Neuro Exam 3

cortico-striatal loop

1. motor loop (Primary motor, premotor, and supplementary motor cortex) 2. prefrontal loop (DLPFC) 3. Affective loop (ACC, OFC)

memory modulation hypothesis

A hypothesis positing that the basolateral amygdala is important for modulating memory processing in other brain regions to enhance the retention of emotional events. This explains how the HPA might affect memory. Following an emotionally arousing experience, the amygdala engages adrenergic and cortisol stress-hormone systems that interact to promote memory storage in the cortex parallel to attentional control

what's the best LTP in the whole brain?

CA3->CA1

environmental dependency syndrome

Disorder in which behavior is triggered by stimuli in the environment; involves automatic invocation of contention scheduling schemes because the supervisory attentional system has been lost; most often observed after frontal lobe lesions. This is an example of Prefrontal damage

What has been implicated in spacial memory in mice with their NMDA receptors knocked out genetically?

LTP

somatic marker hypothesis

Neurologist Antonio Damasio's idea that the bodily (somatic), emotional component of thought is a necessary part of problem solving and decision making. This is similar to the Cannon-Bard theory, but more specific about the role of the insula and somatosensory cortex, especially VMPFC in emotional processing in decision making.

frontoparietal attentional system parts and function

PFC/parietal- reasoning basal ganglia- desiring, implicated in cognitive control, requires coordination between this and PFC limbic system= emotive

reinforcement learning

Perform an action then learn based on a reward or punishment. Supervised learning occurs when someone tells you "right" from "wrong". Unsupervised learning occurs when I give you some cash (or take it away).

Tower of London task

Test of planning and sequencing; the task requires the person to move a set of balls, one at a time, from an initial position on prongs to a target configuration in as few moves as possible while keeping in mind the constraints imposed by the height of each prong. Individuals with left lateral PFC damage specifically impairs problem solving.

associative memory property in a hop field network doesn't store many patterns- what structure helps to overcome this?

The structure of axonal-dendritic wiring in the medial temporal lobe

Phineas Gage

Vermont railroad worker who survived a severe brain injury that changed his personality and behavior; his accident gave information on the brain and which parts are involved with emotional reasoning.

Reinforcement Learning to Decisions

Voting process occurs until votes for one are greater than votes fo the other by a certain "threshold" amount

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

a condition, brought about by bilateral amygdala damage, that is characterized by dramatic emotional changes including reduction in fear and anxiety

developmental amnesia

a congenital memory deficit, usually restrictive to episodic memory. Proves one can acquire semantic information without episodic information.

the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex ir organized this way

a posterior-to-anterior topographical gradient organized from least to most abstract types of control

Dorsolateral PFC

abstract reasoning, manipulation of information

fear conditioning depends on the activation of what brain area

amygdala

what structures are thought to be involved in emotional processing?

amygdala, hypothalamus, cingulate gyrus, and the orbitofrontal cortex

mood

an emotional state that lasts a long time

Ventromedial PFC

behavioral inhibition, including social

In cognitive reappraisal

benefits occur by reducing physiological arousal associated with the emotional elicitor

volitional (fake) smile pathway

bypasses the hypothalamus

anterior hypothalamus

can suppress rage response

place cells in the hippocampus of rodents and humans supports the

cognitive map theory

impaired prefrontal function can be demonstrated in people who do this

continue to use a previously valid rule, despite receiving negative feedback

prefrontal cortex

control and organization of functions needed to keep the brain rom going haywire- this is the heart of psychiatric disorders

little bit of Ca++

depontentiation (LTD)

dopamine

determines "wanting" not "liking" and is involved in one's internal sense of time.

people with bilateral amygdala damage

do not have impaired declarative memory

MacLean's limbic system

does not have any scientific value. proposes circuits of predominantly limbic structures creating the emotional brain. This shows how humans have extra layers of brain tissue on the top of a core very similar to that of a rabbit

a neural basis for working memory is remonstrated by neurons here that show delay-period activity

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

cannon bard theory of emotion

emotional feelings and physiological reactions to stimuli are experienced simultaneously and involves the hypothalamus

medial PFC

emotions, limbic system, social cognition, empathy

prefrontal and parietal cortex

encoding and retrieving memories

what causes devastating amnesia, affects recognition memory tasks more than recall tasks, typically causes confabulations, and causes source memory deficits that may reflect impairments in encoding processes?

frontal lobe lesions

the sensory/functional theory for how semantic knowledge is organized is supported by this

functional neuroimaging evidence that processing linguistic stimuli activates brain regions associated with their corresponding sensory and functional properties

genuine "Duchenne" smile pathway

goes through the hypothalamus

according to McGaugh's memory modulation hypothesis, the amygdala enhances consolidation in all of these areas

hippocampus, caudate nucleus, neocortex, and the prefrontal cortex

the damage to Phineas Gage's brain was significant here

his orbitofrontal cortex

insula/Anterior cingulate cortex

implicated in OCD and depression

absolute brain size

in primates is reflected by a disproportionate increase in the prefrontal cortex than in other mammals

non declarative memory

includes priming, conditioning, and skill learning

frontopolar PFC

internal stimulation and happens to contact all the abstract, linguistic, reward, and emotion circuits of PFC

anterior insula

involved in visceral feelings and pain

synaptic consolidation

involves changes in gene expression and protein synthesis

consolidation

involves the activation of the hippocampus for stabilizing some memories

Posttraumatic stress disorder

is associated with decreased hippocampal and amygdala volumes

chronic stress

is associated with subordinate status in monkey dominance hierarchies

fear extinction

is mediated by inhibitory connections from the ventromedial prefrontal cortex to the amygdala

working memory according to Cowan model

is not dependent on long-term memory

amygdala

key for emotion, can influence memory center in the hippocampus, enlarged in people with anxiety disorders

Ventrolateral PFC

language and deductive processing

which brain region is activated more during retrieval than during coding?

left middle frontal gyrus

anterograde amnesia

loss of memory for information acquired after damage of trauma

medial temporal lobe

making new episodic memories

what does "cells that fire together wire together" suggest?

memories are formed when synaptic associations grow stronger and tend to persist

what is the double dissociation between emotional and declarative memory?

more skin conductance responses in hippocampal damage compared to amygdala damage. more factual learning in amygdala damage compared to hippocampal damage.

what suggests that perceptual priming depends on sensory cortices?

neurons in visual processing regions show an increased level of firing when a novel visual stimulus is repeated

no ca++

no change in potentiation

the probability of a behavioral response altered by associating the response with a reward (or punishment) is

operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning, demonstrated by both Thorndike's puzzle box experimenting with cats pressing levers and Skinner's box with rodents and pigeons pressing levers

emotion

overlap of behavior, physiology, and feeling

what can emotional processing influence

perception, attention, learning, and memory

lots of Ca++

potentiation (LTP)

the stroop task

provides response conflict by giving information that points to an incorrect response earlier than or simultaneously with information indicating the correct response

orbitofrontal cortex

represents relative value, not absolute

premotor cortex

response selection, execution of simple action, and rule matching

ventral PFC

reward/risk processing

perceptual skill learning has been associated with increased activity here

right fusiform face area

ventromedial PFC

risk insensitivity, somatic marker hypothesis

posterior lateral PFC

selection of sequences pf responses, categorization of sequences, rule learning

this occurs with damage to cortical regions in the anterior temporal lobe

semantic dementia

anterior and more lateral temporal lobes

semantic memory

posterior hypothalamus

sham rage

What are some forms of inhibition?

stopping behaviors that are well trained or previously valid, preventing irrelevant information from interfering with other processing, preventing actions that are appropriate but only used for pleasure, and removing irrelevant information from working memory

mid-dorsolateral PFC

task- switching, categorization of sequences, complex stimulus-response contingency

the serial reaction time task

tests motor sequence learning

eyeblink delay conditioning depends on this

the cerebellum

What are goal-directed strategies mediated by?

the hippocampus

the primary cortical input to the hypothalamus comes from here

the parahippocampla cortex

which hypothesis suggests that the reactivation of emotional states facilitates logical reasoning?

the somatic marker hypothesis

James Lange theory of emotion

theory in which a physiological reaction leads to the labeling of an emotion

frontopolar cortex

tracking goals and subgoals, relational integration, and information seeking behavior

reward prediction error

trains one to understand what is goof and bad. Once one learns that cue predicts reward, and a burst of dopamine proves that. without a reward, there is a dip in dopamine.

probability distortion

underweighting likely things and overweighing unlikely things. Losses hurt more than gains for most people- loss aversion and this give rise to risk aversion/seeking behaviors.

Anterior cingulate cortex

when this is high, DLPFC activation is high soon after.