network+ ch5
cat 5
100 Mbps, 100mhz
cat 5e
1000 Mbps, 350mhz
1000Base-T Gigabit Ethernet
1000mbps, 100m, cat5 or better (cat5e preferred) 4 pairs of wires
100base-T or 100base-TX (fast ethernet)
100mbps, 100m cat5 or better 2 pairs of wires
10gbase-t
10gbps, 100m, cat6 or cat7 (cat7 preferred 4 pairs of wires
cat 6a
10gbs 500mhz
cat 7
10gbs | 100gbs at shorter distance 600mhz
10base-T
10mbps, 100m, cat3 or better 2 pairs of wires
cat 6
1gbps | 10gbs at shorter distance 250mhz
cat 8
25gbps and 40gbps at longer distances than cat 7 2ghz
cat 7a
40-100gbps at very short distances 1000mhz
40gbase-t
40gbps, 30m, cat8 4 pairs of wires
BNC connector
A coaxial cable connector type that uses a twist-and-lock (or bayonet) style of coupling. It may be used with several coaxial cable types, including RG-6 and RG-59.
hot-swappable
A component that can be installed or removed without disrupting operations.
F-connector
A connector used to terminate coaxial cable that transmits television and cable signals most often sued with RG-6 cables
MDI (medium-dependent interface)
A connector used with twisted-pair wiring on an Ethernet network
SC (Subscriber Connector or Standard Connector)
A connector with a 2.5-mm ferrule that is used with single-mode, fiber-optic cable.
st (straight tip)
A connector with a 2.5-mm ferrule that is used with single-mode, fiber-optic cable.
FDP (fiber distribution panel)
A device on a rack where fiber cables converge, connect with each other, and connect with fiber-optic terminal equipment from the ISP.
CFP (centum form-factor pluggable)
A fiber-optic transceiver intended for 100-Gbps network connections.
QSFP (quad small form-factor pluggable)
A fiber-optic transceiver that complies with the 802.3ba standard, squeezing four channels in a single transceiver and supporting data rates up to 40 Gbps (4 x 10 Gbps).
modal bandwidth
A measure of the highest frequency of signal a multimode fiber-optic cable can support over a specific distance. measured in MHz-km.
PoE+
A method of delivering more current (25.5 watts) than PoE does to devices using Ethernet connection cables. for WAP, IP telephone, or security cameras
transceivers
A modular interface that can be inserted in a switch to connect its motherboard with an external, fiber-optic cable.
TX/RX reverse
A problem caused by mismatched pinout standards, resulting in near end cross-talk.
speed and duplex mismatch
A problem that occurs when neighboring devices are using different speed or duplex configurations and results in failed transmissions.
zipcord cable
A relatively short fiber-optic cable in which two strands are arranged side by side in conjoined jackets, enabling full-duplex communication.
patch cable
A relatively short section (usually between 3 and 25 feet) of cabling with connectors on both ends.
SFP (Small Form Factor Pluggable)
A standard hot-swappable network interface used to link a connectivity device's backplane with fiber-optic or copper cabling. used for 1gbps connections, but capable of 5gbps
TIA/EIA 568A
A standard pinout for RJ-45 plugs required by the federal government on all federal contracts.
jitter
A transmission flaw caused by packets experiencing varying amounts of delay and arriving out of order. Also called PDV (packet delay variation).
loopback adapter
A troubleshooting tool that plugs into a port (for example, an RJ-45 or fiber-optic port) and crosses the transmit line with the receive line, allowing outgoing signals to be redirected back into the computer for testing.
crossover cable
A twisted pair patch cable in which the termination locations of the transmit and receive wires on one end of the cable are reversed.
straight-through cable
A twisted pair patch cable in which the wire terminations in both connectors follow the same scheme.
XFP (10 Gigabit small form-factor pluggable)
A type of SFP that can send and receive data at rates of up to 10 Gbps. slightly larger than SFP with lower power consumption than SFP+
SFP+
A type of SFP that can send and receive data at rates of up to 16 Gbps.
RG-6
A type of coaxial cable with an impedance of 75 ohms and that contains an 18 AWG core conductor. ____ is used for television, satellite, and broadband cable connections.
MMF (multimode fiber)
A type of fiber-optic cable containing a core that is usually 50 or 62.5 microns in diameter, over which many pulses of light generated by a laser or light-emitting diode (LED) travel at different angles.
SMF (single-mode fiber)
A type of fiber-optic cable with a narrow core that carries light pulses along a single path data from one end of the cable to the other end. Data can be transmitted faster and for longer distances. However, it is expensive.
full-duplex
A type of transmission in which signals may travel in both directions over a medium simultaneously. also called duplex
half-duplex
A type of transmission in which signals may travel in both directions over a medium, but in only one direction at a time.
simplex
A type of transmission in which signals may travel in only one direction over a medium. sometimes called one-way, unidirectional communication
twinaxial cable
A variant of coaxial cables, which features two inner conductors instead of one and is used for very-short-range high-speed signals. also called DAC (direct attach copper) cable 26 or 28 awg
MDI-X (MDI crossover)
AN alternative connector used with twisted-pair wiring on an Ethernet network that reverses the transmit and receive wires
STDM (statistical time division multiplexing)
Assigns time slots to nodes (similar to TDM), but then adjusts these slots according to priority and need. This approach uses all slots rather than leaving some unused, which maximizes available bandwidth on a network.
fiber-optic cable
Contains glass fibers surrounded by a layer of glass cladding and a protective outer jacket, is used to carry voice, video, and data transmissions over very long distances.
FEXT (far end crosstalk)
Crosstalk measured at the far end of the cable from the signal source.
NEXT (near end crosstalk)
Crosstalk that occurs between wire pairs near the source of a signal.
PDs (powered devices)
Devices that receive power from the PSE
TDM (time division multiplexing)
Divides a channel into multiple intervals of time, or time slots. It then assigns a separate time slot to every node on the network and, in that time slot, carries data from that node. can be inefficient if some nodes rarely send data
two common sources of noise
EMI, crosstalk
QSFP+
Generally the same technology as QSFP while supporting data rates over 40 Gbps.
bandwidth
Measure of the amount of data that can travel on a communication system.
auto-MDI-X
Ports on newer devices that automatically negotiate the transmit and receive wires between devices
pinouts
The ___ numbers and color-coded wire assignments used when terminating a cable or installing a jack, as determined by the TIA/EIA standard.
throughput
The amount of data that a medium transmits during a given period of time. ____ is usually measured in megabits (1,000,000 bits) per second, or Mbps. also called payload rate or effective data rate
optical loss
The degradation of a light signal on a fiber-optic network as it travels away from its source
latency
The delay between the transmission of a signal and its receipt.
RTT (round trip time)
The length of time it takes for a packet to go from sender to receiver, then back from receiver to sender. RTT is usually measured in milliseconds.
attenuation
The loss of a signal's strength as it travels away from its source.
LC (local connector)
The most common 1.25-mm ferrule connector, which is used with single-mode, fiber-optic cable.
MT-RJ (Mechanical Transfer Registered Jack)
The most common type of connector used with multimode fiber-optic cable.
fusion splicer
The tool used to join two pieces of fibre optic together
multiplexer (mux)
a device that can combine many signals on a channel is required at the transmitting end of the channel
PSE (power sourcing equipment)
a device that supplies power
multiplexing
a form of transmission that allows multiple signals to travel simultaneously over one medium
dB (decibel) loss
a measure of the degradation or distortion of a signal
frequency
a measure of the number of times an electrical signal changes state per second
impedance
a measure of the opposition to a current's flow through a cable measured in ohms
PoE
a method of delivering up to 15.4 watts to devices using Ethernet connection cables necessary for dial tone and ringing
UPC (ultra-physical contact)
a type of ferrule in which the tip has been highly polished, thereby increasing the efficiency of the connection
FDM (frequency division multiplexing)
assigns different frequencies to create multiple frequency bands, each used by a subchannel, so that multiple signals can transmit on the line at one time
EMI (electromagnetic interference)
caused by motors, power lines, televisions, copiers, fluorescent lights, microwave ovens, and other sources of electrical activity
riser-rated cable
coated with a fire-retardant jacket and is a thicker cable to make it easier to push or pull through risers in buildings or between floors
coaxial cable
consists of a central metal conducting core, surrounded by an insulator, shielding, and an outer cover mostly used to connect cable Internet and cable TV systems
twisted-pair
consists of color-coded pairs of insulated copper wires encased in a plastic sheath
twinax maximum supported distance: active
contains internal electrical components to strengthen signals over slightly longer distances, up to 10 meters
encoding
converting data into a digital signal for transmission
alien crosstalk
crosstalk that occurs between two cables
Plenum-grade cable
designed to withstand high temperatures, in attic spaces reduces spread of fire and burns less smoke that is nontoxic
twinax maximum supported distance: passive
does not contain internal electrical components and is sufficient for the shortest distance of less than 5-7 meters
media converter
hardware that enables networks or segments running on different media to interconnect and exchange signals
gigabit ethernet
has 1000mbps or more uses all four pairs for both sending and receiving
snips
heavy duty scissors
Fast Ethernet
maximum data rate of 100mbps -contains four wire pairs one pair sends data/another receives data other two aren't used for data transmission
crosstalk
occurs when a signal traveling on one wire or cable infringes on the signal traveling over an adjacent wire or cable
wire cutter
pliers shaped tool
cable stripper
pulls off the protective covering without damaging the wires inside
cable crimper
pushes on the pins inside an rj45 connector so they pierce the wire's insolation = creating contact between the two conductors
repeater
regenerates a digital signal in its original form without the noise it might have previously accumulated
modulation
sending data over an analog signal
demultiplexer (demux)
separates the combined signals receiving end of the channel separates the mux
TIA/EIA 568B Standard
standard pinout for rj45 plugs commonly used in homes and businesses
cladding
surrounding the fibers is a layer of glass or plastic
ferrule
the extended tip of a connector that makes contact with the receptacle in the jack or other connector
twist ratio
the number of twists per meter or foot in a twisted-pair cable
back reflection
the return of the light signal back into the fiber that is transmitting the signal
rollover cables, or console cables
used to connect a computer to a console port of a router
APC (angled physical contact)
uses the principles of reflection to its advantage by placing the end faces of the highly polished ferrules at an angle to each other, thus, reducing the effect of back reflection
ethernet standards
various standards used to rate the performance expectations of a cable, NIC, or other devices
