Networking 1 Exam

Which RFC reserves three ranges of IP addresses for private use - a single Class A (10.0.0.0-10.255.255.255), 16 Class Bs (172.16.0.0-173.31.255.255), and 256 Class Cs (192.168.0.0-192.168.255.255)?

1918

Notifications of events of errors on the network

Alarm

What do most analyzers have that indicate unusual network events or errors?

Alarm

An IPv6 multicast method that permits muliple recipients to be designated for a single message

Anycast packet

Which layer defines an interface that applications can use to request network services, rather than referring directly to applications themselves?

Application Layer

Which of the following represents a network address that all hosts on a network must read?

Broadcast address

The Session layer includes mechanisms to maintain reliable ongoing conversations, called

Checkpoints

Which class of IP addresses are used for multicast communications, in which a single address may be associated with more than one network host machine?

Class D

What technology gets its name from the notion that it ignores the traditional A, B, and C class designation for IP addresses?

Classless-intern domain routing

Which of the following allows IPv4 addresses from Class A, B, or C to be combined and treated as a larger address space, or subdivided arbitrarily, as needed?

Classless-intern domain routing

Which technique is known as the simplest form of subnet masking in which each subnet includes the same number of stations and represents a simple division of the address space made available by subnetting into multiple equal segments?

Constant-length subnet masking

Which technique is known as the simplest form of subnet masking in which each subnet includes the same number of stations and represents a simple division of the address space made available by subnetting into multiple equal segments?

Constant-length subnet masking (CLSM)

Which layer of the OSI model works with frames

Data Link

Manages point to point transmission across the networking medium, from one computer to another on a single logical or physical cable segment

Data link layer

Which layer enables reliable transmission of data through the physical layer at the sending end, and checks such reliability upon reception at the receiving end?

Data link layer

What are applied to the packets that are capture into the trace buffer so you can see the packets in a readable format?

Decodes

Previously, IPv6 specified that interface identifiers followed which format, which specifies a unique 64 bit interface identifier for each interface?

EUI-64

Which of the following is a TCP/IP model Network Access layer protocol?

Either HDLC or DHCP

The most important TCP/IP Network Access layer protocol is

Ethernet

__________ allow additional functionality to be implemented in an IPv6 packet

Extension headers

Because PHP is independent of how individual routers are configured, the end-to-end behavior of traffic is predictable

False

Class D addresses are used strictly for unicast applications

False

For each network reference model layer, the software handles packages of data, which are called packet defined units.

False

Providing a narrower address space is the primary design goal for IPv6

False

T/F The Session layer is equipped to request retransmission of all erroneous or missing PDUs when reassembly is underway, so that it can guarantee reliable delivery of data from sender to receiver.

False

The entire IPv6 space is now occupied.

False

When a packet is sent between two ECN capable routers, the packet is usually marked ECT(0) or ECT(10) for capable transport.

False

Provide brief descriptions of the following protocols: high- level data link control (HDLC) protocol and frame relay.

High-level Data Link Control (HDLC) protocol: Based on IBM's original SNA Data Link Control (SDLC) protocol. HDLC uses data frames to manage network links and data transmission. Frame relay: A telecommunications service designed to support intermittent data transmission between local area networks and wide area network end points. Frame relay uses data frames to manage network links and data transmission.

which term is used to describe the data frame crossing a router

Hop

An IPv6 address that is all zeroes except for the very last bit, which is set to 1 and may be represented as ::1 in compact notation

Loopback Address

Briefly describe the three primary tasks that the Internet layer handles for TCP/IP.

MTU fragmentation:When a route carries data from one type of network to another, the largest chunk of data that the network can carry, an MTU, can vary. When data moves from a medium that supports a larger MTU to a medium that supports a smaller MTU, that data must be reduced to smaller pieces to match the smaller of the two MTUs involved. Addressing:This defines the mechanism whereby all network interfaces on a TCP/IP network must be associated with specific, unique bit patterns that identify each interface individually, and also identify the network (or even network locale) to which that interface belongs. Routing:This defines the mechanism that forwards packets from sender to receiver, in which numerous intermediate relays may be involved in achieving delivery from sender to receiver.

In IPv6, addresses are used to send an identical message to multiple hosts.

Multicast

The primary function of the _______ layer is to provide a globally unique address to every host on the internet and paths to and from hosts.

Network

In which layer are notions of network location addressed and the intricacies of directing a PDU from sender to receiver handled?

Network Layer

What are TCP/IP application processes, such as FTP and SMTP sometimes called?

Network services

To be valid, any domain name must correspond to at least one of which of the following?

Numeric IP address

To be valid, any domain name must correspond to at least one of which of the following?

Numeric IP addresses

What is the difference between the open shortest path first protocol and the border gateway protocol?

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF): Defines a widely used, link-state routing protocol for local or interior routing regions within local internetworks. Border Gateway Protocol (BGP): Defines a widely used routing protocol that connects to common Internet backbones, or other routing domains within the Internet where multiple parties jointly share responsibility for managing traffic

the PDU associated with the network layer

Packet

The ________ layer also coordinates the sending and receiving of signals across the networking medium, and determines what kinds of cables, connectors, and network interfaces must be used to access a specific area on a network

Physical

Which of the following can be used to replace internal network addresses with one or more different addresses so the traffic that actually travels over the public Internet does not reveal the address structure of the internal network to outsiders?

Proxy server

What protocol is used to translate MAC layer addresses into numeric IP addresses?

RARP

What does RMON use to collect traffic data at a remote switch and send the data to a management device?

Simple Network Management Protocol

Briefly discuss two elements that TCP/IP services depend on to operate.

The two elements TCP/IP services depend on to operate are daemons and port addresses. A daemon is a special "listener process" that handles incoming user requests for specific services. TCP/IP service has an associated port address that uses a 16 bit number to identify a certain process.

Which part of a PDU is most likely to provide data integrity checks for the data portion of he PDU?

Trailer

As a frame moves from interface to interface, the IP source and destination address information is preserved.

True

The original ARPANET was a packet-switched network

True

When a host uses a service that employs a multicast address, it registers itself to "listen" on that address, as well as on its own unique host address (and the broadcast address)

True

In IPv6, which address contains all zeros and can be represented as a two colon characters (::) in normal notation?

Unspecified

an address that can be combined with other addresses into a single entry in the router table

aggregatable global unicast address

packets goes to the nearest single instance of this address

anycast address

allows internetwork devices to perform complex address recognition and management functions that can keep up with data volumes and time-sensitive processing needs

application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC)

A point in time at which all system state and information is captured and saved

checkpoint

PDU at the TCP/IP network access layer

datagram

Data link layer PDU

frame

Device that operates on the internet

host

in IPv6 addressing, a bit string that uniquely identifies a particular interface

interface identifier

a type of networking device the combines switch, router, and network management functions within a single box

layer 3 switch

an addressing scheme that is designed to be used only on a single segment of a local network

link-local address

The physical numeric address functions at a sublayer of the Data Link Layer in the OSI network reference model, called the

media access control

packets goes to the nearest single instance of this address

route aggregation

Undersized packet

runt

4 bit field limiting the valid range for a multicast address

scope identifier

That activity of stealing (borrowing) bits from the host portion to further subdivide the network portion of an address is called

subnetting

Which of the following technologies is used to permit computers to translate numeric IP addresses to MAC layer addresses?

ARP

What technique may be performed by boundary devices that include proxy server capabilities to replace private IP addresses with one or more public IP addresses as outbound traffic exits the server, and to replace such public addresses with their proper private equivalents as incoming traffic passes through the server?

Address masquerading

The reference model described in ISO standard 7498 breaks network communication into seven layers. List each layer from top to bottom.

Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data Link, Physical

The value in which of the following fields will decrement by one each time it is forwarded by a network node, and the iPv6 packet is discarded if the value in this field reaches 0?

Hop Limit

Which OSI model layer handles the conversion of outgoing data from bits that computers use in the signals that networks use?

Physical

Which layer includes the physical transmission medium (cables or wireless media) that any network must use to send and receive the signals that constitute the physical expression of a networked communications?

Physical

What type of address is a six-byte numeric address, burned into firmware (on a chip) by network interface manufacturers?

Physical numeric

What does TCP/IP use to identify Application layer protocols?

Port numbers

Which layer manages the way data is presented to the network (on its way down the protocol stack), and to a specific machine/application combination (on its way up the protocol stack)?

Presentation

Which element of a protocol analyzer is required to capture unicast packets sent to other devices?

Promiscuous mode

12. List five basic elements found on most protocol analyzers.

Promiscuous mode card and driver, packet filters, trace buffer, decodes, alarms, statistics

Which process taps into the network communications system and captures packets that cross the network?

Protocol analysis

Which of the following can be used to replace internal network addresses with one or more different addresses so the traffic that actually travels over the public Internet does not reveal the address structure of the internal network to outsiders?

Proxy Server

Previously, IPv6 specified that interface identifiers followed which format, which specifies a unique 64-bit interface identifier for each interface?

Redirect

Informs the network interface card to pass packets sent to that address to the IP stack so their contents can be read, and tells the IP gateway to forward such traffic onto the physical network, where the listening network interface resides.

Registration

Multicast addresses in IPv6 use which of the following to define the portion of the Internet to which the multicast group pertains?

Scope identifier

___________ involves cutting up a big message into a numbered sequence of chunks, called segments, in which each chunk represents the maximum data payload that the network media can carry between sender and receiver.

Segmentation

In which layer are ongoing communications between a sender and a receiver set up, maintained, and then terminated or torn down, as needed?

Session layer

A special bit pattern that "blocks off" the network portion of an IPv4 address with all-ones pattern is known as which of the following?

Subnet mask

_________ combines contiguous network addresses by stealing bits from the network portion and using them to create a single, larger contiguous address space for host addresses.

Supernets

What is the purpose of the Internet Engineering Task Force?

The IETF is a group responsible for drafting, testing, proposing, and maintaining official Internet Standards. The process used, "rough consensus", requires virtually all participants to agree before a standard can be proposed, drafted, or approved.

Purpose of internet architecture board

The Internet Architecture Board (IAB), a.k.a. Internet Activities Board, is the arm of the ISOC that is the parent organization for the standards-making and research groups that handle current and future Internet technologies, protocols, and research. As such, the IAB's most important task is to provide oversight for the architecture for all Internet protocols and procedures, and to supply editorial oversight over the documents known as Requests for Comments (RFCs), wherein Internet Standards are stated, and so forth. Internet Protocol (IP): Routes packets from sender to receiver.

IP addresses can be represented as domain names to make it possible for users to identify and access resources on a network

True

IP addresses can be represented as domain names to make it possible for users to identify and access resources on a network.

True

T/F A divide and conquer approach permits concerns related to networking hardware to be completely separated from those related to networking software.

True

Briefly describe three options for analyzing switched networks.

Hubbing out: By placing a hub between a device of interest (such as a server) and the switch, and connecting the analyzer to the hub, you can view all traffic to and from the server. Port redirection: Many switches can be configured to redirect (actually, to copy) the packets traveling through one port to another port. By placing your analyzer on the destination port, you can listen in on all the conversations that cross the network through the port of interest. Remote Monitoring (RMON): Uses Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) to collect traffic data at a remote switch and send the data to a management device.

When a computer on one subnet wishes to communicate with a computer on another subnet, traffic must be forwarded from the sender to which of the following devices?

IP Gateway

What name is given to a device that interconnects multiple IP networks or subnets?

IP gateway

When a computer on one subnet wishes to communicate with a computer on another subnet, traffic must be forwarded from the sender to which of the following devices?

IP gateway

ICMP

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP): Handles information about IP-based routing and network behavior, especially as they relate to "traffic conditions" and errors. Address Resolution Protocol (ARP): Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) converts between numeric IP network addresses and Media Access Control (MAC) addresses on a specific cable segment (always used for the final step of packet delivery).Routing:This defines the mechanism that forwards packets from sender to receiver, in which numerous intermediate relays may be involved in achieving delivery from sender to receiver.

Which organization is responsible for creating and managing RFCs, in which the rules and formats for all related protocols and services are described?

Internet Engineering Task Force

Which term refers to a single logical network composed of multiple physical networks, which may all be at a single physical location, or spread among multiple physical locations?

Internetwork

What is the purpose of the following protocols: Internet Protocol, Internet Control Message Protocol, and Address Resolution Protocol?

Internet Protocol routes packet from sender to receiver. Internet Control Message Protocol handles information about IP-based routing and network behavior, especially as they relate to "traffic conditions" and errors. Address Resolution Protocol (ARP): Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) converts between numeric IP network addresses and Media Access Control (MAC) addresses on a specific cable segment (always used for the final step of packet delivery). Routing: This defines the mechanism that forwards packets from sender to receiver, in which numerous intermediate relays may be involved in achieving delivery from sender to receiver.

Which technology allows networks use multiple private IPv4 addresses internally and maps them to one or more public IPv4 addresses externally?

NAT

In which subnetting technique can a single address to be subdivided into multiple subnets, in which subnets need not all be the same size?

Variable subnet masking (VLSM)