New England Colonies In 17th Century Unit 2.2

John Winthrop

(12 January 1587/8 - 26 March 1649) led a group of English Puritans to the New World, joined the Massachusetts Bay Company in 1629 and was elected their governor on April 8, 1630. Between 1639 and 1648 he was voted out of governorship and re-elected a total of 12 times.

Roger Williams

(December 21, 1603-April 1, 1683) was an English theologian, a notable proponent of religious toleration and the separation of church and state, and an advocate for fair dealings with Native Americans. In 1644, he received a charter creating the colony of Rhode Island, named for the principal island in Narragansett Bay. He is credited for originating either the first or second Baptist church established in America.

Jeremiad

1600's New type of sermon from Puritan preachers. Preachers had noticed a decline in religious devotion of 2nd generation settlers. Jeremiad focused on the teachings of Jeremiah, a Biblical prophet who warned of doom.

Mayflower Compact

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

1629 - King Charles gave the Puritans a right to settle and govern a colony in the Massachusetts Bay area. The colony established political freedom and a representative government.

Cambridge Platform

1629 - The Puritan stockholders of the Massachusetts Bay Company agreed to emigrate to New England on the condition that they would have control of the government of the colony.

Rhode Island

1635 - He left the Massachusetts colony and purchased the land from a neighboring Indian tribe to found the colony of Rhode Island. Rhode Island was the only colony at that time to offer complete religious freedom.

King Philip's War

1675 - A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanoags, led by Metacom, a chief also known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion.

Dominion of New England

1686-The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). Ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros

Salem Witch Trials

1692-1693; a series of witchcraft trials launched after a group of young girls in Salem, Massachusetts, cliamed to have been bewitched by some of the older women in the colony. Twenty individuals were put to death before the trials were put to an end by the Governor of Massachusetts.

A model of Christian Charity

A Model of Christian Charity This spelled out the Massachusetts Bay colony's social and political ideals. It declared that Massachusetts "shall be as a city upon a hill, the eyes of all people are upon us." The settlers would build a harmonious, godly community in which individuals would subordinate their personal interests to a higher purpose. The result would be an example for all the world and would particularly inspire England to live up to its role as God's "elect nation".

Quakers

A group arose in England in the mid-1600s, were called Quakers; name derived from when they supposedly quaked when under deep religious emotion; were originally known as the Religious Society of Friends; Quakers were offensive to authorities both religious and civil; refused to support the established Church of England w/ taxes; built simple meetinghouses without a paid clergy; believed were all children in the sight of God; addressed people with thee's and thou's; would take no oaths because Jesus had condemned "Swear not at all" Abhorred strife and warfare and refused military service; were a simple devoted democratic people

Mercantilism

According to this theory, the colonies were to produce agricultural goods and raw materials, which English merchants would carry to the home country, where they would be reexported or manufactured into finished products.

Anne Hutchinson

Anne Hutchinson was a dissenter in the Massachusetts Bay Colony who caused a schism in the Puritan community. Eventually, Hutchinson's faction lost out in a power struggle for the governorship. She was expelled from the colony in 1673 and traveled southward with a number of her followers, establishing the settlement of Portsmouth, Rhode Island

Antinomianism

Anne Hutchinson's heretical belief that the truly saved not obey human or divine law.

Archbishop Laud

Archbishop of Canterbury under Charles I in England. He tried to force the Scottish to use the English Book of Common Prayer. He was later executed by Parliament during the English Civil War

Connecticut

Attracted Dutch+English settlers; Hartford founded (1635); energetic group of Boston Puritans, led by Thomas Hooker, swarmed into Hartford; drafted Fundamental Orders; New haven founded (1638); crown granted a charter to this colony that merged New Haven with the more democratic settlements

Puritans

Believed the Anglican Church retained too many Catholic ideas and sought to purify the Church of England; the Puritans believed in predestination (man saved or damned at birth) and also held that God was watchful and granted salvation only to those who adhered to His goodness as interpreted by the church. The Puritans were strong in New England and very intolerant of other religious groups.

The "Elect"

Believed to go to heaven, must have had a "calling" or experience with God, had to live a perfect life./Calvinistic belief that this is the group of souls who God selected to be predetermined for Heaven

Predestination

Calvinist doctrine that God has preordained some people to be saved & some to be damned. Though their fate was irreversible, Calvinists, particularly those who believed they were destined for salvation, sought to lead sanctified lives in order to demonstrate to others that they were in fact memebers of "the elect".

Thomas Hooker

Clergyman, one of the founders of Hartford. Called "the father of American democracy" because he said that people have a right to choose their magistrates.

Plymouth Colony

Colony founded by Pilgrims. This colony was only successful due to beneficial relations with the Indians and opened up the idea of religious toleration, it was absorbed by the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1691

Thanksgiving

In 1621, the year after the Pilgrims arrived in New England, the celebration of bountiful harvests

Fundamental Orders

In 1639 the Connecticut River colony settlers had an open meeting and they established a constitution called the Fundamental Orders. It made a Democratic government. It was the firdst constitution in the colonies and was a beginning for the other states' charters and constitutions.

Charles II

In 1660 ascended the English throne and created a string of new settlements: The Restoration Colonies; a generous but extravagant man who was always in debt, he rewarded 8 aritocratic supporters with a gift of the Carolinas, an area long claimed by Spain and populated by thousands of Indians.

"Established"

In Pennsylvania, the established church was founded by William Penn, a Quaker, to provide protection for Quakers. In Maryland, the established church was formed as a colony where Catholics would be free from persecution. In Rhode Island, the established church was formed to provide a haven for all persecuted religions, including all Christian denominations and Jews.

"Visible Saints"

In calvinism, those who publicly proclaimed their experience of conversion and were expected to lead godly live

Metacom

Metacom- called king Philip by the English united neighboring Indians in a last-ditch attack that failed, 1675

Cotton Mather

Minister, part of Puritan New England important families, a sholar, one of first americans to pemote vaccination of smallpox when it was believed to be dangerous, strongly believed on witches, encouraged witch trials in salem

Congregational Church

The Congregational Church was founded by separatists who felt that the Church of England retained too many Roman Catholic beliefs and practices. The Pilgrims were members of the Congregational Church. The Cambridge Platform stressed morality over church dogma.

Half-Way Covenant

The Half-way Covenant applied to those members of the Puritan colonies who were the children of church members, but who hadn't achieved grace themselves. The covenant allowed them to participate in some church affairs.

Mayflower

The Mayflower was the ship that carried the Pilgrims across the Atlantic from the Netherlands to Plymouth Plantation in 1620 (the Pilgrims had fled England to the Netherlands before heading to the New World).

Pilgrims

The Pilgrims were separatists who believed that the Church of England could not be reformed. Separatist groups were illegal in England, so the Pilgrims fled to America and settled in Plymouth

Separatists

The Separatists were English Protestants who would not accept allegiance in any form to the Church of England. One Separatist group, the Pilgrims, founded Plymouth Plantation and went on to found other settlements in Rhode Island and elsewhere in New England. Other notable separatist groups included the Quakers and Baptists.

Massasoit

The Wampanoag chieftain who signed a treaty with the Plymouth Pilgrims (1621) + helped them celebrate the first Thanksgiving after the autumn harvests that same year

Protestant Work Ethic

The idea that hard work and material success are signs of God's favour.

"Great Migration"

The movement of African Americans from the South to the industrial centers of the Northeast and the Midwest. Causes for migration included decreasing cotton prices, the lack of immigrant workers in the North, increased manufacturing as a result of the war, and the strengthening of the KKK. Migration led to higher wages, more educational opportunities, and better standards of life for some blacks.

Church of England

The national church of England, founded by King Henry VIII. It included both Roman Catholic and Protestant ideas

John Robinson

The pastor of the Puritans before they left on the Mayflower Became one of the early leaders of the Separatists

Wampanoags (Pokanokets)

Tribe whose chief, Metacom, known to the colonies as King Phillip, united many tribes in southern New England against the English settlers

Pequot War

Was an armed conflict in 1634-1638 between an alliance of Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth colonies, with Native American allies (the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes), against the Pequot tribe.

Harvard College

Was established in 1636 by vote of Massachusetts Bay Colony and is the oldest institution of higher learning in the US and it was created in order to train Puritan ministers.

Protestant Reformation

the movement in which it was thought that the Catholic church needed to be revived; leaders included Martin Luther, John Calvin, and King Henry VIII

Calvinism

Dominant theological credo of the New England Puritans based on the teachings of John Calvin. Calvinists believe in predestination - that only "the elect" were destined for salvation.

Sir Edmund Andros

English military man affiliation with Church of England laid heavy restrictons on the courts the press, and the schools, and revoked all land titles he tried to escape wearing women clothing when boston mob tries to catch him he was sent back to England

Squanto

English-speaking Indian once held captive in England; belonged to a village wiped by epidemic. Allowed Pilgrams to communicate with Indians, shared geographical knowledge

Perfectionism

Faith in the human capacity to achieve a better life on earth through conscious acts of will

Massachusetts School of Law

First public education legislation in America. It declared that towns with 50 or more families had to hire a schoolmaster and that towns with over 100 families had to found a grammar school.

"Liberty of Conscience"

Freedom of ones conscience in religious matters. God alone is Lord of the conscience; and He hath left it free from the doctrines and commandments of men, which are in anything contrary to His word, or not contained in it. Civil magistrates being ordained of God, subjection to all lawful things commanded by them ought to be yielded by us in the Lord, not only for wrath, but also for conscience sake.,

New England Confederation

New England colonists formed the New England Confederation in 1643 as a defense against local Native American tribes and encroaching Dutch. The colonists formed the alliance without the English crown's authorization.

Navigation Laws

Passed under the mercantilist system, the Navigation Acts (1651-1673) regulated trade in order to benefit the British economy. The acts restricted trade between England and its colonies to English or colonial ships, required certain colonial goods to pass through England before export, provided subsidies for the production of certain raw goods in the colonies, and banned colonial competition in large-scale manufacturing.

John Cotton

Prominent Mass minister, believed that only the spiritual "elect" should have any authority, to become "elect" they have a conversion experience, caused dissension in colony and would eventually lead to the founding of new colonies

John Calvin

Protestant leader from Geneva who created the dominant religion of American settlers; wrote his theories in Institutes of the Christian Religion

Covenant Theology

Puritan teachings emphasized the biblical covenants: God's covenants with Adam and with Noah, the covenant of grace between God and man through Christ.

Town-hall Meeting

Semi democratic-white christian males Representative system LTS provided groundwork for future american gvnt

"Glorious Revolution"

a bloodless coup in England tha overthrew James the II and enthroned Mary II and William the III; weakened the monarchial power