(New) Exam #1 Review - Ch. 1-5

Competitive advantage

When a firm sustains profits that exceed the industry average over its rivals. - Better product - Changing less - Customer satisfaction

DBMS maximize:

data security, data integrity, data independence

Iconic model

A physical replica of a system, usually on a different scale from the original.

Competitive advantage obtained by ________.

Economic position, marketing, IT network

DBMS Benefits

Minimize: - Data inconsistency - Data redundancy - Data isolation Maximize: - Data security - Data integrity - Data independence

Analog model

More abstract than an iconic model and is a symbolic representation of reality (blueprints, maps)

Mathematical model

Most DSS analyses are performed numerically with quantitative models

Backward Chaining

- goal-driven search in a rule-based system - begins with hypothesis and asks user questions until hypothesis is confirmed or disproved - inductive

Internet Protocol (IP)

A set of rules responsible for disassembling, delivering, and reassembling packets over the Internet.

Entity

Any person, place, thing, or event of interest to a user

Encapsulation

Keeping details (like data and procedures) together in one part of a program so that programmers working on other parts of the program don't need to know about them.

Referential integrity

Key to foreign key combination must be consistent. Any change to the primary key must be applied to the foreign key as well.

Information Systems focuses on ________.

Reduction, simplification, elimination

Project

Relational operation; selection of columns

Network

(Component of CBIS) is a connecting system (wireline or wireless) that permits different computers to share resources

Software

(Component of CBIS) is a program or collection of programs that enable the hardware to process data

Procedures

(Component of CBIS) are the instructions for combining the above components to process information and generate the desired output

Hardware

(Component of CBIS) consists of devices such as the processor, monitor, keyboard, and printer. - together, these devices accept, process, and display data and information

Database

(Component of CBIS) is a collection of related files or tables containing data.

Components

(DSS components) - Database mgmt module - Model mgmt module - Dialog module

Unsupervised learning

(Training ANN) with association and clustering models

Supervised learning

(Training ANN) with classification and regression models

Primary Components of ES

- Front-end GUI - Knowledge base or rule-base - Reasoning (shallow or deep)

Decision Variables

- Describe alternative courses of action - The decision maker controls them - Independent variables

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

- Manages the movement of data packets b/w computers by establishing a connection b/w the computers - sequences the transfer of packets - acknowledges the packets that have been transmitted

Characteristics of Cloud Computing

- On-demand self-service - Ubiquitous network access - Location independent resource pooling - Rapid elasticity - Measured service - Deployable (public, private, hybrid)

Result Variables

- Reflect the level of effectiveness of the system - Dependent variables

SIS requirements

- Serve an existing goal - Collaboration w/ other units of company - top mgmt involved

Non Value Added

- Something customer is unwilling to pay for - repetitive steps - happens outside of the existing production process

Value Added

- What a customer is willing to pay for - Contributes to usability or experience - Vital to the overall production process

Forward Chaining

- a data-driven search in a rule-based system - inference engine begins with information entered by user and searches knowledge base to arrive at conclusion - deductive

DBMS minimize:

- data inconsistency - redundancy - isolation

Four layers of TCP/IP

1. Application Layer 2. Transport Layer 3. Internet Layer 4. Network Interface Layer

3 Principles of Strategy

1. Creation of new positions - via diff activities 2. Make trade-offs - choose what not to do 3. Creating "fit" - among company activities

Actions to Enable Competitive Advantage

1. Reduce cost 2. Raise barriers to entry 3. Establish high switching costs 4. Create new products & services 5. Differentiation of products and services 6. Enhancement of products and services 7. Establish alliances 8. Lock in suppliers and/or buyers 9. Find a market position where forces are weakest

Porter's Original Theory

3 basic strategies for advantage: - Cost leadership - Differentiation - Focus (on one or the other)

Data file

A collection of logically related records

Strategic IS

A competitive weapon, it provides a competitive advantage by helping an organization focus on implementing strategic goals and improving system performance.

Functional dependency

A constraint between two attributes in which the value of one attribute is determined by the value of another attribute.

Primary Key

A finely by which records are uniquely identified - each table must have a unique ____________ value.

Record

A grouping of logically related fields

Data warehouse

A large repository database that supports management decision making Must be: - integrated, time variant (maintain historical data), nonvolatile, multidimensional

Cloud computing

A model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction.

Foreign Key

A primary key of one table that appears an attribute in another table and acts to provide a logical relationship among the two tables

Field

A single piece of information (or characteristic) that describes an entity

Online analytical processing (OLAP)

A type of analysis used to exploit data warehouses - fast response times - virtual "cubes" of data

Valuing IS systems leads to _______.

Better decisions, greater efficiency, LARGER profits

Database Management System (DBMS)

Builds databases, populate a database with data, manipulate data in a database (e.g. MySQL, MS Access, SQL Server)

Database

Collection of information organized so that it can be managed and updated

information system

Collects, processes, stores, analyzes, and disseminates information

Certainty

Complete knowledge

Artificial Neural Network

Computer program that models a biological network (similar to the human brain) to learn to recognize patterns and then data

Expert Systems (ES)

Computer systems that attempt to mimic human experts by applying expertise in a specific domain.

Inheritance

Create new object by replicating characteristics of an existing object

SaaS

Customer has access to application functionality from a client device or a thin client interface (e.g. web browser)

PaaS

Customer has control over the applications and data settings for the application-hosting environment.

IaaS

Customer is able to deploy and run software, including operating systems and other applications.

Bounded Rationality

Decision makers face uncertainty due to cognitive limitations, problem complexity, and time available to acquire information.

Big Data

Diverse, high-volume, high-velocity information assets that require new forms of processing to enable enhanced decision making, insight discovery, and process optimization (must have sophisticated IS systems to analyze)

Reengineering

Eliminating and rebuilding operations from the ground up - New machinery & elimination of management layers - involves info tech - goal is to achieve huge efficiency improvements

XaaS

Everything from computing power to computing infrastructure, applications, business processes to personal collaboration can be delivered as a service wherever/whenever.

ETL

Extract, Transform, Load

Competitive advantage held by _______.

Focus on core competencies and *strategic alliances (2 companies combine resources)

Differentiation strategy

I am better because I am different

Operational Effectiveness strategy

I can do the same thing more efficiently than you can

Cost leadership strategy

I can sell at a lower cost than you

Customer Orientated strategy

I treat my customers better than you

Innovation strategy

I'm doing something new and you can't catch up

Design Phase

Identify solutions (phase in decision making)

CBIS

Information system that uses computer technology to perform some or all of its intended tasks Includes... hardware, database, software, & network "procedures"

packet

Is a basic unit of data organized into a header, payload, and trailer record

DBMS

Is a program used to: - build databases - populate databases - manipulate data in a database

Implementation Phase

Make alternative choice work & monitor how well the solution is working

Traditional File Mgmt Shortcomings

No mechanism for tagging, retrieving, or manipulating data

Packet Switching

Occurs when the sending computer divides a message into a number of efficiently sized units called packets, each of which contains the address of the destination computer

Disruptive Innovation

Process by which a product or service takes root initially in simple applications at the bottom of a market and THEN relentlessly moves up eventually displacing established competitors

TCP/IP

Reference model that contains the actual protocols utilized for data transmission of packets over a network

Join

Relation operation; combine data from multiple tables to create temporary table

Select

Relational operation; selection of rows

Forces that shape competition

Rivalry among existing competitors - threat of new entrants - bargaining power of buyer - bargaining power of suppliers - Threat of substitute product

Deep Reasoning

Rules are complex, at different levels with significant chaining involved

Shallow reasoning

Rules are simple, at the same approximate level, with little chaining involved

Virtualization

Server _______ involves partitioning a physical server into smaller virtual servers. Storage ________ involves combining multiple network storage devices into what appears to be a single storage unit.

Models

Simplified representation of reality

Polymorphism

To ability to change the behavior of an object - functions w/ same name but different behaviors

Satisficing

To set an aspiration level that one will accept (or settle for) over an optimal solution

Uncertainty

Total ignorance

Images Capture by Billions of Devices

Type of big data; From digital cameras and camera phones to medical scanners and security cameras

Social Data

Type of big data; examples are customer feedback comments; microblogging sites such as Twitter; and social media sites such as Facebook, YouTube, and LinkedIn.

Traditional Enterprise Data

Type of big data; examples are customer information from customer relationship management systems, transactional enterprise resource planning data, Web store transactions, operations data, and general ledger data

Machine-Generated/Sensor Data

Type of big data; examples are smart meters; manufacturing sensors; sensors integrated into smartphones, automobiles, airplane engines, and industrial machines; equipment logs; and trading systems data

Machine Learning Algorithms

Utilize supervised and unsupervised learning methods to make predictions. These algorithms build models from example inputs in order to make predictions, rather than following explicit instructions

Data mart

a data collection, smaller than the data warehouse, that addresses the needs of a particular department or functional area of the business - low-cost, scaled-down version of a data warehouse that is designed for the end-users or an individual department

Data items

an elementary description of things, events, activities, and transactions that are recorded, classified, and stored but are not organized to convey any specific meaning

Choice Phase

choosing among available alternatives (phase in decision making)

Composite Key

combination of fields that serve as a primary key

Knowledge

consists of data and/or information that have been organized and processed to convey understanding, experience, accumulated learning, and expertise as they apply to a current business problem

Intelligence Phase

identifying and understanding problems in an organization (one of the phases of decision making)

Information

refers to data that have been organized so that they have meaning and value to the recipient

Decision Making

the process of choosing a solution from available alternatives