Newspaper--Journalism 1 and 2+ Review

Gutenberg

(1400-1468) German printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a press; printed the first Gutenberg Bible.

Associated Press style

Abbreviations: Dr., Gov., Lt. Gov., Rep., the Rev. and Sen. are required before a person's full name when they occur outside a direct quotation. Please note, that medical and political titles only need to be used on first reference when they appear outside of a direct quote. For courtesy titles, use these on second reference or when specifically requested. Other acronyms and abbreviations are acceptable but not required (i.e. FBI, CIA, GOP). Addresses: numbered addresses, always use figures. Abbreviate Ave., Blvd., and St. and directional cues when used with a numbered address. Always spell out other words such as alley, drive and road. If the street name or directional cue is used without a numbered address, it should be capitalized and spelled out. If a street name is a number, spell out First through Ninth and use figures for 10th and higher. Ages: always use figures. If the age is used as an adjective or as a substitute for a noun, then it should be hyphenated. Don't use apostrophes when describing an age range Books: Quotation marks around the titles of books, songs, television shows, computer games, poems, lectures, speeches and works of art. Do not use quotations around the names of magazine, newspapers, the Bible or books that are catalogues of reference materials. Dates: Dates and years use figures. Do not use st, nd, rd, or th with dates, and use Arabic figures. Always capitalize months. Spell out the month unless it is used with a date. When used with a date, abbreviate only the following months: Jan., Feb., Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov. and Dec. Commas are not necessary if only a year and month are given, but commas should be used to set off a year if the date, month and year are given. Use the letter s but not an apostrophe after the figures when expressing decades or centuries. Do, however, use an apostrophe before figures expressing a decade if numerals are left out. If you refer to an event that occurred the day prior to when the article will appear, do not use the word yesterday. Instead, use the day of the week. Capitalize days of the week, but do not abbreviate. If an event occurs more than seven days before or after the current date, use the month and a figure. Datelines: Used when the information for a story is obtained outside the paper's hometown or general area of service. Datelines appear at the beginning of stories and include the name of the city in all capital letters, usually followed the state or territory in which the city is located. Dimensions: Height, weight or other dimensions, use figures and spell out words such as feet, miles, etc. Miles: Use figures for any distances over 10. For any distances below 10, spell out the distance. Names: Use a person's first and last name the first time they are mentioned in a story. Only use last names on second reference. Do not use courtesy titles such as Mr., Mrs., Miss or Ms. unless they are part of a direct quotation or are needed to differentiate between people who have the same last name. Numerals: Never begin a sentence with a figure, except for sentences that begin with a year. Use roman numerals to describe wars and to show sequences for people. For ordinal numbers, spell out first through ninth and use figures for 10th and above when describing order in time or location. Examples: second base, 10th in a row. Some ordinal numbers, such as those indicating political or geographic order, should use figures in all cases. Examples: 3rd District Court, 9th ward. For cardinal numbers, consult individual entries in the Associated Press Stylebook. If no usage is specified, spell out numbers below 10 and use figures for numbers 10 and above. Example: The man had five children and 11 grandchildren. When referring to money, use numerals. For cents or amounts of $1 million or more, spell the words cents, million, billion, trillion etc. Examples: $26.52, $100,200, $8 million, 6 cents. Punctuation: Use a single space after a period. Do not use commas before a conjunction in a simple series. Commas and periods go within quotation marks. States and Cities: When the name of a state name appears in the body of a text, spell it out. When the name of a city and state are used together, the name of the state should be abbreviated (except for Alaska, Hawaii, Idaho, Iowa, Maine, Ohio, Texas and Utah). States should also be abbreviated when used as part of a short-form political affiliation. Times: The exact time when an event has occurred or will occur is unnecessary for most stories. Of course, there are occasions when the time of day is important. In such cases, use figures, but spell out noon and midnight. Use a colon to separate hours from minutes, but do not use :00. Examples: 1 p.m., 3:30 a.m. Titles: Generally, capitalize formal titles when they appear before a person's name, but lowercase titles if they are informal, appear without a person's name, follow a person's name or are set off before a name by commas. Also, lowercase adjectives that designate the status of a title. If a title is long, place it after the person's name, or set it off with commas before the person's name.

Sunshine laws/Freedom of Information Act

Sunshine Laws: regulations requiring transparency and disclosure in government or business. Sunshine laws make meetings, records, votes, deliberations, and other official actions available for public observation, participation, and/or inspection. Freedom of Information Act: federal freedom of information law that requires the full or partial disclosure of previously unreleased information and documents controlled by the United States government upon request. The act defines agency records subject to disclosure, outlines mandatory disclosure procedures, and defines nine exemptions to the statute. The act was intended to make U.S. government agencies' functions more transparent so that the American public could more easily identify problems in government functioning and put pressure on Congress, agency officials, and the president to address them.

Lighting

.. for visibility and to create mood or special effects.

Preparing for and conducting an interview

1. Create questions beforehand that elicit thorough answers (explain, why, describe, etc.). No "yes or no" questions. 2. Have your questions on hand during the interview. 3. Professionalism--identify yourself and the purpose of the interview. 4. Avoid shyness. 5. Ask for name and year in school; ask for name spelling and repeat back to make sure it's spelled correctly. 6. Ask a single question, then follow up with more if necessary. 7. Record answers--ask speaker to repeat when necessary; copy down key points (whole sentences not necessary). 8. Thank your speaker 9. Keep interviews short

Journalism Ed Association guidelines

1. Produce a journalistically professional learning atmosphere and experience for the students, allow students to make decisions concerning content of the publication, and ensure the publications will remain an open forum. 2. Work with students to increase their competence in the following areas: determining news values selecting news stories and in-depth stories developing and applying legal and ethical knowledge learning aspects of journalism and research skills writing news stories learning journalism-editing procedures as part of the writing process developing art ideas and producing art work designing and laying out pages learning the photographic process 3. Provide the students with an educated, professional role model as adviser and serve as a motivator and catalyst for ideas and professionalism. 4. Evaluate student participation by using journalism standards. 5. Act as an educational resource for legal freedoms and restrictions for students and encourage discussion of ethics and content. 6. Provide the opportunity for students to produce a publication consistent with the First Amendment and court decisions, without faculty or administrative censorship, within the standards of professional journalism and the Society of Professional Journalists/Sigma Delta Chi's Code of Ethics. 7. Act as a helpful adviser, but not as a censor, to students in all steps of publishing. In terms of unprotected speech, the adviser's role will be to act as a consultant and as an educator. 8. Develop, with the staff, an editorial policy consistent with legal precedent, court decisions and professional journalistic freedoms, which will also be agreed upon and signed by the principal. 9. Help the staff establish policies that include roles of all staff positions 10. Work with students 11. Order supplies and equipment; supervise the distribution, collection, maintenance and inventory control of such equipment in accordance with publication needs and school policy. 12. Supervise the financial status of the publication, and encourage fiscal responsibility.

Balance

A condition in which different elements are equal or in the correct proportions. There are three types of visual balance: symmetry, asymmetry, and radial.

Accuracy

A description of how close a measurement is to the true value of the quantity measured.

Adobe InDesign

A desktop publishing software application produced by Adobe Systems. It can be used to create works such as posters, flyers, brochures, magazines, newspapers, and books.

Adobe Illustrator

A draw program (vector graphic editor) that is commonly used for logos, icons, and other scalable graphics

Serif

A font that has curved or extended edges

Sans Serif

A font with straight edges.

Muckraking

A form of journalism, in vogue in the early twentieth century, devoted to exposing misconduct by government, business, and individual politicians.

Variety

A number of different kinds; assortment

Adobe Photoshop

A paint program (bitmap graphic editor) that specializes in photo manipulation

Conflict of Interest

A situation in which a person in a position of responsibility or trust has competing professional or personal interests that make it difficult to fulfill his or her duties impartially.

Conflict

A struggle between two opposing forces

Edward R. Murrow

American broadcast journalist and war correspondent. He first gained prominence during World War II with a series of live radio broadcasts from Europe for the news division of CBS. During the war he recruited and worked closely with a team of war correspondents who came to be known as the Murrow Boys.

Walter Cronkite

American broadcast journalist who served as anchorman for the CBS Evening News for 19 years. During the 1960s and 1970s, he was often cited as "the most trusted man in America" after being so named in an opinion poll. Cronkite reported many events from 1937 to 1981, including bombings in World War II; the Nuremberg trials; combat in the Vietnam War; the Dawson's Field hijackings; Watergate; the Iran Hostage Crisis; and the assassinations of President John F. Kennedy, civil rights pioneer Martin Luther King Jr., and Beatles musician John Lennon. He was also known for his extensive coverage of the U.S. space program, from Project Mercury to the Moon landings to the Space Shuttle. He was the only non-NASA recipient of an Ambassador of Exploration award. Cronkite is known for his departing catchphrase, "And that's the way it is."

Identifying and vetting sources for reliability

Consider your source--are there biases? Is your source being truthful? Is your source well-informed? Think of primary sources/documents, public records, financial statements, etc.

Editorial writing

Contains the writer's opinions on a particular issue.

Resolution-Dots Per Inch (DPI)

Dots per inch is a measure of spatial printing, video or image scanner dot density, in particular the number of individual dots that can be placed in a line within the span of 1 inch. Similarly, the more newly introduced dots per centimeter refers to the number of individual dots that can be placed within a line of 1 centimeter.

Cropping

Eliminating unwanted parts of a graphic

Review writing

Evaluates a product, work of art, restaurant, game, clothes, etc. for an audience; evaluate potential biases (make sure negative or positive experiences are not a result of outside/unrelated elements); earn audience's respect; focus on what's being reviewed (not self).

Hazelwood vs. Kuhlmeier

First Amendment rights of student journalists are not violated when school officials prevent the publication of certain articles in the school newspaper.

Fairness

Free from bias, dishonesty, or injustice

Beat system

Genre of journalism focused on a particular issue, sector, organization, or institution over time.

Using details in writing

Identify the most important details that support the main idea of the story.

Shutter Speed

In photography, shutter speed or exposure time is the length of time that the film or digital sensor inside the camera is exposed to light (that is, when the camera's shutter is open) when taking a photograph. The amount of light that reaches the film or image sensor is proportional to the exposure time. 1⁄500 of a second will let half as much light in as 1⁄250.

Explaining the reasons media exists in society

Inform, entertain, educate, uncover the unbiased truth

John Peter Zenger

Journalist who questioned the policies of the governor of New York in the 1700's. He was jailed; he sued, and this court case was the basis for our freedom of speech and press. He was found not guilty.

Organizing stories

Keep audience in mind when writing, do research (read prior stories or choose a topic and discuss background information with editor) and add new information about your chosen topic.

Libel/slander

Libel is an untrue defamatory statement that is made in writing. Slander is an untrue defamatory statement that is spoken orally. The difference between defamation and slander is that a defamatory statement can be made in any medium. It could be in a blog comment or spoken in a speech or said on television.

Picas

Measurement system frequently used in graphic design. There are six picas to an inch.

Attribution

Naming the source of information that does not come from personal observation.

Nellie Bly

Nellie was the first woman to witness an execution in the 1900s. In January 1920, Nellie Bly witnessed the execution of Gordon Fawcett Hamby via electric chair at Sing Sing prison. Along the way Nellie purchased a monkey, McGinty, to keep her company on the long and often lonely voyage; this tale is through McGinty's perspective. goodreads.com Nellie Bly was the first person to take up the challenge to circumnavigate the globe in less time than the fictional character from Jules Verne's novel Around the World in 80 Days. In 1887, Nellie Bly stormed into the office of the New York World, one of the leading newspapers in the country. She expressed interest in writing a story on the immigrant experience in the United States. Although, the editor declined her story he challenged Bly to investigate one of New York's most notorious mental hospitals. Bly not only accepted the challenge, she decided to feign mental illness to gain admission and expose how patients were treated.

Identifying news vs. feature writing

News--Based on timely events (late-breaking, just occurred) Feature--Based on solid reporting, rooted in 7 news values; journalists write based on interest (story is not necessarily a breaking story); feature tends to be greater in depth because journalists can spend more time on it.

Identifying objective vs. opinion writing

Objective--the opinions of the writer do not appear in the story; typically news and feature stories; can contain others' opinions Opinion--the opinions of the write appear in the story (subjective); editorials incorporate the writer's opinions.

Launch of CNN

On June 1, 1980, CNN (Cable News Network), the world's first 24-hour television news network, makes its debut. The network signed on from its headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, with a lead story about the attempted assassination of civil rights leader Vernon Jordan.

Open vs. Close Ended Questions

Open: Survey questions to which the respondent replies in his or her own words, either by writing or by talking. Closed: Survey questions providing preformulated response choices for the respondent to check or circle.

Sports writing

Preparation--Get "comped" or added to the list of free guests, assemble tools, check weather, demonstrate your credentials (wear press pass). Setup-Check your field of view so you can capture all the action Live coverage-Live updates (delivering news via social media) Game brief- Thumbnail overview of the game (immediately after game). Comprehensive recap--Detailed notes on stats and play-by-play -Do not include opinions -Interview and quote coaches/players

Early American publications

Publick Occurrences Both Forreign and Domestick was the first multi-page newspaper published in the British colonies in America. Before then, single-page newspapers, called broadsides, were published in the English colonies and printed in Cambridge in 1689. Common Sense was first published anonymously by Thomas Paine in January of 1776 and is regarded by many as the most important piece of writing of the American Revolution. Although descent among the colonists was growing over the British government's newly levied taxes and customs duties and the bloody battle at Concord, there was still talk of reconciliation among the colonists.

Using quotes in writing

Purpose of quotes: portray characters/people without the need for a description, allow audience to judge the trustworthiness of the speaker, evaluate unique speakers, advance the story, allow the audience to get into the source's head. Don't be redundant--do not write commentary and follow it up with a quote that says the same thing almost verbatim. Avoid profanity and long quotes Correct the grammar of the quote, regardless of how the individual actually said the quote.

Column writing

Regularly occurring articles published in the same section by the same writer(s); written 2-3 times a week; set schedule for appearances of the column; create a unique voice/tone to bring readers back consistently; can contain opinions.

Appropriate tenses

Remaining consistent with the tense the story is written in (past v. present); A photo caption is made up of two sentences--the first in past tense, the second in present tense.

Pentagon Papers

Report of the Office of the Secretary of Defense Vietnam Task Force, is a United States Department of Defense history of the United States' political and military involvement in Vietnam from 1945 to 1967. The papers were released by Daniel Ellsberg, who had worked on the study; they were first brought to the attention of the public on the front page of The New York Times in 1971. A 1996 article in The New York Times said that the Pentagon Papers had demonstrated, among other things, that the Johnson Administration had "systematically lied, not only to the public but also to Congress."

Prior review

Review of a publication by officials before the publication is printed, broadcast or posted online.

Standards of journalistic writing

Seek Truth and Report It Minimize Harm Act Independently Be Accountable and Transparent Journalism ethics and standards are principles of good practice. Professional journalism associations, individual news organizations, and journalists themselves often have their own "code of ethics"; however, most share these basic principles: truthfulness, accuracy, objectivity, impartiality, fairness, and public accountability. Many journalists also abide by the principle of "limitation of harm" which means that they have a responsibility to not harm others while reporting a story. This is one major difference between professional journalists reporting for "reputable" news organizations as opposed to fringe news sources and fake news creators. When evaluating a news organization, read its statement or code of ethics.

Spot

Spot color printing creates brighter, more vibrant results, but with a smaller color range. When printing in single (spot) colors, a single color ink (normally with a Pantone reference number) is applied to the printing press roller. If there is just one color to be printed, there will be a single plate, and a single run of the press.

Developing news story ideas

Staff meetings (brainstorming/discussions); making observations

Tinker vs. Des Moines

Supreme Court ruling from 1969 that cemented students' rights to free speech in public schools. Mary Beth Tinker was a 13-year-old junior high school student in December 1965 when she and a group of students decided to wear black armbands to school to protest the war in Vietnam.

Creation of The Associated Press

The Associated Press (AP) is an American non-profit news agency headquartered in New York City. Founded in 1846, it operates as a cooperative, unincorporated association. Its members are U.S. newspapers and broadcasters. News reports that it distributes to its members and customers are produced in English, Spanish, and Arabic. The AP has earned 54 Pulitzer Prizes, including 32 for photography, since the award was established in 1917. It is also known for publishing the widely used AP Stylebook. The AP has been tracking vote counts in U.S. elections since 1848, including national, state and local races down to the legislative level in all 50 states, along with key ballot measures. The AP collects and verifies returns in every county, parish, city and town across the U.S., and declares winners in over 5,000 contests. By 2016, news collected by the AP was published and republished by more than 1,300 newspapers and broadcasters.

CMYK

The CMYK color model is a subtractive color model, based on the CMY color model, used in color printing, and is also used to describe the printing process itself. CMYK refers to the four ink plates used in some color printing: cyan, magenta, yellow, and key.

Watergate

The Watergate scandal was a major political scandal in the United States involving the administration of U.S. President Richard Nixon from 1972 to 1974 that led to Nixon's resignation. The scandal stemmed from the Nixon administration's continual attempts to cover up its involvement in the June 17, 1972 break-in of the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Washington, D.C. Watergate Office Building. After the five perpetrators were arrested, the press and the U.S. Justice Department connected the cash found on them at the time to the Nixon re-election campaign committee. Bob Woodward and Carl Berstein reported on Watergate with The Washington Post.

Angle

The eye-level (straight) angle is standard. This is when you hold the camera without really angling it at all. The effect mimics normal human vision. Your pictures will appear natural and familiar and completely normal. This is the angle most people shoot at. High angle is for including background. It's also a great way to make a person look smaller. Shooting at a higher angle means tilting the camera downwards to look at your subject. This is also known as a bird's eye view. It captures all of your subjects and gives a very descriptive image, clearly capturing your target as you see it. With this type of shot, the ground is normally the background for the picture. low angle has the opposite effect of the high angle. Even when taking a photograph of a small subject, doing it from a low angle makes them look huge. If your subject wants to be seen as the center of the universe, the low angle is the way to go. The tilted angle is for edgy and unconventional pictures. Pictures are generally straight. Because of this, when you tilt your camera to the side, it creates an unusual perspective that can really grab the viewer's attention. But it can also make your picture look unstable and a little confusing. The bird's eye view is the highest possible camera angle. This is when you hold your camera directly above your subject, looking straight down. A close-up picture needs to be done from about a talking distance away. This means you want to be standing just as close to the person as you would be normally speaking with them. Hold your camera straight and take the picture at a direct angle. This creates a friendly image and a comfortable atmosphere; blurry background.

Hierarchy

The publisher Editor in chief Managing Director Assignment editors Audio / Visual Production Specialist News editors Sub editors Photo editors Resident editors Bureau Reporter

Legality of Recording

The legality of recording by civilians refers to laws regarding the recording of other persons and property by civilians through the means of still photography, videography, and audio recording in various locations. Although it is common for the recording of public property, persons within the public domain, and of private property visible or audible from the public domain to be legal, laws have been passed restricting such activity in order to protect the privacy of others, often at the expense of those who seek to invade others' privacy. The laws governing still photography may be vastly different from the laws governing any type of motion picture photography. In the United States, anti-photography laws have been passed following the September 11, 2001 attacks and the increased popularity of camera phones. There might be local laws and policies governing the specific landmark or property in which one seeks to photograph. Laws on private property differ. Owners of private property in most places must authorize recording on their own property.

Natural Spread

The middle two pages of a printers' signature, which are the only two consecutive pages printed side by side.

News values

There are seven: proximity, timeliness, impact, prominence, oddity, conflict and human interest

Kennedy-Nixon debate

They learned exactly why Nixon looked exhausted and how much effort was exerted into the campaign on both ends. The Kennedy-Nixon debates were only aired once at a time when DVR was not even in concept yet, so this brings into question the validity of the impact of the debates on the viewers. 1960, John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon squared off in the first televised presidential debates in American history. The Kennedy-Nixon debates not only had a major impact on the election's outcome, but ushered in a new era in which crafting a public image and taking advantage of media exposure became essential ingredients of a successful political campaign. They also heralded the central role television has continued to play in the democratic process.

Alternative Story Form

This type of coverage (also referred to as sidebars) blend text and images—sometimes in the form of an infographic—to convey information visually. This might mean illustrating the facts with charts, maps or diagrams.

Interpreting data about media consumption

Understanding graphs, statistics, etc. that demonstrate information such as how many people consume media daily, as well as how much time people spend consuming media.

Covering a diverse campus

Writing stories that address issues or topics pertinent to people of different races, socioeconomic statuses, religions, etc.; random sampling (don't interview friends); cover all grades (school).

Era of Yellow Journalism

Yellow journalism and yellow press are American terms for journalism and associated newspapers that present little or no legitimate, well-researched news while instead using eye-catching headlines for increased sales. Techniques may include exaggerations of news events, scandal-mongering, or sensationalism. By extension, the term yellow journalism is used today as a pejorative to decry any journalism that treats news in an unprofessional or unethical fashion. The danger of giving the audience what they want. Yellow journalism emerged in the mid 1890s in New York City, Clickbait and fake news. ... effective in getting the readers attention and arousing curiosity. It continues to thrive. People will continue to purchase tabloids such as OK! and STAR magazine because they respond to sensationalism. with topics ranging from outrageous to comical to morbid (like The Enquirer's prediction of Michael Jackson's death in 2009) - the bottom line is: consumers respond to its sensationalism. And while gossip sites may not be the most fact-based or reliable sources, consumers are aware of this.

Human Interest

a characteristic of a news story about people, usually those involved in some emotional struggle

Portrait

a drawing, painting, or photograph of a person, especially the face

Byline

a line at the head of a newspaper article carrying the author's name

Broadsheet

a newspaper that is printed on large sheets of paper, or an advertisement printed on a large sheet of paper: In Britain, the broadsheets are generally believed to be more serious than the tabloids

Tabloid

a newspaper with small pages (usually half the size of those in larger papers) with short articles and a lot of pictures and stories about famous people, often thought of as less serious than other newspapers

Student Press Law Center

a non-profit organization in the United States that aims to protect the freedom of the press for student journalists, usually at high school and university student newspapers.

Centerspread/Doubletruck

a spread in the center of a publication, printed as one sheet of paper

Ambush journalism

aggressive tactics practiced by journalists to suddenly confront and question people who otherwise do not wish to speak to a journalist, in places such as homes, vacation spots, hallways, and parking lots.

Module (Mod)

excerpt or sidebar. No matter the context, they serve a singular purpose: providing some form of support to your page's main story; can include infographics, student spotlight, theme, timeline, etc.

Copyright law

grants monopoly protection for "original works of authorship". With the stated purpose to promote art and culture, copyright law assigns a set of exclusive rights to authors: to make and sell copies of their works, to create derivative works, and to perform or display their works publicly. These exclusive rights are subject to a time limit, and generally expire 70 years after the author's death or 95 years after publication. In the United States, works published before January 1, 1926, are in the public domain.

Timeliness

having information available to decision-makers before it loses its capacity to influence decisions

Prominence

importance

Shield laws

legislation designed to protect reporters' privilege. This privilege involves the right of news reporters to refuse to testify as to the information and/or sources of information obtained during the news gathering and dissemination process. Currently, the U.S. federal government has not enacted any national shield laws, but most of the 50 states do have shield laws or other protections for reporters in place.

Points

measurement of font size

Proximity

nearness

Fair use

permits limited use of copyrighted material without having to first acquire permission from the copyright holder. Fair use is one of the limitations to copyright intended to balance the interests of copyright holders with the public interest in the wider distribution and use of creative works by allowing as a defense to copyright infringement claims certain limited uses that might otherwise be considered infringement. Unlike "fair dealing" rights that exist in most countries with a British legal history, the fair use right is a general exception that applies to all different kinds of uses with all types of works and turns on a flexible proportionality test that examines the purpose of the use, the amount used, and the impact on the market of the original work.

Five freedoms of the First Amendment

religion, speech, press, assembly, petition

Society of Professional Journalism Code of Ethics

seek truth and report it, minimize harm, act independently, be accountable

Candid

showing people acting in a natural way because they do not know that they are being photographed

Unity

the imposition of order and harmony on a design

RGB

the RGB color model uses varying intensities of (R)ed, (G)reen, and (B)lue light are added together in to reproduce a broad array of colors.

Slander

the action or crime of making a false spoken statement damaging to a person's reputation.

Contrast

the degree of difference between the elements that form an image.

Copyright

the exclusive legal right, given to an originator or an assignee to print, publish, perform, film, or record literary, artistic, or musical material, and to authorize others to do the same.

Inverted Pyramid format

the most important elements first; headline, lead, body, and ending; writer prioritizes the factual information to be conveyed in the news story by importance. The most essential pieces of information are offered in the first line, which is called the lead (or summary lead). This usually addresses the so-called "five W's" (who, what, when, why, and where). Thus, the reader is able to ascertain the key elements of the story immediately. The writer then provides the rest of the information and supporting contextual details in descending order of importance, leaving the least essential material for the very end. This gives the completed story the form of an inverted pyramid, with the most important elements, or the 'base' of the story, on top.

Plagiarism

the practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own.

Gutter

the space between framed panels

Leading

the space between lines of text

Kerning

the spacing between letters or characters in a piece of text to be printed.

Juxtaposition

two things being seen or placed close together with contrasting effect.

Headline styles

types: -states a benefit -indirect; for the involved reader -question/challenge -news-oriented