Needs, Motivation, and Attitude (BS II)

What are the three components of attitude, according to the ABC Model?

1) Affective (emotional) 2) Behavioral 3) Cognitive

Which two factors lead to a certain behavior in the Attitude to Behavior Process Model?

1) Attitude (something that affects our perception of an object) 2) Knowledge (about the particular situation/object)

What are the major components that influence our intentions?

1) Attitudes 2) Subjective norms (what other people think of the behavior) 3) Perceived behavior control (how easy/hard it is to control our behavior)

According to the Self Determination Theory, which needs must be met in order to develop healthy relationships with oneself and others?

1) Autonomy (need to be in control of own actions/ideas) 2) Competence (need to complete/excel at difficult tasks) 3) Relatedness (need to feel accepted/wanted)

Learning Theory posits that attitudes can be developed through different forms of learning, such as?

1) Direct contact with object 2) Direct instruction from others 3) Others' attitudes 4) Conditioning 5) Observational learning

What are the phases of the Sexual Response Cycle?

1) Excitement 2) Plateau 3) Orgasm 4) Resolution (refractory period)

What two phenomena account for the behavior to attitude process?

1) Foot-in-the-door phenomenon 2) Role playing

What are the four functions of attitudes, according to the Functional Attitudes Theory?

1) Knowledge (organizing thoughts/experiences) 2) Ego expression (communicating/solidifying self-identity) 3) Adaptation (expressing socially acceptable attitudes to feel accepted) 4) Ego defense (protecting self-esteem/justifying actions we know are wrong)

What characteristics influence how we are persuaded for or against a certain topic?

1) Message characteristics 2) Source characteristics 3) Target characteristics

The PWM states that behavior is a function of what?

1) Past behavior 2) Attitudes towards a behavior 3) Subjective norms 4) Intentions 5) Willingness to engage in specific behavior 6) Prototypes/models

What stages does information pass through once it is processed?

1) Target characteristics- information is filtered through our perceptions of it (interest, importance, motivation, etc.) 2) Processing- message and source characteristics

Which theories seek to answer the question of how attitude affects our behavior?

1) Theory of Planned Behavior 2) Attitude to Behavior Process Model 3) Prototype Willingness Model (PWM) 4) Elaboration Likelihood Model for Persuasion (ELM)

How are drives and needs related?

A need is a lack or deprivation that energizes a drive, or aroused state. The drive reduces a need.

The excitement phase of the sexual response cycle is initiated by?

A stimulus

If someone expresses that they are scared of spiders, what component of attitude are they experiencing, and why?

Affective- the word "scared" is an emotion felt toward spiders

Identify the components of the ABC Model in the following sentence: "I am frightful of rollercoasters and believe they are stupid, so I will be on the carousel at the park."

Affective: "I am frightful of rollercoasters" Behavioral: "I will be on the carousel at the park" Cognitive: "I [...] believe they are stupid"

Identify the components of the ABC Model in the following sentence: "I love yoga because I get to do meditation and I believe it helps me relax, so I will go to class each week."

Affective: "I love yoga" Behavioral: "I will go to class each week" Cognitive: "I believe it helps me relax"

By detecting our levels of insulin, the brain can see what?

Amount of fat stores and sugar in our blood

After being jobless for 7 years, Rundeep begins working as a delivery driver at Domino's. During the first few weeks, Rundeep feels odd interacting with customers and driving the company car. However, over time, he is more accustomed to his new job, and even feels comfortable taking advantage of the employee perks, like free pizza. How does this scenario apply to role-playing and attitudes?

As a result of doing a new behavior for a long time, we can say his attitude shifted as a result of his behavior (new job). What started as a new behavior eventually became a part of him and shaped his attitude towards being employed.

According to the incentive theory, rewards must be what in order to be motivating?

Attainable

Which theory states that an event triggers an attitude?

Attitude to Behavior Process Model

What parts of the nervous system play a role in arousal?

Autonomic nervous system, brainstem, endocrine system

Which scientist claimed that a person will more likely do an action if it is positively received?

B.F. Skinner

A drive can be described as?

Basic, essential, and physiological

According to the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM), what two routes do we use to process information?

Central and Peripheral

If someone expresses that they will scream if they see a spider, what component of attitude are they experiencing, and why?

Behavioral- they are describing an action/behavior that influences attitude

What two factors influence our intake of food, sex, and drugs?

Biological and Sociocultural

How do sexual responses vary socio-culturally?

By age, cultural background, stimulus, emotions, desires

How do attitude changes compare based on which route of persuasion one follows?

Central route leads to a lasting change, peripheral route leads to a temporary change

A biologist may find a lecture on the importance of COVID vaccines fascinating, while a historian may not. The level of interest, motivation, and importance shown by the biologist follows which route of persuasion, and leads to what?

Central route, leading to deep processing of information

What does the ELM focus on that distinguishes it from the other theories?

Cognition (the why and how)

According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, what level of arousal is optimal for cognitive tasks, physical tasks, simple tasks, and complex tasks, respectively?

Cognitive- low Physical- high Simple tasks require slightly higher levels than complex tasks

If someone expresses that they believe spiders are dangerous because certain species can release toxins, what component of attitude are they experiencing, and why?

Cognitive- they are expressing a belief, and have knowledge that forms their attitude

What are some socio-cultural reasons why people use drugs?

Curiosity, rebel, poor control, stress, low self-esteem, relief, feeling good, poverty

What are the two main points that the Drive-Reduction Theory of motivation is centered on?

Drives and needs

A person enters a state of euphoria (total happiness) upon ingesting an unknown drug. Which neurotransmitter did this drug most likely mimic?

Dopamine

How do biological factors affect our intake of food?

During periods of hunger, lateral hypothalamus signals to the stomach that we start eating via positive feedback. During satiety, the ventromedial hypothalamus signals that we stop eating (high amounts of leptin)

According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, in what order do we satisfy the following needs? a. safety, self-actualization, esteem, belongingness, physiological b. self-actualization, esteem, safety, physiological, belongingness c. esteem, physiological, belongingness, self-actualization, safety d. belongingness, physiological, safety, self-actualization, esteem e. physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, self-actualization

E

Tommy has an attitude that eating junk food is unhealthy because many of his relatives suffer from heart disease. While Tommy is at home, he doesn't eat chips, candy, and soda, and aims to maintain this healthy lifestyle even when he goes to parties. Describe this scenario in terms of the Attitude to Behavior Process Model?

Event (Tommy's relatives suffer from heart disease) leads to a negative attitude regarding junk food because he knows that junk food causes heart disease. This leads to the behavior, which is avoiding junk food altogether.

A psychologist studying why humans perform certain instinctual behaviors to survive is researching what theory of motivation?

Evolutionary

Which phase of the sex cycle is marked by increased muscle tension and heart rate/blood pressure?

Excitement

The theory of motivation centered around the individual's expectation of success, and the degree to which they value achieving a goal, is what?

Expectancy-value theory

Avoiding punishment and competitiveness are examples of what type of motivation?

Extrinsic

Studying for months on end to achieve a high score on the MCAT is an example of what type of motivation, and why?

Extrinsic, as it results in an external/tangible reward

True or False: behavior are more strongly reinforced if the reward is presented after a delay rather than immediately after the performance of a behavior

False! Immediate reward is proven to be more successful

Rundeep and his wife have been in a rocky marriage for 20 years. At the beginning of their marriage, Rundeep's wife would ask him to limit the time he spent pursuing his hobbies, such as singing and watching YouTube, to 3 hours a day. Now, Rundeep complies when his "loving" wife tells him he is no longer allowed to sing or be active on social media, because in return, he gets to take a day off from doing the laundry. This illustrates which phenomenon, and why?

Foot-in-the-door, because we have a tendency to agree to small actions first, and eventually, we comply with much larger actions over time. People begin to think certain behaviors are ok over time once they begin getting privileges and rewards from an authority figure they previously disliked.

Studying homosexuality has shown scientists that we have a what to sexuality?

Genetic predisposition

What are the biological factors related to drugs/substance abuse?

Genetic predisposition, withdrawal/cravings, biochemical

Primary drives motivate us to maintain what bodily process?

Homeostasis

What are key considerations of message characteristics?

How well thought out the message is, how well written it was, whether the speaker uses good grammar/vocabulary, is it too long/short, etc.

What are the two key components in the Theory of Planned Behavior?

Implications and Intentions

Associating a positive meaning to a behavior in order to cause it to occur again is the core of what theory of motivation?

Incentive Theory

Compare and contrast Drive-Reduction Theory and Incentive Theory

Incentive Theory is focused on conditioning an incentive to make a person happier, whereas the Drive-Reduction Theory is focused on conditioning a response to reduce a need.

A student who takes interest in the subject matter at hand and has a goal of mastering the content is driven by what type of motivation, and why?

Intrinsic, as they are driven by pure enjoyment/interest (personal gratification)

During dieting, what happens to our metabolism?

It slows down

Compare and contrast the role of the lateral and ventromedial hypothalamus

Lateral hypothalamus signals for us to eat during periods of hunger, ventromedial hypothalamus signals for us to stop eating during periods of satiety

Which hormone is present in high amounts during periods of satiety?

Leptin

What are our social needs according to Maslow's hierarchy?

Love (belongingness)

Which model of motivation states that we progress to higher needs once basic needs are relatively well satisfied?

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Rundeep's daughter ran away from home after her 18th birthday to live with a drug dealer and start a more independent life. She claims that her parents didn't love her, and that her mom would control her every move. However, in doing so, she destroyed relationships with her entire family. Which parts of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs and the Self-Determination Theory were met and not met in her life?

Maslow: 1) Physiological needs are now being met (sex) 2) Safety is no longer being met (drug dealing) 3) Love/belongingness was never met before or after 4) Self-esteem is no longer being met (no respect from others) 5) Self-actualization is not met (no morality) SDT: 1) Autonomy is now being met (no more control over actions) 2) Competence is now being met (she thinks; living alone is a complex task she is performing independently) 3) Relatedness is no longer being met (family ties gone)

Rundeep is watching two YouTube videos regarding the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020. The first is an informational video put out by the White House, featuring Dr. Fauci. The second is a propaganda conspiracy theory video, featuring bright colors and a passionate speech from his favorite actor, David Hasselhoff. As Rundeep is uneducated, he finds this topic uninteresting to begin with, and thus, pays more attention to the conspiracy theory. Which characteristic of the ELM is Rundeep focusing on, and which route of persuasion is he following? How will his level of processing compare to that of a scientist?

Message/source characteristics in the peripheral route. This results in shallow processing of information.

What are key considerations of target characteristics?

Mood of the audience, self-esteem level, alertness of listener, intelligence of listener, etc.

An athlete is working out at the gym with her personal trainer. She feels extremely thirsty, however her trainer says she can only have a sip of ice cold water if she completes 50 more lunges. What is the need vs the drive in this scenario, and what is the means by which the drive is fulfilled?

Need: Water Drive: Thirst Means: doing 50 lunges

Homeostasis is controlled by what type of feedback mechanism? What is an example of this mechanism?

Negative feedback Ex) when we are hungry, our body secretes ghrelin to create a hunger drive, which motivates us to eat, and once we're full, our body sends a signal to the brain to release leptin

What are the socio-cultural reasons behind why people eat?

Occasions, time, desire, appeal, and availability

Gio Gomez snorts cocaine every day. Since he takes this drug repeatedly, his body attempts to counteract the effects by changing its physiology. In his case, since cocaine is a stimulant, his brain now has reduced connectivity to slow his body down. This phenomenon is best described by what theory, and what can this ultimately lead to?

Opponent-process theory, which explains tolerance

How does dopamine affect our brains?

Overstimulates the limbic system (areas that control movement, emotion, cognition, motivation pleasure)

A person spends $70 to ride a short rollercoaster at an amusement park. According to the Optimal Arousal Theory, why did they do this?

People are motivated/desire to reach full alertness/arousal, which allows us to achieve a natural high.

A pre-med student is taking a classical history course as part of their electives. They have very little interest in the course, and thus, think the material is not very important. As a result, they are not motivated to continue paying attention for the rest of the semester. According to the ELM, which route of persuasion is this information most likely to pass through?

Peripheral

According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, what is our most basic need?

Physiological (essential for survival)

What are the two basic needs according to Maslow's hierarchy?

Physiological and safety

What type of reinforcement is incentive theory centered upon?

Positive

Compare and contrast positive and negative reinforcement

Positive reinforcement is given after a response to increase the future frequency of that response, while negative reinforcement is the removal of a punishment to encourage a behavior.

Compare and contrast primary vs secondary drives

Primary: the need for food, water, and warmth, among other things Secondary: stems from learning, involves emotions, and is not biological

The Cognitive Approach to motivation centers around what?

Rationale/decision making ability

What causes an increase in testosterone levels?

Sexual activity

At what stage of Maslow's hierarchy does one reach their full potential?

Self-actualization

A student is named to the Dean's List during a ceremony in front of their peers and professors for their academic accomplishments and competence. The student's feeling of confidence upon being recognized satisfies which of Maslow's needs?

Self-esteem

What are our respect needs according to Maslow's hierarchy?

Self-esteem

Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump are running for president. During their debates, political commentators all declare Clinton to be the winner, as she came prepared with facts, maintained her composure, and acted more presidential. However, Trump went on to win the election. According to the Peripheral Route of Persuasion, what could be a reason behind these results?

Since the peripheral route focuses on superficial and nonverbal persuasion cues (attractiveness, status, expertise of persuader) rather than quality of arguments, Hillary Clinton could have lost because she is a woman.

Which theory says that behavior is not learned by trial and error, but develops through direct observation and replication of others' actions, and in tandem with the influence of personal factors and environment? Which model is related to this theory?

Social Cognitive Theory and Bandura's Triadic Reciprocal Causation

What can weaken the attitude to behavior connection, and cause our attitudes to follow our behaviors?

Strong social pressures

The reinforcement effect ultimately leads to what?

Substance abuse (repeated ingestion of/dependence on drugs)

According to Masters and Johnson, sexual drive is related to what in both males and females?

Testosterone levels

A Trump supporter is presented with two sources that both share information regarding the COVID-19 vaccine. The first source comes from the CDC, and depicts graphs, p-values, and scientific evidence that the vaccines are safe and effective. The second source comes from a Facebook post shared by a QAnon leader, and claims the vaccine causes mutations without any scientific support. According to the Central Route of Persuasion, which source should the Trump supporter believe, and why?

The CDC website, because the quality of arguments made by the persuader is better, meaning attitude is more likely to change (how much we are going to be persuaded depends on the quality of persuasion).

Which theory states that people consider the implications of their actions before deciding how to behave?

Theory of Planned Behavior

True or False: we have a genetic predisposition to weight, in that we have a certain set point that is biologically influenced by our parents

True

What is a biological factor that we have in common when it comes to food, sex, and drugs?

We have a genetic predisposition to all three

According to the Drive-Reduction Theory, how do we maintain homeostasis?

When a drive reduces a need.

How does a slow metabolism affect weight?

When normal eating is resumed after a period of dieting, a slower metabolism makes it easier to gain weight

What are key considerations of source characteristics?

Whether the speakers seem knowledgeable/trustworthy, what their level of expertise is, where the information being presented comes from, the physical environment where the speech is taking place, etc.

According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, at what levels of arousal is performance the worst, and when is it the best?

Worst at high and low levels of arousal Best at intermediate levels of arousal

What is an instinct?

a) a tendency present throughout a species b) innate "drives" to act a certain way c) complex, unlearned behaviors that have a fixed pattern throughout a species d) an accident of evolution that survives as byproducts of other processes

What four factors influence motivation?

a) sex, food, drugs, love b) instincts, arousal, safety, love c) instincts, arousal, drives, needs d) drives, needs, safety, food

What is the best definition of attitude?

a. Moodiness and other emotional responses to various stimuli b. A learned tendency to evaluate people, issues, events, objects, etc. in a certain way c. A component of our behavior that focuses on emotion d. A conditioned tendency to examine things in our surroundings