neck

which of the following best describes the normal appearance of a cervical lymph node?

a hypoechoic, oblong structure with a distinct echogenic hilum

which of the following is not true regarding thyroid nodules?

a solitary thyroid nodule is usually malignant

what type of gland is the thyroid gland?

endocrine

pronounced swelling of the neck is most often caused by an:

enlarging thyroid gland

the superior thyroid artery is a branch of what artery?

external carotid

which of the following arteries arises first from the internal carotid artery?

ophthalmic artery

development of which of the following conditions is linked to hyperthyroidism?

osteoporosis

which of the following describes the correct patient positioning for sonographic evaluation of the thyroid?

the patient is supine with the neck hyperextended by a pad underneath the scapulae

the vertebral arteries join at the base of the skull to form the:

basilar artery

the majority of the thyroid nodules identified on ultrasound are:

benign

parathyroid glands control the release and absorption of which nutrient?

calcium

a solitary hypoechoic thyroid nodule demonstrating irregular borders and micro calcifications is most suspicious for:

carcinoma

the anechoic structures identified by arrow A most likely represents which o the following structures?

carotid artery

the fluid produced by the thyroid gland that contains thyroid hormones is referred to as:

colloid

during transverse intonation of the thyroid gland, you detect two large vessels lateral to the thyroid. what is the ost medial vessel?

common carotid artery

all of the following are sonographic findings of an abnormal lymph node except:

echogenic hilum

all of the following are sonographic findings of malignant thyroid nodules except?

echogenic mass

identify the structure labeled D:

esophagus

what structure may be confused for a thyroid or parathyroid mass because of its relationship to the trachea and the posterior aspect of the left thyroid gland?

esophagus

a 30 year old patient presents to the sonography department for a thyroid sonogram with a history of weightloss, hairless , and hyperthyroidism. you note that the patient has bulging eyes. what is the most likely diagnosis?

graves disease

multilocular nodules are demonstrated on a sonogram of a thyroid gland. this is most consistent with which of the following conditions?

graves disease

what is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?

graves disease

which abnormality is associated with the sonographic findings of a thyroid inferno?

graves disease

you are performing a thyroid study on a patient with an enlarged gland. color doppler shows markedly increased vascularity of both lobes. which of the following is most likely?

graves disease

what muscle is seen as thin, hypoechoic bands immediately anterior to each thyroid lobe?

sternohyoid and sternothyroid

which muscles are located anterior the thyroid gland?

strap

the hypoechoic structure identified by arrow c most likely represents which of the following structures?

strap muscles

you have identified the thyrocervical trunk in a patient with a hyper vascular thyroid nodule. the thyrocervical trunk arises from what artery?

subclavian artery

which of the following veins empties directly into the internal jugular vein?

superior thyroid

what is the first branch of the external carotid artery?

superior thyroid artery

which of the following arteries is the first branch of the external carotid artery?

superior thyroid artery

which of the following statements about the carotid artery is true?

the internal carotid artery terminates at the circle of willis

you have been requested to perform a thyroid ultrasound on a patient with a palpable nodule in the left neck. which of the following transducers would provide the most optimal scan?

10 mhz linear array

what is the most common cause of hypothyroidism?

hashimoto's thyroiditis

the majority of blood supplied to the brain is through the:

internal carotid arteries

pancreatitis, hypertension, and hypercalcemia are clinical findings associated with which of the following neoplasms?

parathyroid adenoma

identify the structure labeled A:

sternocleidomastoid

a normal lymph node will not measure greater than:

10 mm

normally , how many parathyroid glands are found within the adult neck?

4

you are performing a thyroid ultrasound on a patient with a history of hashimoto's thyroiditis. what is the sonographic appearance of this condition?

diffuse enlargement of the thyroid with heterogeneous echo texture

clinical findings associated with graves disease may include all of the following except:

hypothyroidism

on the basis of the clinical symptoms and sonographic findings , the lab results will most likely demonstrates:

hypothyroidism

in the above question, what is the most lateral vessel?

internal jugular vein

the thyroid gland utilizes with of the following to produce its hormones?

iodine

which of the following muscles is located posterior to the thyroid lobes?

longus colli

symptoms of hyperthyroidism may include all of the following except:

muscle cramps

what is the role of color and spectral doppler in evaluating thyroid nodules?

neither color or spectral doppler have been shown to be sensitive in determining if a thyroid nodule is benign or malignant.

you are performing an ultrasound exam to rule out the presence of parathyroid adenoma. hyperparathyroidism is usually caused by enlargement of how many parathyroid glands?

one

which of the following is the most common form of thyroid cancer?

papillary

you are performing a thyroid sonogram on a patient with a nodule suspicious for malignancy. why is the most common form of thyroid cancer?

papillary carcinoma

exposure to ionizing radiation is predisposing factor for development of which of the following neoplasms?

parathyroid adenoma

hypercalcemia is associated with which of the following ?

parathyroid adenoma

while performing a thyroid ultrasound, you detect a lymph node suspicious for malignancy. which of the following sonographic features is consistent with nodal malignancy in the neck?

rounded lymph node, heterogeneous echo texture, intranodl calcification, absence of an echogenic hilum

serial evaluation of a multi nodular goiter should include measurement of the overall length, height, and width of a thyroid lobe along with measurements of the length, height and width of:

the largest nodule

clinical symptoms of hypothyroidism include all of the following except:

tremors

tissue metabolism is regulated by which of the following hormones?

triiodothyronine

what vessel is seen to course through the transverse foramina of the cervical spine?

vertebral

all of the following are diagnostic findings of benign thyroid nodules except:

cold nodule

which of the following would more likely be a malignant thyroid nodule?

cold nodule

inflammation of the thyroid gland secondary to a viral infection is most commonly associated with which of the following conditions?

de quervain syndrome

examination techniques used in thyroid imaging include all of the following except:

decreasing the dynamic range

a patient has been referred for a thyroid ultrasound to locate a parathyroid adenoma. how many parathyroid glands are presents in most people?

four

you are performing an ultrasound exam on a patient with parathyroid hyperplasia . how many glands are usually involved in this condition?

four

a 32 year old female presents with a 2 month history of fatigue, sore throat, and dysphagia following an episode of cellulitis. the results of lab tests are pending. on the basis of this clinical history, the sonographic findings are most consistent with:

hashimoto disease

which of the following conditions is considered a predisposing factor for developing a thyroid malignancy?

hashimoto disease

which of the following conditions is most commonly associated with hypothyroidism ?

hashimoto disease

a cystic hygroma is most likely related to which of the following abnormalities?

inadequate drainage of lymph fluid

primary carcinoma of the thyroid gland is known to extend to all of the following structures except:

liver

what muscle is located posterior to each lobe of the thyroid?

longus coli

which muscles are located posterior to each thyroid lobe?

longus colli

which of the following is considered a function of the parathyroid gland?

maintaining homeostasis of blood calcium concentrations

you are performing a thyroid ultrasound on a patient with increased serum calcium levels. what pathology are you searching for?

parathyroid adenoma

which muscles are located lateral to each thyroid lobe?

sternocleidomastoid

which of the following muscles is most often affected by a whiplash injury?

sternocleidomastoid

a patient presents with a palpable anterior neck mass. the patient denies any recent surgery or fever. a non vascular complex mass is identified extending from the Superior portion of the isthmus to the patients chin . on the basis of this clinical history , the sonographic findings are most suspicious for a:

thyroglossal cyst

benign congenital cysts located superior to the thyroid gland near the hyoid bone are referred to as:

thyroglossal duct cysts

the echogenic structures identified by arrow B most likely represents which of the following structures?

thyroid isthmus

a thyroglossal cyst is located between which of the following structures?

thyroid isthmus and tongue

a patient presents with a history of hyperthyroidism, dysphagia, and leukocytosis. a sonogram demonstrates an enlarged hyper vascular thyroid gland. on the basis of this clinical history, the sonographic findings are most suspicious for which of the following conditions?

thyroiditis

the first indication of thyroid gland failure is linked with a decrease in:

thyrotropin

including iodine in your diet is required for the normal production of:

thyroxine

in the presence of hashimoto's thyroiditis, the thyroid produces?

too few thyroid hormones

identify the structure labeled C: trachea

trachea

during sonographic imaging of the thyroid, you detect several cervical lymph nodes. which of the following is not true regarding these lymph nodes?

ultrasound cannot detect normal lymph nodes

which of the following vascular structures receives blood from the posterior brain and empties into the brachiocephalic vein?

vertebral vein

which of the following is the hormone that is the most abundantly produced by the thyroid?

thyroxine

a thyroid isthmus that measures greater than ? is indicative of thyroid enlargement.

10mm

which of the following symptoms is most likely related to hypercalcemia?

abdominal pain

a homogeneous mass is identified within the inferior portion of a thyroid lobe. a prominent hypoechoic ring surrounds this mass. these sonographic findings are most consistent with which of the following neoplasms?

adenoma

a patient presents with a small mass palpated on a recent physical examination and normal lab values. a mass is identified in the inferior portion of the right thyroid lobe. on the basis of this clinical history, the sonographic findings are most suspicious for an:

adenoma

which of the following is the most common etiology of hyperparathyroidism?

adenoma of a parathyroid gland

on the left side of the neck, the common carotid arises from what artery?

aortic arch

indications for a thyroid ultrasound examination may include all of the following except:

audible bruit

identify the structure labeled E:

internal jugular

secretion of thyroid hormones is simulated by which of the following structures?

pituitary gland

which of the following muscles is located lateral to the thyroid lobes just beneath the subcutaneous tissues in the neck?

plastyma

a parathyroid mass may be suspected when an abnormality is located:

posterior to a thyroid lobe

a congenital anomaly associated with an additional thyroid lobe arising from the isthmus is termed a?

pyramidal lobe

the superior extension of the thyroid isthmus is referred to as the:

pyramidal lobe

how many parathyroid glands are found in the majority of the population?

4

identify the structure labeled B:

isthmus

the normal length of an adult thyroid lobe is approximately :

4.0 cm

a patient presents with a superficial neck mass located near the angle of the jaw. on ultrasound, the mass demonstrates a few swirling echoes within an anechoic mass. on the basis of this clinical history, the sonographic findings are most suspicious for a:

brachial cleft cyst

a cystic mass is noted at the mandibular angle is most likely a:

brachial cleft cysts

you are performing a thyroid ultrasound on a young woman with hypothyroidism. you detect a moderately enlarged, hypoechoic thyroid with coarsened parenchymal echo texture. which of the following conditions is most likely present, considering this history and findings?

hashimoto's thyroiditis

during transverse imaging of the thyroid, you detect a hypoechoic, round nodule posterior and medial to the thyroid. how can you determine if this is the esophagus or a nodule?

have the patient swallow while scanning the area

you have been asked to identify a parathyroid adenoma. what is the typical sonographic appearance of this structure ?

homogeneous, hypoechoic, solid oval-shaped nodule

which vascular structure is located closest to the thyroid lobes?

internal carotid artery

all of the following are hormones produced by the thyroid except:

iodine