Neuro Unit

compared to the outside of the resting plasma membrane, the inside surface of the membrane is

negatively charged

what structural feature of the brain regulates the movement of materials from the blood into the brain

blood-brain barriers

which of the following arteries supply blood to the brain?

both the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries

what is the large C-shaped mass of which matter that consists of nerve fibers that connect the two cerebral hemispheres

corpus callosum

these cells conduct action potentials from one neuron to another within the CNS

interneurons (association) neurons

a patient with a dramatic head injury may exhibit vomiting as a result of irritation of nuclei in the

medulla oblongata

a small lesion in the brainstem which resulted in a rapid heart rate, intense vasoconstriction, and elevated blood pressure would probably be located in the

medulla oblongata

which portion of the brainstem is continuous with the spinal cord

medulla oblongata

the endoneurium

surrounds individual axons and their Schwann cells

most sensory input that ascends through the spinal cord and brainstem projects to the

thalamus

the primary somatic sensory or general sensory area is located in

the postcentral gyrus

The superior and inferior colliculi are located in which of the following portions of the midbrain

tectum (roof)

the following characteristics of action potentials

-all-or-none -casued by graded potentials reaching threshold -depolarization is followed by depolarization

parts of PNS

-cranial nerve -ganglion -spinal nerve

reflex functions in

-keeping the body fro falling -maintaining blood CO2 levels -maintaining blood pressure -removing the body from painful stimuli

this best describes the absolute refactor period

-limits how many action potentials can be produced during a given period of time -prevents an action potential from starting at the same point on the plasma membrane

a man was in an accident and served his spinal cord between C6 and C7. What would occur

-loss of movement in the lower limbs -loss of sensation in the trunk below the shoulders, the lower limbs and portions of the arms -loss of the use of the intercostals nerves, and breathing would be affected because the intercoatals muscles would be paralyzed -loss of sensation and movement in the jaw

This statement best describes myelin sheaths

-made of Schwann cells -coverings urrounding an axon -provides insulation from other axons -helps conduct the action potentials more rapidly

these statements about unipolar neurons are all true

-most are sensory -have single process extending from cell body -have no dendrites

place the following parts of a reflex arc in the correct order beginning with the sensory receptor

1. sensory receptor 2. sensory neuron 3. interneuron 4. motor neuron 5.effector

pairs of cranial nerves originate from the brain

12

the spinal cord ends at the

2nd lumbar vertebrae

pairs of spinal nerves originate for the spinal cord

31

sam is curling very heavy weights and suddenly drops them. which reflex forced this action by sam to prevent tendon damage

Golgi tendon reflex

the resting membrane potential results when the tendency for these ions t diffuse out of all the cells is balanced by their attraction to opposite cages inside the cell

K+

lesions of the basal nuclei could cause

a slight shaking of the hands or head

stretch reflexes

aid and maintain proper posture

the middle, thin, spider-like mennix is the

arachnoid space

the white matter of the cerebellum forms a branching network known as the

arbor vitae

reflexes

are homeostatic

the mammillary bodies

are involved in emotional responses to odors

the inferior colliculi

are involved with auditory pathways in the CNS

association fibers connect

areas of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere

the substantia nigra interconnects with the

basal nuclei

dermaromal maps are important clinically because they

can be used to help locate nerve damage

cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the ____ and is reabsorbed by the ____

choroid plexus, arachnoid granulation

the ventral root of the spinal cord

coneys motor (efferent) nerve impulses away from the spinal cord

Which of the following is NOT a function of the cerebellum

control the heart rate

the dorsal root of the spinal cord

conveys sensory (afferent) nerve impulses to the spinal cord

which of the following statements concerning the brainstem is true

damage to the brainstem is usually fatal

the fact that the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body is explained by the

decussation of the pyramids in the medulla

the thickest of the meninges is the

dura mater

these cell types produce and help circulate cerebrospinal fluid

ependymal cells

what space, found between the vertebral wall and the dura matter, is the area for injecting anesthesia for childbirth

epidural space

Initiating the withdrawal reflex in both legs at the same time would cause one to

fall

which of the following feelings is NOT related to hypothalamic function

feeling rested after flying to England

ridges of the cerebellar cortex are called

folia

the portion of the cerebellum that is involved in balance and eye movement is the

folocculonodular lobe

13 year-old austin exhibits retarded growth, reduced metabolism, lack of normal reproductive glad development, inability to regulate water intake or water elimination from the body, and an uncontrolled appetite. what part of Austin's brain is most likely involved

hypothalamus

Anna has an eating disorder along with the intense thirst and wildly varying body temperatures, which means she may have a dysfunction of the

hypothalamus

the "thermostat" or nucleus that monitors blood temperature is located in the

hypothalamus

which of the following brain areas serves as the major control center of the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system

hypothalamus

the basal nuclei function to

inhibit unwanted muscular activity

the limbic system

is associated with basic survival instincts of nutrition, memory, and reproduction

the conus medullaris

is tapered, cone like region immediately inferior to the lumbar enlargement

which of the following is correctly associated with the medulla oblongata

it contains nuclei for regulation of the heart rate and blood vessel diameter

The spinal cord

links the peripheral nervous system to the brain

because of the sodium-pottasium pump, there are

more K+inside the cell than outside and Na+ outside the cell than inside

depolarization occurs because

more Na+ diffuses into the cell than K+ diffuses out of it

the sensory receptor of the stretch reflex is the

muscle spindle

In the CNS, clusters of gray matter containing cell bodies are called

nuclei

the ventral root of a spinal nerve contains

only motor fibers

hyper polarization which is an increase in membrane potential, can be caused by

opening of Cl gate channels

damage to which of these nerves would be most life-threatning

phrenic nerves

this extensive network of axons is located outside the CNS

plexus

Axons terminate by branching to form small extensions with enlarged ends which are called

presynaptic terminals

which of the following is NOT a function of cerebrospinal fluid

provides oxygen to CNS tissues

gamma motor neurons

regulate the sensitivity of the muscle spindle

damage to pontine nuclei might affect

respiration

the sleep/wake cycle is influenced by the

reticular formation

this portion of the motor division of the nervous system conducts action potentials from the cranial nervous system to skeletal muscle fibers

somatic

structurally, the simplest reflex is the

stretch reflex

cerebrospinal fluid fills the

subarachnoid space

during a spinal tap, cerebrospinal fluid is obtained from which of the following locations

subarachnoid space

during a spinal tap, cerebrospinal fluid is obtained from which of the following locations?

subarachnoid space

where is cerebrospinal fluid found around the spinal cord

subarachnoid space

a bird hits the windshield of your car, and you reflexivity duck and close your eyes. which of the following is responsible for this action

superior colliculi

the ventral root is formed by

the axons of neurons in the lateral and anterior horns

a person with a lesion in the brain exhibits the following manifestations; normal tension in skeletal muscle, disturbed fine motor control, exhibited tremors when reaching for objects. What part of the brain i most likely damaged

the cerebellum

Doctor Johansson wants to test a patient's reflexes by briskly striking the patellar tendon with a reflex hammer. Which reflex is Dr. Johansson testing

the knee-jerk reflex

the cerebral gyri increases

the surface area of the cortex

the cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in the dorsal root ganglion near the spinal cord

true

what is the role of the red nuclei

unconscious regulation and coordination of motor activities

the dorsal and ventral roots

unite to form the spinal nerves

cerebrospinal fluid is formed by tissue in the walls and roofs of the

ventricles of the brain

a reflex that protects limbs by removing them form painful stimuli is the

withdrawal reflex