Multimodal Therapy - BASIC-ID
Arnold Lazarus
What is the divorce rate in the US?
Around 50%.
Anglo-conformity theory
Asserts that people from other cultures would do well to forget about their heritage and try to become like those in the dominant, macroculture
Milton H. Erickson
Associated with brief psychotherapy and innovative techniques in hypnosis.
AMECD
Association for Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development ACA division
AMCD
Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development. ACA division that deals with multicultural counseling issues.
Reasoning and Physical World
Assuming that Brain Lateralization Theory is correct, what function does the left hemisphere play?
Stage 3: Orientation to social valuation
Assuming there are 4 major developmental stages that have effects on occupational aspirations, how can the stage between the ages of 9-13 be defined?
Tiedeman & O'Hara: Theory of Career Decision Making (1963)
Assumption that one is responsible for one's own behavior because one has the capacity for choice and lives in a world which is not deterministic.
In order to diagnose Separation Anxiety Disorder in children, the symptoms must be present for
At least 4 weeks
Iconic Mode
At what stage of cognitive development is a child If her knowledge is based heavily on images which stand for perceptual events (pictures stand for events).
Bowlby and Harlow are to ________ as Lorenz is to ________
Attachment; Bonding (Imprinting)
Group Leadership Styles
Authoritarian (Autocratic)(X), Democratic(Y), and Laissez-Faire(Z).
Autoplastic vs. Alloplastic
Autoplastic: implies the counselor helps the client change to cope with their environment Alloplastic: counselor has the client try to change the environment
Arnold Lazarus's concept of BASIC ID (multimodal approach)
B - behavior including acts, habits, reactions A - affective responses like emotions, mood S - sensations, hearing, touch I - images, the way we perceive C - cognitions, thoughts, insights I - interpersonal relationships D - drugs, alcohol, legal or illegal
A behavioral
B cognitive-behavioral C Gestalt D psychoanalysis - RATIONALE - Behavioral groups are more concerned with achieving a particular end goal or "product" - i.e., quitting smoking, becoming more extroverted, losing weight, dealing with anger, etc. Although such end results may be desirable for the other theories, those groups are more likely to be concerned with the impact of the therapy process itself.
Beliefs Actions Sensation Imagery Cognition Interpersonal Drugs
BASIC ID - Lazarus
Reality/Choice Therapy 8 Steps
BEEBCEAD 1. Build a good relationship 2. Examine the current behavior 3. Evaluate behavior-helpful or not? 4. Brainstorm alternatives 5. Commit to new plan 6. Evaluate results-no punish/excuses 7. Accept logical & natural consequences 8. Don't get discouraged
Skinner
BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION -Operant/instrumental conditioning -Behavior is molded solely by its consequences -Humans are mechanistic and controlled via environmental stimuli and reinforcement contingencies
Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT)
Bandura's Triadic Reciprocal Model of Causality - these factors are all affecting each other simultaneously: • personal attributes • external environmental factors • overt behavior
____________ research contributes to a theory.
Basic
Basic Research
Basic Research is conducted to advance our understanding of theory.
Allen E. Ivey has postulated three types of empathy, _______________________________________.
Basic, subtractive and addictive.
Measures depression
Beck depression Inventory
Maturation Theory
Behavior is guided exclusively via hereditary factors until the necessary stimuli are present in the environment. An individual's neural development must be at a certain level of maturity for the behavior to unfold. Freud and Erikson are classified as Maturationist.
Contextualism
Behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in which the behavior occurs
A counselor utilizes role-playing combined with a hierarchy of situations in which the client is ordinarily nonassertive. Assertiveness trainers refer to this as _________________.
Behavioral rehearsal.
Sensate focus
Behavioral sex therapy developed by William H. Masters and Virginia Johnson. It works like systematic desensitization where a couple is told to engage in touching and caressing on a graduated basis until intercourse is possible.
REBT is a blend of the what therapies?
Behavioral, humanistic, and philosophical
Mores
Beliefs regarding the rightness or wrongness of behavior. If Mores are broken, people are often punished, often via legal action.
Robert Havinghurst
Believed that adolescence consisted of a series of developmental tasks; the skills, knowledge, and attitudes which must be acquired at successive points in individual development (Walk, Talk, Eat Solid Food) (Memory Hint: Having Hurst you i will not walk, talk and eat.)
Another name for 'Type II error'
Beta error
Between-Subjects Design
Between-Subjects Design is a research study uses different subjects for each condition. (Each subject receives only one value of the IV)
What are the four developmental domains in the study of human development?
Biological Cognitive Social Emotional
Types of Culture
Biological Sameness (We all need food), National (Law), Regional (Behavior), Ecological (Environmental factors - Dress and Eat), Macro (Majority), Micro (Minority)
Epigenetic
Biological term, each stage emerges from the one before it.
Negative Group Roles
Blocker, aggressor, recognition seeker, dominator, observer, isolated.
confluence
Blurring the differentiation between the self and the environment
Bowlby
Bonding and attachment
DBT is most used in treating _____________ disorders.
Borderline personality
Who has an 80% success rate of committing suicide?
Boys
De Shazer
Brief Solution-Focused Therapy (BSFT) -Focus on solutions (NOT on understanding the problem) -Focus is on exceptions to the rule - what is working -Goals are small and realistic -Miracle question -Formula first session task (FFST)
Two classes of constructive therapy are
Brief therapy - examines what worked in the past Narrative therapy - attempts to rewrite or 'reconstruct' stories
John Bowlby
British psychologist- said that in order to lead a normal social life the child must bond to an adult before age 3. Saw bonding and attachment as having survival value (adaptive significance). If bond is severed at an early age, it is called object loss, which is a breeding ground for abnormal behavior. Said mothers should be primary caretakers and fathers role is to support mother emotionally rather than nurturing the child himself. Believes in Birth Order. (Memory Hint: Bowlby, Bonding, Birth Order)
Bubbles in Research
Bubbles in research are considered flaws in research (i.e., rubbing a sticker on car and getting no bubbles - impossible)
Career Terms
CAREER - the total work one does in a lifetime plus leisure.
Career Terms
CAREER INTERVENTION - any activity designed to enhance a person's career development or to enable that person to make more effective career decisions.
Beck
COGNITIVE THERAPY -Client has automatic thoughts, which are distortions of reality -e.g. black & white thinking, overgeneralizing, -Urged to keep a record of irrational thoughts
Robert Hoppock
COMPOSITE THEORY- Feels that to make an accurate career decision you must know your personal needs and then find an occupation that meets a high percentage of those needs. As your personal needs change you might need to secure a different occupation.
Keagan
CONSTRUCTIVE DEVELOPMENTAL MODEL -Emphasizes the impact of interpersonal interaction and our perception of reality
Pavlov's famous experiment: using dogs, the bell was the conditioned (learned) stimulus (CS), and the meat was the unconditioned (unlearned) stimulus (UCS)
CS - conditioned stimulus UCS or US - unconditioned stimulus
Frank Parsons
Called the father of guidance. In the 1900's, Parsons set up centers to help individuals in search for work. Was the first pioneer to focus heavily on sociocultural issues.
Harry Stack Sullivan
Came up with a stage theory for childhood development similar to Erickson, named the psychiatry of interpersonal relations. The following are the stages: infancy, childhood, the juvenile era, preadolescence, early adolescence, and late adolescence. Biological issues are less important than interpersonal and sociocultural demands of society.
John Dollard and Neal Miller
Came up with the frustration-aggression theory, which states when people become blocked and cannot achieve a goal, they become frustrated which leads to aggression.
Career Salience
Career Salience refers to the significance an indivudal places on the role of career in relationship to other life roles. Career Salience involves 3 factors:
Every individual has potential. People have skills and talents that they develop through different life roles making them capable of a variety of tasks and numerous occupations.
Career development is life long
Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) (1996)
Career problem solving is primarily a cognitive process that can be improved through a sequential procedure known as CASVE, which includes generic processing skills. A GAP exists between the client's current situation and future career decision. Counselors are to seek out the problems and factors in this GAP.
Person centered theory
Carl Rogers
Causal Comparative Design
Causal Comparative design is a true experiment WITHOUT random assignment. Data from the causal comparative ex post factor 'after the fact' design can be analyzed with a test of significance, t test or ANOVA, just like any true experiment.
Etiology
Cause of disease
You are a consultant for a company. The mean rating for employees is 50. A certain supervisor had a range of ratings from 56-64. As a consultant, you would explain that this supervisor is displaying ___________ bias.
Central Tendency Bias
Alloplastic
Change comes from the outside, or the environment.
Autoplastic
Change comes from within.
Qualitative Change
Change that may not be measurable. Instead of looking at the smaller parts of an individual, the entire person is taken into account. Gestalt is an example of a qualitative change model.
Quantitative Change
Changes which can be measured or tested. Empiricists view change as quantitative.
Chi-Square
Chi-Square is used for 'Non-parametric' data i.g. cannot be plotted on a x y axis, statistical measure that tests whether a distribution differs significantly from an expected theoretical distribution of scores. (Memory: ''chi' like 'chi-a pet' that I expected more from)
In TA, the __________ is made up of three stages, the natural child, the adapted child, and the little professor. The little professor explores and learns about the world, and is creative and intuitive. The natural child is spontaneous, impulsive and untrained. The Adapted child learns to comply to avoid punishment by the parent.
Child state
What are the 9 roles (Super)
Child, student, citizen, parent, spouse, homemaker, worker, leisurite, pensioner
Little Hans
Cites psychoanalytic theory, as he was a small child who had difficulty going into streets and was afraid of horses biting him. Freud used psychoanalytic constructs such as the Oedipus complex and castration anxiety to explain it. Is often used to contract Watson's little Albert story.
Pavlov
Classical conditioning Ask self: Would the conditioning work with every member of the species who is not disabled? If YES - pavlov/classical conditioning
What are the four elements of behavioral theory?
Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Social learning theory Cognitive behavior theory
Manageability to Change and Innovation
Clearly stated goals, objectives, and models of delivery make it easier to locate difficulties and find areas needing change.
CRC
Clinical Rehabilitation Counselor
Leon Festinger
Cognitive dissonance
Festinger
Cognitive dissonance theory people do not like inconsistency in their thoughts; ppl strive for balance
Donald Meichenbaum
Cognitive therapist most closely associated with the concept of stress inoculation. It is called Self Instructional Therapy. The client is first in the educational phase, where the client learns to monitor the impact of inner dialogue on behavior. Next clients are taught to rehearse self talk. Last, the client uses self talk in real life stressful situations to test themselves.
Identity Crisis
Coined by Erikson, where a person suffers from knowing who they are and what they want to do. People may experience this in his stages
Jacob Moreno
Coined the term "group psychotherapy" founder of psychodrama and organized the first society for group therapies. Psychodrama, which can be considered a precursor to group therapy.
Dualistic Thinking
Concept developed by William Perry by which things are classified as good or bad, right or wrong. In other words, black or white thinking.
Daniel J. Levinston
Conducted research at Yale that found that 80% of men in the study experienced moderate to severe midlife crisis. An age 30 crisis occurs in men when they feel it will soon be to lake to make later changes.
Neal Miller
Conducted the first studies which demonstrated that animals could be conditioned to control autonomic processes.
Sherif & Sherif (1967) Robber's Cave study
Conflict between groups in competition
Confounded or flawed variable
Confounded or flawed variable are undesirable variables that invalidate experiments. (The only experimental variable should be the independent variable.)
________________ is keeping out undesirable variables.
Confounding
Confounding
Confounding occurs when an undesirable variable (also known as contaminating variable) which is not controlled by the researcher is introduced in the experiment.
modal personal style
Congruence of one's view of self with occupational preference
Holland's 5 key concepts
Consistency Differentiation Identity Congruence Calculus
Continuous vs. Intermittent reinforcement
Continuous: occurs when each behavior is reinforced Intermittent: occurs when some, but not all of the desired behaviors are reinforced
Covergent vs. Divergent Thinking
Convergent Thinking: occurs when 2 divergent thoughts and ideas are combined into a singular concept Divergent Thinking: the ability to generate a novel idea
NCE - Group
Corrective Recapitulation Yalom has identified several curative factors that operate in every type of therapy group. A group can serve as a microcosm of the family and allow members to work through past family problems in a more encouraging environment; Yalom refers to this process as corrective recapitulation of the primary family group.
Pearson Product Moment
Correlation - r interval or ratio data
Correlation
Correlation does not equal causation. Umbrellas and rain are highly correlated but if you open your umbrella is does not cause it to rain. -1 to 0 to 1. The farther from zero (positive or negative) the stronger the correlation so -.5 is stronger than .3
Correlation is concerned with covariation.
Correlation does not imply causation!
________________ research asks the question does a relationship between 2 variables exist, and if so what is the magnitude and direction of the relationship?
Correlational
What type of experiment is a correlational research, and what does it tell us about cause and effect?
Correlational research is a Quasi-experimental and does not yield cause-effect data.
Threats to internal validity:
Countertransference, instrumentation, maturation, pre-tests, statistical regression, selection of groups, attrition, demoralization and rivalry
Robert Carkhuff
Created a 5 point scale to measure empathy, genuineness, concreteness, and respect. 1 is the poorest rating, while 5 is the best rating. 3 is considered the minimum level.
Transactional Analysis
Created by Eric Berne, there are three ego states, the Child (ID), The Adult (Ego) and the Parent (Superego).
Fixed role therapy
Created by George A. Kelly, a client is given a sketch of a person or a fixed role, and is instructed to read the script at least three times a day and to think, act, and verbalize like the person in the script.
F. H. Allport
Created the concept of social facilitation, where an individual who is given a task to memorize a list of numbers will do better in a group then if he were alone.
Joseph Wolpe
Creator of systematic desensitization to treat anxiety-producing phobias. First taught his client how to maintain a state of deep relaxation. He and his client then created a hierarchy of anxiety-arousing images and situations. Then began with the the least threatening experience and then gradually worked their way up to the top level of the anxiety-producing hierarchy. (Flooding vs Implosive)
Counseling a client from a different social and/or cultural background
Cross-cultural counseling, multicultural counseling, and intercultural counseling.
Two types of developmental studies
Cross-sectional and longitudinal
Stages of Acculturation
Cultural integration (Bi-Cultural Identity), Cultural Assimilation (Embraces only Macro Culture), Separation (Accepts own culture, but not Macro Culture - Would work well with counselor from same culture in this stage.), Marginalization (Individual does not accept own culture or macro). euphoria, culture shock, tentative recovery, and assimilation/adaptation/integration
Culture
Culture is a shared set of traditions, belief systems, and behaviors and is shaped by many factors, including history, religion, politics, and resources (financial, informational, technological, material, energy, warfare, and human).
Career Materials (DOT/O*NET, OOH, GOE)
DOT (Department of Occupational Titles) was replaced by O*NET- was developed by the US Dept. of Labor and utilizes a 9-digit classification system and lists 20,000 jobs.
Person-Environment-Correspondence
Dawis and Lofquist
___________________ reasoning occurs when a specific hypothesis is derived from a general principle.
Deductive
Denial
Defense mechanism by which people refuse to accept reality.
Rationalization
Defense mechanism by which people reinterpret undesirable feelings or behaviors in terms that make them appear acceptable.
Constructive Play
Define the self regulated creation of a product or problem-solution. Requires combining sensorimotor/practice repetitive activity with symbolic representation of thought
Culture
Defined primarily via norms and values.
Terms
Delayed Entrants - In relation to the work force homemakers, military personnel, and the paroled are considered delayed entrants due to their absence from the work place for various periods of time.
Maternal Deprivation
Delinquency Reduced intelligence Aggression
Mary Cover Jones
Demonstrated that learning could serve as a treatment for a phobic reaction.
What are the 5 stages of grief?
Denial and Isolation Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance
Freud's Defense Mechanisms
Denial, displacement, projection, repression, regression, reaction formation, sublimation, rationalization, identification
The ____________ ___________ is the result/data.
Dependent variable
NCE - Group
Depending upon the theoretical orientation of a group, the group meeting emphasis will vary, as will the goals of group members. Which of the following groups is most likely to focus on a specific goal to be attained: A T-group B behavioral group C existential group D Gestalt group - RATIONALE - Although all of the groups listed may have specific goals, the other groups are "process-oriented" groups, while behavioral groups are clearly "goal-oriented." Behavioral group therapy is similar to other types of behavioral therapy, in which the goal is to identify a target behavior and change it.
_____________________ statistics are not experimental, for you do not manipulate variables.
Descriptive
Interposition
Desensitization in imagination.
Carl Rogers
Developed "client-centered" therapy
Albert Ellis
Developed "rational emotive behavior therapy" (REBT)
David Tiedeman and Robert O'Hara
Developed a career decision-making theory of 2 parts: anticipation and implementation/adjustment. They use Erik Erikson's Stages
Emory Bogardus
Developed a social distance scale which evaluated how an individual felt towards other ethnic groups.
Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT)
Developed by Steve DeShazer and Insoo Kim Berg; focus is on solutions, not understanding problem--what is working or what has worked before?; and exceptions--is there a time when things weren't this way?; goals are small and realistic; miracle question; scaling; homework (FFST-Formula First Session Task); good for managed care.
Milton Erickson
Developed the main tenets of strategic family therapy. Techniques: Storytelling, Hypnosis, Unconscious confusion
Alloplastic View
Development is the result of one's adapting to other people and objects. What is this view of cognitive development called?
BASIC-ID
Devised by Arnold Lazarus, stands for: B=Behaviors including arts, habits, and reactions. A=Affective responses such as emotions, feelings, and mood. S=Sensations, including hearing, touch, sight, smell and taste. I=Images, including memories and dreams. C=Cognitions including our thoughts, insights, and even our philosophy of life. I=Interpersonal relationships. D=Drugs, including alcohol, legal, illegal, and prescription drug use, diet, and nutritional supplementation.
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Devised by Leon Festinger, suggested individuals are motivated to reduce tension and discomfort, thus putting an end to the dissonance.
The safest way to avoid Type I/Type II errors is to set alpha (significance level) at a very stringent level and use a large sample size for the study.
Differences revealed via large samples are more likely to be genuine than differences revealed using small sample size.
Society
Differs from a culture in that a society is a self-perpetuating independent group which occupies a definitive territory.
Directional Hypothesis
Directional Hypothesis is a one-tailed test, you assume that by manipulating the independent variable there will be one specific change in the dependent variable. You can predict if this change will be positive or negative. For example if you ask someone to say la la la la while trying to remember a list of words (the IV) you can assume that this will have a negative impact on their ability to recall the words (the DV).
Konrad Lorenz
Discovered imprinting, the instinctual behavior in which the infant instinctively follows the first moving object it encounters, which is usually the mother. Lorenz had baby goslings view him as the first moving object, resulting in them following him instead of their mother. Thus, during critical periods learning must occur or it will not occur at all. He also stated that humans are naturally aggressive, and compared us to a wolf. To limit this aggression, we need to utilize catharsis to get our anger out, using methods such as competitive sports.
One Dimensional
Disorder is caused by one factor
Multidimensional models
Disorder is caused by several factors
Leptokurtic distribution
Distribution curve is very tall, thin and peaked. (Memory: Leptokurtic leaps tall buildings in a single bound.)
Stanine scores (contraction of 'standard' and 'nine')
Divides the distribution into 9 equal intervals with stanine 1 as the lowest 9th and 9 as the highest 9th - in this, 5 is the mean.
Retroflection
Doing to ourselves what we would like to do to someone else
Emphasized stress Inoculation (PTSD)
Donald Meichanbaum
Who created the Archway Model!
Donald Super
Mongolism
Down Syndrome has also been called Mongolism due to the slanted eyes.
Mandalas
Drawings balanced around a center point that Jung used to analyze himself, his clients, and dreams
William Perry
Dualism Relativism is discovered Commitment to relativism
Tarasoff case
Duty to warn
EAT (in terms of social power)
E - expertness A - attractiveness T - trustworthiness (by Stanley Strong in 1968)
Erikson
EIGHT PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGES developmental (Based on epigenetic principle that growth is orderly, universal, and systematic) -Trust vs. Mistrust; Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt; Initiative vs. Guilt; Industry vs. Inferiority; Identity vs. Role Confusion; Intimacy vs. Isolation; Integrity vs. Despair
Daniel Goleman
EQ (emotional intelligence)
Daniel Levinson Seasons of a Man's Life
Early adult transition (17-22) Midlife transition (40-45) Late adult transition (60-65)
ERIC
Education Resources Information Center (1.2 million + journal articles)
The __________ is the balancing apparatus of the mind.
Ego
B.F. Skinner's Reinforcement Theory
Elaborated on Edward Thorndike's Law of Effect, which asserts responses accompanied by satisfaction will be repeated, while responses which produce discomfort will be stamped out.
EKG
Electrocardiogram, provides data on the heart.
EEG
Electroencephalogram, used to monitor brain waves.
EMG
Electromyogram, used to measure muscle tension.
Emic vs Etic
Emic: counselor helps client understand his/her culture Etic: counselor focuses on the similarities in people; treating people as being the same
Emic vs. Etic
Emic: counselor helps client understand their culture Etic: counselor focuses on similarities in people treating them the same
Connotation
Emotional content of a word, not the dictionary definition.
Dopamine
Emotional wellness, motivation, pleasurable feelings
Kubler-Ross
Emotions and behaviors of dying
The human relations core for effective counseling includes ______________________________.
Empathy, positive regard and genuineness.
Trait-Oriented Theories
Emphasize how standardized tests are used and the importance of choosing appropriate testing tools. Human traits can be matched with certain work environments for a means of evaluating potential work sites. An individual's work needs can be compared with components of job satisfaction found in certain occupational environments.
Behaviorism
Environment manipulates biological and psychological drives and needs resulting in development
A horizontal relationship (I-Thou) assumes ___________ between persons
Equality
Eros vs. Thantos
Eros: life instinct Thantos: death instinct
T. X. Barber
Espoused a cognitive theory of hypnotism.
Acculturation
Ethnic and racial minorities integrate or adopt cultural beliefs and custom from the majority or dominate culture.
________________ research uses the study of people in their own environment using methods such observations and interviews.
Ethnographic
A negative correlation
Evident wen the variables are inversely associated (one goes up and the other goes down).
A positive correction
Evident when both variables change in the same direction (imagine a graphical representation of scores)
Ex post facto study
Ex post facto study is a type of quasi-experiment (literally means 'after the fact') connoting a correlational study in which preexisting groups are utilized
What are some examples of "Threats to internal validity"?
Examples of threats to 'internal validity' or factors that reduce the impact of tx on Data are 1. maturation of subjects, the psychological & physical changes e.g. fatigue due to time involved, 2. 'mortality' subjects withdrawing, 3. instruments used to measure the behavior or trait, or 4. 'statistical regression' the notion that extremely high or low scores would move toward the mean if utilized again.
Existentialism is considered a humanistic form of helping in which the counselor helps the client discover meaning in his or her life by doing a deed, experiencing value, and suffering.
Existentialism is more of a philosophy of helping than a grab bag of intervention strategies.
Irvin Yalom
Existentialist, well known for strides in group work.
Virginia Satir
Experiential Family Therapy - In times of stress families use 4 patterns of communication: 1. The Placater, 2. The Blamer, 3. The Anaylzer, 4. The Distractor (PBAD)
Experimental Ethics Dictate that..
Experimental Ethics dictate that subjects should be 1. informed of risk, negative after effects are removed, 2 allowed subjects to withdraw at any time, 3 confidentiality of subjects is protected, 4 results will be presented in an accurate format that is not misleading, and 5 will use only techniques trained in.
Experimental Hypothesis
Experimental Hypothesis states, "There will be differences between the control group and the experimental group.
Experimental Research
Experimental Research is the process of gathering data in order to make evaluative comparisons regarding different situations.
Pygmalion Effect (aka Rosenthal or Experimenter Effect)
Experimenter falls in love with his own hypothesis and the experiment becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy.
systematic desensitization is a form of _________________ __________________
Exposure therapy
In Vivo
Exposure to the actual situation in real life. Example: In Vivo Desensitization.
_______________ validity - Can the results of this study be generalized for other populations and or settings?
External
__________________ variables are also known as error.
Extraneous
Autistic
Extremely withdrawn and isolated.
EMDR
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (Francine Shapiro)
EMDR
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: moving the eyes can work to deal with traumatic memories. Devised by Francine Shapiro.
Levinson
FOUR MAJOR ERAS/TRANSITIONAL THEORY -Depicts the changes in men's lives throughout lifespan -4 eras include: childhood and adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, and later adulthood -book: The Seasons of a Man's Life
Piaget
FOUR STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT -Sensorimotor (object permanence) -Preoperational (centration) -Concrete Operations (conservation) -Formal Operations (abstract scientific thinking) Key terms: schema, assimilation (fit into existing), accommodation (create new)
Factor Analysis
Factor Analysis is Statistical procedure to summarize MANY variables, e.g. A test measuring a counselor's ability, may try to describe 3 important variables that make up an effective helper although hundreds exist.
You want to examine the effects of more than one independent variable on a dependent variable. When you allow more than one factor to vary, you would have to call this what type of experimental design?
Factorial designs
Fowler
Faith development
What types of families are most at risk for child abuse?
Families under stress
FERPA
Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act
Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad, Herma Developmental Theory
Fantasy (Birth-11), Tentative (11-17), Realistic (17+)
John B. Watson
Father of American Behaviorism.
Frank Parsons
Father of Guidance, wrote Choosing a vocation; was the first pioneer to focus heavily on sociocultural issues
William McDougall
Father of Hormic Psychology. Felt genetics played a role in group interaction. Believed in eugenics, by which more desirable people can be bread.
Alfred Adler
Father of Individual Psychology
Victor Frankl
Father of Logotherapy, existential form of treatment which focuses on healing through meaning.
Sigmund Freud
Father of Psychoanalysis (originally worked with Adler, Jung, and Viennese neurologist [re: talking cure])
William Glasser
Father of Reality Therapy
Eric Berne
Father of Transactional Analysis, suggested the group is held together by a bond between the leader and the group members.
Gerald Caplan
Father of psychodynamic mental health consultation; divided counseling groups into 3 types - primary or guidance, secondary or counseling, and tertiary or therapy.
William Glasser
Father of reality therapy.
Organismic
Favors holistic theories that emphasize the organization, unity, and integration of human beings
Oedipus Complex
Feelings of rivalry with the parent of the same sex and sexual desire for the parent of the other sex, occurring during the phallic stage and ultimately resolved through identification with the parent of the same sex.
John Watson
Field: behaviorism; Contributions:Classical Conditioning (Also, Pavlov), generalization-inductive reasoning, emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; Studies: Little Albert
B.F. Skinner
Field: behaviorist; Contributions: Operant Conditioning - created techniques to manipulate the consequences of an organism's behavior in order to observe the effects of subsequent behavior; Studies: Skinner box - Built on Edward Thorndike's Learning Theory (Law Of Effect)
Lev Vygotsky
Field: child development; Contributions: (Social development theory) investigated how culture & interpersonal communication guide development, zone of proximal development; play research
Lawrence Kohlberg
Field: cognition, moral development; Contributions: created a theory of moral development that has 3 levels; focuses on moral reasoning rather than overt behavior. Famous Heinz study (Would you steal meds for mom?)
Jean Piaget
Field: cognition; Contributions: created a 4-stage theory of cognitive development, said that two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth (assimilation and accommodation)
REBT (Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy)
Field: cognitive behavioral therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people's illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions. ABC(DE), de-emphasizes spirituality; Can be considered confrontational.
Aaron Beck
Field: cognitive; Contributions: father of Cognitive Therapy, created Beck Scales-depression inventory, hopelessness scale, suicidal ideation, anxiety inventory, and youth inventories; Negative Triad, Dichotomous Thinking
Mary Ainsworth
Field: development; Contributions: compared effects of maternal separation, devised patterns of attachment; Studies: The Strange Situation-observation of parent/child attachment
Abraham Maslow
Field: humanism; Contributions: hierarchy of needs-needs at a lower level (safety and psych) dominate an individual's motivation as long as they are unsatisfied, self-actualization, transcendence
Carl Rogers
Field: humanistic; Contributions: founded person-centered therapy, theory that emphasizes the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth; empathy, unconditional positive regard, genuineness (congruence); Self- Actualization; fully functioning person.
Carl Jung
Field: neo-Freudian, analytic psychology; Contributions: people had conscious and unconscious awareness; archetypes; collective unconscious; libido is all types of energy, not just sexual; Studies: dream studies/interpretation - AniMA/AniMUS, Shadow=Id, Persona=Mask, Move client toward Selfhood (Similar to Self-Actualization). (Memory Hint: JA)
Erik Erikson
Field: neo-Freudian, humanistic; 8 psychosocial stages of development: theory shows how people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting "Who am I?" Came up with Identity Crisis
Sigmund Freud
Field: psychoanalytic, personality; Contributions: id/ego/superego, reality and pleasure principles, ego ideal, defense mechanisms (expanded by Anna Freud), psychoanalysis, transference
Stanley Milgram
Field: social psychology; Contributions: wanted to see how the German soldiers in WWII fell to obedience, wanted to see how far individuals would go to be obedient; Studies: Shock Study
Albert Bandura
Field: sociocultural; Contributions: pioneer in observational learning (social learning theory), stated that people profit from the mistakes/successes of others; Studies: Bobo Dolls-adults demonstrated 'appropriate' play with dolls, children mimicked play. Adult more violent, child more violent. Think you see someone else's bandana and learn to like it so you want it.
Unfinished business
Figures that emerge from the background but are not competed and resolved
Major goals:
Find methods of defining specific mediators from which learning experiences shape and influence career behavior. Explain how variables (interest, abilities, values) interrelate and influence career outcomes
Platykurtic distribution
Flatter and more spread out than a normal curve. (Memory: 'Plat' sounds like 'flat')
Lawrence Kolhberg
Focused on Moral Development. Stated there are there levels, each divided into two stages. His levels: Preconventional, Conventional, and Post Conventional. Only 40% of people enter into the Post Conventional Stage in life.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Food /Water Security/Safety Belonging/Love Self-esteem/Prestige Self-actualization
Social Responsiveness
For the first two to three months of life the infant uses signaling behavior to establish contact with others. At 3 to 6 months the primary caregiver becomes the focus of the signaling. This is called the _______ _______ stage.
Formative vs. Summative/Outcome Evaluation
Formative: takes place during tx Summative/Outcome: takes place after the tx
Stanley Coopersmith
Found that child-rearing practices have impacts on self esteem. Children with high self esteem were punished just as often as those with low self esteem, however they were told the meaning of the rules, and understood the reasoning for them. Children with low self esteem had less structure and were not told why some things were bad.
Conrad Lorenz
Found that goslings imprint on the first moving, living thing that they see after they hatch.
Maccoby and Jacklin
Found through research that males are better than females when performing mathematical calculations. This often does not occur until high school, and may be the result of sex role differences.
Aaron T. Beck
Founded the Beck Depression Inventory and is the father of Cognitive Therapy. Cognitive therapy is similar to REBT, but they believe dysfunctional ideas are too absolute and broad through not necessarily irrational.
Fredricke Thorne
Founder of Eclectic Therapy
Who created the trait-and-factor theory?
Frank Parsons
The word 'eclectic' is most associated with
Frederick C. Thorne (felt true eclecticism was more a 'hodgepodge of facts') -preferred the term 'psychological case handling' rather than psychotherapy)
Who made the following statement, "The ego is dependent on the Id"?
Freud
Psychodynamic Psychoanalysis
Freud -free association -dreams are very important -unconscious material is examined -ego defense mechanisms -transference -catharsis
Oedipus/Electra complex
Freud's most controversial theory
Psychoanalysis
Freud's therapeutic technique; designed to bring repressed feelings and thoughts to conscious awareness so the person can deal with these issues more effectively; uses free associations, resistances, dreams, and transference--and the therapist's interpretations of them--released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight.
A counselor who says he or she practices depth psychology technically bases his or her treatment on ______________________.
Freud's topographic hypothesis.
Manifest Content
Freudian term, in a dream it is the surface content, or the actual dream itself.
Ego
Freudians refer to the ego as the executive administrator of the personality and the reality principle.
Loves to be touched and held closely
From birth to 4 months an infant weighs 10-18 pounds and has a length of 23-27 inches. What can be said about emotional development at this age?
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)
Fully accepting the present and mindfully letting go of obstacles
Object relations theory
Fusion with the mother Symbiosis Separation/Individuation Constancy of self and object
Perls
GESTALT -Experiential/existential approach -Focus on here-and-now -People are part of their environment and must be viewed as such -Humans want to be self-actualized and complete "whole" -DOING is emphasized (rather than just talking about problems) -Dreams recounted in present
The normal bell curve is also named the _____________ curve.
Gaussian
Gelatt's Decision-Making Model (1962)
Gelatt's decision-making model is a sequential model that includes generating alternatives and evaluating the consequences and desirability of each as steps in the sequence.
A goal of ________ is to eliminate "it talk" and replace it with "I statements".
Gestalt
Transactional Analysis often uses ______________.
Gestalt
Eric Bern is to TA as Fritz Perls is to
Gestalt therapy
Who attempts more suicide?
Girls
_________ theory was popularized in educational circles after he wrote Schools Without Failure.
Glasser's
Parametric tests assume scores are NORMALLY DISTRIBUTED.
Good external validity = generalization
The Trait Approach
Gordon Allport
Thanatos
Greek for 'death' (i.e., 'Thanatologists study death')
Eros
Greek god of 'love of life' Freudians use it also to mean 'self-preservation'
NCE - Group
Group Dynamics Group Process Group dynamics refers to the interaction and energy exchange between members and leaders. The term is used to describe the forces operating in a group.
Super's 5 stages of the life rainbow
Growth (0-14), Exploration (15-24), Establishment (25-44), Maintenance (45-64), Decline (65+) (GEEMD)
Types of Groups
Guidance, Counseling, Group Therapy, T-Groups, Structured, Self-Help Guidance (Gives information relevant to situations), Counseling (Focuses on Conscious issues related to personal growth and development), Group therapy (Unconscious material, the past, and personality change), T-Groups (Training groups; Used for business or personal motivation), Structured (Centered around a specific issue), Self-Help (AA; Sometimes called support or 12 step groups).
The _______ effect occurs when you rate an individual on one characteristic, but you are influenced by another.
Halo
Hawthorne Effect (also known as reacting to the presence of the investigator, or observer effect)
Happens sometimes if subjects know they are in experiment, their performance may improve because of the extra attention and knowledge they are being observed.
Frankl believed that giving ourselves a will to meaning, will bring us what?
Happiness
Interval scale
Has numbers scaled at equal distances but NO ABSOLUTE ZERO point. -Since intervals are same, amount of differences can be stipulated (i.e., 3 IQ points), can add/subtract but not multiply/divide (IQ TESTS provide interval measurement!)
Monotropy
Having a close bond with just one attachment figure
Inferential reasoning
Having a mental representation of something without dependence on concrete manipulation
The ___________ effect is the notion who know they are being studied may perform better than they normally would.
Hawthorne
William Perry
He is known for his work in adult cognitive development, specifically with college students. He worked a lot with the concept of "dualistic thinking" among college students, where everything is either black or white. (Memory technique: think of Katy Perry's song Hot and Cold to associate Perry with dualism.)
Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) - Marsha Linehan
Helping clients increase emotional and cognitive regulation
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Henry Murray's 1938 work, Exploratoin in Personality - subjective test
Personalogy
Henry Murray's term for personality typing.
Created the TAT.
Henry Murry.
Turner's Syndrome
Hereditary condition where females have no gonads or sex hormones.
Phenylketonuria
Hereditary condition which is an amino acid metabolic difficulty that causes retardation unless the baby is placed on a special diet
Klinefelter's Symdrome
Hereditary condition which males show no masculinity at puberty.
Range
Highest Score minus the lowest score. Some exams may add one to the answer.
What is a common criticism of Jean Piaget's findings?
His findings were often based on his own children.
Robert Kegan
His model stresses interpersonal development, is billed as a constructive model of development, meaning an individual constructs reality throughout the entire life span.
Jay Haley
His work includes strategic and problem solving therapy, often uses paradox. Influenced by Milton H. Erickson.
Trait-Oriented Theories
Holds the position that individuals are attracted to an occupational environment that meets their personal needs and provides them with satisfaction.
SDS (Self-Directed Search)
Holland -self administered/scores -provides individual's 3 highest scores based on Holland's personality types -Yields 3 letter code
HOC and DOT
Holland's Occupational Classification Dictionary of Occupational Titles
Mesomorphy
How can a good developed, stocky, muscular body be defined?
Organization
How we systematize and organize mental processes and knowledge
Hypothesis
Hypothesis is a hunch or educated guess which can be tested utilizing the experimental model. A statement which can be tested regarding the relationship between the independent (IV) and the dependent variables (DV).
R. A. Fisher
Hypothesis testing
Identity Terms
IDENTITY DIFFUSION - the status in which the adolescent does not have a sense of having choices; he or she has not yet made (nor is attempting/willing to make) a commitment
Alder
INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY -stresses the unique qualities we all possess -emphasizes drive for superiority -unconscious attempt to compensate for feelings of inferiority -An individual constructs a lifestyle which is chosen -Much of behavior is determined via birth order -Stressed the "will to power" to generate feelings of superiority -Behavior is motivated primarily by future opportunities (rather than the past)
In experimental terminology, IV stands for _____ ______, and DV stands for ______ _______.
IV stand for the independent variable, and the DV for dependent variable
Introjection
Identifying through fantasy the expression of some impulse - adopting others behavior
35-55
If Bob suffers moderate and trainable mental retardation, what would be the range of his IQ score?
Affects Neurons and the Corpus Stratum
If Epinephrine and Norepinephrine are associated with stress reactions, what is the function of Dopamine?
Sexual Coercion
If Sid threatens to tell Mary's mother that she smokes Marijuana unless she has sex with him, what type of harassment is he guilty of?
Attempts to touch, grab, kiss, fondle
If a person is found guilty of sexual assault, what behaviors were included toward the harassed person?
Without will; no desires
If a person suffers from schizophrenia and is in the AVOLITION phase, how can his behavior be characterized?
Multiple treatment interference
If a subject receives more than one treatment, it is often tough to discern which modality caused the improvements.
Reliable experiement
If an experiment can be replicated by others with almost identical findings.
Motivation
If modeling or acquiring of learning through observation occurs through four processes, what is the process where reinforcement, either internal/self reinforcement or external is required for behavior to be maintained and regularly manifested?
Covert Sensitization
Imagining an event before you do it. Example: Imaging you are getting on a airplane before you do it.
Autoplastic
Implies that the counselor helps the client change to cope with his or her environment; change comes from within, automatic
Universal culture
Implies that we are all genetically and biologically similar
Superego
In Freudian Theory, the Superego is the ego state concerned with moral behavior.
Stage 2: Orientation of Sex Roles
In Gottfredson's Theory, how can the stage between ages 6-8 be defined?
James-Lange Theory
In a lecture of yours, you are discussing the theory that asserts that the individual's perception of his physical reaction is the basis of his emotional experience. What theory are you talking about?
Cannon-Bard Theory
In a lecture or yours, you are discussing the theory that pertains to which comes first, the physical action or the emotional reaction. What is this theory called?
T score
In a research paper you are writing about the score that has a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. What is this score?
z-score
In a research paper, you are writing about the most basic standard score which allows scores from different tests to be compared. What is the name of this score?
Construct Validity
In a research report you are writing about the extent to which a test measures a concept or trait of interest. What is this called?
Criterion Related Validity
In a research report, you are writing about the extent to which a test can predict, diagnose or classify and individual's behavior in specific situations. What is this called?
A directive
In counseling, merely a suggestion
Traditionally, PROBABILITY in social science research is set at _____ or lower (i.e., 01, .001).
In social sciences, the accepted probability level is usually .05 or less (.05 indicates differences would occur via chance only 5 times in 100.
When you see the letter P in relation to a test of significance it means
In test of significance p stands for Probability
When did Elementary school counseling and guidance services begin gain momentum?
In the 1960's.
The response occurs prior to the effect (reward)
In the case of Classical Conditioning stimulus-response sequence, the stimulus precedes the response. What happens in the case of operant conditioning?
When does Conformity peek?
In the early teen years.
Open ended scripts
In which the person has no direction or plan.
Successive Approximation
Increments of change toward a desired behavior are reinforced, thereby shaping the response to the desired behavior
Independent Group Comparison Design
Independent Group Comparison Design, In a study of two groups, change in one group DID NOT influence the other group.
The ____________ ___________ is the variable the experimenter manipulates.
Independent variable
_________________ reasoning is a process where you generalize based on specific observation.
Inductive
Group Stages
Initial stage or forming, transition stage or storming, working stage or norming, termination stage or adjourning
Positive Group Roles
Initiator, Information seeker, information giver, opinion seeker, opinion giver, clarifier, coordinator, orienteer, energizer, procedure developer, recorder, supporter, harmonizer, tension reliever, gatekeeper
Emic
Insider's perception of the culture. Each person is an individual within a culture, therefore differences may exist from one culture to another.
When a client becomes aware of a factor in his or her life that was heretofore unknown, counselors refer to it as ___________.
Insight. Insight is equated with the work of Wolfgang Kohler, a gestalt psychologist.
In Freudian Theory _________ are emphasized.
Instincts
Skinner's operant conditioning is also referred to as _______________.
Instrumental learning.
3. Instrumental and associative learning experiences
Instrumental= person's behavior leads to a consequence (punishment or reward) Associative= observational learning, classical conditioning
Bowen
Intergenerational Therapy Extended Family Systems Therapy
______________ validity - Does the independent variable really affect the dependent variable?
Internal
Internal Validity
Internal validity 'in experiments' refers to whether the Dependent Variables, 'DVs' , the data were truly influenced by the experimental independent variables, 'IVs', treatment or if other factors impacted the Data.
____________ and ____________ _____________ are popularized by David T. Campbell and Julian C. Stanley.
Internal, external validity
ICD
International Classification of Disease. Counterpart to the DSM.
Moving the counseling process forward shedding new light
Interpretation
Jung's Major Purposes of Personality
Intuition, Sensing, Thinking and Feeling
Eros
Intuition, term from Jung, by which women operate by Eros, or intuition.
I am Ok, You are Ok
Is a healthy position.
Eclectic
Is most closely associated with Fredrick C. Thorne, and is a scientific term.
Retroflection
Is the act of doing to yourself what you really wish to do to someone else.
Maxie C. Maultsby Jr.
Is the father of rational behavior therapy. This therapy works well with multicultural populations and groups.
Reliability
Is the test consistent? Will it give similar results if we give it again and again? *a reliable test is NOT alway valid
Hidden Job Market
It is estimated that approximately 80% of jobs are not advertised or generally known. These jobs are most apt to be identified through networking. Most employers now list position vacancies on their websites. Failure to examine these employer websites will decrease valuable job-hunting information.
Spiral Test
Items get progressively more difficult
Animus vs. Anmia
JUNG (analytic) -aniumus (masculine side of female) -anima (feminine side of male)
Robert Hoppock
Job satisfaction - Industrial/Organizational Psychology
Tabula Rasa
John Locke's concept of the mind as a blank sheet ultimately bombarded by sense impressions that, aided by human reasoning, formulate ideas. From the behaviorist approach.
Emphasized systematic desensitization
Joseph Wolpe
The three types of non-probability samples are:
Judgement sampling, Convenience sampling, Quota sampling
Collective unconscious
Jungian term, common to all mankind, and passed from generation to generation.
Archetype
Jungian; primal universal symbol that means the same thing to men and women (i.e., the cross), found to be in all walks of life (i.e., myths, fables, religion)
Humanistic Psychology
Known as third force psychology, and is seen in Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.
William Perry
Known for his ideas in adult cognitive development, especially college students. Came up with Dualistic thinking and Relativistic Thinking.
Arthur Janov
Known for primal scream therapy.
A A Brill
Known for the impact Freudian therapy has on career choice.
Social Learning Theory of Career Development
Krumboltz -learning, NOT interests guide people into a certain occupation -changes of interest, therefore jobs, occur due to learning -cognitive theory bc emphasize beliefs clients have about themselves and the world of work
Frankl
LOGOTHERAPY Existential view; humans search for purpose that humans are good, rational, and retain freedom of choice
If positive reinforcement occurs when a response leads to a desirable consequence, then negative reinforcement occurs when a response
Leads to the removal of an disagreeable circumstance
The three major effects of modeling include
Learned skills, inhibition of fear responses, facilitation of responses
operant conditioning
Learning based on the consequences of responding.
Latent
Learning that takes place without an immediate manifestation is known as __________ learning.
Random sampling
Like sticking your hand in a fishbowl to pick up a winning lottery ticket - each individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected.
John B. Watson is associated with what study?
Little Albert (demonstrated that fears were learned and not the result of some unconscious conflict)
C. G. Jung said men operate on logic (aka ____) principle, while women are intuitive, operating on the ____ principle.
Logos, Eros (Founder of Analytic Psychology)
Logos vs. Eros
Logos: implies logic, the logic principle (that men operate on according to Jung) Eros: intuitive principle (that women operate on according to Jung)
____________________ research, also known as developmental research, where you follow the same group of people over a period of time.
Longitudinal
Low context vs High context communication
Low context: long verbal explanation High context: relies on nonverbals
IQ is expressed by
MA/CA x 100
A _____________ is comparing more than one DV.
MANOVA
Rationalization
Making excuses for actions or feelings
Who commits suicide more, males or females?
Males commit suicide more, however women attempt suicide more. Theory suggests males use more violent means and thus are more successful.
Manifest vs. Latent content
Manifest: a dreams surface meaning Latent: a dreams hidden meaning
Nonparametric tests
Mann-Whitney U-test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test (for matched pairs), Soloman and Kruskal-Wallis H-test
In children, which concept is the most easily understood, volume or mass?
Mass. Volume comes later, usually in Piaget's Concrete Operations Stage.
MAC
Master Addiction Counselor
Descriptive Statistics
Mathematical procedures for organizing collections of data, such as determining the mean, the median, the range, the variance, and the correlation coefficient
Measures of Central Tendency
Mean (generally most helpful), median (use with extreme scores, skewed distribution, ordinal scale), mode (nominal value, discrete variables, describes distribution), range (tells us distance covered by scores, does not take into account every scores, so not very helpful)
T-score (often called transformed score)
Mean of 50 with each SD of 10 [different from a Z-score] (i.e., a Z score of -1.0 would be a T score of 40. A Z-score of -1.5 would be a T-score of 35, etc.) - Not mathematically threatening because never expressed as a negative number.
Cephalocaudal
Meaning head to foot.
Logos
Meaning logic, term from Jung, by which men operate by Logos, or logic.
RS
Means Religious and Spiritual in our field.
Logotherapy
Means healing through meaning.
Daniel Paul Schreber
Memoirs of a Mental Patient
Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory
Microsystem Mesosystem Exosystem Macrosystem Chronosystem
Skills of DBT
Mindfulness Distress tolerance Interpersonal effectiveness Emotion regulation
E.G. Williamson
Minnesota Viewpoint: matching client's traits to career.
Personality tests
Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI), California psychological inventory
Most common measures of central tendency
Mode, Median, Mean
Facilitation of self efficacy
Modeling Vicarious experience Verbal persuasion Physiological states
Identification
Modeling behavior after another person who is more powerful (i.e. abused child identifies w/ abuser)
Lawrence Kohlberg
Moral Development
Sexual Bribery
Morton, who is Sarah's boss, is suggesting sex with her for a salary raise and promotion. What type of harassment has he committed?
Donald Super
Most popular developmental career theorist; emphasizes that an individual chooses a career that will allow them to express their self-concept; 5 stages of career development; the "career rainbow"
Arnold Lazarus
Multimodal therapy
The family systems approach viewing the family as an emotional unit and stresses the importance of more than one generation
Murray Bowen
MBTI
Myers Briggs Type Indicator: personality preference test, with four domains, each with two possibilities. From Jung.
MBTI
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator - based on Jung most widely used measure of personality preferences & dispositions; based on 4 bipolar scales (1) extroversion/introversion (2) sensing/intuition (3) thinking/feeling (4) judging/perceiving
_______ always represents the number of subjects in a study.
N
...
NCE - Group Corrective recapitulation of the primary family group</question> A belief by the dominant culture that the minority group possesses a pattern of negatively valued traits is best referred to as:
Bandura
NEO-BEHAVIORISTIC -Social learning (learning through observation) -Person's own behavior increases when he/she sees somebody else getting reinforced for it -Vicarious learning/modeling
NPI number
National Provider Identifier; your HIPAA standard unique identifier as a health care provider; required to file claims
Negative reinforcement requires withdrawal of an aversive (negative) stimulus to increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur.
Negative reinforcement is NOT the same thing as punishment.
Double-blind study
Neither the subject nor the researcher knows of the person is in the control group. (Researcher is sometimes unaware of the null hypothesis too.)
NLP
Neurolinguistic programming, created by John Grinder and John Bandler, studied therapists Virginia Satir, Milton H. Erickson, and Fritz Perls to discover what these therapists really did rather than what they said they did.
__________________ scales are qualitative but not quantitative.
Nominal
NOIR
Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio
Four basic measurement scales (by. S. S. Steven)
Nominal - simplest type, strictly qualitative NOT quantitative Ordinal Interval Ratio
...
Non-Directional hypothesis A non-directional hypothesis is two tailed. You assume that by manipulating the independent variable there will be a change in the dependent variable. You cannot predict if this change will be positive or negative. For example if you ask someone to roll a ball in their hands while trying to remember a list of words (the IV) this could either have a positive or negative impact on their ability to recall the words (the DV).
___-______________ samples are not based using the _____________ theory.
Non-probability, probability
Psychoanalysts believe a client who is resistant will be reluctant to bring unconscious ideas into the conscious mind.
Nonanalytic counselors use the term 'resistant' to describe clients who are fighting the helping process in any manner.
Crisis Intervention
Normal reaction to stress - 5 step problem solving technique to promote adaptation and improve future coping. 1. Identify prob. 2. list alternatives. 3. choose from alternatives. 4. implement. 5. evaluate.
Normative vs. Ipsative
Normative: test format in which each item is independent of all other times; can compare to others who have taken the test Ipsative: measure that compares traits w/in the same individual; they do not compare a person to another person who took the instrument; does not reveal absolute strengths; person measured in response to his/her own standard of behavior; points out highs and lows that exist w/in an individual
Intermittent schedule of reinforcement
Not every desirable behavior is reinforced (sometimes called 'thinning')
Relativistic Thinking
Not everything is right or wrong, it depends on the situation. There is more than one way to view the world. Higher order thinking than dualistic thinking, and should occur in adulthood.
Centration
Noticing key features of an object while not noticing the rest of it. Occurs in Piaget's preoperational stage.
_________ sampling (_____ sampling), a popular technique, is also referred to as _________ sampling.
Nth, Kth, systematic
How to diagram using abbreviations
O = observation, measurement, or score (DV) X = treatment E = experimental group C = control group R = random sampling NR = no random sampling of groups e.g. OXO observation (take score), treatment, observation (take score)
example of an aptitude test
O Net ability profiler and MCAT
DOT is being replaced by
O*Net; (DOT = Dictionary of Titles); another resource is the OOH (Occupational Outlook Handbook) or Richard Bolles' Book What Color is your Parachute.
Enactive
Objects have meaning only with respect to the actions performed on them. This is called the ________ mode.
Scientific study usually progresses in this order:
Observation, analysis, hypothesis, research, theory
_________ ______________ is another term for parsimony.
Occam's Razor
Occam's Razor
Occam's Razor (aka Parsimony) refers to the practice of interpreting the results in the simplest ways (Literally a tendency to be miserly and not overspend.)
Nondirective is to person-centered as parsimony is to _____________
Occam's Razor (both are synonymous)
Occam's Razor
Occam's Razor is (also known as Lloyd Morgan's 1894 Canon) suggests experimenters interpret the results in the simplest manner.
O*Net
Occupational Informational Network -shows trends and predictions -replaced DOT (Dictionary of Occupational Titles)
OOH
Occupational Outlook Handbook gives job trend for the future and salaries and can be access over the Internet
OOH
Occupational outlook handbook
Midlife Crisis
Occurs between the ages of 35 and 45 for men, and about five years earlier for women. This can occur during the Generativity vs. Stagnation stage in Erikson's theory.
Hedonism (or native hedonism)
Occurs in the second stage of the Preconventional level of Kohlberg's moral developmental theory, where a child states, "If I am nice to others, I will get what I want".
Horizontal sampling
Occurs when a researcher selects subjects from a single socioeconomic group.
Vertical sampling
Occurs when persons from two or more socioeconomic classes are used.
Anna O.
Often cited as the first psychoanalytic patient, she suffered from hysteria, and was given hypnosis treatment, which influenced Freud's Psychoanalysis.
Emile Durkheim
One of the founders of modern sociology. Researched suicide.
Holophrases
One or two word sentences often spoken to children one year of age or older, often occurs before the age of four.
Unimodal
One peak in a distribution curve
biserial correlation
One variable is continuous while the other is dichotomous.
Directional experimental hypothesis
One-tailed test (i.e., hypothesis specifies one average is larger than another)
Freud's 3 psychosexual stages
Oral Anal Phallic
Freud's Psychosexual Stages
Oral stage (0-2;Breast) , Anal stage(2-4; Toilet), Phallic stage(4-6;Oedipus), Latency stage (6-12;Defense Mechanisms), Genital stage (12+;Sexual Maturity) (Memory Hint: O APL G!)
Sweet lemon rationalization
Overrates a reward (to protect self from bruised ego) (memory: sweets are overrated in our society)
Trait-and-factor theory
PARSONS -a client needs to know their personal attributes and interests or traits -appropriate occupations should be investigated -finally, match the client's traits to the occupation -assumption: there is a single best career goal for everyone
Rogers
PERSON-CENTERED -Non-directive; client-centered -Therapist MUST: show empathy, be genuine/congruent, display unconditional positive regard (UPR) -Individual is good and moves toward growth/self-actualization -Existential/humanistic approach -Counselor does a lot of reflection -No advice giving -Puts little stock in formal diagnosis & assessment
The major functions of testing in vocational/career counseling are:
PREDICTION, DISCRIMINATION, MONITORING, EVALUATION
Freud
PSYCHOANALYSIS -Deterministic; people are controlled by biological instincts, are socialized, and are irrational -People are driven by unconscious forces such as sex and aggression -Emphasized ego defense mechanisms
Parameter
Parameter is A value obtained from a population (Summarizes a characteristic of a population, i.e., average male height)
Parametric tests have more power than nonparametric statistical tests.
Parametric tests are used ONLY with interval and ratio data.
Parametric vs. Non parametric Tests
Parametric: strictly interval & ratio data - assume normal distribution Non-Parametric: nominal & ordinal data - assume not normal distribution
Parsimony
Parsimony (aka Occam's Razor) refers to the practice of interpreting the results in the simplest ways (Literally a tendency to be miserly and not overspend.)
Lloyd Morgan
Parsimony - animal behaviors
Personal Fable Concept
Part of and adolescent's egocentrism; belief that individual experiences are unique that no one felt the way the adolescent does
Ego Ideal
Part of the superego that consists of what one would like to be; The superego compares the ego's actions and will reward or punish the ego accordingly; An overly rewarding or punishing superego can be detrimental
Gail Sheehy
Passages: Predictable Crises of Adult Life Transitional periods between life stages
Example of classical conditioning
Pavlov - dog experiment Pairing food with the sound of a bell
Pioneers in the Behaviorist movement
Pavlov, Jones, Watson
Kurtosis
Peakedness of a frequency distribution.
Propinquity
People who are in close proximity to each other are attracted to each other.
Percentage Score
Percentage score is another way of stating a RAW score.
Percentile Rank
Percentile Rank is a descriptive statistic telling the counselor what percentage of the cases fell below a certain level.
_________________ __________ tells you how many people scored equal or lower than the client.
Percentile rank
_________ suggested five layers which must be peeled away to reach emotional stability. The person has a phony layer, a phobic layer, a impasse layer, the implosive layer, and the explosive layer.
Perls
NCE - Group
Person-Centered Groups In Person-centered groups members find their own direction with minimal leader help. The leader's tasks include: role of facilitator - conveying congruence (genuineness), unconditional positive regard (acceptance), and empathetic understanding. The leader provides very little structuring or direction.
John Holland
Person-environment fit model of career development: people select careers based on their own personal characteristics. A well supported theory includes 6 personal orientation (realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, conventional) and matching work environments. People are more likely to be satisfied when they choose work in environments that fit their personal orientations. Vocational Tools/Assessments - SDS, My Vocational Situation, The Vocational Preference Inventory
Life Scripts
Personal Life Plans born out of early decisions about self, others and the world
According to John Holland, individuals are attracted to a given career because of their _______
Personality
Holland
Personality typology theory -hexagon -a personals occupational environment should be congruent w/ personality type -6 personality types: realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, conventional (RIASEC) -self-assessment tools: Self-Directed Search, My Vocational Search, Vocational Preference Inventory
Schema
Piaget's term for a system which permits the child to test out things in the physical world.
Scattergram (also known as scatterplot)
Pictorial diagram or graph of two variables being correlated.
Arnold Lazarus
Pioneer in behavior therapy movement, especially in systematic desensitization. Associated with multimodal therapy.
Andrew Salter
Pioneer in the behavior therapy creating a paradigm dubbed conditioned reflex therapy, and a behavioristic theory of hypnosis and autohypnosis.
Jacob Moreno
Pioneered psychodrama and coined the term group therapy.
Secondary Reinforcers
Plastic Tokens, Gold Stars. Traded for Primary Reinforcers
Platykurtic vs. Leptokurtic distribution
Plato: flatter and more spread out than a normal curve Lepto: very tall, thin, and peaked curve
In the case of negatively skewed or positively skewed curves, the median remains in the center of these three measures. What is the order of a positive skew and negative skew?
Positive = mode (low), median, mean (high) Negative = mean (low), median, mode (high) (Memory Hint: being Mean is low and negative.)
When something is added following an operant, it is known as a ___________, and when something is taken away it is called a _____________.
Positive reinforcer / negative reinforcer.
NCE - Group
Pre-Interview The pre-interview serves as an INFORMED CONSENT procedure. Each member becomes aware of what is expected of them and what takes place in this type of group before it begins.
What are the stages of moral development?
Preconventional Conventional Postconventional
NCE - Group
Primary Tension Secondary Tension PRIMARY Tension is anxiety which is apparent when coming together, sharing, and learning the rules.
The 6 "levels" of skill include:
Professional & Managerial 1, Professional & Managerial 2, Semi-Professional / Small bBsiness, Skilled, Semi-Skilled, and Unskilled.
Progress vs. Process notes
Progress: clinical notes - REQUIRED by law; focus on what client does and says Process: psychotherapy notes - NOT required; not generally shared with clients; intended for counselor who created them
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Prohibited discrimination for reasons of gender, race, religion or national origin.
In ___________________________ _____________________ sampling, the sample mimics the population.
Proportional stratified
R. J. Havinghurst
Proposed developmental tasks for infancy and early childhood (learning to walk or eat solid foods), tasks for middle childhood, ages 6 to 12 (learning to get along with peers or developing a conscience), tasks of adolescence, ages 12 to 18 (preparing for marriage and a career), tasks for earl adulthood, age 19 to 30 (selecting a mate and starting a family), tasks for middle age, 30 to 60 (assisting teenage children to become responsible adults and developing leisure), tasks of later maturity, age 60 to death (dealing with the death of a spouse and retirement).
Anne Roe
Psychoanalytic Career Theory postulated that jobs can compensate for unmet childhood needs/unconscious needs; career choice based heavily on personality theory (as well as Brill); psychoanalytic, draws on Maslow's hierarchy of needs (lower order needs take precedence over higher order needs); support for theory comes from the Rorschach and the TAT; early child rearing practices influence later career choices; genetics help to determine intelligence and education, and influences one's career choice; career choice influenced by genetics, parent-child interaction, unconscious motivators, current needs, interests, education, and intelligence
The Primal Scene
Psychoanalytic concept, where the child sees his parents having sexual intercourse, or the child is seduced by the parent. This can lead to neuroses later in life
Displacement
Psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet. (Kicking the dog)
Nathan Ackerman
Psychoanalytic family therapy
Menninger Clinic of Kansas
Psychoanalytic foothold, conducted landmark work in biofeedback.
NCE - Group
Psychodrama Moreno is considered the originator of psychodrama in a group setting and is often called the "father" of psychodrama.
NCE - Group
Psychodynamic Approach The psychodynamic approach attempts to uncover the unconscious determinants of groups members' present behavior. Psychodynamic group leaders do not require members to remain strictly in the here-and-now.
Sigmund Frued
Psychosexual
Edgar Schein
Purchase of Expertise - Model of Consultation; The doctor-patient consultation model relies on four distinct stages: entry, diagnosis, implementation, and evaluation (EDIE). In order for the doctor-patient structure to work, the consultee (i.e., the person receiving the consultation) must accurately depict symptomatology, trust the consultant's diagnosis, and carry out the consultant's directives.
Apgar rating
Quantitative rating test used to measure the vital signs of newborns a minute or two after birth
_________-__________________ research fails to use random assignments and lacks a control group.
Quasi-experimental
hypothesis testing is most closely related to
R A fisher
R. A. Fisher
R. A. Fisher pioneered hypothesis testing.
Glasser
REALITY THERAPY based on choice theory; focus on the present; avoid talking about symptoms goal: help people reconnect behavior is the control of our perceptions
Ellis
REBT (RATIONAL-EMOTIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY) -Change your thinking and you can change your life -Irrational beliefs (IBs) are replaced by rational beliefs (RBs) -ABC/ABCDE model -Shoulds, oughts, musts, terriblizing, and awfulizing causes irrational thought -Utilizes HW (e.g. bibliotherapy, rational imagery)
NCE - Group
REBT Group A Rational Emotive Therapy group leader would teach the A-B-C-D-E- method and how people create and resolve their own problems. Disputing irrational beliefs and underlying feelings and actions require a highly didactic and active approach.
Social exchange theory advocates that power is based upon having control of valuable resources (i.e. ability, material, means of punishment, position, identity, and information)
REFERENT POWER- when people do as he/she requests because they respect the person or want to be like him/her.
If F value exceeds the critical F value in a statistical table
REJECT the null hypothesis
Ordinal scale (2nd level of measurement)
Rank-orders variables, though distance between the variables may not be equal - Provides relative placement or standing but does not delineate absolute differences (adding/subtracting is no-no) (Memory: 'ordinal' sounds like 'order')
Central Tendency Bias
Raters consistently use only the middle range of the rating scale.
Two basic classes of intermittent reinforcement schedules
Ratio - based on # of responses ('variable' often used with this) Interval - based on time elapsed ('fixed' often used with this)
Ratio vs. Interval schedule of reinforcement
Ratio: relies on work output (every ___ amount, a reinforcer occurs) Interval: relies on time
A counselor focuses on belief system, self talk, and crooked thinking
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy - Ellis
In Albert Ellis's ___________________________ the client is taught to change cognitions, also known as self talk and internal verbalizations.
Rational emotive behavior therapy.
William Glasser is to reality therapy as Albert Ellis is to
Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT) (Ellis is father of REBT)
Types of ego defense mechanisms
Rationalization, Compensation, Repression, Projection Reaction formation, Identification, Introjection, Denial, Displacement
__________ scores are unaltered or untransformed.
Raw
Threats to external validity:
Reaction effect (Hawthorne effect), Laboratory, internal validity
Holland's 6 Personality Types
Realistic Investigative Artistic Social Enterprising Conventional
Ego psychologists use _________ to control behavior.
Reasoning
Spontaneous Recovery
Recurrence of the previous extinguished conditioned response after a rest period
Mechanistic
Reduction of all behavior to common elements
Respondent Behavior
Refers to reflexes.
Sensorimotor stages
Reflex acts - 1st month Primary circular - 2-4 months Secondary circular actions - 4-8 months Coordinating secondary schemes - 8-12 months Tertiary circular reactions Symbolic thought
Which of the measures of central tendency: the mean, the median, or the mode remains in the center of the three measures whether the distribution is symmetric, negatively skewed, or positively skewed?
Regardless of whether the distribution is normal or skewed, the median remains the center of the three measures because it remains the middle value of an ordered distribution even if there are unusual high or low values in a set of numbers. (Use Mode for nominal data)
Fixed Ratio
Reinforce behavior after a set number of responses
Reinforcement vs. Punishment
Reinforcement increases the likelihood of something happening again. Punishment is the consequence of a behavior; it will decrease the likelihood of a behavior happening again
Primary Reinforcers
Reinforcers that are rewarding such candy or going to a movie
Type 1 Error (Alpha)
Rejecting null hypothesis when it is true. (Memory Hint:RA)
Jacobson Relaxation Method
Relaxation technique where different muscles are tensed and released until the body is relaxed.
Comparative View of Practice
Repeated Trials result in repeated pairings of the CS and the UCS
Repeated-Measures Comparison Design
Repeated-Measures Comparison Design Measuring the SAME group of subjects without the IV and then with the IV.
Quasi-Experiment
Research method similar to an experimental design except that it makes use of naturally occurring groups rather than randomly assigning subjects to groups.
Gibson
Researched the matter of depth perception in children by using a visual cliff. The visual cliff is a devise which uses a glass sheet with simulates a drop-off. Infants will not attempt to cross the drop-off, suggesting depth perception is an inborn trait.perception is an inborn trait.
Solomon 4 group design
Researcher uses 2 control groups - only one experimental group and one control group are PRE-tested. The other control group and experimental group are merely post-tested. (Lets the researcher known if results are influenced by testing.)
What should a researcher provide for participants once data has been collected?
Researchers need to clarify the nature of the study for anyone who participated in the research.
Thorndike's Law of Effect
Responses with favorable consequences most likely be repeated
Fixed Action Patterns (FAP)
Results whenever a releaser in the environment is present. The sequence of behavior will not very.
I-Thou relationship
Rogerian and Existentialistic (relationship is horizontal in nature)
_____________ is also known as non-directive counseling, client centered therapy, and the person centered approach.
Rogerian therapy
projective tests
Rorschach Thematic Appreciation Test Incomplete sentences blank
The ______________ effect suggests that the experimenter's expectations may inadvertently influence the subjects in the study.
Rosenthal
NCE - Group
Rudolph Dreikurs Rudolph Dreikurs was a student of Adler and was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice. Dreikurs also introduced Adlerian principles in the treatment of children in the school setting.
Minuchin
STRUCTURAL FAMILY THERAPY -joining -mimesis -therapy proposes that changes in the family system, subsystems, and family organization must take place in order for individual family members to resolve their systems -directive and performed in the here-and-now
Suppression
Same as denial.
Etic
Sameness between clients. All clients have things in common; therefore one uses the same approaches on one person as another, regardless of culture.
Systematic sampling
Sampling every nth person in a population (i.e., every 5th person, 10th person, etc.) - some believe this gives same results as random sampling although it is controversial.
SATISFACTION- an employee' contentment with work environment
Satisfaction: refers to clients who are more self-fulfilled-oriented
SATISFACTORINESS- the employer's satisfaction with an individual's job performance.
Satisfactoriness: refers to clients who are more achievement-oriented
____________ research can be replicated using the same methods.
Scientific
Empiricism
Scientists can only learn from objective facts. Also known as associationism. Comes from the philosophy of John Locke. Empiricism comes from the Greek word meaning experience. Empiricism is the forerunner of Behaviorism.
A stimulus which accompanies a primary reinforce takes on reinforcement properties of it's own is known as ________________.
Secondary reinforcement.
NCE - Group
Selection of members The key factor in selecting a person for group work is to identify a personality pattern that may not lend itself to the group. Hostile, suicidal, homicidal, paranoid, and self-centered or psychotic persons are not good candidates for group counseling.
social learning theory concept
Self efficacy
Judith Jordan
Self in relation theory
Cognitive Information Processing (CIP)
Self-knowledge and occupational knowledge are schemas that keep evolving over the person's life span.
What are Piaget's stages of development?
Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete operational Formal operational
Piaget's Stages
Sensorimotor (0-2), preoperational (2-6), concrete operations(6-11, conservation), formal operations(11-15, Abstract thinking)
Factorial experiment
Several experimental variables are investigated and interactions can be noted. Factorial designs include 2 or more IVs.
Milgram Obedience Study
Shocking subjects to test obedience to authority
Fokeways
Similar to Mores, but often cause embarrassment thus the punishments are lighter and often do not account for legal action.
What do correlational studies tell us about the relationship between variables?
Since correlational research is Quasi-experimental, it only shows a positive or negative relationship between the variables, but does not yield cause-effect data.
Death rates by injury between ages 15 and 19 are ________ times higher than between ages 10 and 14.
Six
Peer Cluster Theory
Small, identifiable peer clusters determine where, when and how drugs will be used
Power Test
Smaller number of questions, more vague. Fixed Time
Zajonc and LeDoux
Social facilitation (cockroaches) performing in front of an audience
In contrast with Freud, neo-Freudians emphasized _______________.
Social factors.
Albert Bandura
Social learning theory
Carol Travis
Society pathologizes women
NCE - Group
Sociogram As well as identifying alliances in the group, sociograms can help assess whether the alliances are growth-oriented. A sociogram is a graphic representation of the patterns showing which members are drawn to one another, which do not interact, and which members have a one-way attraction, mutual attraction, or aversion to each other.
Daniel Paul Schreber
Spent 9 years in a mental hospital, and wrote a book, Memoirs of a Mental Patient. Freud got a copy and thought he was dealing with issues of homosexuality. He felt afraid he would be turned into women, mate with God, and create a new race.
Nancy Chodorow
Spoke out about masculine bias
NCE - Group
Stages In the beginning (initial) stage of group work, the participants are concerned with fitting in. It is during the second (transition) stage that issues of power and control surface and conflicts arise. Nearing termination, groups tend to be less conflictual.
NCE - Group
Stages in a Group Introduction Conflict Cohesion Work Termination
Fowler's Prestage Plus Six Stage Theory of Faith and Spiritual Development
Stages: 0: Undifferentiated (primal) faith 1: Intuitive-projective faith 2: Mythic-literal faith 3: Synthetic-conventional faith 4: Individuative-reflective faith 5: Conjunctive faith 6: Universalizing faith *Faith is not identical with one's belief in religion (can be about other things like career, country, family, success, etc) *Faith grows and changes throughout the lifespan
Standardized tests always have formal procedures for test administration and scoring.
Standardization implies the testing format, test materials, and scoring process are consistent.
________________ scores (standard nine) divide the distribution into 9 equal parts, with a mean of 5 and an SD of 2.
Stanine
Leonore Walker
Stated domestic violence has three stages, first, the tension building phase where arguments take place easily. Next is the battering phase which can include physical and or sexual abuse, last is the honeymoon stage, where the abuser states they will never do it again and try to make up. The pattern often repeats, in the end without a honeymoon stage.
Leon Festinger
Stated friendship and attraction are highest for apartment dwellers living next door to each other.
Harry Harlow
Stated that attachment was an innate tendency and is not learned. To demonstrate this, he put monkeys in isolation, and compared them to monkeys not in isolation, and found the monkeys in isolation were disturbed. He also placed monkeys with terry cloth mothers and others with wire cloth mothers. Baby Monkeys spent on average 16 hours a day with the terry cloth mother, and 1 and ½ hours with the wire mothers, suggesting contact comfort is important to bonding and attachment.
Carl Whitaker
Stated the belief that in order to effect the change a family needs, the therapist must engage the family on a deep and personal level. He often used very confrontational techniques including argument, teasing, yelling, and approaches designed to produce tension and stress, which he believed where necessary for change. "Dean of Experiential Family Therapy." Believed a co-therapist was helpful. (Memory Hint: Whitaker Wild)
Robert Kegan
Stated the client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction. His six stages of life development include: incorporative, impulsive, imperial, interpersonal, institutional and interindividual.
Statistic
Statistic is a value obtained from a sample.
SPSS
Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (computer program for crunching statistics)
Trend analysis
Statistical procedure performed at different times to see if a trend is evident, using ANOVA sometimes.
Statistically speaking, 68.26% of scores fall within + or - one SD of the mean.
Statistically speaking, 95.74% of scores fall within + or - 2 SD of the mean.
As X increases, Y also increases; As X decreases, Y also decreases
Statistically, how can 2 positively and directly related variables be described?
Regression to the Mean
Statisticians will often describe how extreme performances, both good and bad, tend to be followed by more average levels of performance. This ________ might be one explanation for why many psychotherapy patients improve regardless of the type of therapy received.
Jay Haley, Chloe Madanes
Strategic and Problem Solving Family therapy (aka MRI model and Communications Model), therapist gives directives often uses paradox technique, reframing and relabeling the problem is common.
________________ ___________________ is where persons from sub groups, or strata are collected.
Stratified sampling
SII uses:
Strong's RIASEC 3-Code
Salvador Minuchin
Structural Family Therapy - joins the family in therapy as an active member. He may mimic (mimesis) some aspect of the family's manner, style, etc., and encourages enactments of some dysfunctional interactions. Through reframing, he labels what occurs in a more positive or constructive perspective. Changes in family system must happen to resolve problems.
NCE - Group
Structure The overuse of structure hinders the development of closeness, trust, and genuineness.
Child (son or daughter)
Student Leisurite Citizen Worker Spouse (Partner) Homemaker Parent Pensioner
Martin E. P. Seligman
Studied learned helplessness, by electrocuting dogs during specific situations by which the dogs would give up and not fight the shocks.
Etic viewpoint
Study from outside the social group
Emic viewpoint
Study within the social group
Maladaptive behavior, according to the humanistic perspective, derives from
Stunted or distorted personal development
SUDS
Subjective units of distress scale. Used in systematic desensitization
Matched design
Subjects are literally 'matched' in regard to any variable that could be correlated with the DV, which is really the postexperimental performance.
Displacement
Substituting a different object or goal for the impulse being expressed
Clemmont Vontress
Suggested multicultural counselors would do well to remember that we all are part of a universal culture.
Vroom's Motivation and Management Expectancy Theory
Suggests employee performance is influenced by:
The ____________ strives for perfection
Superego
Empathy is the ability to experience the client's subjective world.
Sympathy is compassion.
Brief Psychotic Disorder
Symptoms of schizophrenia that do not last more than a month is classified as which disorder?
A _____ test tests a hypothesis between two normally distributed samples, using _______ subjects or more.
T, 30
Gilligan
THEORY OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT FOR WOMEN -Illuminated the fact that Kohlberg's research was conducted on males -Women have a sense of caring and compassion -book: In a Different Voice
Kohlberg
THREE STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT (Each level has 2 stages) -Preconventional (behavior governed by consequences) -Conventional (a desire to conform to socially acceptable rules) -Postconventional (self-accepted moral principles guide behavior)
Williamson
TRAIT-FACTOR -Through education and data, man can become himself -Humans are born with potential for good or evil -Others are needed to help unleash positive potential -Man is mainly rational, not intuitive
CAREER THEORIES OVERVIEW
TRAIT-ORIENTED THEORIES > Trait-and-Factor (1909; 1939) > Person-Environment-Correspondence > Holland's Typology / Personality Approach (1966)
Berne
TRANSITIONAL ANALYSIS (TA) -Messages learned about self in childhood determine whether person is good or bad, though intervention can change this "life script" -Ego states = the Parent, Adult, and Child (PAC) ..are somewhat like id, ego, superego -Uses Karpman's drama triangle -Uses Harris' life positions (Im ok...you're)
Theory of Work Adjustment
TWA - Dawis Career counseling model - the person must fit the job, and the work must meet the needs of the person; the relationship works both ways - needs of both job and person must be met -work adjustment - the match between the expectations of the employee and the expectations of the place he/she is working PEC = person environment correspondence
Conformist Stage
Taking into consideration that a child is preoccupied with social acceptance, appearance, and material possessions, at what ego development sequence is he?
Intelligence, attention and motor skill defects
Taking into consideration that a mother takes aspirin during pregnancy, what effect could this have on the fetus?
Delirium
Taking into consideration that a person has the following symptoms: perceptual disorders, disrupted attentional impairment and he is disoriented, what diagnosis would be accurate for his disease?
Disillusionment and Anger
Taking into consideration that victims can react differently to sexual harassment what does the client experience when a resolution of the complaint may be a long hard process and not always successful with many organizations not always supportive?
Joseph Breuer
Taught Freud the value of the talking cure, known as catharsis.
Robbers Cave Experiment
Teaches a cooperative goal can bring two hostile groups together, thus reducing competition and enhancing cooperation.
Biofeedback
Technique to help individuals learn to control bodily processes more effectively.
A counselor decides to use biofeedback training to help a client raise the temperature in his right hand to ward off migraines. He would use a ______________________.
Temperature trainer.
Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) (1996)
Tenets: Career choice results from an interaction of cognitions and affective processes. Career development involves continual growth & change in knowledge structures.
Use of tests of significance
Tests of significance are used to determine whether a difference in the groups' scores is significant or just due to change factors.
Alternative Hypothesis
The Alternative Hypothesis (aka 'affirmative hypothesis') asserts the independent variable (IV) has indeed caused a change.
In 1940, what two organizations for group therapy were created?
The American society for group psychotherapy and psychodrama, and the American group psychotherapy association.
The Control Group
The Control Group does NOT receive the IV (same characteristics of the experimental group - the averages between the two groups should not differ significantly)
Experiment
The Experiment is the most valuable type of research it is used to discover cause-and-effect relationships
The Experimental Group
The Experimental Group received the IV (has the same characteristics of the control group the averages between the two groups should not differ significantly)
Freud's Structure of Personality
The Id (Demanding Child), the ego (The Traffic Cop) and the super ego (The Judge)
Independent variable
The Independent variable is the variable the researcher manipulates, controls, alters, or wishes to experiment with. Memory Device: 'I' manipulate the IV, or a hospital patient gets treatment form IV)
Null hypothesis
The Null hypothesis suggests there WILL NOT be a significant difference between the experimental group which received the IV and the control group which did not. (asserts the samples will not change - will stay the same - even after the experimental variable is applied.) *The IV DOES NOT affect the DV.*
The RANGE is the simplest way to measure the spread of scores.
The RANGE is usually calculated by subtracting the lowest score from the highest scores (i.e., 93-33=60.) - If 'inclusive range' is specified on exam, then use the formula but add '1' to the final value after subtraction of the range. -generally increases with sample size
Punishment could be portrayed as
The addition of an aversive event
A confidence level at the 95 percent level indicates that
The alpha level has been set at .05
According to Piaget, a child younger than 10 judges wrongdoing by
The amount of damage it causes
Discriminating Social Responsiveness
The attachment stage from 2-7 months where the infant begins to show a preference for a familiar person is known as _____________.
Echolalia
The automatic repetition by someone of words spoken in his or her presence (ie: the baby babbling when the mother talks). It can also be a mental disorder.
negative reinforcement
The avoidance of aversive stimuli
Equilibration
The balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and that which is changed (accommodation).
Ethnocentrism
The belief that one's group is of central importance, tendency to judge the practices of other groups by one's own cultural standards.
Phenomenology
The client's internal personal experience of events.
Comorbidity
The coexistence of two or more disorders
ONTOGENESIS
The course of development of an organism or an individual
Latent Content
The deeper meaning of the manifest content, this is the deep level, within the unconscious.
Dependent variable
The dependent variable expresses the outcome or the data regarding factors one wants to measure. Memory Device: 'D' in dependent signifies 'D' in data.
Extinction
The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.
Rosenthal Effect (experimenter expectancy)
The experimenter's beliefs about the individual may cause the experimenter to treat them in a special way so that they begin to fulfill the experimenter's expectations.
The umbilical chord falls from the naval and the child regains weight lost from birth
The first developmental stage of a human being is infancy (birth02 weeks) what is characteristic for this stage?
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
The goal is the change patterns of thinking or behavior that is behind a person's difficulty and through this, change the way they feel. Disputes irrational thoughts, reduces maladaptive behaviors. Based on Beck's Behavioral Therapy
Statistically speaking, 99.74% of scores fall within + or - 3 SD of the mean.
The greater the standard deviation of scores, the greater the spread of a plotted graph.
X axis (also called 'abscissa')
The horizontal line drawn under a frequency distribution graph. (horizontal axis plots the independent variable [IV])
Contact Hypothesis
The idea that stereotypes and prejudice toward a group will diminish as contact with the group increases.
The probability of committing a Type I error equals the level of significance.
The level of significance is also called the 'alpha level'.
Macroculture
The majority culture, it is the dominant culture or culture that is accepted by the majority.
The larger the range, the greater the dispersion or spread of scores from the mean.
The most useful measure of central tendency is the MEAN (i.e., average). In skewed distributions, the median is the best choice.
Gelatt's Decision-Making Model (1962)
The nature of decision making is continuous and cyclical. Although there are times when key decisions must be made.
Drug Dependence
The need for continued or repeated use of a drug in order to maintain a particular desired state which includes the avoidance of withdrawl
Drug Tolerance
The need for ever increasingly larger doses of a drug to obtain the initial effect of the original dose
Johari's windows model of group interaction dictates that in a group setting, it is best to expand:
The open window
Epictetus
The philosopher most closely related to REBT is Epictetus, a stotic philosopher who suggested we feel the way we think. He said, "People are disturbed not by things, but by the views they take of them."
Ontology
The philosophy of being and existing.
Heritability
The portion of trait that can be explained by genetic factors.
Self-Actualization
The process of growth and the realization of individual potential; in the humanistic view, a final level of psychological development in which a person attempts to minimize ill health, be fully functioning, have a superior perception of reality, and feel a strong sense of self-acceptance. (Maslow - Full use of Talent)
Define work adjustment
The process of maintaining and achieving correspondence with a work environment
Aggressive Behavior
The reinforcers used for the behavior, the models of aggressive behavior seen by the child and the amount of guilt or anxiety associated with aggressive behavior influences what type of behavior in a child ages 2-6?
Interquartile range
The score distance between the 25th and 75th percentile.
Ethology
The study of animals behavior in their natural environment.
Psychodiagnostic
The study of personality through interpretation of behavior or nonverbal cues. A counselor may use the aforementioned factors or tests to label the client in a diagnostic category.
Single-blind study
The subject does not know whether they are in the control group, but the researcher does. (helps eliminate 'demand characteristics')
Skewed Data Sets (Positive or negative)
The tail tells you! If it points left it is negative, if it points right it is positive.
Interval Reinforcement (Variable and Fixed)
The trainer reinforces according to a time schedule. In a fixed interval, the trainer reinforces the desired response after a specific period of time—for example, every minute. In a variable interval, the trainer reinforces after varying periods of time within a certain timeframe.
Existential therapy - May, Frankl, Yalom
The understanding of one's being, one's awareness of who one is and who one is becoming
The variable you manipulate/control in an experiment is the
The variable you manipulate/control in an experiment is the IV or independent variable ("I am the researcher so I manipulate or experiment with the IV.")
Classical Vegotherapy
Theory by Wilhelm Reich, where sexual gratification was needed for the cure of emotional maladies. Orgone boxes were used, where one would sit in the box to restore their orgone energy levels. Was arrested for fraud and died in prison.
Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)
Therapy taught in the form of meditation and mindful yoga
Implosive therapy
Therapy that occurs in the imagination. Always occurs in the imagination and is usually done to rehearse a real life therapy.
Logotherapy
Therapy through meaning
Technological Advances
These advances shape the development of intellectual functioning
Experimenter effects
Things that can flaw an experiment because the researcher unconsciously communicates intent or expectations to the subjects.
Milan Model - Family Therapy
This model uses a treatment team with a 1-way mirror (Memory Hint: Milan Mirror)
Trait-and-Factor Theory (Factorial Approach)
This theory was created by Williamson and Parsons. It states that the worker's traits must match the requirements of their job. The theory is grounded in Differential Psychology
Fritz Perls
This therapist believed that nothing exists except the here and now, that the past has gone, the future has not arrived, and only the present is significant. Instead of focusing on the past as psychoanalysts do, he focused on dealing with unfinished business in the here and now. Incongruity in movements, Empty Chair. Gives Experience to Client. (Often combined with TA)
Law of Effect
Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
Law of effect (aka 'trial and error')
Thorndike's suggestion that satisfying associations related to a given behavior will cause it to be 'stamped in' while those associated with annoying consequences will be 'stamped out'.
Resentful Demoralization of the Comparison Group (also called compensatory equalization)
Threat to validity in which comparison group lowers their performance or behaves inept in an attempt to make the experimental group look better than they should. (Noted if the comparison group deteriorates throughout the experiment while the experimental group does not.)
How many individual participants do you need to conduct a "true" experiment?
To conduct a "true" experiment you needs 30 individual participants.
To conduct an experiment with a hypothesis, one needs
To conduct an experiment with a hypothesis, one needs a control group and an experimental group.
How many individual participants do you need to conduct Correlational research?
To conduct correlational research you needs 30 subjects per variable.
What is the primary goal of gestalt therapy?
To help the client gain awareness
Incidence of spouse abuse in the United States is:
To some degree, spouse abuse happens in 50 percent of all couples.
Frank Parson
Trait and Factor Theory; Father of Vocational Guidance, wrote "Choosing a Vocation", advocated his three step model
egosyntonic
Traits are acceptable
Egodystonic
Traits are undesirable
In _____________, there are four main positions: I am Ok, You are Ok; I am Ok, You are Not Ok; I am Not Ok, You are Ok, and I am Not Ok, You are Not Ok. These were made famous by Tom Harris.
Transactional Analysis
_______________ is a cognitive model of therapy which asserts that healthy communication transactions occur where vectors of communication run parallel.
Transactional Analysis
Eric Berne
Transactional analysis
Yalom believes individuals who have limited awareness of their own behaviors, feelings and motivations are better served in individual therapy. True or False?
True
NCE - Group
Tuckman & Jensen's STAGES Forming Storming Norming Performing Adjourning
Multimodal distribution
Two or more peaks in a distribution curve
Type I (Alpha Error) occurs when
Type I (Alpha Error) occurs when a researcher REJECTS the NULL hypothesis although it is true.
What type of error increases when you lower the significance level (e.g. from .05 to .01)?
Type I error - but type II decreases
Lowering the significance level LOWERS Type I errors, but it RAISES the risk of Type II errors.
Type I/Type II relationship is a seesaw.
Type II (Beta Error) occurs when
Type II (Beta Error) occurs when a researcher ACCEPTS the NULL hypothesis although it is False
Low context communication
Type of communication with more direct and explicit expressions of verbal messages. (Eurocentric)
Existentialist speak of 3 worlds:
Umwelt (physical) Mitwelt (relationship) Eigenwelt (identity)
Existential Anxiety
Unavoidable result of being confronted with givens of existence - death, freedom, choice, isolation, and meaninglessness
Ego defense mechanisms are
Unconscious processes that minimize anxiety and protect the self from severe id or superego demands -distort reality and are based on self-deception to protect our self image
Decided Client
Undecided Client Indecisive Client DECIDED CLIENT - clients who have made a career decision. These clients might profit from counseling that is designed to formulate other steps in decision making and to determine if their choice was inappropriately made.
Personal fable
Unique, center of attention
Stages of Play (Parten)
Unoccupied Solitary Onlooker Parallel Associative Cooperative
Existentialists speak of three worlds, the __________, or the physical world, the ___________, the relationship, and the __________, or the identity world.
Unwelt / Mitwelt / Eigenwelt
Arnold Gesell
Used a one way mirror for observing children. A maturationist, he felt development is primarily determined through genetics/heredity. Thus, a child must be ready before a certain level of education (kindergarten).
Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
Used for more than 2 sample groups, yields and F statistic
Factorial design
Used to ferret out the effects of more than one IV.
Standard Deviation
Used to measure variability of a data set. It is calculated as the square root of the variance of a set of data. Z-Score.
Y axis (also known as 'ordinate')
Used to plot frequency of the DVs, plotting the experimental data. (memory: Letter 'Y' is vertical like the line it represents in a graph)
Quota sampling
Used when a specific number of cases are necessary from various strata (groups).
Cluster sampling
Used when it is nearly impossible to find a list of the entire population. (Will not be as accurate as random sample but is used to save time and practical considerations.)
Likert scale
Uses choices like: strongly agree, agree, disagree, or strongly disagree. Created by Renis Likert in 1930, helped improve the overall degree of measurement. (memory: How much do you Likert something?)
Inoculation effect
Using persuasion to change minds
Validity
Validity is the extent or degree to which an idea/ conclusion/measurement/ score/ study is well-founded, measures what it claims to measure, corresponds accurately to the real world & answers the questions it is intended to answer. 'valid' in Latin meaning strong, equivalent.
Variable
Variable is a behavior or circumstance that can exist on at least two levels or conditions. (a factor that 'varies' or is capable of change)
The most difficult intermittent schedule to extinguish is the __________________.
Variable ratio.
Gender Harassment
Verbal remarks and non touching behaviors that are sexist in nature
Paralanguage
Vocalic behaviors that communicate meaning along with verbal behavior; Usually consider more accurate or true than verbal communication.
the best IQ yes for a 22 year old single male would be
WAIS-IV
best IQ test for sixth grad girl would be
WISC-IV which is recommended for kids ages 6-16
best IQ test for a kindergartner would be
WPPSI-VI which is for ages 2-7
Lev Vygotsky
Was as odds with Piaget, and felt development did not take place naturally. Stages unfold due to educational intervention. Coined the term Zone of Proximal Development, which describes the difference between a child's performance without a teacher verses that which he or she is capable of with an instructor.
Carol Gilligan
Was critical to Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development as she felt it was more applicable to males than females.
Rudolph Dreikurs
Was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice, was a student of Adler.
Little Albert
Watson - conditioned an 11-month old to be afraid of furry objects; demonstrated that fears are learned (not unconscious process)
intelligence test
Wechsler Adult intelligence scale
answer needed
What are Rossi's four stages of adult development related to parenting?
Visual discrimination and memory skill problems
What are the consequences of PCB (a manufacturing chemical) exposure?
retarded growth, mental retardation and lukemia
What are the consequences of x-ray exposure?
Pre-term births
What are the consequences to the new born if a pregnant woman takes caffeine?
Answer Needed
What are the four processes of "modeling" or acquiring learning through observation?
Mental Retardation
What are the health effects of a newborn if he has been exposed to x-rays for 6 months before his birth?
maternal diseases
What can produce birth defects by crossing the placental barrier
Death
What can the HIV taratogen cause to happen in a newborn?
Intimacy with Others
What characterizes the early adulthood stage of Erickson's stages of development?
Ancient Egypt
What civilization provided some of the earliest written evidence of treatment of disease and behavior disorders, including a detailed description of the treatment wounds and other surgical operations?
Seductive Behavior
What defines inappropriate sexual advances, attempting to discuss sexual interest or a person's sex life?
Hyperirritability, crib death, miscarriage (spontaneous abortion), and still birth
What effect can marijuana usage during pregnancy and/or after the baby is born?
Lower birth weight and pre-term births
What impact does smoking have on a fetus?
Symbolic Mode
What is the last stage to develop?
Mental Retardation
What is the main consequence of Lead exposure?
Standard Deviation
What is the measure of variability that is most often used and describes how scores vary around the mean?
AAMR Adaptive Behavior Scale
What is the measurement used for mentally retarded, emotionally maladjusted, developmentally disabled and other handicapped children and adults.
ENCODING
What is the mental process of converting external stimuli into meaningful forms (memory)
Authoritative
What is the most effective form of parenting style where parents have definite standards but also encourage the child to be independent and will illicit opinions at times?
MANOVA
What is the name of the measurement that shows the relationship between each independent variable and the dependent variable?
Sampling Error
What is the name of the occurrence when subjects are not under the researcher's control or there is a discrepancy due to random sampling?
Standard Score
What is the name of the score that is derived from the normal curve?
Exploration Life Stage
What is the name of the stage which characterizes of the developing self; a realistic self concept and where one learns more about various opportunities
The Peabody Picture Vocabulary?
What is the name of the testing instrument used with severely handicapped individuals ages 2.5 to 18 years?
Concern with the larger world
What is the primary social characteristic that develops during late adolescence?
Action Research
What is the research that has as its purpose the development of new approaches with direct applications for counseling practitioners or use within the education field?
Stratified Random Sample
What is the sampling technique in which items/subjects are divided into parts and in each part, each item/subject, has an equal chance of being selected?
Iconic mode
What is the second stage to develop which utilizes symbols for thought?
Plateau Phase
What is the sexual response phase as defined by Master's and Johnson where the tension prepares the body for orgasm and there is increased stimulation of body parts and functions.
Biological Energy
What is the source of all basic drives as people progress through the stages of life?
Percentage
What is the statistic that indicates a proportion of a subgroup to a total group?
Constructive Alternativism
What is the term for an important determinant for one's decisions and behaviors?
Causality
What is the term for the understanding that the child can cause something to happen?
Sampling Bias
What is the term for when a researcher selects a non-representative sample for his/her own convenience?
Autonomous Morality
What is the term for when children begin to realize that rules are created by people and that intentions and consequences may be taken into consideration (Begins about age 10).
Disequalibrium
What is the term for when the child's current schemas cannot process new information. The child changes the schemas and equilibration is established?
Organicism
What is the term that is sometimes used to classify the more holistic theories that accept qualitative changes?
An Ordeal
What is the term when a therapist prescribes a situation that is equal or greater than the distress of the client- described symptom itself.
25 percent
What is the weight and size of the brain at the time of birth expressed as a percentage of adult weight and size?
Permissive Parenting Style
What kind of parenting style is it when parents keep their "hands off" and let children be with the hope that they will be more self-reliant?
External, Environmental Forces
What main principle do learning theorists emphasize?
Vineland Social Maturity Scale
What measure assesses an individual's competency in taking personal responsibility and seeing to practical needs?
Biofeedback
What operant conditioning therapy or modification is described as • Providing the person with information regarding his or her internal responses to stimuli with methods of controlling them.
25%
What percentage of adult weight and size does an infant brain have at birth?
Martin Seligman
What researcher experimentally induced learned helplessness in dogs?
Hiskey-Nebraska Test
What test assesses hearing impaired children up to 16 years old?
Brain Lateralization Theory
What theory contends that the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body?
Astin's Theory
What theory of motivation purports three primary needs (survival, pleasure, and contribution)
Integration Factor Theory (Bruner)
What theory postulates that cognitive maturation results from the integration of acts and skills termed "blueprints" or plans of higher order combinations?
Easy Temperament
What type of temperament is characterized by a positive mood, quick establishment of routines an easy adaptation to new experiences?
Therapeutic Surrender
When a client stops resisting the efforts of the therapist and begins to listen to what is being stated.
Skewed distribution
When a distribution of scores is not distributed normally (and symmetrically).
Sour Grapes Rationalization
When a good event does not occur, and you downplay it by saying you did not want the good event to occur anyway.
Stimulus Generalization
When a learned stimulus is generalized to another stimulus similar to the one learned. The stimulus is generalized, meaning it will occur for another stimulus without learning for that exact stimulus.
Higher Order Conditioning
When a new stimulus is paired with a previously learned stimulus. This new stimulus will take on the characteristics of the old, even if the old one is extinct.
Never script
When a person never feels he will succeed.
Sweet Lemon Rationalization
When a person states are good a bad set of circumstances is.
Multiple-baseline design
When a researcher employs more than 1 target behavior.
Stimulus Discrimination
When a stimulus is selected out from a group to be the only one that gives the CR.
Multi-variate analysis of variance (MANOVA)
When a study has moe than one dependent variable.
Halo Effect
When a trait that is not being evaluated (i.e., attractiveness) influences a researcher's rating on another trait (i.e., counseling skill).
Halo Effect
When a trait that is not being evaluated (i.e., attractiveness) influences a researcher's rating on another trait (i.e., counseling skill). Can be positive or negative (Halo or Horns Effect)
Bivariate
When correlational data describes the nature of two variables .
Multivariate
When more than two variables are under scrutiny.
Experimental Neurosis
When one cannot discriminate between two identical stimulus's, emotional disturbance will occur.
Covary negatively
When one variable increases while the other decreases.
When would a psychoanalytic therapist believe that his client has finished psychoanalysis?
When the client has uncovered unconscious material, shown increased functioning and resolved inner conflicts.
Experimental neurosis
When the differentiation process becomes too tough because stimuli are almost identical
Naturalistic observation
When the researcher does not intervene but merely observes a subject, preferably in its natural setting. (oldest method of research)
Covary positively
When two variables vary together.
Mode
Which measure of central tendency is only appropriate for use with nominal data?
Serotonin
Which neurotransmitter has the effect of creating sleep disorders?
NCE - Group
Which of the following is a product-oriented group counseling theory, rather than a process-oriented group counseling theory:
Acquisition
While Conditioned Response (CR) is the learned response to a conditioned stimulus, what is the term for the period when the organism learns the association between the conditioned stimulus and the conditioned response?
ANCOVA
While giving a lecture on Inferential Statistics you mention the measurement that shows how a covariate interacts with the dependent variable. How do you name this measurement?
Lightner Witmer
Who founded the first psychological clinic in Philadelphia where he focused on addressing the problems of mentally deficient children?
Paul Ekman
Who is the researcher who studied the cross-cultural facial expressions of emotions?
Stanley Coopersmith
Who is the theorist who conducted the most extensive study of parent-child relationships and self-esteem with middle class boys from ages 10 -12 years?
A. Gibson
Who is the theorist who performed the VIsual Cliff experiment with infants?
Galen
Who made a number of original contributions concerning the anatomy of the nervous system
Aretaeus of Cappadocia
Who was the first person to note the difference between acute and chronic mental disorders and to distinguish among illusions, delusions and hallucinations?
Asclepiades
Who was the first to note the difference between acute and chronic mental disorders and distinguish between illusions, delusions and hallucinations?
Extinction
Will lower behavior after an initial extinction burst or response burst (e.g. time out)
William of Occam
William of Occam as in Occam's Razor" was a 14th century philosopher and theologian. (Occam's Razor, aka 'parsimony' named for)
68-95-99.7 rule (empirical rule)
Within a normal distribution, 68% of scores will fall within +/- 1 standard deviation (SD) of the mean; 95% within 2 SDs of the mean; and 99.7% within 3 SDs of the mean. (Almost all scores will fall between 3 SDs of the mean.)
Within-Subjects Design
Within-Subjects Design is a two or more values or levels of the IV are administered to each subject.
John Bowlby
Worked with bonding and attachment and stated they have survival value, called adaptive significance. To lead a normal life, a child must bond with an adult before the age of three. If the bond is severed, it is known as object loss, and is the breeding ground for abnormal behavior. The three stages of object loss: protest, despair, detachment.
NCE - Group
Working Stage During the working stage the leader links common themes in order to promote awareness of shared concerns.
Industrial Organizational Psychology
Workplace productivity
McDougall and Ross
Wrote a book, Introduction to Social Psychology, where individual as well as group behavior is the result of inherited tendencies to seek goals.
Daniel Livinson
Wrote two books, Season's of a Man's Life, and Season's of a Woman's Life, suggesting a midlife crisis was a good thing as it helped people to determine priorities. He stated a midlife crisis occurs for men ages 40-45, and women ages 35-40.
Multiple-Treatment Interface
You are administering more than one treatment consecutively to the same subjects. What are you causing to occur?
Percentile Rank (PR)
You are giving a lecture on the types of derived scores. Your students what to know the name of the score which indicates the percentage of scores that fall below a given score. What is this score?
Psychological Addiction
You are telling your students about a pattern of behaviors wherein one is driven to use the drug and to act in ways that guarantee its availability. What are you telling them about?
The Cohort Effect
You are telling your students about the effect of a group of people being born at a certain time and being reared in a certain historical setting. What are you telling them about?
Transfer Learning
You are telling your students about the effect of earlier learning on present learning. What is this?
Enactive Mode
You are telling your students about the first stage to develop. What is it?
Penetrance
You are telling your students about the genetic transfer of mental illness or other characteristics from one generation to another. What are you telling them about?
Dependence
You are telling your students about the need for continued or repeated use of a drug in order to maintain a particular desired state which includes the avoidance of withdrawl. What are you telling them about?
Descriptive Research
You are telling your students about the research that is used when the independent variables have already occurred so the researcher cannot predict outcomes. What type of research is this?
Constructive Play
You are telling your students about the self-regulated creation of a product or a problem solution. How do you name it on being asked by your students?
Frequency
You are telling your students about the statistic that indicates the number of subjects in a particular category. What do you call this statistic?
Proportion
You are telling your students about the statistic that indicates the relation of a subgroup to the total group. How do you name it?
Achievement Tests
You are telling your students about the tests that measure the level of acquisition of information. What are they called?
Louis Thurston
You are telling your students about the theorist who first developed a scale technique to measure attitude. What is his name?
Leon Festinger
You are telling your students about the theorist who is associated with attitude changes, specifically cognitive dissonance. What is his name?
William Sheldon
You are telling your students about the theorist who places human development into three major body types. Who is he?
Arnold Gesell
You are telling your students about the theorist who used the theory of maturation to explain common developmental patterns that are internally controlled rather than influenced by the external environment. Who is he?
Telegraphic Speech
You are telling your students about the utterances of two or three words that children make, usually between the ages of 18 months and 24 months that convey complete thought. What are you telling them about?
100 Percent
You are telling your students about the weight and size of the brain at age 16. They want to know it as a percentage of its adult weight and size. What do you tell them?
80 percent
You are telling your students about the weight and size of the brain at age 2. What is the percentage of its adult weight and size?
Symbolic Mode
You are telling your students that language provides the means for representing experience and for transforming it. What does this refer to?
Diathesis-Stress Model
You are using a model that emphasizes the combination of nature and nurture to produce abnormality. What kind of model are you using?
Statistical Model
You are using a model that emphasizes the rarity or infrequency of a behavior or a trait as the primary determinant of mental illness. What kind of model are you using?
Monolithic Perspective
You see all members of a specific race or group as identical to each other.
Active Proximity Seeking
You tell your students that from seven months to two years, the child actively seeks close contact with the caretaker. Later, attachments with others develop. What do you name this stage?
Holophrastic speech
Your little son says just the word 'juice' when he wants to say 'give me some juice' What type of speech does this refer to?
Lallation
Your three year old son says 'tuice' whenever he wishes to have a juice or drink. What does this behavior refer to?
Vygotsky
ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT: the difference in the child's ability to solve problems on his own and his capacity to solve them with some help from others -Cognitive development is not the result of innate factors, but is produced by activities that take place in one's culture
Stanford Prison Experiment
Zimbardo
IQ formula
[MA (mental age)/CA (chronological age)] x 100
Process
_______ research examines the nature of the counseling interview and tries to determine successful outcomes
Deflection
a change of course or Direction
Sociogram is to a counseling group as a scattergram is to _____.
a correlation coefficient.
positive punishment
a decrease in behavior that results from an added consequence
Little Albert
a famous case, John Watson (pioneer of American Behaviorism) in 1920 - toddler made to fear white furry things
Systematic Desensitization
a form of behavior therapy (based on Pavlov's classical conditioning) useful when trying to weaken a client's response to an anxiety provoking stimuli WOLPE
Ethnocentric
a given country is the best/superior
Ethnocentrism
a given group sees itself as the standard by which other ethnic groups are measured
Projective Test
a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT (Thematic Apperception Test), that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics
Robert Harper
a pioneer in the REBT bibliotherapy movement
entropy
a popular family therapy/systems theory term that means that dysfunctional families are either too open or too closed; healthy family is in a balanced state
Narrative Therapy
a postmodern theory developed in the 1970's/80's by White, White, & Epston. It believes that a client invents their own story and issues become characters in the story. Can send letters in between sessions
Complementarity Theory
a relationship becomes stronger as the two peoples personality needs mesh
Social Exchange Theory
a relationship will endure if the rewards are greater than the costs
Type II error (aka bet error)
a researcher has accepted the null hypothesis
Regression
a return to a less developed condition
standford binet IQ is
a standardized measure whereto scoring and administration procedures are formal and well delineated
Negative reinforcer
a stimulus that raises the probability that a behavior will be repeated; must come after the behavior; something is removed/ taken away
Positive reinforcer
a stimulus that raises the probability that a behavior will be repeated; the reinforcer must come after the behavior (the operant); something ADDED
Secondary reinforcement
a stimulus which accompanies a primary reinforcer takes on reinforcement properties of its own (most popular secondary is 'money')
midlife crisis
a stressful period of self-evaluation that begins at about age 40
Machismo
a strong or exaggerated sense of manliness; an assumptive attitude that virility, courage, strength, and entitlement to dominate are attributes or concomitants of masculinity.
Halo effect
a supervisor generalizing about an employee based on a single characteristic (both positive and negative halos are possible)
Aptitude Test
a test designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn
in order to compare a control group to the experimental group the researcher will need
a test of significance
Construct Validity
a test's ability to measure a theoretical construct (e.g. intelligence)
TA Games
a transaction with a concealed motive. Games prevent honest, intimate discussion, and one player is always left with negative feelings. Games have a predictable outcome as a result of ulterior transactions. An ulterior transaction occurs when a disguised message is sent.
Counseling paradigm
a treatment model (paradigm = model)
classical conditioning
a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
parameter
a value obtained from a population and summarizes a characteristic of a population
which measure would yield the highest level of reliability
a very accurate postage scale; real world measurements are more reliable than psychological ones
Eidetic imagery (aka photographic memory)
ability to remember the most minute details of a scene or picture for an extended period of time (children have it but is it gone by adolescence)
Reflection of emotional content
accomplished when the counselor restates the client's verbalization in such a manner that the client becomes more aware of his emotions.
Retroflection
act of doing to yourself what you really wish to do to someone else (gestalt concept)
Awfulizing (aka 'catastrophizing')
act of telling yourself how difficult,, terrible, and horrendous a given situation really is
REBT suggests the ABC theory of personality in which A is ____, B is the _____, and C is the ______.
activating event, belief system, emotional consequence
Autocratic/Authoritarian Group Leader
advocates making decisions for members; is appropriate during a crisis or when a quick decision is needed, but in most situations it will foster resentment
Sleeper effect
after a period of time, one forgets the communicator but remembers the message. The communication may have more impact after time has passed.
Sleeper effect
after a period of time, one forgets the communicator but remembers the message; when a counselor provides guidance to a client a delay may occur before the client accepts the message
Token economies
agencies that use tokens as a system of behavior modification
Rosenthal Effect
aka experimenter expectancy effect experimenter's beliefs about the individual may cause the individual to be treated a special way so that the individual begins to fulfill the experimenters expectations
Barnum Effect
aka forer affect -the fact that clients will often accept a general psychological test report, horoscope, or palm reading and believe it applies specifically to them
first intelligence test was created by
alfred binet and theodore simon
Personalism
all people must adjust to environmental and geological demands
Democratic Group Leader
allows input from members but allows group member s to have input into their decisions; generally the best style
Type I Error
alpha error; reject the null hypothesis when it is actually true
If a researcher changes the significance level from .05 to .001, then
alpha errors decrease, but beta errors increase.
if a researcher changes the significance level from .05 to .001 then
alpha errors will decrease and beta errors will increase
The 2 types of errors are the _____________ error and the ____________ error.
alpha, beta
type 1 error
alpha; reject the null when it is true
Unmatched/uncorrelated groups
also known as independent groups
The experimental hypothesis is also known as the _______________ hypothesis. (Ha)
alternative
a valid test is ________ reliable
always
lewis terman
americanized the binet
True Experiment
an experiment in which there is random assignment (can also be systematic sampling = every nth person), with control groups, experimental groups, pre-test, post-test and repeat trials
Cultural relativity/cultural relativism
an individual's beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individual's own culture
Metacognition
an individual's tendency to be aware of his own cognitions or cognitive abilities
Spillover
an individual's work "spills over" into his/her time off the job; person engages in activities similar to work during periods of leisure
ANOVA process
analysis of variance -comparing more than 2 groups; yields F statistics; multiple levels of 1 IV -consult F table for critical F -if computer F exceeds critical F, reject the null and find effect
ANOVA
analysis of variance used when you have two or more means to compare provides F values that will tell you if significant differences are present
Free association
analytic technique, instructing the client to say whatever comes to mind.
Jung felt society caused men to deny their feminine side (aka ______) and women to deny their masculine side (aka ____).
anima, animus (memory: aniMA is feminine; aniMUS as in MUScles)
early childhood needs theory approach was created by
anne roe
ordinate
another word for the DV or y axis
concurrent validity
answers the question of how ell your test stacks up against a well established instrument that measures the same behavior, construct, or trait
Operant
any behavior which is not elicited by an obvious stimulant.
Demand characteristic
any characteristic (aka bit of knowledge, correct or incorrect), that the subject in an experiment is aware of that can influence his or her behavior. (Demand characteristics can confound an experiment!)
psychometric
any form of mental testing
Introspection
any process in which the client attempts to describe his own internal thoughts, feelings, and ideas.
Construct
any trait you cannot "directly" measure or observe; abstract/psychological notion
ANCOVA and ANOVA
are NOT correlation coefficient.
Structured groups
are centered around certain issues such as shyness or how to prepare for a job interview
Self-help groups/ mutual help/support groups
are not led by a professional; these groups have been dubbed as support groups and those that follow the AA model are often called 12-step groups
I am Ok, You are not Ok
are often criminals, and those who blame others for their problems.
I am not Ok, You are not Ok
are often schizophrenic, and may kill themselves and others.
black vs white IQ controversy was written by
arthur jensen
Associationism
asserts ideas are held together by associations. (roots in Aristotle essay, but in line with John Locke, Hume, Mill, Hartley)
flight-to-health
asserts that the client has improved too rapidly and the real difficulty has not been resolved
Privileged Communication
asserts that you cannot reveal what a client said in a session exceptions: child abuse, suicide, homicide, supervisory sessions, lawsuit filed against you
Existentialism is to logotherapy as ________ is to behaviorism.
associationism (asserts that ideas are held together by associations)
Horizontal relationship
assumes equality between persons.
dispositional attribution
assuming that another's behavior is due to personality factors, not situational ones
An eclectic counselor
attempts to choose the best theoretical approach based on the client's attributes, resources, and situation. (50% of counselors claim to be eclectic)
Minnesota viewpoint
attempts to match the client's traits with a career (created by E. G. Williamson)
Edward Alsworth Ross
authored Social Psychology
Some counselors feel transference is actually a form of projection, displacement, and repetition in which client treats counselor in same manner as he would an _______ _____from the past.
authority figure.
Alloplastic vs autoplastic viewpoint
auto-(self) change comes from within; allo- client can cope best by changing or altering external factors in the environment
Mean
average of all scores
Conscious Mind
aware of the immediate environment
Characteristics of youngest child (Adlerian)
baby in the family and can be pampered or spoiled, often exceed older children's performance due to modeling/imitating.
T-Scores
based on 10 point intervals with 50 being the distribution's mean. 40 = -1 SD below the mean; 60 = +1 SD above the mean
The __________________ is a measure of behavior where there is no treatment or intervention. (A)
basline
Contextualism
behavior must be assess in the context of the culture in which the behavior occurs
Implosive therapy
behavioral therapy where the client imagines scary or feared stimuli in the safety of the counselor's office
imaginary audience
belief that everyone is noticing and watching them
Mores
beliefs regarding the rightness or wrongness of behavior; groups decide what is good/bad for the welfare of the people; ppl generally punished for violating mores
Type II Error
beta error; accept the null hypothesis, when it is false (fail to reject null)
A Type II error is also called a ____ error and means you _____ null when it is _____.
beta, accept, false
type II error
beta; accept the null when it is false
A curve with 2 modes is called a _______________ curve, and a curve with more than 2 modes is called a __________________ curve.
bimodal, multimodal
Counseling in 1970s
biofeedback, behavior modification, crisis hotlines
Fusion
blurring of the psychological boundaries between the self and others; a person is driven by fusion can't separate thinking and feeling well
Neurolinguistic programming (NLP)
brainchild of linguistics professor John Grinder and mathematician John Bander.
a graph with two modes would look like
camels back with two bumps
people who take a normative test
can be legitimately compared to others who have taken the test
National culture
can determine our language, political views, laws
Experimenter effects
can flaw an experiment because the experimenter might unconsciously communicate his/her intent or expectations to the subjects a double-blind can help eliminate this
Group Therapy
can focus on unconscious material, the past, and personality change (term coined by Jacob Moreno who founded psychodrama)
people who take a ipsative test
cannot legitimately be compared to others who take the test
Preconscious mind
capable of bringing ideas, images, and thoughts into awareness with minimal difficulty -can access info from the conscious as well as unconscious mind
Preconscious Mind
capable of bringing ideas, images, and thoughts into awareness with minimal difficulty; access to both conscious and unconscious mind
strong interest inventory
career counselors use in order to test what a client likes or dislikes
Krumboltz, Mitchell and Jones suggest
career decision is based on the social learning theory. 4 factors of career choice: genetics/special abilities, Environment/Special Events, Learning Experiences, and Task Approach problem solving skills.
Correlations do not imply ______________ and ___________. (Causation)
cause, effect
id
chaotic and has no sense of time (pleasure principle - 'I want it NOW')
Reality therapy (aka choice therapy)
childhood is usually not explored, present moment of counseling (therapist makes friends with client)
Robert Havighurst
children must master specific developmental tasks to develop normally
early childhood needs theory approach states
choice is related to personality development at a young age; person is client person oriented or non person oriented; fields and levels
Standard Institutional Classification manual (SIC)
classifies businesses in regard to type of activity they are engaged in
Transference neurosis
client is attached to the counselor as if he is a substitute parent.
Fixed role therapy (aka 'behavioral rehearsal')
client is given a sketch of a person in a role and is instructed to read the script at least 3 times a day to act, think, and verbalize like the person in the script. (by George A. Kelly who also did 'psychology of personal constructs')
Paradoxical strategies
client is instructed to intensify or purposely engage in the maladaptive behavior. (used by Frankl, and by family therapist)
In ________________ ________________, the researcher randomly selects from an existing group.
cluster sampling
qualitative:
coding, actual physical processes of coding
Leon Festinger
cognitive dissonance theory; people want to reduce dissonance in their life; discovered that friendship and attraction were highest for apartment dwellers living next door to each other
Schemas
cognitive structures that help us perceive, organize, process, and use information
A.T.Beck
cognitive therapy pioneer
Tyranny of the shoulds
coined by Karen Horney (neo-Freudian)
Carl Jung
collective unconscious
ipsative test format
compare traits within the same individual; they do not compare a person to other persons who took instrument
John Henry Effect
compensatory rivalry of a comparison group; is a threat to internal validity of an experiment that occurs when subject strive to prove that an experimental treatment that could threaten they livelihood really isn't all that effective
Key areas that often cause problems for counselor self-image are
competence power intimacy
Counseling in 1960s
competing psychotherapies
Unconscious Mind
composed of material which is normally unknown or hidden from the client
The superego
composed of values, morals, and ideals of parents, caretakers, and society
SIGGI or Discovery
computer assisted career guidance (CACG)
Subjective units of distress scale (SUDS)
concept used in forming a hierarchy to perform Wolpe's systematic desensitization (aka, technique for curbing phobic reactions and anxiety)
Muzafer Sherif
conducted Robbers Cave experiment in social psychology at boys summer camp- found that a cooperative goal can bring two hostile groups together, thus reducing competition and enhancing cooperation
Implosive therapy (in anxiety terms)
conducted using the imagination and relies on psychoanalytic symbolism (brainchild of T. G. Stampf)
The _____________ level or the alpha level is set at 0.05 or 0.01.
confidence
The counselor who is _____ is real and authentic.
congruent
Osgood and Tannenbaum
congruity theory- client will accept suggestions more readily if client likes the counselor
Freud's topographic notion that the mind is like an iceberg with 2 states:
conscious unconscious
Respondent
consequence of a known stimulus. (dog salivating)
Dream work
consists of deciphering the hidden meaning (latent) of a dream (through symbolism) so the individual is aware of unconscious motives, impulses, desires, and conflicts.
Psychodynamic therapy
contasts psychoanalysis: -utilizes fewer sessions per week -doesn't utilize a couch, performed face-to-face (makes use of analytic principles but relies on fewer sessions)
fluid intelligence
content free reasoning scubas a pictorial analogy problem.
The group that does not receive the independent variable is known as the _________________ group.
control
Reality therapy incorporates
control theory and choice theory
Guildford
convergent and divergent thinking (2 dimensions) isolated 120 factors which added up to intelligence
When a researcher uses ______, then there is no direct manipulation of the IV.
correlation
Spearman rho
correlation - ordinal data
coefficient of determination
correlation between the first and second administered test is .70....... .70 x .70 = .49% (shared variance)
Pearson r is the most common _______ ________.
correlation coefficient.
Attending (counseling behavior)
counselor behaviors that signal he is truly engaged in active listening skills.
Accurate empathy
counselor can truly understand what the client is feeling or experiencing
Differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO)
counselor positively reinforces an individual for engaging in a healthy alternative behavior.
Tarasoff Duty
counselor's duty to warn an intended victim who might be the target of danger or violence
In _________ the counselor's past is projected onto the client and the helper's objectivity suffers markedly.
counter-transference
The presentation of stimuli can bias and experiment, so researchers use _____________________, giving one group A and then B, and the other group B and then A.
counterbalancing
Arthur Janov
created Primal Scream therapy
Albert Ellis
created Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
F.H.Allport
created concept of social facilitation
Arthur Janov
created primal scream therapy
Carol Gilligan
critical of Kohlber'g theory of moral development as she felt it was more applicable to males than to females.
John B Watson is to cause as Mary Cover Jones is to
cure (demonstrated learning could serve as treatment for a phobic reaction)
Multimodal distribution
curve exhibits more than 2 peaks
decision making theory which refers to periods of anticipation and implementation was created by
david tiedeman and robert o hara
Jung's assumption was that projection will _____ and individuation will ______ as therapy renders shadow behaviors conscious.
decrease, increase
appraisal
defined as the process of assessing or estimating attributes
Experimental is to cause and effect as correlational is to _____ of _______.
degree of relationship.
experimental is to cause and effect as correlation si to
degree of the relationship
Flooding (in anxiety terms)
deliberate exposure with response prevention
Neal Miller
demonstrated that animals could be conditioned to control autonomic processes. (heart rate, blood pressure)
If a relationship exists, then the ____________ ___________ is somewhat dependent on the ____________ ___________.
dependent variable, independent variable
A ____________ or ____________ T test is where the same group is measured on two occasions.
dependent, correlated
Analytic psychology is sometimes referred to as
depth psychology
Dislocated worker
describes a person who is unemployed due to downsizing, a company relocation, or the fact that the company closed the business
Displaced homemaker
describes women who enter or reenter the workforce after being at home; this often occurs after a divorce or the death of a partner/spouse
Correlation coefficient is a
descriptive statistic which indicates the degree of 'linear relationship' between two variables.
Power test
designed to evaluate the level of mastery without a time limit
Non-Parametric Tests
designed to test hypotheses based on DV that are measured on an ordinal or nominal scale. (Chi-Squared, Kruskall Wallis)
Mann-Whitney U-test
determines whether 2 uncorrelated means differe significantly when data are nonparmetric (memory: the 'u' reminds you of 'uncorrelated')
Jospeh Wolpe
developed 'systematic desensitization' to weaken a client's response to anxiety-producing stimuli
Emory Bogardus
developed a social distance scale which evaluated how an individual felt toward other ethnic groups
Reality Therapy
developed by Glasser (Recently Robert Wubbolding); focus is on the present and felt that people could control life by taking action; stressed the importance of perception; We want love and acceptance; No Excuses, No Punishment, Never Give Up; BCP -Behavior is the Control of our Perceptions.
Murray Bowen
developed family systems theory (aka intergenerational); conceptualized the family as an emotional unit with interlocking relationships analyzed within a historical framework. Triangulation (2 people bring in a third person to lessen stress), Popularized Genograms (at least 3 generations), Fusion (blurring of psych boundary between self and others; cannot separate feeling and thinking; the opposite is differentiation = logic over emotions.)
Empiricism
development merely consists of quantitative changes; forerunner of behaviorism
Counseling in 1950s
development psychology
Ginzberg, axelard, and hermas developmental approach
developmental approach to occupation choice; - ages 11 and under --fantasy - early adolescence - ages 11 to 17--tentative - age 17 into early adulthood --realistic
Rogerians do not emphasize _____ or giving ____.
diagnosis, advice.
Glasser's position on mental illness is that
diagnostic labels give clients permission to act sick
Adlerians are ______ and use homework assignments.
didactic (teaching)
Bordin
difficulties related to job choice are indicative of neurotic symptoms
the ______ index indicates the percentage of individuals who answered items correctly:
difficulty index
In vivo treatment
direct treatment of an overt behavior.
A ____________________ hypothesis asserts how things will be different.
directional
Projection
disguises threatening impulses by attributing them to others
REBT's ABC theory of personality believes that the intervention that occurs at D, ____ leads to E, ____.
disputing the irrational behavior at B, leads to a new emotional consequence.
Range
distance between the largest and the smallest scores.
Stanine score
divides distribution into 9 equal intervals with 5 as mean; "standard 9"
Quasi-experimental research
does not ensure causality; groups not comparable
self concept and developmental stage theory was created by:
donald super
A _____________ __________ study is when the experimenter doesn't know who is receiving the IV.
double blind
Some researchers refer to the level of significance as where one _____ the ____, or as the ______ point.
draws, line, cutoff (If a researcher sets the level of significance at .50, then the odds would be 50/50 that the results were due to pure chance.)
What term did ACA code of ethics ELIMINATE in 2005?
dual relationships
trait factor theory was created by
e.g. williamson
Random sampling
each individual in the population has an equal change of being slected
normative test formats suggest that
each item is independent of all the items
Eta^2 is a measure of
effect size (sometimes seen as h^2) (Others are Partial Eta^2 = Hp^2 and Omega Squared=w^2 --->omega is not)
Emic vs. Etic
emic is pov of member, etic is pov of outsider
EQ
emotional intelligence -empathy, impulse control, motivation, ability to love -Daniel Goleman
interval
equal distances between ranks but no zero
ratio
equal distances between ranks with a zero
Chance factors are known as _______________.
errors
T.X.Barber
espoused a cognitive theory of hypnotism
Acculturation
ethnic and racial minorities integrate or adopt cultural beliefs and customs from the majority or dominant culture;
Levine and Campbell
ethnocentrism is truly a universal phenomenon in which the ethnic group tries to prove it is superior
Systematic sampling
every nth person is chosen
Compensation
evident when a person attempts to develop or overdevelop a positive trait to make up for a limitation.
Demand characteristics
evident when subjects in a study have cues regarding what the researcher desires or does not desire that influence their behavior (can confound experiment)
Countertransference
evident when the counselor's feelings are strong enough to hinder the treatment process.
causal-comparative design
ex post facto; looking at data after the fact
Aaron T. Beck
ex-psychoanalytic therapist, created Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), developed cognitive therapy
the small the p value the more stringent the level of significance
ex. .001 rather than .01
Cohort study
examines people who were born at the same time (or shared an event, like fought in Vietnam) in regard to a given characteristic.
Chi-square nonparametric test
examines whether obtained frequencies differ significantly from expected frequencies
ego
executive administrator of the personality (seen as the Child in TA) -acts as a police officer to control impulses of the id (aka instincts, or the Child) and the superego (conscience, or the Parent) -also called 'reality principle' and houses individual's identity
Rollo May
existentialist and prime move in this counseling movement.
Irvin Yalom
existentialist who was known for his strides in group work
The most common type of research is known a the _____________ or the so called true _____________.
experiment, experiment
The group that does receive the independent variable is known as the _______________________ group.
experimental
Congruence in counselor
external behavior matches an internal response or state.
A study that readily allows its findings to generalise to the population at large has high
external validity
Watson
father of American behaviorism
William McDougall
father of Hormic Psychology- a Darwinian viewpoint which suggested that individuals in or out of groups are driven by innate, inherited tendencies; wrote Introduction to Social Psychology; eugenics;
Eric Berne
father of Transactional Analysis - who put Freud in everyday lingo with Parent ego (Superego;filled with shoulds, oughts, and musts to guide morality), Adult (Ego), and Child (Id). Emphasizes Games; Positive or Negative, Life Scripts
Fritz Perls
father of gestalt therapy, which attempts to ameliorate a mind/body split supposedly responsible for emotional distress.
Alfred Adler
father of individual psychology
Viktor Frankl
father of logotherapy, an existential form of treatment which stresses healing through meaning.
francis galton
felt intelligence was single or unitary factor
Wilhelm Reich
felt repeated sexual gratification was necessary for cure of emotional maladies. (orgone box - later outlawed and Reich died in jail)
Job netting
finding a job on the internet
Rudolph Dreikurs
first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice. (also introduced Adlerian principles to treatment of children in school setting)
Cattell
fluid and crystalized intelligence Fluid intelligence: the ability to solve new problems, use logic in new situations, and identify patterns Crystallized intelligence: the ability to use learned knowledge and experience
Counseling Group
focus on conscious issues related to personal growth and development
crystallized intelligence
focused on content such as cultural,educational, or experiential interactions
social cognitive counseling theory
focuses on how ones belief system impacts career choice
Pre-Experimental Design
follow basic experimental steps but fail to include a control group; a single group is often studied but no comparison between an equivalent non treatment group is made
Sensate focus
form of behavioral sex therapy, relies on counterconditioning (by Masters & Johnson)
Another term for classical conditioning is
forward conditioning
Gustav Jung
founded Analytic Psychology
learning theory states:
four factors: 1) genetic endowment and unique abilities 2) environmental conditions and life events 3) learning experiences 4) task approach skills
a short answer test is
free choice
Existential counselors emphasize the client's
free choice, decision, and will
Baseline
frequency that a behavior is manifested prior to or in the absence of treatment.
Systematic desensitization hierarchy
from least anxiety-producing to most, ideally with 10 to 15 evenly spaced steps.
what theoriests influenced roe?
frued and maslow
Noogenic neurosis (Existentialism)
frustration of the will to meaning
Dollard and Miller
frustration-aggression theory
Cross validation
further examining the criterion validity of a test by administering it to a new sample to ensure validity coefficient is applicable to others who take the exam
Little Hans
gave Little Albert study a psychoanalytic explanation.
World View Generalizations
generalizations regarding a given occupation and how successful the client would be in the occupation
An IQ score on an IQ test which has 3 SDs above the mean would be near the ____ level.
genius
career choice as an ongoing longitudinal process
ginzberg...
Reinforcement schedule
gives guidelines for reinforcement.
Regional culture
gives us the behavior for a certain region
Characteristics of firstborns (Adlerian)
go to great lengths to please their parents, may feel upstaged by 2nd born and prone to feelings of inferiority
theory of circumscription was created by
gottfredson
Genograms
graphic diagrams of the family from a minimum of three generations
High context Communication
grounded in the situation, depends on group understanding, relies heavily on non-verbal cues, helps unify a culture, & is slow to change.
supers life stages
growth exploration establishment maintenance decline
j.p. guilford isolated 120 factors which added up to intelligence he also?
had thoughts about convergent and divergent thinking
Placebo effect
happens when an item is thought to have an effect and produces results, even though there is no effect from the item (all in their head)
Interval Scale
has numbers scaled at EQUAL distances, but has NO absolute zero point can add/subtract but NO multiplying/dividing e.g. IQ of 70 - 70 is below an IQ of 140, but you can't say that a person with an IQ of 140 is twice as smart because no absolute zero
Bimodal distribution
has two modes (graphically looks like a camel with 2 humps)
Vertical Test
has versions for various age brackets or levels of education
T scores
have a mean of 50 and an SD of 10
single blind study
he or she does not know if they are a part of the control group or experimental group
Logotherapy
healing through meaning Viktor Frankl)
Standard Occupational Classification manual (SOC)
helpful in finding additional occupations with similar training
robert hopsack theory is based off of the work of
henry murray
Latent content of dreams
hidden meaning of a dream
Ulterior transactions
hidden transactions as two or more ego states are operating at the same time.
Lower significance =
higher risk of Type II errors
Modal Score
highest point on the curve; heist occurring score mode = most
Interpretation
highly valued in analytic and psychodynamic modalities (takes place when counselor uncovers a deeper meaning regarding a client's situation)
Selection theory
holds to a "birds of a feather" mindset, believing that those already behaving in an antisocial way are more likely to join a gang.
Random sampling keeps the researcher ___________________.
honest
test battery is considered what kind of test
horizontal
x axis is
horizontal and plots the IV; also calle the abscissa
standard error of measurement tells you?
how accurate or inaccurate a test score is
Phenomenology
how things seem to the conscious person
Concurrent Validity
how well the test compares to other instruments that are intended for the same purpose
The _________ is the ____________________ hypothesis. (H1)
hunch, experimental
Factorial notation
i.e., 2x3 factorial notation = The first variable has 2 levels (i.e., male or female) and the second IV has 3 levels (age, height, weight)
Resolution of Freud's Oedipus complex leads to the development of the superego, which is accomplished by
identifying with the same sex parent (also called aggressor)
bender gestalt II
if a counselor fears the client has an organic, neurological, or motor difficulty you would use what test
Hawthorne Effect
if subjects know they are part of a study, or if they are given more attention because of the experiment, their performance sometimes improves
entropy
if the family system is either too closed or too open
Ipsative
implies a within person analysis rather than a normative analysis between individuals.
Replication
implies another researcher can repeat the experiment exactly as it was performed before.
cultural pluralism
implies that a certain group has special needs (e.g. women, disabled, etc)
Contextualism
implies that behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in which the behavior occurs
Self-Observation Generalizations
in career counseling, your primary concern is the manner in which people view themselves and their ability to perform an occupation
Until script
in which the client is not allowed to feel good until a certain accomplishment or event arrives.
factorial designs
include two or more IVS
positive reinforcement
increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers
What is the impact of the _____________________ on the ________________________?
independent variable, dependent variable
Yerkes-Dodson Law
indicates a moderate amount of arousal or anxiety on a test improves performance.
Biserial correlation
indicates that one variable is continuous and the other is dichotomous
Standard error of measurement (SEM)
indicates what the individual would score if he takes the same test again.
Projection
individual attributes his own unacceptable qualities onto others.
Split Half Method
individual takes entire test as a whole and then the test is divided into halves; the correlation between the halve's scores yields a reliability coefficient
Fixed interval scheduling is the most _____ of them all.
ineffective
In general, behavior modification strategies are based heavily on ____________________, while behavior therapy emphasizes ___________________.
instrumental conditioning and Skinnerian principles / classical conditioning and Pavlovian principles.
Skinner's operant conditioning is also called
instrumental learning (memory: Skinner's last name has an 'i' so it is his term)
All _________________ group studies are considered quasi-experimental research.
intact
Rationalization
intellectual excuse to minimize hurt feelings (tends to interpret thoughts in a positive manner)
AMCD- Association for Multicultural counseling and development-
intended to raise cultural, racial, and ethnic understanding and empathy.
Another name for N=1
intensive experimental design (pioneered by Freud), also known as a case study (N= the number of people being studied)
which method of reliability resting would be useful with an essay test but not with a test of algebra problems?
inter-rater/inter-observer
A null hypothesis may also have _____________ hypotheses.
interaction
To the degree that we are successful in eliminating confounding variables within the study itself is referred to as
internal validity
parsimony
interpreting the results in the simplest way
The _______________ scale is where numbers are scaled at equal distances without a real zero point.
interval
Ratio Scale
interval scale with TRUE ZERO point can add, subtract, multiply, and divide psychological attributes CANNOT be measured on ratio scale
Introversion
introverted person is his own primary source of pleasure (term is Jungian)
Jacob Moreno
invented psychodrama first coined the term 'group therapy' in 1931
Negative correlations are also known as ___________________ correlations.
inverse
Ellis feels that _____ is at the core of emotional disturbance.
irrational thinking (at point B)
Empathy
is NOT sympathy; the ability to subjectively understand the client's world in the here-and-now; to walk in his/her shoes; and to convey this to the client
The Avoidance Principle
is a behavior modification technique in which a representation of a negative behavior and an unpleasant situation are presented simultaneously.
A Counseling Paradigm
is a treatment model.
convergent validity
is actually a method used to assess a test construct/criterion validity by correlating test scores with an outside source
Spiral test
items get progressively more difficult
research into the phenomenon of career maturity reflects the work of
john crises
nominal
just categories
Repression
keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious
Robert Carkhuff
known for his 5 point scale measuring empathy, genuineness, concreteness, and respect.
Freud
known for influential book, Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego, which suggests that the group was held together by a bond between the leader and the group members, similar to hypnosis.
learning of career counseling theory was created by who?
krumboltz
Speed Test
large number of questions asked in a short amount of time, insufficient time is given. Fixed amount of time.
Most experts would agree that the peak period of competition between the various schools of counseling and therapy was during the __________.
late 1960's.
B. F. Skinner's reinforcement theory elaborated on Edward Thorndike's ____ of _____.
law of effect (responses accompanied by satisfaction will be repeated)
Laissez fiar/hands-off Group Leader
leader has little involvement; appropriate when all members are very committed to a group outcome or goal
Other terms for 'level of significance'
level of confidence confidence level alpha level
Narrative therapy
look at the stories in a client's life and attempts to rewrite or reconstruct the stories when necessary
platykurtic distribution
looks like an upper half of a hot dog, lying on its side over the abscissa
face validity
looks or appears to measure the intended attribute
Standard Error of Measurement
low = good tells you how accurate or in-accurate a test score is; if a client took a test over and over and over again, the plotted scores would show the SE of measurement low SE = high reliability
Mark Savickas
major figure in career counseling
The purpose of interpretation in counseling is to
make the client aware of their unconscious processes. (in the hopes that insight will be followed by motivation)
animus, anima, self archetypes
male, female sides
career construction postmodern theory was created by
mark savickas
Persona (archetype)
mask or role we present to others to hide our true self.
Characteristics of 2nd born (Adlerian)
may compete with firstborn and often passes 1st child's performance
Characteristics of middle child (Adlerian)
may feel they are treated unfairly, seen as more manipulative.
central tendency is best measured by the
mean
A normal bell curve is where the ________, __________ and _____________ are in the center.
mean, median, mode
Measures of central tendency
mean, median, mode
normative curve
mean, median, mode all fall precisely in the middle of the curve
achievement or attainment tests measure
measure maximum performance or present level of skill
Standard deviation (SD)
measure of variability or dispersion of scores equal to z score
____________ of variation explain how individuals vary from themselves.
measures
Electroencephalogram
measures the alpha waves of the brain What is an EEG?
vertical test
measures various age brackets or levels of education (math achievement test for preschoolers and a version for middle school children)
Horizontal Test
measures various factors (e.g. math and science) during the same testing procedure (e.g. test battery)
horizontal test
measures various factors (math and science)
When you have skewed data, the ______________ is the statistic of choice because it is not affected by the extreme data.
median
Gaussian curve is said to be ______ because the peak is in the middle.
mesokurtic
Ontology
metaphysical study of life experience
Organ inferiority
methods in which person attempts to compensate for inferiority (Alfred Adler)
Median
middle scores in a distribution of scores (The middle scores when data are arranged from highest to lowest.)
Predisposed Panic Attack
might occur AFTER being exposed to the anxiety provoking situation or if the trigger does NOT ALWAYS cause a panic attack
Catharsis
mild purging of emotion
Maturational viewpoint
mind driven by instincts while the environment provides nourishment (thus placing limits on development); counselors allow clients to work through early conflicts (old painful material); psychoanaysts/psychodynamic
edmund griffith williamon's work purports to be scientific and didactic, utilizing test data from instruments such as the
minnesota occupational rating scales
Regardless of the shape, the ____ will always be the high point when a distribution is displayed graphically.
mode
The ________ is always the highest point on a bell curve.
mode
The ____________ form of writing the hypothesis is written in the present tense, without the word significant, and without any mention of measurement.
modern
Two way ANOVA
more than one IV
Nominal scale
most basic, does not provide measurable info, merely classifies names, labels, or identifies by group, has NO TRUE ZERO point and DOES NOT INDICATE ORDER. (i.e., street address, telephone #, gender, brand or therapy; adding/subtracting nominal categories is meaningless)
Mode
most frequently occurring scores and the least important measure of central tendency. (The highest or maximum point of concentration on a curve.)
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
most widely used measure of personality preference and disposition, 4 bipolar scales (based on Jung's work)
The fourth force of counseling theory
multicultural counseling
Lazarus
multimodal therapy based on BASIC ID structure
MANOVA
multivariate analysis of variance when you are investigating more than one DV
career construction postmodern theory states
narrative therapy, recurring themes to re author the story
projective test shows a
natural stimuli; ink blot test
Stanley Schachter
need for affiliation decreases for later born children. the tendency to affiliate with others is highest in firstborns and only children. ; experiment- choosing to wait with group when told they would receive an electric shock vs not wait with group for "tingle"
Joseph Breuer
neurologist who taught Freud 'talking cure', or 'catharsis'
Kruskal-Wallace
non parametric test comparable to ANOVA
A _____-___________________ hypothesis will not show how things will be different.
non-directional
Names for Carl. R. Rogers' theory
non-directive, client-centered, and now, person-centered counseling (also called 'self theory')
Numbers that do not lie on a continuum are said to be _____________________________. (Chi square)
nonparametric
a reliable test is _____________ valid
not always
Covert
not observable
Stanley Milgram
noted psychologist who is associated with obedience and authority (people who were told to give others powerful electric shocks did so on command)
Insight
novel sudden understanding of a problem.
Type 1 error: we reject __________ when it is true.
null
Type 2 error: we accept _________ when it is false.
null
The _________ hypothesis means there is ___ significant difference between the control group and the experimental group. (H0)
null, 0
Within Transactional Analysis, the Parent has two parts, the ______________ and the ______________.
nurturing parent / critical parent.
Acquiescence
occurs when a client always agrees with something
Accurate empathy
occurs when a counselor is able to experience the client's point of view in terms of feelings and cognitions.
Reaction formation
occurs when a person can't accept a given impulse and this behaves in the opposite manner.
Underemployment
occurs when a person takes a job below his/her level of skill, expertise, and training
Stimulus generalization (aka 'second order conditioning')
occurs when a stimulus similar to the conditioned (learned) stimulus produces the same reaction. (i.e., buzzer instead of bell)
Displacement
occurs when an impulse is unleashed at a safe target. (man hates boss but kicks dog)
Musturbation (aka 'absolutist thinking')
occurs when client uses too many shoulds, oughts, and musts in his thinking.
Assimilation
occurs when the individual has such high level of acculturation that he or she becomes part of the dominant, macro, or majority culture
the recency effect
occurs when the rating reflects primarily the worker's recent performance (rather than the entire rating period)
Triangulation
occurs when two people who are stressed, bring in a third party to reduce the dyad's stress level and restore equilibrium
Perception
occurs when you perceive something unconsciously and thus it has an impact on your behavior.
Speculative Group Leader
often seen as charismatic; they rely on their personal power and charisma to move the group in a desirable direction; often adored and group members look up to them, though they are not peer oriented
Little Hans
often used to contrast behavior therapy (Little Albert) with psychoanalysis. It reflects the data in Freud's 1909 paper, "An Analysis of a Phobia in a Five-Year-Old Boy," in which this child's fear of going into the streets and perhaps even having a horse bite him were explained using psychoanalytic constructs such as the Oedipus complex and castration anxiety. Thus, Little Hans reflects psychoanalytic explanations of behavior, while Little Albert is indicative of the behaviorist paradigm.
Sensitization
one is made more sensitive to a stimulus
Emile Durkheim
one of the founders of modern sociology; wrote Rules of Sociological Methos; researched suicide;
Equifinality
one symptom can have many causes
organismic variable
one that the researcher cannot control e.g. height, weight, gender
organismic variable
one that the researcher cannot control yet exists such as weight or height
The ______________ scale is used to describe variables that can be ranked.
ordinal
Ordinal Scale
ordinal = order rank-orders variables, though the distance between elements is NOT always equal e.g. 1st, 2nd, 3rd place in a race NO adding, subtracting, multiplying or dividing
1. SELF EFFICACY- Perceived abilities; Judgments of one's abilities to
organize and carry out actions. It is strengthened with repeated success and weakened with repeated failure. It is developed through 4 types of learning experiences: 1- Personal Performance Accomplishments (MOST Influential) 2- Vicarious Learning, 3- Social persuasion, and 4- Physiological States and Reactions (Weak efficacy beliefs can produce anxiety/high levels of anxiety undermine performance).
Operational definition
outlines a procedure (important so other researchers can attempt to replicate the study's findings)
Aversive conditioning
pairing an unpleasant stimulus to a pleasant stimulus to reduce the satisfaction (i.e., Antabuse and alcoholics)
Adler was the first therapist who relied on ______.
paradox (exaggerate the behavior you want to stop)
Frankl is the Father of existentialism and ____ _____.
paradoxical intention
Numbers that are on a continuum are said to be ______________________________. (T test)
parametric
t test
parametric test for comparing two means
Slips of the tongue
parapraxis (Freud called it 'the psychopathology of everyday life')
occam razor is what
parsimony
Experiments should emphasize ___________________, which means findings should be explained in the ______________ and most ________________ way.
parsimony, simplest, economical
Anglo-Conformity Theory
people from other cultures would do well to forget about their heritage and try to become like those in the dominant, macroculture
Reality therapy's 'BCP'
perception controls behavior
Interposition
perceptual term where one item conceals or covers another
A _______________ correlation is represented with coefficients of _____ and ______.
perfect, -1, +1
The superego strives for _____ rather than _____ like the id.
perfection, pleasure
Incomplete parent (according to TA)
person expects others to parent him or uses lack of parenting as an excuse for poor behavior.
Extroversion
person has tendency to find satisfaction in other people (term is Jungian)
Sweet lemon rationalization
person over rates a reward to protect self from bruised ego
Existentialism is a type of _______.
philosophy
Perls suggested FIVE layers of neurosis:
phony, phobic, impasse, implosive, and explosive
Somatoform Disorders
physical conditions without physical or psychological causes -e.g. headache with no medical reason; hypochondriac
Internal verbalizations are to REBT as ____ ___ ___ ____ are to Glasser's Choice Theory.
pictures in the mind
Andrew Salter
pioneer in the behavior therapy creating a paradigm dubbed conditioned reflect therapy, and a behavioristic theory of hypnosis and autohypnosis
Jacob Moreno
pioneered psychodrama and coined the term group therapy
Transfer plans
plan for who the client will see if something happens - protect the client's welfare in unforeseen circumstances including death or incapacitation of helper
When something is added following an operant, it is known as a ____ ______, and when taken away, it is called a ______ ______.
positive reinforcer, negative reinforcer
Spearman
postulated 2 factors of intelligence - general ability (G) and specific ability (S)
Anne Roe
postulated that jobs can compensate for unmet childhood needs
Social exchange theory
postulates that a relationship will endure if the rewards are greater than the costs
aptitude test measures
potential
in what kind of test is time not an issue?
power
Abrecation
powerful and violent repressed emotional outburst
Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development
pre-conventional (follow rules to avoid punishment, satisfy personal needs), conventional (Works towards the good of society, Law and Order), post conventional (Rules are relative, Self-chosen priniciples)
Aptitude test
predict potential
Statistical regression
predicts very high and very low scores will move toward the mean if a test is administered again. (It is a threat to internal validity.)
Random sampling, quasi-experimental sampling, stratified sampling, proportional stratified sampling, cluster sampling, and systematic sampling are all types of ______________________ sampling.
probability
Test of significance operates on the principle of ________________ (p).
probability
Thinning
process of switching from a continuous to an intermittent schedule; a reduction in positive reinforcement
Counseling in 1980s
professionalism, licensing
transference
projecting feelings toward the therapist that the client originally felt toward a significant other person in their life.
Daniel Levinson
proposed theory with several major life transitions. wrote the 1978 classic Seasons of a Man's Life and the sequel Seasons of a Woman's Life in 1997, and also postulated a midlife crisis for men between ages 40-45and for women approximately five years earlier.
Psychoeducational/guidance group
provide members with information relevant to their situation
Phrenology
pseudo-science which asserted one's personality could be determined by the shape of their skull.
Anna O
psychoanalystic ase; first psychoanalytic patient; suffered from hysteria; hypnosis brought about catharsis; treated by Breuer
Symptom substitution
psychoanalytic concept which means if one symptom is stopped, a new symptom may start in its place (behaviorists also believe in this concept)
Reaction Formation
psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings. (Gay but dating women every night)
Framo, Skynner, Ackerman
psychoanalytic family therapy
Chodorow
psychoanalytic feminister; domestic ideal caused by oppression in women
Androgynous/Androgyny
psychologically healthy people possess both masculine and feminine characteristics
synthetic validity
psychologist who felt that procedure had merit, especially when utilized for smaller firms who did not hire a large number of workers; looks for tests that have been shown to predict each job element or component
Solomon Asch
psychologist; conducted famous conformity experiment that required subjects to match lines
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE)
published by US Dept of Labor; lists groups of jobs listed in 14 interest areas
All reinforcers strengthen probability that a behavior will occur, but _____ lowers it.
punishment
Behavior modifiers feel _____ temporarily suppresses the behavior.
punishment (decreases the probability a behavior will occur)
Speed test
purposely set up so that no one finishes (due to time)
Qualitative vs Quantitative Research
qualitative: derives data from observation, interviews or verbal interactions and focuses on meaning and interpretation of participants. quantitative is based on collected objective data that can be subjected to statistical analysis
Pearson product of Correlation is most common and is represented by ________.
r
The process of ___________________ ____________________ is used to assign subjects to the control group and the experimental group.
random sampling
The ___________ is a measure of variability and is affected by sample size.
range
ordinal:
rank things by relative standing
The _______________ scale is the highest form of measurement, and there is a true zero point.
ratio
16 personality factor quienstonnaire
raymond cattell
who is responsible for fluid and crystalized intelligence
raymond cattell
Mark is obsessed with stamping out pornography. He is unconsciously involved in this cause so that he can view the material. This is
reaction formation (the person acts the opposite of the way they actually feel.)
Holland's six personality
realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, and conventional
A counselor decides to increase the sample size in her experiment. This will ____
reduce Type 1 and Type II errors. Raising the size of a sample helps lower the risk of chance/error factors.
increasing the sample size of the experiment will
reduce type 1 and type II errors
Alloplastic
refers to changing or adapting to the environment by effecting changes in the environment; opposite of autoplastic (also Freud and Hysterical women viewed as autoplastic reactions)
construct validity
refers to the extent that test measures an abstract trait or psychological notion
Quartile
refers to the points that divide a distribution into fourths. (indicates 25th percentile is the 1st quartile, 2nd quartile is the median, 3rd quartile is at 75 percentile.
validity
refers to the test measures what it says it measures
Respondent behavior
reflexes
All ______ rend to increase probability that a prior behavior will occur.
reinforces
Continuous schedule of reinforcement
reinforcing every behavior (not necessarily the most practical or effective)
Shaping with successive approximations
reinforcing small chunks of behavior that lead to the desired behavior
Type I errors _____ null when it is _____.
reject, true. (memory: RA - Reject when Applicable/true)
Systematic desensitization consists of 4 steps
relaxation training, construction of anxiety hierarchy, desensitization in imagination, and in vivo desensitization.
To determine if the difference is ___________________ between the two groups, the researcher uses a test of ___________________.
relevant, significance
trait factor matching theory
relies on tests and assessments to match traits, aptitudes, and interests with a given occupation
RS
religious & spiritual
If an experiment can be ________________ it is said to be ___________________.
replicated, reliable
The ___________________ of the sample is more important than the _________________ used to acquire the subjects.
representativeness, procedure
Suppression differs from repression in that
repression is automatic and involuntary.
Ethnographic research
research collected via interviews, observations, and inspection of documents
Inductive research
research goes from the specific to a generalization.
Causal Comparative Research
research occurred in the past and researcher did not control the IV
Deductive research
research that reduces the general to the specific. (contrasts inductive research)
Horizontal sampling
researcher selects subjects from a single SES group - opposite of vertical smiling -- people from 2 or more SES used
Solomon Four-Group Design
researcher uses 2 control groups and 2 experimental groups; one experimental/control group set is pre-tested and the other pair is post-tested; lets researcher know if results are influenced by pre-testing
Fixed-action patterns (FAP)
ritualistic behaviors elicited by sign stimuli; result whenever the releaser in environment is present
theory of circumscription says
rule out certain jobs not acceptable for gender, stereotypes and social class, and compromise of changing ones mind into a career path that is not truly realistic
Z-score (often called standard score)
same as a standard deviation - the most elementary of standard score. (memory: Z score is simply SD) A Z-score of +1 or 1 SD would include about 34% of the cases in a normal population.
A person-centered therapist would treat all diagnostic categories of the DSM using the ____ _____.
same principles.
Variable ratio
schedule of reinforcement requiring a varying number of responses for reinforcement. Best Type of Reinforcement. (Think Slot Machine)
eight career anchors theory was created by
schein
Informal test techniques
self-reports, case notes, check lists, sociograms of groups, interviews
test battery
several measures are used to produce results that could be more accurate than those derived by a single source
most valuable type of research
shows cause and affect
scattergram
shows two variables being correlated
Wilcoxon
signed rank test used in place of the t test when data are nonparametric and you wish to test whether 2 correlated means differ significantly (memory: 'co' to remind you of correlated)
Abreaction
similar to catharsis in that emotions are purged, but when the emotional outburst is very powerful and/or violent.
Denial (aka suppression)
similar to repression except that it is a conscious act.
One way ANOVA
simple ANOVA; used when there is more than one level of a single IV
Case Study
single case investigation; idiographic study; N=1
Idiographic studies
single case investigations (Case studies are often misleading because the results are not necessarily generalizable.)
Cued Panic Attack
situationally bound; cue/environmental trigger
Neo-Freudians emphasized
social factors (Adler, Karen Horney, Erik Erikson, Harry Stack Sullivan, Erich Fromm)
Social power is also called
social influence
Krumboltz
social learning model of career development -four factors impact career choice: genetic factors and special abilities; the environment and special events; learning experiences; and task approach problem solving skills
Albert Bandura
social learning theorist; children who viewed aggression imitated the behavior
what does the self concept and developmental stage theory say?
someone career maturity influences one's career throughout the lifespan; life rainbow
conditioned (learned) response
something that a person has learned to do when a certain stimulus is presented.
a timed typed test used to hire secretaries would be what kind of test?
speed; purposely set so no body finishes it
SAS
standard age scoring
The _________________ _________________ is the square root of the variance.
standard deviation
MMPI-2 is
standardized personalty test
Madanes & Haley
strategic school of family therapy -therapist gives directives or prescriptions -often paradoxical
Constructivist therapy
stress that is is imperative that we as helpers understand the client's view - aka constructs - to explain his/her problems (e.g. brief and narrative therapy)
Neo-Freudians
stress the importance of cultural (social) issues and interpersonal (social) relations -Alder, Horney, Erikson, Stack, Sullivan,
John Holland
stressed that a person's occupational environment should be congruent with his or her personality type
The higher the number, the __________ the correlation.
stronger
Carol Gilligan
studied gender differences; especially female differences
Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation
studied how different attachment styles affected Kids - Secure, Ambivalent, Avoidant
Participant Observer Model
study in which the researcher actually participates in the study while making observations about what transpired
There are also ___-hypotheses.
sub
Repression
subconsciously forgetting a traumatic or painful event (Freudians think it is the most important of defenses)
a test can be defined as a systematic method of measuring a sample of behavior. test format refers to the manner in which test items are presented. The format of an essay test is considered:
subjective
Empathy
subjective understanding of the client in the here-and-now.
SUDs
subjective units of distress (0-100) often used in systematic desensitization
brill
sublimation occurs when an individual expresses an unacceptable need in a social acceptable manner
When the past is discussed in reality therapy, the focus is on
successful behaviors.
Karpman's triangle
suggested 3 roles necessary for manipulative drama (a 'game' in transaction analysis): -persecutor, rescuer, and victim
Clemmont Vontress
suggested that multicultural counselors would do well to remember that we are all part of a universal culture.
J.G.Draguns
suggested the emic-etic distinction in cross-cultural counseling
Compensatory Effect
suggests that a worker compensates for/makes up for things he/she can't do on the job -- e.g. a librarian who must be quiet at work goes out at night and is loud
Cultural epoch theory
suggests that all cultures, like children, pass through some stages of development in terms of evolving and maturing
Manifest content of dreams
surface meaning of a dream
A ____________________ is a questionnaire or an opinion poll given to a population.
survery
The simplest form of descriptive research is the _______, which requires a questionnaire return rate of ______ to be accurate.
survey, 50-75% (Ideal sample size for a survey is 100, compared to an experimental study which gets by with 15) Survey problems include - poor construction of instrument, low return rate, subjects are often not randomized
Counterbalancing
switching the order in which stimuli are presented to a subject in a study. (Used to control for the fact that the order of an experiment could impact its outcome.)
reaction formation
switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites
gaussian curve/ normal looks like
symmetrical bell
Wolpe
systematic desensitization
Systematic desensitization
systematic paradigm that lessens one's anxiety to a stimuli through gradual exposure to it (form of behavior therapy based on Pavlov's classical conditioning)
With a ______ score, the mean is 50 and each standard deviation is 10 points above or below the mean.
t
Negative skew
tail points to the left
behaviorists are doing an experiment on one person what is their first step
take a baseline measure
Outsourcing
takes place when U.S companies rely on labor from another country in order to save money
Therapeutic cognitive restructuring (aka 'changing thoughts')
takes place when a client begins thinking in a healthy new way using different internal dialogue.
Positive skew
talk points to the right
Catharsis
talking about difficulties in order to purge emotions in a curative process
Confrontation
technique used to illuminate discrepancies between the client's and the helper's conceptualization of a given situation.
reliability
tells how consistent a test measure an attribute
Percentile rank
tells you the percept of scores equal to or below the score you are investigating (e.g. someone at 75 percentile scored equal to or better than 75% of people who took the exam) DOES NOT MEAN they got 75% of the answers correct
social loafing
tendency for individuals to lower their work effort after they join a group
Mandalas
term borrowed from Hinu writings by Jung that stands for a magic protective circle that represents self-unification.
Freud's critics cite that many aspects of his theory are difficult to ____ from a scientific standpoint.
test Freud's psychoanalysis is the OLDEST major form of psychotherapy.
test bias primarily results from
test being normed solely on white middle class clients
Achievement Test
test designed to determine a person's level of knowledge in a given subject area
ANCOVA
test for differences in 2 or more groups while CONTROLLING for an extraneous variable(s) - often called covariates
Achievement test
test of developed skill or knowledge
discriminate validity
test will not reflect unrelated variables; phobias are not related to IQ
Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)
tests 2 or more groups while controlling for extraneous variables that are called covariates
ANCOVA
tests a null hypothesis regarding the means of two or more groups AFTER the random samples are adjusted to eliminate average differences.
The Interpretation of Dreams
the Bible of Psychoanalysis by Freud
Berne's Transactional Analysis (TA) posits 3 ego states
the Child (like id) the Adult (like ego) the Parent (like superego)
Which measure of central tendency reacts to EVERY score int the distribution
the MEAN
a timed test would be like:
the NCE because people complete it but it is more difficult and has a time limit
ANCOVA
the analysis of covariance; tests two or more groups while controlling for extraneous variables (aka "covariates"); more powerful than ANOVA because it helps eliminate differences between groups which otherwise could not be solely attributed to the IVs; allows you to correct for the differences in the groups; tests a null hypothesis regarding the means of two or more groups AFTER THE RANDOM SAMPLES ARE ADJUSTED TO ELIMINATE AVERAGE DIFFERENCES
Animism
the attribution of human emotions to plants, inanimate objects, and natural phenomena.
Equilibration
the balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and that which is changed (accommodation)
according to ann roe, who categorized occupations by fields and levels:
the choice of career helps to satisfy an individual needs
Existentialists focus primarily on
the client's perception in the here-and-now. (focus is on what the person can ultimately become)
monolithic perspective
the counselor perceives all the ppl in a given group as being identical (opposite = individualistic perspective)
Extinction
the diminishing of a conditioned response
The mean is misleading when ___ and ___
the distribution is skewed, there are extreme scores.
Parsimonious
the easiest and simplest explanation of the results - always preferred
Reality principle
the ego
double blind study
the experimenter an the participants are also unaware of what the subjects status are
Confrontative Group Leader
the facilitator reveals the impact that his behavior has on himself as well as the impact that other members have on him
Maxie Maultsby
the father of Rational Behavior Therapy RBT
Pleasure principle
the id
shadow archetype
the mask behind the persona which contains id-like (child-like) material - denied yet desired (dark side of the personality)
Variable ratio of intermittent scheduling
the most difficult to extinguish
Sour grapes rationalization
the person under rates a reward to protect self from bruised ego
Modal personality
the personality which is characteristic or typical of the group in question
The relationship between two test scores is representative of
the proportion of variance in one test associated with variance in the other test.
spiral test
the questions get progressively more difficult
Complementarity theory
the relationship becomes stronger as the two people's personality needs mesh (opposites attract)
some support for roes theory comes from:
the rorschach and the TAT
Kurtosis
the sharpness of the peak of a frequency-distribution curve
Mindfulness
the state of being and acting fully in the current moment
Ego ideal
the superego (the perfect self that the person judges himself against)
Propinquity
the tendency for ppl who are in close proximity to be attracted to one another
group think
the tendency of group members to conform, resulting in a narrow view of some issue
Recency Effect
the tendency to emphasize the most recent impression over earlier impressions when forming a perception
Normal curve
theoretical notion often referred to as 'bell-shaped curve'. Bell is symmetrical.
Psychodynamic
therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight (Emphasizes Transference)
Family Therapy
therapy that treats the family as a system. views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members; attempts to guide family members toward positive relationships and improved communication. Circular rather than linear reasoning. The whole family is the patient, not an individual.
Active therapy (aka 'active-directive' therapy)
therapy to delineate the directive paradigm.
median is best used when
there are skewed responses
P.05 means
there is only a 5% chance that the difference between the control group and the experimental group is due to chance. (differences truly exist; the experimenter will obtain the same results 95 out of 100 times.)
null hypothesis
there will not be a significant difference between the experimental group which received the IV and the control group which did not; IV does not affect the DV
99% of scores fall above or below 3 standard deviation of the mean
therefore a score like this would be superior
Social Learning Theorists believed...
they believe that aggression is learned. Thus, a child who witnesses aggressive behavior in adults may imitate the aggressive behavior
Instinct Theorists: Freud, Lorenz, and McDougall
they would say that regardless of culture, humans have an instinct to fight. Freud believed that man was driven by sexual and aggressive instincts. Lorenz- tropical fish will attack an alternate target when the actual target of aggression is removed
APGA/ AACD/ ACA contribution
this organization contributed to growth of cross cultural counseling by the 1972 formation of the Association for Non-White Concerns in Personnel and Guidance, later known as the Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development.
Concreteness (aka 'specificity')
this principle is used to alleviate vague language.
John Henry Effect (also known as 'compensatory rivalry of a comparison group')
threat to internal validity when subjects strive to prove an experimental treatment that might threaten their livelihood isn't really effective. (i.e., sabotage)
Typical ABA Design
time series design/simplest type of single subject research; rely on continuous measurement; "withdrawal designs" - baseline measure is secured (A) - intervention is implemented (B) - outcome is examined via a new baseline (A)
Desensitization
to make one less sensitive
a new IQ test has a standard error of measurement of 3. tom scores a 106 on the test. if he takes the test a lot, we can predict that about 68% of the time
tom will score between 103 and 109 106-3= 103 and 106 +3= 109
Beck's contention was that depression is the result of a cognitive _____ of negative beliefs regarding oneself, one's future, and one's experience.
triad
Consequential Validity
tries to ascertain the social I'm;locations of using tests
Causal Comparative Design
true experiment except groups were not randomly assigned; data can be analyzed with test of significance just like any true experiment. (Ex post facto, as well)
Erikson's Stages of Development
trust vs mistrust (infancy; 0-18mos; Oral), autonomy vs shame (early childhood; 18mos.-3; Anal), initiative vs guilt (preschool 3-5; Phallic), industry vs inferiority(school age;6-11; Latent), identity vs role confusion (Adolescence; 12-18; Genital), intimacy vs isolation (Young Adulthood; 19-40; Genital), generativitiy vs stagnation (Middle Adulthood; 40-65), ego integrity vs despair (Maturity 65-death)
True experiment
two or more groups are used; subjects are assigned to their groups
Increasing sample size reduces which type of error?
type I AND type II
Quota Sampling
type of stratified sampling - a specific number of cases are necessary from each stratum
Kurt Lewin
types of conflicts that results in frustration- approach/avoidance
personality tests measure
typical performance
Raw score
unaltered
Id, ego, superego is to structural theory as _______, _____, _____ are to topographical theory.
unconscious, preconscious, and conscious
Sour grapes rationalization
underrating a reward (because they didn't get it)
Constructivist theories of intervention stress importance of ______ the client's views.
understanding
Un-Cued Panic Attack
unexpected attack; seemingly occurs out of nowhere; no intern/external trigger identified
Unfinished business (Gestalt concept)
unexpressed emotions
Bibliotherapy
use of books or writings pertaining to self-improvement. (is a form of homework)
Freedman and Fraser
used Foot-in-the-door technique
Rational imagery
used by rational-emotive behavior therapists where client is asked to imagine that he or she is in a situation which has traditionally caused disturbance)
Pearson Product-Moment correlation r
used for interval or ratio data. (memory - Pearson r uses I and R for Info and Referral)
Spearman rho correlation
used for ordinal data
Spearmean Correlation/Kendal's Tau
used in place of Pearson r when non-parametric
Wilcox Sign RAnked Test
used in place of t test when the data are non parametric and you wish to test whether two corrected means differ significantly
Spearman correlation (also known as Kendall's tau)
used in place of the Pearson r when parametric assumptions cannot be utilized
Kruskal Wallis
used instead of one-way ANOVA when data are non-paramentric
Kruskal-Wallis
used instead of the ANOVA when data is nonparametric
t test
used to ascertain whether two sample means are significantly different
Intersex
used to be referred to as hermaphrodite; has male and female genitalia; "inter sexuality"
Little Hans
used to contrast behavior therapy; reflects psychoanalytic explanations of behavior
incremental validity
used to describe the process by which a test is refined and becomes more valid as contradictory items are dropped; test ability to improve predictions
Mann-Whitney U Test
used to determine if 2 uncorrelated means differ significantly when data are non-parametric
Spearman Brown formula
used to estimate the impact of lengthening/shortening a test will have on the tests reliability coefficient - longer is more reliable
Q sort
used to investigate personalty traits, involves procedures in which an individual is given cards with statements and asked to place them in piles of things that are most like them and less like them
ANOVA
used to test differences in THREE or more group means or means for TWO + INDEPENDENT VARIABLES (IV nominal; DV Interval, ratio). F-Scores.
Phi-coefficient
used when BOTH variables are dichotomous
Stratified Sampling
used when a "special characteristic" needs to be represented - e.g. a particular race or gender -- it should mimic the population at large i.e. same percentages
Cluster sample
used when it is nearly impossible to find a list of the entire population; useless an existing smile or cluster of people, or select a portion of the overall sample
Factorial design
used when there are two or more IVs; several variables are investigated and interactions are noted
Milan Model
uses a treatment team with a one-way mirror
Rational-behavior therapy
uses rational-emotive imagery regularly, works well for multicultural counseling, by Maxie Maultsby.
Eidetic Imagery
usually gone by the time a child reaches adolescence - the ability to remember the most minute details of a scene or picture for an extended period of time
_________________ is a measure of the dispersement of scores.
variance
Human Genome Project
verified that biologically we are all more alike than different
VRT
virtual reality therapy -Rothbaum -client experiencing VE generally has same physiological reactions as they would in the actual situation
Gibson
visual cliff; depth perception innate in infants
achievement test measures
what has been learned
Resistance
when a client refuses to follow a counselor's directives such as homework, completing psych tests, etc.)
Summarization
when a counselor reviews what has transpired in past counseling sessions he is using (constitutes a 'synthesis' regarding general tone and feeling of helping process)
Shrinkage
when a cross-validation coefficient is smaller than the initial validity coefficient -- occurs in most cases
Higher order conditioning.
when a new stimulus is paired with the conditioned (learned) stimulus and the new stimulus takes on the power of the conditioned (learned) stimulus.
Sublimation
when a person acts out an unconscious impulse in a socially acceptable way (i.e., aggressive person has a career as a boxer)
Identification
when a person identifies with a cause or a successful person with the unconscious hope that he or she will be perceived as successful or worthwhile.
Leniency/Strictness Bias
when a rater tends to give employees very high/lenient or very low/strict ratings while avoiding middle/average range
Multiple Baseline Design
when a researcher employs more than one target behavior
Central Tendency Bias (of raters)
when a supervisor erroneously rates the majority of workers as average
Trace conditioning
when conditioned (learned) stimulus terminates before the occurrence of the unconditioned (unlearned) stimulus.
Foot in the door technique- "obedience technique";
when counselor needs to visit home of resistant client, they should ask to come in the home. (step one- ask to come in, step 2, ask for deeper info); ask for a small favor first to have a better chance of getting bigger favor
Reactive Effect
when observations are made and the subjects behavior is influenced by the presence of the researcher - aka the observer effect
Delayed conditioning
when the conditioned (learned) stimulus is delayed until the unconditioned (unlearned) stimulus occurs
parallel formed test
when there are two versions of the test that are interchangeable
Crossed Transactions
when vectors from a message sent and a message received do not run parallel; result in deadlock of communication or host of hurtful feelings (ex. a message from my Adult to your Adult and your response from your Adult to my Child)
factorial analysis of variance
when you are investigation more than one IV (two way ANOVA, etc)
Paraphrasing
whenever a counselor restates a client's message in the counselor's own words.
Ecological culture
where factors such as earthquakes, floods, and food supply may influence our behavior
ruder richardson coefficients of equivalence
which looks at reliability and item consistency estimates such as measuring if each item on the test is measuring the same thing as every other item
Reentry women
women who go from working w/in the home to working outside of the home
Daniel Levinson
wrote Seasons of a Man's Life and Seasons of a Woman's Life. He viewed midlife crises as positive things, stating that those who do not face a midlife crisis could become stagnant later in life- avoiding the crises could lead to a lack of vitality later.
The independent variables are placed on the ____ - axis, or the __________________.
x, abscissa
The dependent variables are placed on the ____ - axis, or the _______________.
y, ordinate
cyclical test
you have several questions which are spiral in nature
cyclical test
you have several sections which are spiral - get progressively harder - in nature
A ____ score is the same as the standard deviation.
z
A _________ correlation means there is no correlation.
zero
Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT)
• Interaction between people & environment is dynamic & ever changing. People influence and are influenced by the environment. People's interests lie in their beliefs they can do those things well.
