NLM 220 FINAL
Define and compare/contrast lobby and advocacy
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How to obtain a tax exempt status 501c3 vs 501c4?
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List 4 reasons people give/don't give
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List 5 fundraising strategies. What is the most efficient type of fundraising strategy?
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Define international non-governmental organization
nonprofit organizations that make significant operating expenditures across national borders and do not identify themselves as domestic actors
What factors can facilitate collaboration?
+ Shared vision + A sound process + Open communication + Trust + Effective leadership + Hard work
Which gov agency in AZ is in charge of incorporation of nonprofit orgs in the state?
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know how to calculate lobbying ceilings for a specific 501c3 nonprofit org
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The size and scope of foundations in the US and in the state of AZ
+ # of Foundations in 2011: 81,777 + # of active private and community foundations increased by more than 900 in 2009 + 2/3 of active larger foundations were established in last 2 decades + Foundation assets were almost unchanged in 2011 and remain below 2007 peak + 2012 giving = $50.9B + community foundations reported fastest cumulative growth + corporate foundation giving grew fastest in 2011 + LOOK UP STATS ON AZ
List 6 main reasons nonprofits form alliance
+ External environment: 1. Technology, globalization, increased competition, performance culture, etc. 2. Changes in funding environment 3. Political pressures + Internal Drivers: 4. Financial: economies of scale; funding 5. Managerial: expertise 6. Programmatic: expand product or service mix.
What is the relationship between a logic model and evaluation?
+ Logic models provide a foundation for evaluation + provides program description that guides our evaluation process + helps us match evaluation to the program + helps us know what and when to measure + helps us focus on key, important info + helps us prioritize: where will we spend our limited evaluation resources?
List the factors that a social entrepreneur should consider in determining what structure (or type of organization) to use for his social enterprise and explain how these factors help decide which structures to use
+ Motivation (social mission, personal financial objective, how to define success) + Market (who are your customers, competition, value position, market size, profitability) + Capital (how much money you need to launch and run the organization, tax) + Control (confidentiality & secrecy, share control with investors or the public)
Identify unique characteristics of the nonprofit sector (vs. public and for profit sectors)
+ Organizations (formal) + Private + Non-profit-distributing (thenondistributionconstraint) + Self-governing + Voluntary + voluntary board of directors, extensive use of volunteer staff + Of public benefit (the goods and service they provide) + Mixed sources of revenues + Government grants, contracts, fees for services, contributions. NPOs do not receive the bulk of their income from the sales of goods and services in the market + Diverse
What factors should nonprofits consider when they select partners?
+ Previous relationships/reputation + Mission and values compatibility + Program strengths and weakness + Organizational size + Organizational culture + Board and trustee compatibility + Human resource and financial status + Funders' support of partnership
List the 4 main types of foundations in the US
+ Private Foundation - Independent Foundation: generally established by individual donors or donor families, make grants - Corporate Foundation: established by businesses ranging from major corporations to family-owned shops, although legally separate entities - Operating Foundation: primarily run their own programs, but some also make grants. Generally established by individual donors or donor families + Public Foundation - Community Foundation: Raise funds from the public. Engage in grantmaking primarily within a defined geographic area.
the 1976 lobby law and the lobbying ceilings
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Define the nonprofit/third sector
+ These organizations do not exist primarily to generate profits for their owners + In the U.S., NPOs are defined in the Internal Revenue Code, mostly in section 501 + Internal Revenue Code (IRC) 501 (c) : 28 types + 501(c)(3): Religious, charitable, education, etc. + 501(c)(4): civic leagues, social welfare orgs, etc. + 501(c)(3) and 501(c)(4) organizations--70% of all NPOs + Becomes prominent in the last two decades + A major economic and social force at local, national, and international levels "A corporation or an association that conducts business for the benefit of the general public without shareholders and without a profit motive."
Similarities to For ProfitsSimilarities to For Profits
- they have bank accounts - they own productive assets of all kinds - they receive income from sales and other forms of activity (donations/grants) - make and hold passive investments - employ staff - enter into contracts of all sorts
Compare and contrast nonprofit and for-profit boards
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Compare nonprofit and for profit sector HR management
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Define and compare/contrast direct lobby and grassroots lobby
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List and explain 3 theories of the nonprofit sector
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List the 4 categories of sources of giving used by Giving USA annual giving report
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List the 4 socio-demographic characteristics that affect an individual's charitable giving behavior and explain how each characteristic is related to giving
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List the key benefits of obtaining 501(c)(3) status
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List the key requirements/components of the articles of incorporation in AZ
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List the pros and cons of heterogenous vs homogenous boards
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List up to 3 indicators that we can use to measure board effectiveness
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List up to 4 key federal laws and regulations on HR management
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Recognize international NGOs we discussed in class (logo, main activity)
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Recognize lobbying activities/expenditures
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The scope of the nonprofit sector in AZ
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The size and scope of international philanthropy in US foundations
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Understand the IRS annual filing requirements for tax exempt organizations (form 990, form 990-N, form 990-EX, form 990-PF)
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Use indicators to illustrate the importance of the nonprofit sector to the US economy (list up to 4 indicators/numbers)
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What additional info is needed to form a membership nonprofit in AZ?
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What are the main responsibilities of board members
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What are the sanctions for exceeding the lobbying expenditure limit?
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What info/documents of a nonprofit org are subject to public disclosure?
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What type of nonprofits can give donor tax deduction benefit for their donations?
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When can a nonprofit start accepting tax deductible donations?
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List 3 types of collaboration/alliance
1. Administration or program collaborations - Information sharing, joint purchase, program coordination, joint planning -No permanent organizational commitment, decision- making power remains in each organization 2. Administrative consolidation and joint programming - Contracting for services, sharing services, integrated programs - Commitment, decision-making shared, agreement-driven 3. Integration - Joint venture corp., parent/subsidy, management service org., merger - Change org. structure & culture, create/dissolve one or more orgs.
5 types of social enterprise (for profit vs nonprofit)
1. For-profit (C corporation, or limited liability company, LLC), i.e. Whole Foods Market, Inc. contributes 5% of its profits to charity 2. For-profit with a social overlay: low-profit limited liability companies, L3Cs, i.e. Equal Exchange (a cooperative). 3. Hybrid: i.e. Charles Schwab & Company created Schwab Charitable 4. Nonprofit with a mission-related enterprise: i.e. Goodwill 5. Nonprofit: Mercy Corps
What are the 3 main components of a logic model?
1. INPUTS - program investments (staff, volunteers, time, money, etc) 2. OUTPUTS - activities (train, teach, deliver, develop, etc) and participation (participants, clients, customers, agencies, etc) 3. OUTCOMES - short term (awareness, knowledge, attitude), intermediate (behavior, decision making, social action), long term impacts (conditions, social, health economic, etc)
List 3 main funding sources for INGOs and the share of each source
1. National & Int'l orgs in form of grants and reimbursements (35%) 2. Fees and charges (29%) 3. Individual, foundation, corporation donations (36%)
The size and scope of INGO
1874: 32 INGOs 1914: 1083 INGOs 1970: <5000 NGOs 2001: >30,000 2014: 58,000 1-2% of nonprofit sector employment 4 million volunteers in US 45,000 full time jobs (europe & north america have largest # and densities, central & eastern europe have strongest growth)
Define and compare 501(c)(3) and 501(c)(4) NPOs
501(c)(3) organizations are either a public charity, private foundation or private operating foundation with open membership whereas 501(c)(4) organizations are civic leagues or associations operated exclusively for the promotion of social welfare or local associations of employees with limited membership. When it comes to lobbying and political activity, 501(c)(3) organizations can appeal directly to legislative bodies and representatives and may support issue-based legislation. However, they must notify the IRS of their intent to lobby by filing form5768, which formally informs the federal government that one has elected to use the expenditure test to have the organization's lobbying activity measured. Under this test, lobbying capacity is typically limited to spending less than 5 to 20% of the organizational budget on lobbying activities, depending on the size of your organization. 501(c)(4) organizations can engage in unlimited lobbying so long as it pertains to the organization's mission. 501(c)(3) organizations are not permitted to engage in political activity, endorse or oppose political candidates, or donate money or time to political campaigns, but 501(c)(4) organizations can do all of the above. In regards to supporting these organizations, donations made to 501(c)(3) organizations are deductible to the full extent of the law as charitable contributions. Donations made to 501(c)(4) organizations are not deductible, though some businesses who make these contributions often write them off as advertising or business expenses.
Explain basic org difference between (1) ASU (2) Stanford (3) University of Phoenix
ASU - State School, Governor appoints its board members. Board sets tuition. Gov't gave land to build ASU (Tempe) Stanford - Not for Profit School University of Phoenix - For Profit, a corporation
List 4 sub-sectors of NPOs and explain why they're important (know characteristics of each sector, scope, # of orgs, revenue and expenditure compared to other subsectors)
Health Care: Important because without this sector we wouldn't have Hospital Care, In-Home/ outpatient care, Nursing homes, & health insurance. total of: 1,369/ Only 601 filed for 990; 900M in Revenue/ Only 13M for the 2007 Circa that filed 990, Education: Important because without the Education sector we wouldn't have public or public schools in all grade levels. total of: 2,611/ Only 1,014 filed 990; around 700M in revenue/ Only 2M 2007 circa that filed 990 Human Services: Important total of: 5,387/ Only 1,552 filed for 990; 950M in total revenue/ Only 3M 2007 circa filed 990 Arts, Culture & Humanity: total of: 1,608 Only 550 filed for 990; 130M in total revenue/ Only 250M 2007 circa that filed 990.
Define "non-distribution constraint"
Non-profit organizations are subject to what is known as the nondistribution constraint. Simply stated, this means that non-profit organizations cannot distribute profits to those who control it. The nondistribution constraint is the fundamental distinction between non-profit organizations from for-profit organizations
Nonprofits vs For Profits
Nonprofits vs. For Profits - Nonprofits have no outside equity interests - Nonprofits are not privately owned. Rather, they are controlled by a self-perpetuating board of directors with constraints on their activities, as provided in their articles of incorporation *** Nonprofits can make a profit. BUT they must be used to further the purpose of the organization rather than being distributed (private inurement doctrine) Nonprofits are: 1. formally constituted 2. Organized separately from the government 3. Non-profit seeking 4. Self-governing 5. Voluntary to some significant degree 6. Of public benefit
Distinguish outcome evaluation and process evaluation
PROCESS EVALUATION + assessment of the delivery of the program. Is the program reaching the appropriate target population? are the service delivery and components consistent with program design specifications? OUTCOME EVALUATION + Does the program work?! High stakes, politically charged + condition of the target population that a program is expected to change + observed characteristics of the population target - NOT the program + outcomes are not inherently changes that can be attributed to the program. + evaluators need to determine if the outcome reflects a change and if the change can be attributed to the program
For NPOs, what are the 4 categories of revenue sources and how are the revenue sources different among the 4 subsectors
Private Contribution, Private Payments, Government Grants, Investment and other revenue.
Know how to develop a logic model
Series of If-then relationships. Work backwards from the last part: outcomes
