Non-Systems Basecamp

Which need would receive the lowest priority according to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs? the need to be respected by others the need to be appreciated the need to feel secure the need to fulfill spiritual goals

the need to fulfill spiritual goals Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs hypothesizes that there is a hierarchy of biogenic and psychogenic needs that individuals must progress through. In order to move to a higher level of needs, an individual must attain the objectives associated with the previous level. In essence, an individual must achieve basic or fundamental needs before moving to upper level needs. The need to fulfill spiritual goals is considered a type of self-actualization need which is the highest level in the hierarchy, meaning that it would receive the lowest priority.

Which of the following is not a homebound qualification? the patient has difficulty driving to medical appointments the patient requires physical assistance outside of the home the patient goes out once a week to attend religious services the patient requires taxing effort to leave the home

the patient has difficulty driving to medical appointments To be homebound means that leaving home isn't recommended because of the patient's condition; the condition prevents the patient from leaving without help (wheelchair, walker, assist from another person); and leaving home takes a considerable and taxing effort. Medicare allows homebound individuals to leave the home for medical appointments and religious services. Being unable to drive does not qualify a patient as homebound.

Which of the following factors is of least importance when selecting an assistive device? the patient's level of understanding the patient's height and weight the patient's upper and lower extremity strength the patient's level of coordination

the patient's height and weight There are a variety of assistive devices that can accommodate for patients of different size and weight. The other presented options are critical to assess in order to select an appropriate assistive device.

Which of the following is not considered an appropriate patient identifier? the patient's name the patient's room number the patient's date of birth the patient's identification number

the patient's room number According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a patient should be identified by at least two identifiers upon admission to a hospital, transfer to another hospital or other care setting, or prior to administration of care. Appropriate identifiers include the patient's name, date of birth, and identification number. The patient's room number should not be used as a patient identifier.

A simple definition of reliability would be: the reproducibility of an instrument the validity of an instrument the success of an instrument the complexity of an instrument

the reproducibility of an instrument Reliability is the degree to which an assessment tool produces stable and consistent results.

Who is responsible for filling out an incident report? the patient's family member the witness the patient the case manager

the witness An incident report is a factual written summary of an adverse event designed to memorialize specific details of the event and to limit future liability of the organization. Information obtained from the incident report is often used to guide risk management initiatives. The individual responsible for the potential or actual harmful incident or the individual who witnessed an injury would be the most appropriate party to complete the incident form.

When performing an independent standing pivot transfer, what would be the appropriate positioning of the therapist's knees? both knees on the outside of the patient's knees both knees on the inside of the patient's knees one knee on the inside of the patient's knee with a foot on the outside of the patient's foot therapist only uses standby assistance without physical contact

therapist only uses standby assistance without physical contact When performing transfers, a therapist should give as little assistance as necessary to complete the transfer. If a patient is able to perform a transfer independently, then the therapist should only provide standby assistance and allow the patient to complete the transfer on their own.

A patient may be held in a hospital against their will under which circumstance? they have been deemed dangerous to themselves or others by a court of law the attending physician determines they require continued care the patient's spouse requests further medical care the patient has a terminal illness

they have been deemed dangerous to themselves or others by a court of law An individual may be held in an institution against their will only when the patient is judged by a court of law to be mentally ill or dangerous to themselves and others, and who requires admission to a psychiatric ward or center.

Which gait pattern is most closely associated with a patient ambulating by advancing the assistive device followed by the injured lower extremity and then the uninjured lower extremity? one-point two-point three-point four-point

three-point A three-point gait pattern is characterized by advancing the assistive device followed by the injured lower extremity and then the uninjured lower extremity. This pattern can be used with a walker or crutches. The assistive device and each lower extremity are considered separate points.

A walker is used with which gait pattern? one-point two-point three-point four-point

three-point In a three-point gait pattern, the assistive device is advanced followed by the injured lower extremity and then the uninjured lower extremity. The assistive device and each lower extremity are considered separate points.

Which of the following gait patterns is most characteristic of ambulation with a walker? two-point pattern three-point pattern four-point pattern swing-through pattern

three-point pattern A three-point gait pattern is generally used when a patient is non-weight bearing on one limb. The walker is advanced first along with the non-weight bearing limb, then the other limb follows. Two-point and four-point gait patterns can only be used with bilateral ambulation aids. A swing-through gait pattern is characterized by the patient being able to swing their legs past the point of the assistive device, which is not typically possible with a walker.

Which recommendation should be provided to an older adult in order to help prevent medication-related poisoning incidents? take other people's medications throw away discontinued medications change the dose of medications as seen fit mix alcohol with medications

throw away discontinued medications Although poisoning incidents happen more frequently in children, poison control centers receive many calls from adults regarding accidental medication poisonings. Recommendations that can be given to adults include contacting a healthcare provider if they have questions, using a medication calendar or pill dispenser as a reminder tool, requesting large-print labels, avoiding sharing and taking other people's prescriptions, throwing away discontinued medications, and avoiding mixing alcohol with medications without first checking with the pharmacist.

T/F arterial line can be used to obtain blood samples

true

T/F bowel incontinence is an indication for the use of biofeedback

true

T/F cold packs should be cooled for at least 30 minutes between uses

true

T/F during the half-kneeling lift, the object should be placed onto the knee before standing

true

T/F duty cycle is used when applying NMES to decrease muscle fatigue

true

T/F external fixation device enhances stability and allows for earlier mobility

true

T/F floor of axilla is used when measuring back height

true

T/F floor reaction AFO assists with knee extension during stance

true

T/F hydrochloric acid tends to form under the positive electrode

true

T/F intermittent compression is a common modality for treating primary lymphedema

true

T/F intermittent compression may be coupled with therapeutic cold and electrical stimulation

true

T/F joystick control options can be adapted for operation by the chin

true

T/F massage is capable of producing mechanics and reflexive effects

true

T/F max intensity utilized with iontophoresis is 4mA

true

T/F phonophoresis can be used with both continuous and pulsed techniques

true

T/F posterior buttock is used when measuring seat depth

true

T/F relative changes in tissues temp will be influenced by the intensity of the heating agent, duration of exposure, and thermal conductivity of tissues

true

T/F sip and puff control is used to control direction based on force of inhalation/exhalation

true

T/F superficial thermotherapy increases blood flow, metabolic rate and neuromuscular processes

true

T/F surface electrodes are better than indwelling electrodes at quantifying muscle activity in large muscle groups

true

T/F the goal of petrissage is the loose adhesions and improve lymphatic return

true

T/F the height of crutches should be adjusted to allow for 2-3 finger widths of space from the axilla

true

T/F when seated at a desk, the feet should be placed flat on the floor or supported

true

T/F when using contrast bath, the cold bath should be 50-60º

true

When performing intermittent traction on a split traction table, the table should be split: at the start of the session when the session is over when the traction force is at its lowest level when the traction force approaches its maximum force

when the traction force approaches its maximum force The use of a split traction table can eliminate the majority of friction between the patient's body and the treatment table. If intermittent traction is used, the table should be split when traction approaches its maximum force.

In order to reach deeper structures with electrical stimulation, the electrodes should be placed: close together far apart on top of each other in parallel

far apart The closer together electrodes are configured, the more superficially the current travels. Conversely, the greater the distance between the electrodes, the deeper the current travels.

abnormal potential associated with anterior horn cell degeneration

fasciculation

spontaneous abnormal potentials that are indicative of LMN disease are known as ____ potentials

fibrillation

T/F when pulling an object, the force should be applied at an oblique angle to the surface

false parallel

T/F quad cane provides max stability and security for a pt during beginning stages of ambulation

false parallel bars

T/F Craig-scott KAFO allows a person to stand with an anterior lean of the trunk

false posterio

T/F non-proportional controls modulate w/c speed based on displacement of joystick

false proportional control

T/F central venous pressure catheter is commonly used to measure pressure in the left ventricle

false right atrium

T/F popliteal fold is used when measuring seat width

false seat depth

T/F when pushing an object across the floor, the pt should be in an erect upright position

false semi-squat

T/F crutches are the AD that provide the least amount of support

false single point cane

T/F cane provides large BOS

false small

T/F pt should not apply ice massage independently

false they can

T/F it is safe to use US over epiphyseal areas in young children

false unsafe

T/F superficial thermotherapy increases skin temp and superficial subcutaneous tissue to depths up to 4 cm

false up to 2 cm

T/F walker is often used with a 2 point gait pattern

false 3 point

T/F large electrodes have an increased current density and impedance

false decreased current density

which of the following hydrotherapy tanks would be most appropriate for full body immersion? lowboy tank highboy tank hubbard tank extremity tank

hubbard tank

Which ion would most likely be used with iontophoresis to treat dermal ulcers and wounds? dexamethasone zinc oxide magnesium sulfate salicylates

zinc oxide Zinc oxide has a positive polarity and therefore would be applied beneath the positive pole (anode).

In what section of a S.O.A.P. note should the results of a manual muscle test be recorded? subjective objective assessment plan

objective The objective section of a S.O.A.P. note contains the patient's progress toward the functional outcomes, including the results of any tests and measures performed. It also provides details of the interventions performed.

Which muscle group is most important when ambulating with axillary crutches? wrist extensors wrist flexors scapular depressors scapular elevators

scapular depressors When ambulating with axillary crutches, it is important to keep the superior surface of the crutches from forcefully rising into the axilla. To accomplish this, the scapular depressors, such as the latissimus dorsi, need to actively control this movement.

which of the following w/c measurements is obtained by measuring from pt's heel to popliteal fold? seat height seat depth seat width armrest height

seat height

Assuming the goal is to reduce the incidence of stroke, a low-dose aspirin regimen for an individual with coronary artery disease is an example of what type of prevention? primary prevention secondary prevention tertiary prevention quaternary prevention

secondary prevention Secondary prevention is the process of reducing symptoms and/or slowing the progression of a disease. A low-dose aspirin regimen for someone diagnosed with coronary artery disease is considered secondary prevention because the goal is to halt or slow the disease process. The presence of coronary artery disease is a significant risk factor associated with stroke.

what is the min. distance a computer monitor should be placed away from the user? 10 inches 20 30 40

20 inches

approx. how long should a cold back be applied in order to reduce the temp of skin and subcutaneous tissues up to 2 cm in depth? 1 min 5 min 10 min 20 min

20 min

What is the most appropriate duration for the application of a cold pack? 5 minutes 8 minutes 20 minutes 30 minutes

20 minutes A cold pack contains silica gel and is available in a variety of shapes and sizes. The most common application time is 20 minutes.

How long would it take to administer a 40 mA/min dosage at an amplitude of 2.0 mA using iontophoresis? 10 minutes 20 minutes 40 minutes 80 minutes

20 minutes It would take 20 minutes to administer a 40 mA/min dosage at an amplitude of 2.0 mA since 40 mA/min / 2.0 mA = 20 minutes.

Compression garments are available over the counter if they have a compression class (CC) of less than: 20 mm Hg 30 mm Hg 40 mm Hg 50 mm Hg

20 mm Hg Compression garments are ordered by compression class (CC). Garments with a CC of less than 20 mm Hg are available over the counter while garments with a higher resting pressure require a prescription.

Which duration of time would be considered acceptable when washing hands between patients? 10 seconds 20 seconds 40 seconds 60 seconds

20 seconds Hand hygiene is the most important safety precaution health care professionals can take in the prevention of bacteria transmission. Using adequate friction and ordinary soap, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention recommends continuous hand scrubbing for 20 seconds to remove transient bacteria

How much elbow flexion should exist when an individual is grasping the handgrips of axillary crutches with the wrists in a neutral position? 5-10 degrees 10-15 degrees 15-20 degrees 20-25 degrees

20-25 degrees The handgrip height of the axillary crutches should be adjusted to the ulnar styloid process and allow for 20-25 degrees of elbow flexion while grasping the handgrip.

when ambulating with an AD, the elbows are flexed: 5-10º 10-15º 15-25º 20-25º

20-25º

cold packs are typically stored in a cooling unit that should be approximately how many degrees F? 5º 15º 25º 32º

25º

What ultrasound frequency should be used to heat tissues 1-2 centimeters in depth? 1 MHz 3 MHz 1.0 W/cm2 1.5 W/cm2

3 MHz A frequency of 3 MHz is best for heating more superficial tissues 1-2 cm deep, while 1 MHz is used to heat tissues up to 5 cm deep. W/cm2 is a measure of intensity.

How many finger widths of space should exist between the top of the crutch pads and the base of the axilla? 1 finger width 3 finger widths 5 finger widths 7 finger widths

3 finger widths Crutches should be positioned 1.0-2.0 inches below the axilla or 2-3 finger widths. If the crutches are too close to the axilla they increase the risk of axillary nerve compression.

which of the following time sequencing is appropriate for a contrast bath? 3-4 min of heat, 3-4 min of cold 3-4 min of heat, 1 min of cold 1 min of heat, 3-4 min of cold 1 min of heat, 1 min of cold

3-4 min of heat, 1 min of cold

Which ultrasound parameters would be most likely used to produce nonthermal effects? 0.5 W/cm2 with a 20% duty cycle 2.0 W/cm2 with a 20% duty cycle 0.8 W/cm2 1.5 W/cm2

0.5 W/cm2 with a 20% duty cycle Pulsed ultrasound is normally set between 0.5 to 0.75 W/cm2 with a 20% duty cycle for nonthermal effects. Intensity for continuous ultrasound is normally set between 0.5 to 2.0 W/cm2 for thermal effects.

Ideally the height of a step should be no higher than: 4 inches 7 inches 10 inches 13 inches

7 inches Ideally a step should be no taller than 7 inches and at least 11 inches deep. A step that is over 8 inches tall is particularly problematic for many individuals. Typically there is a half-inch overhang on each step called a nosing which can result in an individual catching their toe. Wood bevels applied to the undersurface of the nosing can reduce this tripping hazard.

which temp would be the most appropriate for a room where massage is administered? 68º 72º 78º 84º

72º

When using an intermittent vasopneumatic compression device to treat a patient with lower extremity edema, which value best represents the upper pressure limit? 20 mm Hg 40 mm Hg 60 mm Hg 80 mm Hg

80 mm Hg When using an intermittent vasopneumatic compression device for the treatment of edema, 40-80 mm Hg is an appropriate pressure for the lower extremities, while 30-60 mm Hg would be appropriate for the upper extremities.

How many inches above the seat should the top of the armrest be positioned in a standard wheelchair? 5 inches 7 inches 9 inches 11 inches

9 inches Armrest height is measured from the seat of the chair to the olecranon process with the patient's elbow flexed to 90 degrees. One inch is then added to the obtained value.

Which percent grade would be inappropriate for a wheelchair ramp? 1.7 percent 5.7 percent 8.2 percent 9.4 percent

9.4 percent The percent grade reflects the angle of inclination. 8.3% is the maximum percent grade allowable according to the Americans with Disabilities Act.

when seated at a desk, the knees should be bent to ____º with the feet supported on the floor

90

What degree angle should an energy source be delivered to the target area in order to be most effective? 0 35 45 90

90 When thermal energy is applied to the body, the maximum effect occurs when the energy is applied to the body at a right angle. As the angle increases or decreases from 90 degrees, a portion of the energy is reflected from the target site, resulting in a reduction in the level of energy absorbed.

monophasic pulsatile current has ___ phase for each pulse

1

Which type of wheelchair would possess a seat that is significantly lower than a traditional wheelchair? "amputee" wheelchair "hemiplegic" wheelchair one-hand drive wheelchair ultralight wheelchair

"hemiplegic" wheelchair The seat of a "hemiplegic" wheelchair is lowered approximately two inches to allow the patient to use the lower extremities to assist with wheelchair propulsion.

When fitting a patient with Lofstrand crutches, where should the arm cuff be placed to ensure proper fit? 1.5 inches distal to the olecranon process 4.5 inches distal to the olecranon process 6 inches distal to the olecranon process mid forearm

1.5 inches distal to the olecranon process For proper fitting of Lofstrand crutches, the arm cuff should be positioned one to one and a half inches distal to the olecranon process. Lofstrand crutches can be used with all levels of weight bearing, however, require significant coordination for proper use.

According to the Americans with Disabilities Act, what is the maximum amount of pile a carpet can have? 1/8 inch 1/4 inch 1/2 inch 3/4 inch

1/2 inch Pile refers to the relative height of carpet determined by the fabric loops. Shag carpet, for example, would have a relatively high pile, while shorter more compact carpet would have lower pile. Carpet with a pile greater than ½ inch would be unacceptable since it would make mobility excessively difficult.

a computer monitor display should be directed so it is how many degrees below horizontal? 10 degrees 30 50 60

10 degrees

What percentage of body weight would be borne through the lower extremities when walking in water immersed up to the neck? 10% 30% 70% 90%

10% The deeper the body is immersed in water the greater the buoyant force exerted on the body. As a result, with near full body immersion the actual weight bearing forces are extremely minimal.

What rate should a therapist perform chest compressions when performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation? 60 beats per minute 75 beats per minute 90 beats per minute 100 beats per minute

100 beats per minute When performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) the rate of compressions should be 100 beats per minute.

Which of the following temperatures represents an appropriate temperature setting for fluidotherapy? 105 degrees Fahrenheit 120 degrees Fahrenheit 135 degrees Fahrenheit 150 degrees Fahrenheit

105 degrees Fahrenheit Appropriate temperature for fluidotherapy should be between 100-118 degrees Fahrenheit. Fluidotherapy consists of a container that circulates warm air and small cellulose particles. The superficial heating modality generates dry heat through forced convection.

When treating a patient with vapocoolant spray, at what distance from the skin should the spray be applied? 4-6 inches 6-8 inches 8-12 inches 12-18 inches

12-18 inches The spray should be applied at 12-18 inches and at a 30 degree angle to the skin. It must be applied in one direction only and not in a back and forth motion. Special care must be taken to cover the patient's eyes, nose, and mouth if spraying near the face.

What is an appropriate ratio of length to height when building a wheelchair accessible ramp? 2:1 4:1 10:1 12:1

12:1 When building a ramp for wheelchair accessibility, there should be no more than 1 inch of height (i.e., rise) for every 12 inches of length (i.e., run).

If a patient's thigh measures to 16 inches in length, approximately how deep should the seat of their wheelchair be? 12 inches 13 inches 14 inches 15 inches

14 inches When determining the appropriate seat depth of a wheelchair, the patient's lateral thigh should be measured from the posterior buttock to the popliteal fold. Two inches should be subtracted from that measurement to avoid pressure from the seat against the popliteal fold.

When treating a patient using a Cryo Cuff, how high above the level of the sleeve should the container be elevated for proper cooling and compression? 8-10 inches 11-14 inches 15-18 inches 19-21 inches

15-18 inches The container should be elevated 15-18 inches above the Cryo Cuff for proper cooling and compression. The device can provide hours of mild cooling at levels far below the intensity of other cryotherapeutic agents, such as ice massage or cold packs.

What is the most appropriate temperature of water in which to store hot packs? 148-157 degrees Fahrenheit 158-167 degrees Fahrenheit 168-177 degrees Fahrenheit 178-187 degrees Fahrenheit

158-167 degrees Fahrenheit Hot packs should be stored in water that has a temperature between 158-167 degrees Fahrenheit. Application requires the use of towels or hot pack covers between the hot pack and skin. If commercial hot pack covers are used, they typically are equivalent to two to three layers of towels.

Back height in a standard wheelchair would typically be measured as: 14 inches 15 inches 16 inches 17 inches

16 inches Back height in a standard wheelchair is typically 16-16.5 inches. When measuring back height for a wheelchair, the therapist measures from the seat of the chair to the base of the axilla. The therapist then subtracts four inches from the obtained measure.

A ramp which begins at ground level and ends 18 inches above ground should be at least how many feet long? 9 feet 18 feet 27 feet 36 feet

18 feet A ramp must possess a minimum of one inch of rise for every 12 inches of run. As a result, 18 inches of rise would require a ramp with a minimum of 18 feet of run.

which of the following is an ideal size for a computer monitor? 12 inches 18 30 42

18 inches

When first utilizing electrical stimulation for muscle strengthening, what is the most appropriate on:off ratio? 1:1 1:3 1:5 1:10

1:5 The long off time is required to minimize muscle fatigue. As the patient gradually gets stronger, the ratio may be decreased to 1:4 or 1:3.

which distance would be appropriate for the transducer in relation to the skin when performing US under water? 2cm 4 cm 6 cm 10 cm

2 cm

How far below the axilla should the top of a properly fitted axillary crutch be positioned? 2 inches 4 inches 6 inches 8 inches

2 inches Axillary crutches can be used with all levels of weight bearing, however, require significant coordination for proper use. Proper fit includes positioning the crutches six inches in front and two inches lateral to the patient. The crutch height should be adjusted no greater than two to three finger widths from the base of the axilla.

To what depth should compressions be administered when performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation on an adult? 2 inches 1.5 inches 1 inch 0.5 inch

2 inches When performing compressions on an adult during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), the compression depth should be at least 2 inches. When performing CPR on an infant, the compression depth is 1.5 inches.

How many degrees of cervical spine flexion would be the most appropriate when targeting the lower cervical spine using mechanical traction in supine? neutral 5 degrees 15 degrees 30 degrees

30 degrees When treating the lower cervical spine with mechanical traction, 25-35 degrees of flexion is sufficient to flatten the lordosis and achieve a neutral position.

After using a cold pack on a patient, how long should the cold pack remain in the cooler before being removed for use on another patient? 30 minutes 60 minutes 90 minutes 120 minutes

30 minutes A cold pack should be chilled for a half hour between uses. A cold pack should be applied for approximately 20 minutes. Applying a cold pack for this duration reduces the temperature of the skin and subcutaneous tissues for up to two centimeters in depth.

treatment of UE with an intermittent pneumatic compression pump generally requires inflation of: 10-30 mmHg 30-60 mmHg 60-90 mmHg 90-120 mmHg

30-60 mmHg

What is the ratio of cardiac compressions to breaths during two-person cardiopulmonary resuscitation? 5:1 10:1 15:1 30:2

30:2 The ratio of cardiac compressions to breaths during one or two-person cardiopulmonary resuscitation is 30:2.

at what angle and distance should vapocoolant spray be applied? 30º; 6-12 inches away 45º; 6-12 inches away 30º; 12-18 inches away 45º; 12-18 inches away

30º; 12-18 inches away

When considering wheelchair accessibility, how high should a sink be off of the ground? 20 inches 26 inches 32 inches 38 inches

32 inches For a sink to be wheelchair accessible, it should be 32-34 inches from the floor. Sinks that are too high will not allow the patient to reach the faucet and handles. Sinks that are too low will also not be accessible since the patient's knees will not be able to fit under the sink, leaving the sink and handles at an inaccessible difference.

When considering wheelchair accessibility in the home, what is the minimum width needed for doorways? 26 inches 32 inches 38 inches 44 inches

32 inches To allow for accessibility of a wheelchair, doorways should be at least 32 inches in width, though 36 inches is preferable.

Which number represents an acceptable height for handrails to be placed? 24 inches 30 inches 36 inches 42 inches

36 inches The standard height for handrails is between 34 and 38 inches. The handrail should extend a minimum of 12 inches beyond the foot and top of the stairs. The diameter of handrails should be between 1.5 and 2 inches.

which US frequency setting would be most appropriate when treating superficial tissues? 1MHz 3MHz

3MHz

An iontophoresis treatment with a dosage of 40 milliamp minutes could be delivered in 10 minutes with a current amplitude of: 0.4 milliamp 1.0 milliamp 2.0 milliamp 4.0 milliamp

4.0 milliamp The treatment would require a current amplitude of 4.0 milliamp (mA) to administer a dosage of 40 milliamp minutes (mA-min) for 10 minutes during an iontophoresis treatment since 40 mA-min/10 min = 4.0 mA.

treatment of LE with an intermittent pneumatic compression pump generally requires inflation of: 10-20 mmHg 20-40 mmHg 40-80 mmHg 80-120 mmHg

40-80 mmHg

what is an appropriate rate to move a transducer during US treatment? 4cm/sec 8cm/sec 12cm/sec 16cm/sec

4cm/sec

How many degrees of cervical flexion are most appropriate to target the upper cervical spine during traction? 5 degrees 15 degrees 30 degrees 40 degrees

5 degrees The amount of flexion in the cervical spine allows clinicians to target specific spinal levels: upper cervical spine (C1-C2) = 0-5 degrees of flexion, midcervical spine (C3-C4) =10-20 degrees of flexion, lower cervical spine (C5-C7) = 25-35 degrees of flexion.

Which general rule best determines the length of treatment when using ultrasound? 2 minutes for every area that is 2-3 times that size of the transducer face 5 minutes for every area that is 2-3 times the size of the transducer face 5 minutes is the maximum treatment time regardless of the treatment area 10 minutes is the maximum treatment time regardless of the treatment area

5 minutes for every area that is 2-3 times the size of the transducer face Duration of ultrasound is determined based on a number of variables including the size of the treatment area. An area two to three times the size of the transducer typically requires a duration of five minutes.

When treating a patient with ice cup massage, the treatment should continue until the patient reports analgesia which typically takes how long to occur? 3-5 minutes 5-10 minutes 10-15 minutes 15-20 minutes

5-10 minutes Ice massage typically cools tissues more rapidly than other types of cryotherapy, including an ice pack or ice bag and analgesia is typically achieved within 5-10 minutes. The therapist should inspect the skin during treatment and after the completion of treatment. Normally, the skin should appear to be red or dark pink. An abnormal response is most often noted by the presence of wheals or a rash.

When treating a patient with cold bath immersion, what water temperature would be most appropriate? 45-54 degrees Fahrenheit 55-64 degrees Fahrenheit 65-74 degrees Fahrenheit 75-84 degrees Fahrenheit

55-64 degrees Fahrenheit The water temperature for cold bath immersion should be between 55-64 degrees Fahrenheit. The body part should be immersed for 15-20 minutes to attain the desired therapeutic effects. The lower the temperature selected, the shorter the duration of treatment.

When fitting a patient for axillary crutches, the base of each crutch should be placed where in relation to the patient's body? 2 inches anterior, 6 inches lateral 2 inches anterior, 4 inches lateral 4 inches anterior, 4 inches lateral 6 inches anterior, 2 inches lateral

6 inches anterior, 2 inches lateral For proper fit, the base of axillary crutches should be placed six inches anterior and two inches lateral in relation to the patient. The crutch height should be adjusted no greater than three finger widths from the axilla. The handgrip height should be adjusted to the ulnar styloid process and allow for 20-25 degrees of elbow flexion while grasping the handgrip.

How many liters of oxygen per minute is the maximum provided from a nasal cannula? 3 liters per minute 4 liters per minute 5 liters per minute 6 liters per minute

6 liters per minute A nasal cannula consists of tubing extending approximately one centimeter into each of the patient's nostrils. The maximum oxygen output is 6 liters per minute.

it is recommended that workers sitting at a desk should take a 30 sec exercise break every _____ minutes

60

According to the Americans with Disabilities Act, what is the minimum hallway width required for two wheelchairs to pass? 54 inches 60 inches 66 inches 72 inches

60 inches According to the Americans with Disabilities Act, the minimum hallway width for a single wheelchair is 36 inches and 60 inches for two wheelchairs.

Assuming a normal distribution, approximately what percentage of all values fall within two standard deviations above and below the mean? 34% 68% 95% 99%

95% Standard deviation is a measure of the spread of data about the mean. With a bell-shaped distribution, approximately 68% of the values fall within one standard deviation of the mean, 95% of the values fall within two standard deviations of the mean, and over 99% of the values fall within three standard deviations of the mean.

Which diagnostic test is an invasive test which utilizes isotopes to identify stress fractures, infection, and tumors? fluoroscopy computed tomography bone scan magnetic resonance imaging

: bone scan A bone scan is an invasive test which utilizes isotopes to identify stress fractures, infection, and tumors. Bone scans can identify bone disease or stress fractures with as little as 4-7% bone loss.

What is the proper order of assistive devices from the greatest assistance to least assistance? A. parallel bars, walker, axillary crutches, Lofstrand crutches, cane B. parallel bars, axillary crutches, walker, Lofstrand crutches, cane C. parallel bars, Lofstrand crutches, walker, axillary crutches, cane D. parallel bars, Lofstrand crutches, axillary crutches, walker, cane

A. parallel bars, walker, axillary crutches, Lofstrand crutches, cane Parallel bars are the most stable since they are secured firmly to the floor. Canes are the least stable and are mainly prescribed for assistance with balance. Canes are not used for patients with weight bearing restrictions.

Which of the following conditions would serve as the largest obstacle to using a power wheelchair? stage 1 pressure ulcer hypotonicity with poor trunk control 2+ pitting edema in the lower extremity Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease Cognitive impairments are absolute contraindications to power wheelchair use. If the patient has Alzheimer's disease, memory and other central processing functions are likely affected which would potentially impact the patient's ability to safely utilize a power wheelchair.

What law protects individuals with disabilities from discrimination? Americans with Disabilities Act Occupational Safety and Health Act Family and Medical Leave Act Affordable Care Act

Americans with Disabilities Act The Americans with Disabilities Act provides protection against discrimination to Americans with disabilities. This is similar to the protections provided by the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which made it illegal to discriminate based on race, religion, sex, national origin, and other characteristics.

defined area beneath a person when performing a lift

BOS

Which of the following is the most appropriate for daytime use by a 14-year-old female with a mid-thoracic curve of 25 degrees? Boston thoracolumbosacral orthosis Philadelphia collar Jewett brace halo-vest

Boston thoracolumbosacral orthosis The Boston thoracolumbosacral orthosis is used for daytime bracing and is most effective for curves below 35 degrees. A spinal orthosis is often warranted for scoliotic curves ranging from 25-40 degrees. Surgical intervention may be necessary for curves over 40 degrees.

which of the following settings would be used when beginning biofeedback treatment for the purpose of muscle relaxation? A. electrodes far apart, high sensitivity B. electrodes far apart, low sensitivity C. electrodes close together, high sensitivity D. electrodes close together, low sensitivity

C. electrodes close together, high sensitivity

maintained within the BOS when lifting

COG

The rights of individuals who are culturally diverse are best protected through the: Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Civil Rights Act Affordable Care Act The United States National Health Care Act

Civil Rights Act Many rights of people who are culturally diverse are protected by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. In addition, these or similar rights may be contained in institutional personal policies, patient rights statements, and governmental documents.

Which method of heat transfer would be considered a form of conduction? whirlpool ultrasound Cryo Cuff vapocoolant spray

Cryo Cuff The Cryo Cuff transfers heat through conduction. Conduction refers to the gain or loss of heat resulting from direct contact between two materials at different temperatures.

Which instructions are most appropriate when ascending/descending stairs with unilateral extremity involvement? A. ascend with the involved leg and descend with the involved leg B. ascend with the uninvolved leg and descend with the uninvolved leg C. ascend with the involved leg and descend with the uninvolved leg D. ascend with the uninvolved leg and descend with the involved leg

D. ascend with the uninvolved leg and descend with the involved leg When ascending stairs, patients will want to be instructed to step up with their "good" leg first so that the quadriceps muscle of the uninvolved leg is performing the majority of the work. When descending stairs it is best to instruct a patient to step down with the involved leg first so that the uninvolved leg is eccentrically contracting and carrying the majority of the body weight.

Which diagnostic test is non-invasive and relies on the transmission and reflection of high frequency sound waves to produce cross-sectional images in a variety of planes? fluoroscopy computed tomography Doppler ultrasonography magnetic resonance imaging

Doppler ultrasonography Doppler ultrasonography is safer, less expensive, and requires a shorter time period than more invasive tests such as arteriography and venography. It evaluates blood flow in the major veins, arteries, and cerebrovascular system.

abbreviation of a safety device associated with electrical outlets

GFCI ground fault circuit interrupters

Which wheelchair frame would be the best choice for a patient who is unable to self-propel or operate a power wheelchair safely? hemi Geri chair tilt-in-space power wheelchair

Geri chair The Geri chair is designed for long-term use and is durable enough to accommodate morbidly obese patients. The chair can fully recline and can be used as a transportable hospital bed if needed. The chair also can be fitted with accessories such as trays, restraints and elevating foot rests.

Which document, produced by the American Physical Therapy Association, provides the best description of current patient care standards for physical therapists? Guide to Physical Therapist Practice Professionalism in Physical Therapy: Core Values Physical Therapy State Practice Act Standing Rules of the American Physical Therapy Association

Guide to Physical Therapist Practice The Guide to Physical Therapist Practice, published by the American Physical Therapy Association, describes physical therapy practice. The document is used as a resource by physical therapists, physical therapist assistants, students, and other health care professionals.

Which of the following acts would be violated by disclosing a patient's identity or medical information against their will? Americans with Disabilities Act Equal Pay Act Family Medical Leave Act Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) protects the privacy of individually identifiable health information and sets national standards for the security of electronic protected health information. This law allows patients to have more access to their individual healthcare information and more control over their identity.

which of the following is used for delivery of fluids, nutrients and medications? NG tube gastric tube jejunostomy tube IV system

IV system

Which assistive device would be most appropriate for maximizing function in a patient who is partial weight bearing on one lower extremity and is four weeks status post-bilateral mastectomy? walking sticks hemi walker axillary crutches Lofstrand crutches

Lofstrand crutches Lofstrand crutches are appropriate when the support of axillary crutches is not needed or when other factors prove axillary crutches inappropriate. In this case, a history of bilateral mastectomy has associated axillary lymph node involvement. Excess pressure in the axillary region would be inappropriate.

abbreviation of dx test utilizing magnetic fields

MRI

Which of the following is the primary payer for long-term care services for older adults? Medicaid Medicare managed care insurance private insurance

Medicaid Medicaid is the primary payer for long-term care services and supports low-income individuals across the age spectrum.

A patient receiving dialysis for end-stage renal disease would most likely be covered by what type of health insurance? Medicare Medicaid Workers' Compensation private insurance

Medicare Medicare is a nationwide program that provides health insurance for individuals over 65 years of age. Medicare also covers certain categories of the disabled, renal dialysis, and transplant patients. Patients receiving dialysis for end-stage renal disease are immediately eligible for Medicare.

What are the units associated with ultrasound frequency? cm2 W/cm2 Hertz Megahertz

Megahertz Frequency is the primary determinant in the depth of ultrasound penetration and is measured in megahertz (MHz). A frequency setting of 1 MHz is used for deeper tissues while a setting of 3 MHz is used for more superficial tissues (one to two centimeters).

Which cervical orthosis effectively limits motion in all planes and allows for early mobility and rehabilitation after a vertebral fracture? Jewett orthosis Milwaukee brace Boston brace Minerva orthosis

Minerva orthosis The Minerva orthosis positions the head and applies stabilizing forces under and around the chin and occiput to restrict flexion and extension, lateral motion and rotation of the head and cervical spine. The remaining options would not limit mobility in the cervical spine.

Which type of protective equipment needs to be worn if airborne precautions are being followed? N-95 respirator gloves and gown gloves, gown, and N-95 respirator gloves, gown, and mask

N-95 respirator A N-95 respirator needs to be worn if airborne precautions are being followed since this device helps to filter the air so that airborne microorganisms cannot be inhaled. Gloves and gown only need to be worn when contact precautions are being followed.

Which Medicare plan covers hospitalization for patients over the age of 65? Part A Part B Part C Part D

Part A Medicare Part A covers hospitalization, post-hospital extended care, and home health care of patients 65 years and older. Medicare Part B provides coverage for outpatient services. Medicare Part C is a policy that permits private health insurance companies to provide Medicare benefits to patients. Medicare Part D is a prescription drug plan that is voluntary and requires a monthly premium for patient services.

indwelling R atrial catheter is inserted into the ____ ____ for long term administration of antibiotics

R atrium

continuous or pulsed mode

duty cycle

T/F a desk chair should be able to swivel 360º

true

T/F arterial line is more accurate at measuring BP than conventional methods

True

identify 2 therapeutic agents that do no transfer heat through conduction paraffin cold pack US vapocoolant spray hot pack

US vapocoolant spray

T/F a walker can be used with all levels of WB

true

Which patient is at the highest risk for elder abuse? a 68-year-old female with osteoporosis a 90-year-old male with type 2 diabetes mellitus a 78-year-old female with Alzheimer's disease a 72-year-old male with congestive heart failure

a 78-year-old female with Alzheimer's disease Elder abuse can affect anyone, but victims are most commonly over 75 years of age, female, physically or mentally impaired, and dependent on their abuser for their care.

An incident report should be filed when: a death occurs a patient is harmed a liquid spills on the floor a patient is not feeling well

a patient is harmed An incident report is a factual written summary of an adverse event designed to memorialize specific details of the event and to limit future liability of the organization. Information obtained from the incident report is often used to guide risk management initiatives.

Which scenario would not require the use of a platform attachment on an assistive device? A. a patient with significantly impaired balance B. a patient with a transradial amputation C. a patient with triceps weakness due to nerve damage D. a patient with a fractured scaphoid

a patient with significantly impaired balance A platform attachment can be added to a Lofstrand crutch, forearm crutch or walker. The platform attachment is used for patients who cannot bear weight through their wrists and hands (e.g., fracture), have severe wrist or finger deformities, have a below-elbow amputation or are unable to extend one or both elbows.

What is the amount that employers pay to Workers' Compensation primarily based on? number of employees risk rating of the job and gross profit of the company gross profit of the company and number of employees a percentage of each employees salary and the risk rating of the job

a percentage of each employees salary and the risk rating of the job The amount that employers pay to Workers' Compensation is based on a percentage of each employee's salary and the risk rating of the job. All other options are incomplete or contain incorrect answers.

A solid ankle cushion heel is most likely to be prescribed to which patient requiring a prosthesis? an athlete who wishes to return to running and other sports a child a senior citizen who wishes to return to household and community ambulation a female who wishes to return to hiking mountainous terrain

a senior citizen who wishes to return to household and community ambulation A solid ankle cushion heel (SACH) is appropriate for both genders and all ages and is most useful for ambulation over even surfaces for household distances.

What unit of measure is utilized when administering electromyographic biofeedback? kilograms foot-pounds pounds per square inch a standard unit of measurement does not exist

a standard unit of measurement does not exist There is not a standard unit of measurement when reporting electrical activity using a biofeedback unit. The electrical activity is most commonly presented as audio or visual feedback.

Which statement is true regarding the relationship between validity and reliability? a test that is reliable cannot be valid a valid test must be reliable a test may be valid, but not reliable reliability and validity are not related

a valid test must be reliable Reliability refers to the repeatability of findings. Validity refers to the credibility or believability of the research. If data are valid, they must be reliable. However, if a test is reliable, it is not necessarily valid.

T/F proportional controls utilize a pre-set wheelchair speed

false non-proportional controls

The AMBER alert system is a powerful tool used in the event of a(n): fire abduction terrorist attack cardiac arrest

abduction The AMBER alert system is a powerful tool used in the event of child abduction. It is designed to assist in the recovery of kidnapped children. This program utilizes law enforcement resources and the media to notify the public about an abduction.

What term describes the process of a nerve gradually becoming less responsive to an electrical stimulation? propagation chronaxie rheobase accommodation

accommodation Accommodation is the process of a nerve gradually becoming less responsive to a stimulus. This can result in a stimulus of sufficient amplitude and duration failing to produce a contraction.

The validity of a measure refers to the: accuracy with which it measures the construct comprehensiveness with which it measures the construct consistency of the measurement particular type of construct specification

accuracy with which it measures the construct Validity is the degree to which a useful or meaningful interpretation can be inferred from a measurement. Examples of different types of measurement validity include face, content, construct, and criterion-related.

Which ion should be utilized with iontophoresis when treating a patient with myositis ossificans? copper zinc acetate calcium

acetate Acetate can be used with iontophoresis to treat myositis ossificans and calcium deposits. The desired physiologic effect when using acetate (e.g., acetic acid) is the absorption of calcium.

The unidirectional movement of fluids along the boundaries of cell membranes caused by US describes which of the following terms? cavitation BNR acoustic microstreaming diathermy

acoustic microstreaming

contraindication for massage

acute injury

which of the following conditions would be least likely to result in an abnormal EMG test? poliomyelitis addison's disease carpal tunnel syndrome myasthenia gravis

addison's disease

type of footrest used for a pt that has some degree of deformity in the feet/angles

adjustable angle

which of the following medical dx would be least appropriate for aquatic therapy? arthritis SCI MS advanced pulmonary disease

advanced pulmonary disease

Which domain of learning is primarily concerned with emotions, attitudes, and values? affective cognitive psychomotor psychosomatic

affective There are three distinct domains of learning: cognitive, psychomotor, and affective. The affective domain is characterized by the development of feelings, beliefs, and attitudes.

During adult cardiopulmonary resuscitation, when should the automated external defibrillator be applied? immediately after initiating the emergency response system after two cycles of cardiopulmonary resuscitation after five minutes of cardiopulmonary resuscitation when the emergency response personnel arrive

after two cycles of cardiopulmonary resuscitation The chain of events in the case of cardiac emergency are as follows: (1) initiate the emergency response system; (2) initiate cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and obtain an automated external defibrillator (AED); (3) apply the AED after two cycles of CPR and follow AED prompts; and (4) continue CPR and use of the AED until emergency medical assistance arrives or until the person shows signs of recovery. These procedures are appropriate to use for adults and for children eight years or older.

requires diligent monitoring of inflation levels

air filled cushions

A patient with a severely compromised immune system suffering from herpes zoster would require: contact isolation precautions droplet isolation precautions airborne isolation precautions airborne isolation precautions and contact isolation precautions

airborne isolation precautions and contact isolation precautions A patient with herpes zoster should be treated using contact precautions, however, because of the patients severely compromised immune system it would also be necessary to use airborne isolation precautions.

standing frame that allows pt to sit when necessary

parapodium

Why is a slight anterior pelvic tilt important when positioning a patient in a wheelchair? allows for weight bearing on the ischial tuberosities provides flexion in the low back and extension in the hips provides a stable base of support for control of the lower extremities allows for decreased lumbar lordosis

allows for weight bearing on the ischial tuberosities A slight anterior pelvic in sitting allows for weight bearing on the ischial tuberosities. The ischial tuberosities refer to the bony broadening on the posterior portion of the superior ramus of the ischium.

____ current is characterized by a continuous bidirectional flow of current

alternating

increased/decreased depending on desired strength of contractions

amplitude

magnitude of current

amplitude

Which electrical stimulation term is used to describe the intensity of the electrical current? amplitude frequency phase duration on time

amplitude Amplitude refers to the magnitude of current. Amplitude controls are often labeled intensity or voltage and can be expressed in volts, microvolts or millivolts.

last resort for pt with peripheral vascular disease

amputation

Which individual would be able to provide written or verbal consent to receive medical treatment? a child a minor an emancipated minor an incompetent adult

an emancipated minor An emancipated minor refers to a legal mechanism where a minor is legally freed from control by their parent or guardian. In this scenario, the minor would possess the legal authority to independently consent to medical treatment through both written or verbal methods.

The basic idea underlying experimental research is to assess the impact of: an independent variable on a dependent variable a dependent variable on an independent variable a descriptive variable on a dependent variable an intervening variable on a dependent variable

an independent variable on a dependent variable Experimental research compares two or more conditions for the purpose of determining cause and effect relationships between independent and dependent variables. The independent variable is presumed to have caused or influenced the dependent variable. In research, the independent variable is what is controlled or manipulated by the researcher.

Which individual would be at the greatest risk for suffocating? an infant covered with a blanket while sleeping an infant being fed baby food a child who is coloring a child who is drinking a glass of milk

an infant covered with a blanket while sleeping Some of the most common recommended strategies to reduce the risk of childhood choking and suffocating are listed. Soft pillows and thick blankets should be removed from an infant's crib when sleeping in order to reduce their risk of choking or suffocating. Children should only be allowed to play with age appropriate toys. Food should be cut into small pieces. Children should not be allowed to play with plastic bags or small objects. Pools and sandboxes should be covered when not in use. Children should always be supervised when near water.

Which of the following would be an example of an individual's right to autonomy being violated? an older woman who refuses surgery an older man coerced to have surgery an infant whose parents elect for surgery an athlete who seeks a second opinion

an older man coerced to have surgery Individual autonomy is a principle that refers to the capacity to be one's own person and to live one's life according to reasons and motives that are taken as one's own, and not the product of manipulative or distorting external forces.

Which stage of Death and Dying is the second stage patient's progress through? anger bargaining denial depression

anger The anger stage is characterized by frustration and negative emotional feelings often directed at anyone the individual comes in contact with.

Ultrasound using water immersion would be most likely used to treat the: cervical spine shoulder hip ankle

ankle Ultrasound using water immersion requires the target area to be immersed in a basin or container of water. As a result, the technique is most often utilized to treat the distal extremities.

What wheelchair measurement uses the olecranon process as an anatomical landmark? armrest height back height seat width seat depth

armrest height Armrest height is measured from the seat of the chair to the olecranon process with the user's elbow flexed to 90 degrees and then adding approximately 1 inch to the obtained measurement. Normal wheelchair armrest height is 9 inches.

identified using ECG

arrhythmia

When treating a patient who is blind in an acute care setting, which of the following would be an appropriate action? perform demonstrations of transfers before initiating them increase the volume of your voice so the patient can hear you announce yourself with your name and profession speak slowly with increased annunciation to assure proper communication

announce yourself with your name and profession Before entering the patient's room it is most appropriate to knock and announce yourself with your name and profession. Patient's with visual impairments may become offended when people interact with them by speaking with increased volume and/or annunciation. Performing demonstrations for a patient who is blind would not be appropriate. Providing detailed verbal instructions would be an appropriate method to facilitate an understanding of the desired tasks.

Which of the following wheelchair features would make it easiest to perform a wheelie? anteriorly placed axle posteriorly placed axle heavy frame wide wheelchair base

anteriorly placed axle The more anterior the axle is in relation to the patient's center of mass, the easier it would be to perform a wheelie. The patient and therapist must be aware that although the modification would make it easier to perform a wheelie, the wheelchair design also increases the relative risk of tipping backward.

meds regularly used in phonophoresis include ____ ________ agents and analgesic

anti-inflammatory

Which of the following would not be appropriate care for the treatment of a laceration that involves arterial bleeding? apply constant pressure directly over the wound apply a tourniquet distal to the site of injury elevate the wound above the level of the heart wear protective gloves when treating the wound

apply a tourniquet distal to the site of injury The goals of treating a laceration are to prevent contamination of the wound and to control bleeding. Though using a tourniquet can help control bleeding, it may create tissue damage (i.e., necrosis) that is unnecessary, and therefore is generally only used in cases of severe bleeding. In addition, a tourniquet used to control bleeding would be applied proximally to the site of injury.

When descending a ramp in a wheelchair, the patient should: move their hips to the front of the seat lean forward in their seat apply friction to the handrims propel the wheelchair with only their feet

apply friction to the handrims When propelling a wheelchair down a ramp, the patient should move their hips to the back of the seat and sit upright to avoid falling forward. The patient should also apply friction with the palms of the hands to the handrims to slow the forward motion of the chair. A patient can use their feet to assist, but this should not be done without also using the hands.

A patient with a C6 complete spinal cord injury should control their wheelchair descent on a ramp by: squeezing the rims with their hands applying a downward pressure on the rims applying a medially directed pressure to the rims placing the feet in contact with the ramp

applying a medially directed pressure to the rims A patient with a C6 complete spinal cord injury would lack innervation of the triceps and finger flexors. For this reason applying a medially directed force to the rims is the safest and most appropriate method to control the decent of a wheelchair on a ramp.

Health literacy would be expected to be highest in individuals that: are less than 65 years of age speak English as a second language do not have a high school diploma are a minority group

are less than 65 years of age Health literacy is defined as the ability to obtain, process, and understand health care information. The following characteristics generally lead to poor health literacy: over 65 years of age, limited English comprehension, limited formal education, and underserved minority groups or immigrants.

which w/c measurement would require the pt to flex their elbow to 90º before conducting the measurement? back height armrest height seat height seat depth

armrest height

T/F pulsatile current is characterized by the continuous flow of direct or alternating current

false not continuous

Which of the following conditions would be a contraindication to the use of an intermittent vasopneumatic compression device? venous insufficiency arterial insufficiency peripheral neuropathy atherosclerosis

arterial insufficiency Intermittent vasopneumatic compression devices can be used in the treatment of lower extremity edema to help move fluid out of the periphery. However, before compression can be used, it must be ensured that the patient does not have impaired arterial circulation as the use of compression will worsen the already impaired circulation.

Which diagnostic test refers to a radiograph that visualizes injected radiopaque dye in an artery? arteriography arthrography venography computed tomography

arteriography Arteriography is the diagnostic test that refers to a radiograph that visualizes injected radiopaque dye in an artery. Arteriography can be used to identify arteriosclerosis, tumors or blockages.

Which of the following conditions would most warrant the use of aquatic therapy as part of the plan of care? arthritis gangrene maceration sepsis

arthritis Aquatic therapy is often a desirable treatment option for individuals with arthritis due to the diminished joint compressive forces encountered in this therapeutic medium. The remaining options would be considered contraindications to aquatic therapy.

What is the most likely method to obtain a sample of synovial fluid for analysis? arthrocentesis blood draw lumbar puncture urinalysis

arthrocentesis Arthrocentesis refers to a technique using a sterile needle to remove fluid from a joint. The obtained fluid is often sent to a laboratory for further analysis.

Which diagnostic test refers to an invasive test utilizing a contrast medium to provide visualization of joint structures through radiographs? arteriography arthrography bone scan computed tomography

arthrography Arthrography is an invasive test utilizing a contrast medium to provide visualization of joint structures through radiographs. Soft tissue disruption can be identified by leakage from the joint cavity and capsule. The test is commonly used at peripheral joints such as the hip, knee, ankle, elbow, and wrist.

Which term is defined as the elimination of microorganisms that cause infection in order to create a sterile field? nosocomial contaminant protective asepsis

asepsis An example of asepsis is the creation of a sterile field. Medical asepsis attempts to contain a pathogen to a specific area and surgical asepsis describes an area that is without any microorganisms.

When a therapist suspects that an individual is choking, the first action taken by the therapist would be to? slap the individual on the back between the scapulae assist the individual into a supine position position themselves behind the individual to initiate the Heimlich maneuver ask the individual if they are choking

ask the individual if they are choking If the patient cannot respond verbally or responds gesturally that they are choking, the Heimlich maneuver should be initiated. If the individual is coughing or is able to speak, the individual should be monitored since the Heimlich maneuver is not appropriate.

When writing a S.O.A.P. note, a health professional should place their interpretations of the subjective and objective data in which section? subjective objective assessment plan

assessment A S.O.A.P. note includes four categories: subjective, objective, assessment, plan. The subjective section refers to what the patient reports. The objective section refers to standardized measures obtained by the health care provider. The assessment section refers to the interpretations or conclusions drawn from the subjective and objective findings. The plan refers to what is developed to resolve the impairments.

A health care provider's hypothesis why a patient's heart rate may be elevated would occur in which section of a S.O.A.P. note? subjective objective assessment plan

assessment The assessment section of a S.O.A.P. note would include an analysis of the data included in the subjective and objective sections. While a heart rate measurement would appear in the objective section, a possible explanation for the cause of that measurement would be included in the assessment section.

When documenting using a S.O.A.P. note format, where would be the most appropriate place to document the patient's response to the treatment? subjective section objective section assessment section plan section

assessment section The assessment section allows the therapist to express their professional opinion. The response to treatment is based on a variety of subjective and objective factors that the therapist carefully considers both during and after the treatment session is concluded.

When providing patient care, the bed should be: pulled away from the wall at a proper working height for the therapist at the level the patient wants it as low as possible

at a proper working height for the therapist When performing exercises at the patient's bed side, the bed should be positioned at a proper working height for the therapist to encourage proper body mechanics and reduce strain/fatigue.

How many patient identifiers are recommended in order to verify the identity of a patient? none at least one at least two at least three

at least two According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a patient should be identified by at least two identifiers upon admission to a hospital, transfer to another hospital or other care setting, or prior to administration of care. Appropriate identifiers include the patient's name, date of birth, and identification number.

______ describes the decrease in energy intensity as US travels through various tissues

attenuation

The loss of energy as ultrasound waves are transmitted through tissue best describes which term? effective radiating area attenuation duty cycle temporal average intensity

attenuation Attenuation is a term that describes the inevitable decrease in energy intensity as the ultrasound travels through various tissues. Tissues that are high in water content, such as blood plasma, have a low rate of absorption while more dense tissues high in protein, such as bone, have a high rate of absorption.

Elevating the head would be an effective management of which of the following? autonomic dysreflexia heterotopic ossification orthostatic hypotension anterior spinal artery syndrome

autonomic dysreflexia Management of autonomic dysreflexia includes immediate determination and removal of the triggering stimuli. Positional management includes sitting the patient upright to lower the elevated blood pressure below dangerous levels. If the noxious stimuli cannot be identified, medical management may include vasodilators to assist with symptomatic relief.

A patient's right to refuse medical care is consistent with which term? autonomy beneficence capacity nonmaleficence

autonomy Autonomy is the proposition that an adult with an unimpaired capacity to decide has a full and perfect right to determine what may be done to their body. This includes the refusal of treatments, procedures, and advice from healthcare providers.

When a therapist obtains informed consent from an individual, they are showing respect for their: integrity autonomy feelings experience

autonomy When a healthcare provider obtains informed consent they are respecting a person's autonomy, their right to make decisions about their life.

Which hip precaution would be most relevant to avoid when instructing a patient with a total hip arthroplasty using a posterolateral approach to move from supine to sidelying? avoid hip adduction avoid hip extension avoid hip flexion beyond 90 degrees avoid hip medial rotation

avoid hip adduction Moving from supine to sidelying commonly results in the hip assuming an adducted position. A total hip arthroplasty using a posterolateral approach requires the patient to avoid flexion of the hip beyond 90 degrees, adduction, and medial rotation. Although hip flexion beyond 90 degrees is considered a contraindication with this surgical procedure, it is unlikely to occur when moving from supine to sidelying.

What injury may occur if a patient bears weight through their axilla on their crutches when ambulating? axillary nerve compression pectoralis major strain glenohumeral subluxation anterior glenohumeral ligament sprain

axillary nerve compression The axillary nerve runs through the axilla of the upper extremity. If a patient applies excessive pressure through their axilla during ambulation with crutches they may develop an axillary nerve compression injury. Common symptoms of axillary nerve compression include numbness and/or tingling down the arm, weakness, and/or pain.

object an individual will place their hand in immediately after dipping in the paraffin wax

bag

source of power for TENS

battery

Which term is used to describe the uniformity of therapeutic ultrasound intensity? beam nonuniformity ratio effective radiating area megahertz watts per square centimeter square

beam nonuniformity ratio Beam nonuniformity ratio (BNR) refers to the ratio of intensity of the highest peak to the average intensity of all peaks. The BNR is determined by the intrinsic biophysical properties of the piezoelectric transducer.

Which of the following terms is best defined as the way in which one acts? behavior attitude value system belief

behavior A behavior is the way in which one acts. An attitude is a feeling of emotion, generally including positive or negative judgement toward people, object or ideas. A value system is an organization of values in which each is ranked along a continuum of importance. A belief is defined as a special class of intellectual attitudes based primarily on faith, instead of fact.

Which positioning would be the most critical when guarding a patient while they ascend stairs? to the right side of the patient to the left side of the patient in front of the patient behind the patient

behind the patient The therapist should guard a patient from behind while they ascend stairs to promote a safe environment for both the patient and the therapist in the event of any loss of balance. In the case of unilateral weakness, the therapist is often positioned behind and slightly toward the patient's affected side.

How should a therapist be positioned when initially instructing a patient how to perform wheelies in a wheelchair? 3-5 feet from the wheelchair to one side of the wheelchair in front of the wheelchair behind the wheelchair

behind the wheelchair The correct positioning of a therapist when performing initial wheelie instruction is directly behind the wheelchair. The therapist should maintain contact with the chair through the use of the handles or a gait belt to prevent tipping.

The statement, "If I exercise five times a week, I will be healthier," is an example of a/an: attitude belief value moral

belief A belief or opinion is an interpretation, by an individual, that they believe to be true.

When ambulating with a patient using a Foley catheter, where should the collection bag be placed? at the level of the bladder above the level of the bladder below the level of the bladder on the floor

below the level of the bladder The collection bag from a Foley catheter should always be placed below the level of the bladder to prevent the back flow of urine and allow drainage by gravity. Although the floor is below the level of the bladder, there are many other more appropriate locations for the collection bag.

The obligation of the healthcare provider to provide the highest quality of care for a patient is consistent with which term? autonomy beneficence capacity nonmaleficence

beneficence Beneficence refers to the obligation for a healthcare provider to provide quality care for a patient. Beneficence and autonomy may come into conflict when the most appropriate medical intervention is refused by the patient. In these situations the healthcare provider is required to yield to the patient's autonomy.

Where should the provider place their fist when performing the Heimlich maneuver on a patient? on the xiphoid process on the umbilicus between the xiphoid process and umbilicus on the body of the sternum

between the xiphoid process and umbilicus The Heimlich maneuver is a common technique used in the event of an airway obstruction. When performing the Heimlich maneuver, the thumb side of the fist should be placed against the victim's abdomen, between the umbilicus and xiphoid process. A quick upward thrust should be performed and repeated until the object is expelled from the victim's airway.

A four-point gait pattern involves the use of: an assistive device on the affected side only an assistive device on the unaffected side only bilateral assistive devices no assistive device

bilateral assistive devices A four-point gait pattern is most commonly used with bilateral assistive devices in order to provide assistance with walking when both legs are in a weakened condition. To use this gait pattern, patients advance the right crutch and then step with the left foot. Then the left crutch is advanced followed by a step with the right foot.

Which assistive device would be least appropriate for a person that is partial weight bearing? bilateral canes Lofstrand crutches platform walker walker

bilateral canes A cane provides minimal stability and support and is therefore not appropriate for a patient that is partial weight bearing.

Which assistive device requires significant coordination, but is not appropriate for use with a patient that is partial weight bearing? axillary crutches bilateral canes Lofstrand crutches walker

bilateral canes Using bilateral canes requires a significant amount of coordination since each point needs to be moved independently. A cane or bilateral canes do not permit partial weight bearing.

Which artery should be palpated to determine the presence and quality of a pulse in a patient who is unconscious? radial artery brachial artery carotid artery femoral artery

carotid artery The carotid artery is located on the lateral aspect of the neck along the medial border of the sternocleidomastoid. It is one of the larger arteries and is easily palpable proximal to the heart.

Which of the following is not a component of intercultural communication in the healthcare setting? language verbal communication non-verbal communication billing information

billing information Intercultural communication involves verbal and non-verbal communication, cultural or religious norms, traditions, and personal biases or prejudice. Failure to adequately address these topics can limit the effectiveness of caregivers. Billing information is always relevant, however, it is not a component of intercultural communication.

The risk of periosteal overheating using ultrasound can be reduced by not sonating over: myotendinous junctions muscle bellies bony prominences plastic implants

bony prominences Periosteal overheating can occur from overzealous application of ultrasound over bony prominences. The risk of this occurring is substantially increased by failure to maintain consistent movement of the ultrasound head over bony areas.

The most appropriate form of nutrition for a newborn whose mother is HIV positive would be: intravenous feeding parenteral nutrition breast feeding bottle feeding

bottle feeding If the mother is HIV positive, there is a risk for perinatal transmission through breast feeding. As a result, bottle feeding provides the most natural alternate form of meeting the infant's nutritional needs.

_____ is a principle that states there is an upward force on the body when immersed in water equal to the amount of water that's been displaced

bouyancy

which w/c option would be the most beneficial for a pt that requires additional leverage to operate a toggle break on a w/c? single posted arms small diameter handrims rim projections break extension

break extension

What type of exercise would be most helpful for a patient to improve their ability to move laterally in bed? sit-up straight leg raise bridging quadriceps setting

bridging To move the lower half of the body laterally in bed, the hip extensor muscles must elevate the pelvis in a bridging type motion. Bridging is the most commonly prescribed exercise to improve bed mobility.

Which of the following treatments would not be used to treat an anaphylactic reaction? vasopressors bronchoconstrictors corticosteroids oxygen therapy

bronchoconstrictors An anaphylactic reaction is considered an allergic effect. It is a life threatening condition that results in respiratory distress, sudden severe bronchospasm, and cardiovascular collapse. The reaction is often treated with vasopressors, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, oxygen therapy, intravenous fluids, and antihistamines.

Which physiologic principle accounts for significantly reduced joint compression when walking in waist high water? inertia viscosity buoyancy hydrostatic pressure

buoyancy Archimedes' principle of buoyancy states that there is an upward force on the body when immersed in water equal to the amount of water that has been displaced by the body. This force significantly reduces joint compression when submerged in water.

Which finding would most likely be associated with the development of hypovolemic shock? burns compartment syndrome myocardial infarction tamponade

burns Hypovolemic shock refers to a life-threatening condition caused by insufficient circulating blood volume. Primary causes include hemorrhage or severe burns which can dramatically reduce tissue perfusion due to blood loss (e.g., hemorrhage) or burns (e.g., fluid loss).

What type of current modulation occurs when pulsed current flows for several milliseconds and then ceases to flow for several milliseconds in a repeated cycle? phase duration burst interrupted pulse ramp

burst Burst current modulation occurs when pulsed current flows for several milliseconds and then ceases to flow for several milliseconds in a repeated cycle. With bursts the minimal length of the interruptions is too short to allow for a true interruption of muscle contraction. Interrupted pulses and ramping have more time between periods of current thus making them more appropriate for muscle strengthening since they allow the muscle an actual rest period.

type of system utilized in RGO

cable

indication for ionto using acetic acid

calcific deposits

Which ion would most likely be used with iontophoresis to treat scar tissue, keloids, and muscle spasms? acetic acid calcium chloride copper sulfate magnesium sulfate

calcium chloride Calcium chloride has a negative polarity and therefore would be applied beneath the negative pole (cathode).

What is the first step prior to beginning cardiopulmonary resuscitation on an unconscious person? call 911 perform the Heimlich maneuver perform 50 compressions administer two rescue breaths

call 911 If an unconscious individual cannot be awakened, it is necessary to call 911 and activate the emergency response system. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation should be administered until emergency personnel arrive.

When a potential poison has been inadvertently swallowed, the most immediate response should be to: call the Poison Control Center induce vomiting drink water ingest ipecac

call the Poison Control Center The Poison Control Center should be contacted immediately after ingestion of a poison. Treatment varies considerably based on the specific type and amount of poison ingested and therefore it is critical to receive specific instructions from trained poison control specialists.

The unimpaired ability to make decisions regarding medical care is most consistent with which term? veracity beneficence capacity nonmaleficence

capacity A patient who is able to make medical decisions is considered to possess capacity. A patient who is not mentally or psychologically able to make medical decisions is considered to lack capacity. A patient with capacity would also be considered to have autonomy which is the ability to make healthcare choices.

Which of the following objective measures is the most essential to monitor in order to ensure safe intermittent compression levels? resting heart rate maximum blood pressure capillary refill body temperature

capillary refill Capillary refill time (CRT) is defined as the time taken for color to return to an external capillary bed after pressure is applied to cause blanching. Monitoring and documenting CRT is vital to confirm that blood flow is not being occluded by the intermittent compression.

"Code blue" typically stands for which of the following? bomb threat infant abduction cardiac arrest combative person

cardiac arrest "Code blue" is often used in a health care facility to represent a patient in cardiac arrest. Calling a "code blue" would immediately alert hospital personnel about the medical emergency.

Which of the following is an absolute contraindication for the application of electrical stimulation? internal use use on children acute pain cardiac pacemaker

cardiac pacemaker Electrical stimulation is a source of external interference that may change pacemaker rate, rhythm, or stop pacemaker activity altogether. The signal has the potential to override the detection circuit of a pacemaker.

The lowest level of evidence to support treatment effectiveness is a: randomized controlled trial cohort study case reports systematic review

case reports A case report is an in-depth description of an individual's condition or response to treatment. Case reports may be used to generate theories and hypotheses for future research. They cannot test hypotheses or establish cause-and-effect relationships.

name associated with negative electrode

cathode

material that takes on the properties of a liquid in a fluidotherapy unit

cellulose particles

which term described moving from center of body out? centripetal centrifugal cephalocaudal coronal

centrifugal

direction working from extremities toward center of body

centripetal

vein often used to insert an indwelling R atrial catheter

cephalic

What diagnosis would be the most likely to benefit from using a button hook adaptive device? Alzheimer's disease cerebrovascular accident T10 paraplegia traumatic brain injury

cerebrovascular accident A button hook adaptive device allows individuals with limited dexterity to button clothing using a hand held device. This type of adaptive device would be potentially beneficial for a patient rehabilitating from a cerebrovascular accident due to difficulty with upper extremity dexterity and coordination.

In the event that a patient has a severe allergic reaction, the health care provider should first: check the patient's airway begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation retrieve an automated external defibrillator call the patient's family member

check the patient's airway When a patient is having a severe allergic reaction, the health care provider should first assess the patient's airway. If it is compromised, then medical assistance should be sought and the health care provider can begin rescue breathing and cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

used for pt that requires trunk support to correct anterior listing

chest strap

which of the following would be used to remove air, fluid or pus from the intrathoracic space? ostomy device external catheter chest tube jejunostomy tube

chest tube

Which medical device would be used to remove fluid from the pleural space after surgery? central venous line chest tube intraventricular catheter vascular access port

chest tube A chest tube is a flexible plastic tube that is inserted through an incision into the side of the chest. The tube uses a suction system to remove air, fluid or pus from the intrathoracic space.

What statistical technique should be used when testing for differences in the number of athletes and non-athletes in a college population? t-test chi-square ANOVA ANCOVA

chi-square Chi-square is a nonparametric statistical procedure for nominal data. The test evaluates the difference between observed and expected frequencies to examine the association or independence between categorical variables.

Which of the following is considered an indication for the use of superficial heat? acute pain chronic pain acute thrombophlebitis chronic thrombophlebitis

chronic pain Superficial thermotherapy is indicated for increasing range of motion, decreasing muscle guarding or spasm, managing subacute or chronic pain, and subacute or chronic inflammatory conditions. Thrombophlebitis, a blood clot, is a contraindication to the use of superficial thermotherapy.

T/F inferior angle of scapula is used when measuring armrest height

false olecranon process

Sampling by state is an example of which sampling method? cluster sampling convenience sampling snowball sampling simple random sampling

cluster sampling Cluster sampling is a form of probability sampling involving the division of the population into clusters (usually by geographic region), before taking a random sample of each cluster. Convenience and snowball sampling are examples of non-probability sampling.

Which domain of learning is primarily concerned with the development of knowledge? affective cognitive psychomotor psychosomatic

cognitive There are three distinct domains of learning: cognitive, psychomotor, and affective. The cognitive domain refers to the development of knowledge.

Which type of study would be considered the highest "level of evidence?" case series case reports cross-sectional studies cohort studies

cohort studies The listed options, arranged from strongest to weakest evidence, are as follows: cohort studies, cross-sectional studies, case series, case reports.

when setting the parameters of the intermittent pneumatic compression pump, pt ______ and desired therapeutic effects are the most important variables to consider

comfort

internal fixation is often employed with _____ or displaced fractures

comminuted

Which type of compression garment would be most effective to actively reduce existing edema? compression pump short-stretch bandage long-stretch bandage compression garment

compression pump A compression pump would be the most beneficial intervention to reduce existing edema, while compression garments and various bandaging options would be more effective to maintain an established baseline state.

Which diagnostic test produces cross-sectional images based on x-ray attenuation and is commonly used to diagnose spinal lesions and in diagnostic studies of the brain? fluoroscopy computed tomography bone scan magnetic resonance imaging

computed tomography Computed tomography produces cross-sectional images based on x-ray attenuation and is commonly used to diagnose spinal lesions and in diagnostic studies of the brain. A computerized analysis of the changes in absorption produces a detailed reconstructed image.

Which medical imaging technique would best detect an intracranial bleed such as a stroke? computed tomography scan functional magnetic resonance imaging positron emission tomography magnetic resonance imaging

computed tomography scan Computed tomography scans (CT scans) combine multiple x-rays with computer imaging to examine soft tissues of the body. A CT scan can accurately detect areas of bleeding based on absorption rates of x-rays.

Which of the following desk ergonomic recommendations would be the most appropriate? feet should be unsupported elbows should be flexed to 120 degrees computer monitor should be set at or just below eye level computer chair should be reclined to a comfortable level

computer monitor should be set at or just below eye level When instructing a patient on proper desk ergonomics, the computer monitor should be set at or just below eye level to prevent excessive neck flexion or extension. Elbows, hips, and knees should all be properly supported and flexed to approximately 90 degrees. The chair should have proper back support and the feet should either be supported on the ground or through the use of a foot rest.

What is the name for the type of validity in which an interpretation is justified by comparing a measurement to a "gold standard" measurement at approximately the same time? concurrent validity construct validity face validity prescriptive validity

concurrent validity An example of concurrent validity is as follows: Heart rate measurements made by palpation of peripheral pulses will have concurrent validity if the heart rate measurements by palpation are associated with the heart rates measured simultaneously from an electrocardiogram.

which of the following refers to the gain or loss of heat resulting from direct contact btw 2 materials at different temps? evaporation conversion conduction radiation

conduction

a nerve ____ _____ test is often performed with EMG

conduction velocity

T/F a cane is typically used on the fame side as the involved LE

false opposite

Which of the following best describes an anaphylactic reaction? itching of the skin constriction of the bronchioles raised, irregular shaped skin eruptions watery discharge from nose

constriction of the bronchioles An anaphylactic reaction is a life-threatening reaction that can be caused by a variety of triggers, such as medication, contact with an environmental agent or ingested food. It is characterized by constriction of the bronchioles, pharyngeal and laryngeal swelling, shortness of breath, and wheezing.

Clostridium difficile is a common nosocomial infection that is spread primarily through: air blood contact droplet

contact Clostridium difficile is a bacterial infection found in feces. Bacterial spores are primarily transferred to patients via the hands of healthcare personnel who have had direct contact with a contaminated surface or item.

Which of the following is the most common source of nosocomial infection? vector borne airborne droplet contact

contact Contact with contaminated surfaces whether they are inanimate objects (indirect contact) or other human beings (direct contact) is the most common source of nosocomial infection. Contact precautions include donning gloves and a gown.

What level of physical assistance is most appropriate when a patient can perform an activity without assistance, but is often inconsistent, resulting in a potential loss of balance? contact guard minimal assistance moderate assistance maximal assistance

contact guard A contact guard status occurs when a patient requires the therapist to maintain contact with them to complete the task, usually due to a loss of balance. Minimal assistance requires 25% assist from the therapist to complete the task, moderate assistance requires 50% assist from the therapist, and maximal assistance requires 75% assist from the therapist.

A patient with a methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus infection would require: contact isolation precautions droplet isolation precautions airborne isolation precautions airborne plus contact isolation precautions

contact isolation precautions Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections require contact precautions since the infection is transmitted via contact with the patient or through direct contact with the patient's body fluids, bedding or equipment used to treat them. To prevent the spread of MRSA, the therapist should don a gown and gloves upon entering the room.

Which transmission-based precaution would be appropriate for a patient with herpes simplex? airborne precautions droplet precautions contact precautions standard precautions

contact precautions Contact precautions are used for patients known or suspected to have serious illness easily transmitted by direct contact. Herpes simplex is transmitted from direct, skin-to-skin contact.

Under which precaution would a patient not be required to wear a mask when exiting their room? airborne precautions droplet precautions contact precautions standard precautions

contact precautions Contact precautions are used for patients with known or suspected serious illness easily transmitted by direct contact. Patients whom are on contact precautions are not in danger of transmitting their condition to others through air or droplets and therefore are not required to wear a mask.

Which isolation precaution specifically mandates the designation that patient specific equipment must stay in the patient's room? contact precautions droplet precautions airborne precautions transmission-based precautions

contact precautions Contact precautions necessitate that dedicated patient equipment (e.g., thermometer, stethoscope, blood pressure cuff) stay in the patient's room. If an item must be removed, it must be disinfected or placed in a bag labeled as a biohazard.

undesireable outcome when using therapeutic agents often due to poor hygiene

contamination

A patient who is aware that their heavy alcohol use is contributing to their health problems, but is not yet willing to consider quitting, is in which of the transtheoretical model - stages of change? precontemplation contemplation preparation action

contemplation

Which type of validity is determined by providing evidence that a measuring instrument contains all relevant elements of a construct with no extraneous elements? construct validity content validity concurrent validity predictive validity

content validity Content validity is determined by providing evidence that a measuring instrument contains all relevant elements of a construct with no extraneous elements.

Range of motion documented in degrees is a form of which type of data? qualitative discrete dichotomous continuous

continuous Continuous data can assume any value along a continuous scale without any gaps or interruptions. Additional examples of continuous data include distance, weight, and time

which most of US administration is more effective in elevating tissue temp? pulsed US continuous US

continuous US

Which of the following settings is most appropriate when treating a patient with chronic lateral epicondylitis? pulsed mode, 1 MHz pulsed mode, 3 MHz continuous mode, 1 MHz continuous mode, 3 MHz

continuous mode, 3 MHz Chronic injuries often require thermal effects in order to increase blood flow and promote healing. Due to the superficial layering of the involved structures, a frequency of 3 MHz would be the most appropriate.

type of medium injected into blood vessels during angiography

contrast

which of the following hydrotherapy techniques allows the pt to swtich btw warm and cold water? whirlpool therapy pool therapy contrast bath

contrast bath

Subjects in a research study who do not participate in the experimental group are known as: controls patients volunteers clients

controls Control groups are used to help isolate the effect of the independent variable and eliminate the unintended influence of extraneous factors that can confound the results.

which of the following categories of heat transfer occurs through a moving medium? conversion conduction convection radiation

convection

Which of the following is considered the primary method to control external bleeding? direct pressure elevation tourniquet apply ice

direct pressure Applying direct pressure to the wound can control most external bleeding. Ice and elevation can be used in conjunction with direct pressure. Tourniquets should be used as a last resort to stop bleeding since they can cause further tissue damage.

Blood circulating within the body to control changes in tissue temperature would be an example of: convection conversion conduction evaporation

convection Convection refers to the gain or loss of heat resulting from air or water moving across a material of a different temperature. As blood circulates in the body, it carries away heat (if the body part is being heated) and carries in cooler blood to control the temperature of the local tissue, thus lessening the effect of superficial heating modalities.

Which type of sampling occurs when a group of physical therapy students conducting a research study utilize their classmates as the sample population? simple random sampling convenience sampling cluster sampling systematic sampling

convenience sampling Convenience sampling is a non-probability sampling method that involves the selection of a sample population that is readily available and logistically convenient. The remaining options are probability sampling methods that involve a form of random selection of subjects.

Which transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) technique would utilize the shortest pulse duration? acupuncture-like brief intense conventional noxious

conventional Conventional TENS is characterized by the delivery of electrical pulses having short duration and high frequency with low current amplitude.

All of the following are cross-sectional imaging techniques except: conventional radiography magnetic resonance imaging computed tomography positron emission tomography

conventional radiography Conventional radiography, which uses an X-ray machine, is used for recording the internal defects of an object on a radiographic film. X-rays do not create cross-sectional images.

Which type of heat transfer is not affected by the temperature of the thermal agent? conduction convection conversion direct contact

conversion Conversion refers to heating that occurs when nonthermal energy (e.g., mechanical, electrical) is absorbed into tissue and transformed into heat. Heating by conversion is not affected by the temperature of the thermal agent as it is with conduction and convection. Direct contact is synonymous with conduction.

Which research design would be utilized to find the relationship between two or more variables? experimental quasi-experimental correlational causal-comparative

correlational Correlation is a statistical measure of the strength of association among two or more variables. Two variables may be correlated for a number of reasons and therefore correlation does not imply causation.

orthosis made of fabric that may relieve pain with mid-low back pathologies

corset

Which of the following is not a sign or symptom of a severe allergic reaction? coughing swelling of the face difficulty speaking nausea

coughing Signs and symptoms associated with a mild or moderate allergic reaction include itchy and red skin, rash, itchy and watery eyes, sneezing, and hives. Signs and symptoms with a severe reaction include swelling of the face and mouth, difficulty swallowing or speaking, wheezing and difficulty breathing, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and dizziness or syncope.

When administering two-rescuer cardiopulmonary resuscitation on an adult, the rescuer positioned at the victim's side would be responsible for which of the following roles? maintain an open airway count out loud administer breaths determine victim responsiveness

count out loud When performing two-rescuer cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), the rescuer at the victim's side identifies the landmark for and administers chest compressions, as well as counts while performing the compressions. The rescuer at the victim's side counts out loud as they perform chest compressions.

type of agent applied to the treatment area and US transducer before the power is turned on

coupling gel

Which type of validity is established by a comparison to another measurement? construct validity content validity criterion-based validity predictive validity

criterion-based validity Criterion-based validity is established by a comparison to another measurement. This commonly occurs by comparison of the measurement to the gold standard measurement for the variable being tested.

Shared values, norms, traditions, customs, art, history, folklore, and institutions of a group of people are known as: culture cultural sensitivity cultural appropriateness cultural taboos

culture In order to be an effective health care provider, it is beneficial to have knowledge of a patient's culture including their shared values, norms, traditions, customs, cultural taboos, art, history, folklore, and institutions.

type of footrest used when a pt's LE are not aligned with the midline of body

custom foot box

which type of seat insert would be the most appropriate for a pt that needs support to correct a pelvic obliquity or a fixed asymmetrical deformity? sling seat planar seat custom molded seat curved seat

custom molded seat

Which diagnostic procedure allows direct visual examination of the bladder, ureteral orifices, and urethra? x-ray cystoscopy intravenous pyelogram retrograde pyelogram

cystoscopy Cystoscopy allows direct visual examination of the bladder, ureteral orifices, and urethra. It is used to view, diagnose, and treat disorders of the lower urinary tract, interior bladder, urethra, male prostatic urethra, and ureteral orifices.

which of the following is not typically a therapeutic effect of US? vasodilation increased metabolic rate alter cell membrane function decrease collagen extensibility

decrease collagen extensibility

Which of the following properties is characteristic of large electrodes when compared to smaller electrodes? decreased impedance increased impedance increased current density decreased current flow

decreased impedance Decreased impedance is associated with large electrodes when compared to smaller electrodes. The remaining options are all associated with a smaller electrode size.

Which physiologic effect occurs with the application of superficial thermotherapy? decreased tissue extensibility decreased muscle spasm decreased metabolic rate decreased nerve conduction velocity

decreased muscle spasm Superficial thermotherapy refers to the local or general use of high temperatures in rehabilitation, with the goal of increasing skin temperature and superficial subcutaneous tissue up to depths of two centimeters. Superficial thermotherapy results in decreased muscle spasm, increased tissue extensibility, increased metabolic rate, and increased nerve conduction velocity.

which 2 therapeutic effects are produced using superficial heat? decreased collagen extensibility decreased muscle spasm increased capillary permeability increased tone

decreased muscle spasm increased capillary permeability

Which of the following are benefits of cryotherapy? decreased nerve conduction velocity, increased pain threshold increased nerve conduction velocity, decreased pain threshold increased nerve conduction velocity, increased pain threshold decreased nerve conduction velocity, decreased pain threshold

decreased nerve conduction velocity, increased pain threshold Cryotherapy has many benefits including decreased nerve conduction velocity and increased pain threshold. Heat will increase nerve conduction velocity and increase pain threshold.

Which of the following is not an effect of cold therapy? decreased pain threshold decreased nerve conduction velocity decreased metabolic rate decreased spasticity

decreased pain threshold Applying cold therapy can increase an individual's pain threshold and decrease the sensation of pain.

Which age associated physiologic alteration must specifically be accounted for when administering cryotherapy to an elderly patient? decreased tactile senses decreased bone density altered proprioception altered visual acuity

decreased tactile senses Tactile senses tend to decrease as an individual gets older. This is especially relevant when administering cryotherapy due to the subsequent increase in the risk of damaging the skin.

Which of the following is not an effect of hydrostatic pressure potentially experienced by a patient in an aquatic environment? decreased edema decreased weight bearing decreased venous return decreased heart rate for a given workload

decreased venous return Hydrostatic pressure acts on any submerged object and increases with increasing depth. Hydrostatic pressure enhances venous return, which decreases heart rate if the workload is held constan

Which of the following is most likely to decrease the likelihood of a burn during iontophoresis? increasing the current density decreasing the current density decreasing the treatment time decreasing space between electrodes

decreasing the current density The likelihood of a burn can be decreased by increasing the size of the cathode relative to the anode, decreasing the current density, and increasing the space between the electrodes.

Which 2 actions would decrease the likelihood of a burn when using iontophoresis? increasing the size of the anode relative to the cathode decreasing the current density increasing the space btw electrodes

decreasing the current density increasing the space btw electrodes

type of lift that begins with the hips positioned below the kees

deep squat

According to the Nagi Disablement Model, a patient who is unable to work and provide for their family would be classified as a/an: pathology impairment functional limitation disability

disability A disability is defined as a limitation in the performance of socially defined roles and tasks.

Which of the following lifting techniques involves the hips descending below the knees bilaterally? stoop lift golfer's lift deep squat lift double straight legged lift

deep squat lift A deep squat lift requires the hips to descend below the knees. The lifter's feet straddle the object, with the upper extremities parallel to each other. The lifter grasps the object and maintains their trunk in a vertical position with relative lumbar lordosis.

measure used to quantify the intensity of heat

degrees

A floor-reaction ankle-foot orthosis would be most appropriate for a patient that: demonstrates difficulty with knee flexion during gait presents with a spinal cord injury at the level L1 demonstrates difficulty with knee extension during gait presents with stroke and demonstrates poor balance

demonstrates difficulty with knee extension during gait A floor-reaction ankle-foot orthosis promotes knee extension and can help reduce knee buckling with ambulation.

Which stage of death and dying would be best illustrated by a patient that is noncompliant with a home exercise program and ignores symptoms related to his medical condition? denial bargaining depression acceptance

denial The stages of death and dying are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. The denial stage is characterized by a failure of the individual to believe that their condition is terminal. As a result, in this stage it is common for patients to ignore prescribed exercises or medical symptoms since the patient does not recognize the relative importance of these items.

Which level of physical assistance is best described by a patient who is unable to assist in any way during a squat pivot transfer? supervision moderate assistance maximal assistance dependent

dependent A dependent status occurs when a patient is unable to participate and the therapist must provide all of the effort to perform the task. Supervision requires a therapist only to observe throughout completion of the task. Moderate assistance requires 50% assist from the therapist to complete the task, and maximal assist requires 75% assist from the therapist.

what measures the outcome of a research design? independent dependent intervening semi-intervening

dependent The dependent variable, also known as the outcome variable, is the response or effect that is presumed to vary with the independent variable.

Which factor may limit the efficacy of contrast baths in decreasing edema? contact over irregular shaped surfaces dependent positioning alternating vasoconstriction and vasodilation allowing movement during immersion

dependent positioning A contrast bath utilizes alternating heat and cold in order to decrease edema in a distal extremity. The procedure for administering the contrast bath requires the extremity to be in a dependent position. Contrast baths are utilized primarily with arthritis of the smaller joints, musculoskeletal sprains and strains, complex regional pain syndrome, and residual limb desensitization.

the height of the _____ should be at least 27 inches from the floor

desk

What is the purpose of disinfectants? detect the presence of disease interfere with microorganism metabolism destroy bacteria on living tissue destroy bacteria on inanimate objects

destroy bacteria on inanimate objects The purpose of disinfectants is to destroy bacteria on inanimate surfaces and objects. Antiseptics are used to destroy bacteria on living tissue.

Which ion is used clinically with iontophoresis to treat inflammatory conditions such as tendonitis and plantar fasciitis? acetate dexamethasone iodine zinc

dexamethasone Dexamethasone is a corticosteroid with anti-inflammatory effects. The ion has a negative polarity and would therefore be carried into the body's tissue from the negative pole (cathode) since like charges will repel.

inflation pressure should not exceed the pt's _______ blood pressure

diastolic

The maximum compression pressure for treatment of venous edema most closely approximates the: diastolic blood pressure systolic blood pressure maximum heart rate resting heart rate

diastolic blood pressure The diastolic blood pressure value most closely approximates the maximum compression pressure for treatment of venous edema. This maximum value is necessary in order to prevent occlusion of the blood vessels.

Which physical agent functions to deliver heat to tissues through conversion? diathermy hot packs Hubbard tank paraffin

diathermy Conversion refers to heating that occurs when nonthermal energy (e.g., mechanical, electrical) is absorbed into tissue and transformed into heat.

type of current characterized by constant flow of electrons from anode to electrode

direct

type of electrical current used for iontophoresis

direct

What form of current is used to drive medicine through the skin during iontophoresis? direct current alternating current constant current sound waves

direct current Iontophoresis is a modality which uses continuous, direct electrical current to deliver therapeutically charged ions through the skin and into the systemic circulation.

Which of the following would be an appropriate action for a syringe after a single injection? re-cap and save for the next patient refill with another drug for the same patient discard into the trash discard into a clearly marked appropriate container

discard into a clearly marked appropriate container After a syringe has been used it should be disposed of into a clearly marked appropriate container. Healthcare facilities have a "sharp" containers for immediate disposal. This is consistent with established recommendations for standard precautions from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Recommendations for continuation of physical therapy services following the conclusion of an inpatient hospitalization would most likely appear in which type of documentation? plan of care daily note initial evaluation discharge note

discharge note It is common for physical therapists to make follow-up recommendations regarding continuation of physical therapy services at discharge. This type of communication typically appears in the discharge note.

Health care professionals are considered mandatory reporters in all of the following situations, except: abuse of a child neglect of the elderly discipline of a child exploitation of the elderly

discipline of a child Health care providers are considered mandatory reporters and therefore are required to report suspected abuse, neglect or exploitation of a vulnerable individual. A vulnerable individual is most often a young child or elderly adult. Disciplining a child is a routine parenting activity and does not necessarily constitute a form of abuse or neglect.

Which of the following is an indication for the use of spinal traction? sequestration hypermobility acute inflammation disk protrusion

disk protrusion Vertebral separation during traction may decrease intradiscal pressure, widen the intervertebral foramen, and reduce disk herniation.

name of electrode positioned away from the target area

dispersive

often treated with fluidotherapy

distal extremity

The maximum intermittent compression pressure applied to a lower extremity most likely reflects the pressure applied: distally proximally medially laterally

distally Typically, the maximum intermittent compression pressure displayed on a compression unit represents the pressure displayed distally. This occurs since the distal pressure tends to be slightly greater than the corresponding proximal pressure.

Which of the following does Medicare Part B cover? long-term care vision care doctors' services hospital costs

doctors' services Medicare Part B helps cover medical services such as doctors' services, outpatient care, and selected medical equipment. Part B also covers selected preventive services, such as flu shots, screenings for diabetes, and certain cancers.

commonly used type of US to monitor blood flow

doppler

non-invasive test evaluates blood flow in major veins, arteries and cerebrovascular system

doppler US

product of amplitude and time

dosage

Which transmission-based precaution would be appropriate for a patient with meningitis? airborne precautions droplet precautions contact precautions standard precautions

droplet precautions Droplet precautions are used to prevent the transmission of diseases through contact with mucous droplets. Meningitis is spread through the transfer of mucous secretions through person-to-person contact or through sneezing and coughing.

Which transmission-based precaution would be appropriate for a patient with pneumonia? airborne precautions droplet precautions contact precautions standard precautions

droplet precautions Droplet precautions are used to prevent the transmission of diseases through contact with mucous droplets. Pneumonia can be caused by virus, bacteria or fungus.

Which precautions would be necessary when working with a patient with known influenza? contact precautions droplet precautions airborne precautions neutropenic precautions

droplet precautions Transmission of influenza occurs through droplet transmission (e.g., contact with mucous membranes, coughing, sneezing, talking, suctioning) and therefore droplet precautions must be followed. Droplet precautions require a private room for the patient, at least three feet between the patient and others, and limited transport outside of the room.

Which of the following is not a parameter for iontophoresis? amplitude duration total current dosage duty cycle

duty cycle Amplitude, duration, and total current dosage are all parameters of iontophoresis. Duty cycle is a parameter of ultrasound which is defined as the portion of the treatment time that ultrasound is generated during the entire treatment. Duty cycle is calculated by dividing the time sound is delivered (on time) by the total time (on time + off time).

fluid injected during venography

dye

which of the following is not a contraindication for hydrotherapy? gangrene edema renal infection impaired circulation

edema

Which of the following conditions is an indication for massage? cellulitis acute injury malignancy edema

edema Massage techniques can reduce edema. All other options are contraindications to massage.

which of the following would be an advantage of using ice massage? covers moderate-large area provides mild cooking temp and compression force can be controlled effective for small or irregular areas

effective for small or irregular areas

treatment should generally begin and end with this massage technique

effleurage

which massage techniques is most likely to require lubricant? tapotement effleurage friction vibration

effleurage

Which massage technique is typically performed at the beginning and end of a massage to help a patient relax? tapotement petrissage vibration effleurage

effleurage Effleurage is a massage technique that is characterized by a light stroke that produces a reflexive response. Effleurage is typically performed at the beginning and end of a massage to help the patient relax or as a transition to alternate massage techniques.

Which massage technique would likely incorporate the lowest amount of compressive stress (i.e., pressure) to the body? tapotement petrissage vibration effleurage

effleurage Effleurage is a massage technique that is characterized by a light stroke that produces a reflexive response. The light stroke would result in only low levels of compressive force applied to the body.

Which massage technique is characterized by a light stroke that produces a reflexive response? effleurage petrissage tapotement vibration

effleurage Effleurage is characterized by a light stroke that produces a reflexive response. The technique is performed at the beginning and end of a massage to allow the patient to relax. Strokes should be directed towards the heart.

when using a keyboard, the _______ should be bent btw 90-120º

elbows

Electromyographic biofeedback utilizes information regarding: tension created with muscle contraction electric activity associated with muscle contraction muscle force output with muscle contraction movement generated by muscle contraction

electric activity associated with muscle contraction Biofeedback refers to the use of instrumentation to bring specific events to conscious awareness. Biofeedback does not measure muscle contraction, but rather the electrical activity associated with muscle contraction.

When performing electromyography, a normal relaxed muscle would most likely exhibit: electrical silence fasciculations repetitive discharges polyphasic potentials

electrical silence Electrical silence as measured using an oscilloscope should be detected when observing a normal relaxed muscle.

equipment utilized with electroencephalography

electrodes

used to administer electrical current

electrodes

shows recording of electrical activity of brain

electroencephalography

Which diagnostic test records the electrical activity of the superficial layers of the brain? electroencephalography electromyography computed tomography magnetic resonance imaging

electroencephalography Electroencephalography (EEG) uses electrodes attached to the patient's head to record electrical activity of the outer layers of the cerebral cortex. The electrical activity is collected by examining the difference between the electrical potential of two electrodes placed at different locations on the scalp. Electroencephalography is used to assess seizure activity, metabolic disorders, and cerebellar lesions.

used to assess peripheral nerve injuries

electromyography

a PT should ______ the extremity prior to initiating treatment with intermittent compression

elevate

What is the initial step when treating an acute seizure? contact the patient's primary physician turn the patient's head to one side assist in keeping the patient's airway patent ensure patient safety in the immediate area

ensure patient safety in the immediate area The first step when managing a patient who is experiencing a sudden seizure is to ensure the patient's safety by guiding or moving them into a safe area, ideally free of objects or hazardous materials (pool/bath, sharp corners, hard surfaces). Contacting emergency services, monitoring rate and quality of respiration, non-invasively maintaining an airway, head and neck positioning in case of vomiting, and contacting the patient's primary care physician should occur subsequently to establishing a safe environment.

The branch of medicine that studies the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease is called: epidemiology pandemic prevalence incidence

epidemiology Epidemiology is the branch of medicine that involves the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health.

A patient experiencing anaphylaxis should immediately be treated with: nitroglycerin ativan epinephrine albuterol

epinephrine Anaphylaxis is a serious and life-threatening allergic reaction that requires emergency care. The condition is often treated by injecting epinephrine directly into the patient's thigh.

which of the following muscles would be least emphasized when bending down to pick up object on the floor? rectus femoris glute max erector spinae semimembranosus

erector spinae

Which of the following is an indication for hydrotherapy? macerated wound bleeding wound eschar in wound bed diabetic ulcer

eschar in wound bed Hydrotherapy is often utilized as an intervention to remove slough and eschar from the wound bed. Wound specific contraindications include maceration and bleeding. Caution should be used when treating a diabetic ulcer with hydrotherapy since sensation and circulation are often diminished.

which of the following occurs as a liquid absorbs energy and changes form into a vapor? conversion evaportation convection radiation

evaportation

What is the term for the approach to clinical decision making that integrates the best available evidence from research with clinical experience and patient preferences? research utilization evidence-based practice nursing practice experience-based practice

evidence-based practice Evidence-based practice approaches clinical decision making as a problem solving process. With a goal in mind, the best available evidence from research and internal quality improvement projects is combined with the clinician's expertise and the patient's preferences and values to make a decision.

What is the primary disadvantage of using fluoroscopy as an imaging technique? excessive radiation exposure inability to determine density of bone structures poor resolution of images severity of tissue damage

excessive radiation exposure Fluoroscopy is designed to show motion in joints through x-ray imaging. The technique permits objects placed between a fluorescent screen and a roentgen tube to become visible. Fluoroscopy is not used commonly due to excessive radiation exposure.

Randomly grouping participants into two groups and testing the effects of a product would utilize which type of research design? correlational survey experimental causal-comparative

experimental Experimental research compares two or more conditions for the purpose of determining cause and effect relationships between independent and dependent variables. Examples include randomized controlled trials, quasi-experimental studies, and single-subject designs.

A patient with a colostomy who expresses apprehension about participating in aquatic therapy should be educated by: explaining that aquatic therapy is contraindicated for individuals with a colostomy explaining that aquatic therapy is appropriate for individuals with a colostomy explaining that the patient should participate in a different mode of exercise explaining that there is a high risk of the colostomy bag contaminating the pool

explaining that aquatic therapy is appropriate for individuals with a colostomy It is common for patients whom have had a colostomy to express concern and apprehension about participating in aquatic activities. As long as the patient is continent there is no reason for them to abstain from aquatic exercise. Patients should be educated to empty their bag and assess adhesiveness of the flange to the skin before entering the pool as a precaution.

The extent to which the results of an experiment can be generalized across populations, times, and settings refers to: internal validity external validity interrater reliability intrarater reliability

external validity External validity refers to the degree to which results of the research study are generalizable to populations or circumstances beyond those included in the study. Threats to external validity include the interaction of treatment with the specific type of subjects tested and the place (setting) and time (history) in which the experiment is performed.

An extremely high water temperature would most likely be used with which of the following tanks? extremity lowboy highboy Hubbard

extremity In general, the larger the body surface area exposed to water, the lower the maximum water temperature. The dimensions of extremity tanks limit the percentage of the body exposed to the water and would therefore more likely be utilized with higher water temperatures. Using higher water temperatures in tanks that allow a greater percentage of the body surface to be exposed to water increases the risk of hyperthermia.

This type of validity is a measure of the degree to which a measurement appears to test what it is supposed to? construct validity content validity face validity criterion validity

face validity Face validity refers to the degree to which a measurement appears to test what it is supposed to. It is a measure of the transparency or relevance of a test.

Droplet precautions require the use of which of the following? respirator facemask head and shoe covers sterile field

facemask Droplet precautions reduce the risk of droplet transmission of infectious agents through contact of the mucous membranes of the mouth and nose, contact with the conjunctivae, and through coughing, sneezing, talking or suctioning. This transmission requires close contact, as the infectious agents do not suspend in the air and travel only three feet or less. A mask must be worn when working within three feet of the patient.

A randomized controlled trial in which each subject is assigned to a combination of at least two independent variables is an example of a/an: crossover design one way repeated measure design over time factorial design repeated measure

factorial design A factorial design is a type of research study that assigns subjects to various combinations of two or more independent variables. Independent variables are often called factors, leading to the name factorial design.

What is the leading cause of fatal and non-fatal injuries in individuals aged 65 and over? falls heart disease lung cancer traumatic brain injury

falls Falls are the leading cause of fatal and non-fatal injuries in individuals aged 65 and over. Nearly one-third of elderly people fall each year, and of those, about half will fall repeatedly. Both frequency and severity of falls increase with age.

T/F compression bandages offer greater pressure proximally than distally

false

T/F when using contrast bath, the hot bath should be about 115º

false 104-106

T/F standard treatment time for a contrast bath is 5-10 minutes

false 25-30 minutes

T/F the space under the desk should be at least 60 inches wide

false 30 inches

T/F max surface temp for a hot back is reached within 4 min

false 6-8 min

T/F Bone scans produce cross-sectional images based on x-ray attenuation

false CT

T/F posterior leaf spring is a plastic AFO designed to help with PF to prevent foot drop

false DF

T/F Foot orthotics are used primarily for pt with paraplegia

false RGO

T/F treatment frequency for intermittent compression should not exceed 3x/week

false as much as 4x/day

T/F arm cuff of lofstrand crutches should be 1.5 inches above olecranon process

false below

T/F when seated as a desk, the elbows should be 6-12 inches away from the trunk

false close to trunk

T/F hot packs should be used over areas of compromised circulation

false contraindicated

T/F halo vest orthosis is constructed of fabric and may have metal uprights within the metal to provide abdominal compression and support

false corset

T/F common examples of modalities used for deep thermotherapy include soft tissue massage and vapocoolant sprays

false diatheramy/US

T/F petrissage should be performed in a proximal to distal sequence

false distal to proximal

T/F Myelography is an invasive test that combines MRI and radiography to evaluate spinal subarachnoid space

false fluoroscopy and radiography

T/F an acidic reaction occurs as a result of sodium hydroxide formation.

false hydrochloric acid

T/F surface electrodes provide more specific info about muscle activity than indwelling electrodes

false less specific

T/F to move an object, pushing or pulling should be used as a last resort only

false lifting is last resort

T/F evaporation refers to the transfer of heat that occurs as a vapor absorbs energy and changes into a liquid

false liquid to vapor

T/F iontophoresis dosage is quantified using W/cm2

false mA-min

T/F cold pack should be applied directly to the skin

false most towel

Which of the following abnormal electromyography potentials would be most indicative of lower motor neuron disease? fibrillation potentials polyphasic potentials fasciculations repetitive discharges

fibrillation potentials Fibrillation potentials are indicative of lower motor neuron disease. Fasciculations can also occur in healthy individuals with no pathologic cause.

How should a therapist proceed if a patient adamantly refuses an intervention that is in the patient's best interest? provide the intervention find an alternate intervention that the patient consents to ask the patient's family to convince the patient inform the patient that refusal will lead to loss of services

find an alternate intervention that the patient consents to Based on the principle of autonomy, a patient has the right to refuse any and all services. If after describing the risks and rewards of an intervention the patient continues to refuse, the therapist should attempt to identify an alternate intervention that is acceptable to the patient.

How many cycles of cardiopulmonary resuscitation should follow one shock with an automated external defibrillator? two cycles three cycles four cycles five cycles

five cycles An automated external defibrillator (AED) is a portable device that checks the heart rhythm and can send an electric shock to the heart to try to restore a normal rhythm. AEDs are often used to treat sudden cardiac arrest. When using an AED, one shock should be followed by 5 cycles of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).

which type of armrest would be most appropriate for pt that requires durable UE support? full length arms removable tubular or single posted arms fixed/non-removebale

fixed/non-removebale

when fully submerged in water, the human body typically ______ since the specific gravity of the bosy is less than 1.0

floats

type of edema that may limit the use of orthosis

fluctuating

______ unit circulates warm and and cellulose particles

fluidotherapy

Which type of diagnostic imaging is designed to show motion in joints through x-ray imaging? computed tomography fluoroscopy myelography venography

fluoroscopy Fluoroscopy permits objects placed between a fluorescent screen and a roentgen tube to become visible. A continuous x-ray beam is passed through the body part being examined. The beam is transmitted to a monitor so that the body part and its motion can be seen in detail.

____ catheter is an indwelling urinary tract catheter that has a balloon attachment at the indwelling end

foley

incorporated into AFO to assist with tone reduction

foot plate

What does the common medical abbreviation "qid" stand for? every four hours four times a day four times a week quarterly

four times a day It is important to recognize and comprehend acceptable standard abbreviations used in the medical record. The abbreviation "qid" stands for "four times a day".

Which term best describes the action of a health care provider who lists advanced credentials on their badge despite not having earned the credentials? negligence fraud malpractice defamation

fraud Fraud refers to a willful and purposeful misrepresentation that has the potential to deceive or cause harm.

primary determinant of the depth of US penetration

frequency

which of the following terms describes the number of pulses through a channel per second? amplitude current modulation frequency current

frequency

Which electrical stimulation term is most associated with the "rate" of stimulation? amplitude frequency phase duration rise time

frequency Frequency controls are often labeled as rate and are expressed in pulses per second or Hertz.

What massage technique incorporates small circular motions over a trigger point or muscle spasm? vibration tapotement friction petrissage

friction Friction massage incorporates small circular motions over a trigger point or muscle spasm. This is a deep massage technique that penetrates into the depth of a muscle and attempts to reduce edema, loosen adhesions, and relieve muscle spasm. Friction massage is used frequently with chronic inflammation or with overuse injuries.

What types of weight bearing status would be required in order to utilize a four-point gait pattern? toe-touch weight bearing non-weight bearing partial weight bearing full weight bearing

full weight bearing A four-point gait pattern is performed with two crutches or canes. The patient advances the crutch/cane on the left followed by the right leg, then advances the crutch/cane on the right followed by the left leg. This gait pattern does not allow for partial weight bearing status and is most often utilized when a patient has poor balance, poor coordination or muscular weakness.

Which of the following is an example of an ordinal descriptive measure? functional levels of assistance temperature scale blood type distance walked

functional levels of assistance An ordinal measure is considered a ranking scale. Items are ranked on the basis of a property of the variable, but the intervals may not be equal. Functional levels of assistance are ranked from total dependence to independent, but the levels in between may not be equal from one to the next.

According to the Nagi Disablement Model, an inability to climb stairs due to lower extremity weakness is classified as a/an: pathology impairment functional limitation disability

functional limitation A functional limitation is defined as limitations in performance, which include the inability to ambulate, climb stairs, reach, and stoop.

What piece of equipment can be routinely applied to a patient who is unable to walk without assistance in order to minimize the risk of an adverse event during gait training? pulse oximeter glucometer gait belt helmet

gait belt A therapist can effectively use a gait belt to minimize the risk of an adverse event during ambulation activities. The therapist typically grasps the gait belt with one hand, while using the opposite hand to offer support or to cue the patient.

which 2 of the following are used for long term feeding? NG tube Gastric tube jejunostomy tube IV system

gastric tube jejunostomy tube

When guarding a patient during ambulation training, a therapist must consider all of the following except: gender height weight level of impairment

gender All choices are appropriate to consider when guarding for safe ambulation except gender. While guarding a patient during ambulation it is recommended to attempt to anticipate potential hazards and take appropriate precautions when possible.

Which of the following terms is defined by one's self-image as a male or female based on biology, social and cultural norms? gender identity gender-role behavior androgyny sexual orientation

gender identity Gender identity refers to one's self image as a male or female. Gender-role behavior is the outward expression of an individual's sense and expression of either male or female characteristics. Androgyny is a term utilized to define flexibility in gender roles. Sexual orientation is defined by an individual's attraction to a specific gender.

w/c used for pt that is not able to self-propel safely

geri

For a patient who is experiencing heat exhaustion, which of the following procedures should not be performed? give the patient salt tablets to ingest place a cold compress on the patient's head have the patient drink fluids place the patient in a shaded area

give the patient salt tablets to ingest When a person is experiencing heat exhaustion, it is important to cool the person and counteract the effects of dehydration. The person should not be given salt tablets as excess salt may interfere with the person's ability to readjust the electrolyte balance to a normal state.

When applying protective garments before treating a patient in aseptic isolation, which garment is typically applied last? gown gloves mask cap

gloves In situations requiring aseptic isolation, protective garments need to be applied in a specific order. The cap should be applied first, followed by the mask, gown, and finally gloves.

Which of the following is not a frequently used latex-containing product? gloves surgical masks intravenous tubing gowns

gowns Latex-containing products can cause local skin reactions ranging from urticaria to systemic anaphylaxis. These products contain a corn-starch powder that binds with latex protein and becomes airborne. Particles can be inhaled, absorbed into the skin or mucous membranes, or enter through the bloodstream. Frequently used products that contain latex include gloves, blood pressure cuffs, electrode pads, intravenous tubing, Foley catheters, syringes, surgical masks, and baby bottle nipples and pacifiers.

When issuing a walker to a patient, what bony landmark would most approximate the height of the handgrip? iliac crest greater trochanter anterior superior iliac spine posterior superior iliac spine

greater trochanter In standing with the arm hanging at the side, the handgrip of a walker or crutch should be at the approximate level of the ulnar styloid process. This landmark coincides with the approximate level of the greater trochanter.

Which area of the body would most likely be treated using fluidotherapy? elbow hand hip thorax

hand Fluidotherapy consists of a container that circulates warm air and small cellulose particles. The superficial heating modality generates dry heat through forced convection and is used to treat distal extremities such as the hand.

type of edema that serves as a contraindication to intermittent compression

pulmonary

What is the safest way for a patient in a wheelchair to descend a curb? self-propel the chair off the curb while facing forward self-propel the chair off the curb while facing backward have an assistant control the chair off the curb while facing forward have an assistant control the chair off the curb while facing backward

have an assistant control the chair off the curb while facing backward When descending a curb, it is safest for the patient to have someone assist them off the curb. Though the patient can descend the curb either facing forward or backward, it is safest for the patient if it is performed backward. If the assistant loses control of the wheelchair in this position, they are still positioned behind the chair to prevent the patient from falling off the curb.

What is the correct method to establish an airway in the event that a patient stops breathing? head tilt-chin lift open the mouth by pulling on the chin rotate the head toward the provider apply manual cervical traction

head tilt-chin lift If a patient is not breathing, a health care provider should tilt the patient's head by pushing down on their forehead and lifting their chin by pushing up on the inferior aspect of the chin. This helps move the tongue away from the back of the throat, thus opening the airway.

What is the term for the ability, as a patient and consumer, to obtain and understand health information and use it to make informed decisions? motivational interviewing health literacy general literacy cultural competence

health literacy Health literacy is the degree to which an individual is able to understand information (primarily written) about health topics and use that information to make decisions and adhere to treatment plans. General literacy, which is the ability to read and use written information to function in society, is related but not the same.

organ monitored during ECG

heart

_____ _____ consists of a canvas or nylon-covered pack filled with hydrophilic silicate gel that provides a moist heat

heat pack

Which intervention would be the most appropriate to apply to the shoe of a patient with calcaneal spurring? heel cushion heel lift metatarsal pad rocker bar

heel cushion A calcaneal spur or heel spur is a bony growth that projects from the underside of the calcaneus. Repeated or excessive stress results in the buildup of calcium deposits which can eventually lead to spurring.

a pt that is able to self-propel using 1 LE may be an appropriate candidate for a ____ frame w/c

hemi

type of injury often requiring use of an ICP monitor

hemorrhage

Which of the following conditions is an absolute contraindication to aquatic therapy? osteoarthritis rheumatoid arthritis hepatitis A cerebral palsy

hepatitis A Hepatitis A is a virus that affects the liver and its function. Transmission occurs by close personal contact with an individual that has the infection or through the fecal-oral route. This form of hepatitis does not progress to a chronic disease or cirrhosis of the liver, instead patients usually recover in six to ten weeks. Treatment is supportive and the virus is self-limiting.

Which condition is not considered to be a contraindication for mechanical lumbar traction? pregnancy herniated disk signs of spinal cord compression instability of the spine

herniated disk Traction is a modality that applies forces to the body to separate joint surfaces and decrease pressure. A herniated disk is an indication for mechanical lumbar traction.

The most appropriate shoe modification for a patient with hammer toes is: high toe box medial longitudinal arch support padded inner sole rocker bar

high toe box Hammer toes refer to contractures of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the second, third or fourth toe causing the toe to appear permanently bent. A high toe box provides additional space in the toe region which reduces pressure on the dorsal surface of the affected toes.

Which type of tank would require a patient sitting in water up to their mid-chest level to have their hips and knees fixed in flexion? highboy tank lowboy tank extremity tank Hubbard tank

highboy tank Highboy tanks have dimensions that allow for sitting with the hips and knees flexed. Lowboy tanks allow for long sitting, and a Hubbard tank has the dimensions to support full body immersion. An extremity tank would not have adequate space to permit sitting within the tank, regardless of lower extremity position.

A Pavlik harness would result in the hip being positioned in: hip flexion and abduction hip flexion and adduction hip extension and abduction hip extension and adduction

hip flexion and abduction A Pavlik harness is the primary method of treating developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). DDH is a subluxed or dislocated hip in infancy as a result of abnormal congruency of the femoral head and acetabulum. The Pavlik harness maintains the infant's hips in flexion and abduction to enhance acetabular development.

Which of the following is released immediately in response to an allergic reaction? histamine platelets epithelial cells hemoglobin

histamine Histamine is an endogenous chemical that is involved in the normal regulation of a variety of physiologic functions such as gastric secretion, as well as various hypersensitivity or allergic reactions.

Most common finding when using latex gloves when treating a patient with a latex allergy? hives hypertension tachycardia pulmonary crackles

hives Exposing a patient with a latex allergy to latex may result in a variety of adverse findings involving the integumentary, respiratory, and cardiovascular systems. The integumentary system is most commonly affected, however, all systems can potentially be affected based on the severity of the reaction.

what does Medicare Part A help cover? hospital costs outpatient services hearing aids routine dental care

hospital costs Medicare Part A helps cover inpatient care in hospitals. Part A also helps cover some skilled nursing facility care, hospice care, and home health care under certain conditions.

Which type of transfer is most appropriate for an obese patient that is classified as dependent for all transfers? squat pivot transfer sliding board transfer hydraulic lift two-person lift

hydraulic lift A hydraulic lift is a device utilized for dependent transfers when a patient is obese, when there is only one therapist available to assist with the transfer or when the patient is totally dependent.

unit hot packs are stored to keep hot

hydrocollator

Which of the following is not a contraindication for hydrotherapy? diminished sensation compromised circulation incontinence hypersensitive residual limb

hypersensitive residual limb Hydrotherapy can be an effective treatment intervention following amputation to desensitize a residual limb. The remaining options are contraindications to hydrotherapy.

Which of the following would pose a red flag to gravity-assisted traction? disk herniation hypertension muscle guarding joint pain

hypertension Gravity-assisted traction is the use of body weight as a distractive force. The patient is harnessed and hangs in an inverted position, allowing gravity to create distractive forces. This method of traction is acceptable only in patients without hypertension, as it has been shown to raise both systolic and diastolic blood pressure significantly.

Which symptom is most commonly associated with shock? hypertension hypotension vasoconstriction hyperglycemia

hypotension Shock is a life-threatening medical condition of low blood perfusion to tissues resulting in cellular injury and inadequate tissue function. The typical signs of shock are low blood pressure, rapid heart rate, cool skin, and signs of confusion.

A severe episode of blood loss can cause what type of shock? anaphylactic septic cardiogenic hypovolemic

hypovolemic Hypovolemic shock is a life-threatening condition caused by insufficient circulating blood volume. Primary causes include hemorrhage or severe burns.

An injury or illness that occurs as the result of medical care is known as: extrinsic intrinsic iatrogenic teratogenic

iatrogenic An injury or illness that occurs as the result of medical care is known as iatrogenic. These events are considered preventable since they occur under the care of medical professionals most often from poor quality of care or medical errors.

An anaphylactic reaction would typically occur: immediately after drug administration 30 minutes after drug administration 60 minutes after drug administration 24 hours after drug administration

immediately after drug administration An anaphylactic reaction is a severe allergic reaction which typically occurs immediately after the administration of a drug. This reaction can be fatal if symptoms are not managed rapidly. Common early symptoms include swelling in the mouth and of the tongue, tachycardia, acute hypotension, and acute shortness of breath.

According to the Nagi Disablement Model, a significant decrease in ankle dorsiflexion would be best classified as a/an: pathology impairment functional limitation disability

impairment An impairment is described as a dysfunction and structural abnormality in specific body systems.

Which of the following is not a potential use of neuromuscular electrical stimulation? reduction of flexor tone and posturing of the hand improvement of functional grasp reduction of shoulder subluxation improvement of sensation in an area of diminished sensation

improvement of sensation in an area of diminished sensation While electrical stimulation can be used to mediate sensation using the gate control theory, neuromuscular electrical stimulation differs in that the goal is to stimulate muscular contraction in weak muscles and improve motor function.

Which scenario would provide the best justification for using a platform attachment on a walker? failure to demonstrate righting reactions inability to bear weight through the wrist and hand inability to bear full weight on the involved lower extremity difficulty independently advancing the walker

inability to bear weight through the wrist and hand A platform attachment can be added to axillary crutches, forearm crutches or a walker. This modification is used for patients who are unable to bear weight through their wrists and hands, who have deformities of the wrists or fingers, who have an amputation distal to the elbow or who are unable to extend the elbow.

Which term is defined as the total number of new cases of a condition, during a specified time interval? incidence prevalence parameter likelihood

incidence Incidence refers to the number of new cases of a particular disease or condition in the population at risk during a specified time interval. It is often expressed as the number of new cases per 100,000 people at risk.

Which goal would be the most critical in the medical management of a patient with shock? increase hydration increase peripheral resistance increase oxygenation increase mean arterial pressure

increase oxygenation Shock is characterized by a widespread serous reduction of tissue perfusion, that if prolonged, leads to generalized impairment of cellular functioning. As a result, the primary goal is to optimize oxygen delivery and reduce the demand placed on the heart.

Which therapeutic objective would necessitate the largest rest period (i.e., off time) when using neuromuscular electrical stimulation? increase power increase postural awareness increase sensory awareness increase muscle re-education

increase power Neuromuscular electrical stimulation requires a therapist to select a duty cycle (on and off time). Larger rest periods (i.e., off time) are warranted when the intensity of the muscle contraction increases. Power is defined as the amount of work performed per unit of time.

When applying a compression bandage, which scenario would result in the greatest amount of applied pressure? increased applied bandage tension to a limb with a small radius increased applied bandage tension to a limb with a large radius decreased applied bandage tension to a limb with a small radius decreased applied bandage tension to a limb with a large radius

increased applied bandage tension to a limb with a small radius Compression bandages follow the Law of Laplace, which states that the pressure of a bandage system is directly related to the tension applied to the bandage and inversely related to the radius of the limb. Therefore, the larger the surface area that a bandage covers, the more spread out the constant force of a bandage is.

If the back height of a patient's wheelchair is too high, what complication will most likely occur? decreased trunk stability increased difficulty with propelling the wheelchair skin irritation to the nape of the neck increased difficulty with pressure relief activities

increased difficulty with propelling the wheelchair If the back of a wheelchair is too high, the patient may experience difficulty propelling the wheelchair since the shoulders and scapulae will not be able to move as easily. Other complications include excessive irritation to the skin over the inferior angles of the scapulae and difficulty with balance secondary to forward inclination of the trunk.

Which of the following are benefits of superficial heating agents? decreased nerve conduction velocity, increased pain threshold increased nerve conduction velocity, decreased pain threshold increased nerve conduction velocity, increased pain threshold decreased nerve conduction velocity, decreased pain threshold

increased nerve conduction velocity, increased pain threshold Heat will increase nerve conduction velocity and increase pain threshold. Cryotherapy has many benefits including decreased nerve conduction velocity and increased pain threshold.

Which effect would be characteristic of ultrasound utilizing thermal effects? increased skin membrane permeability increased facilitation of tissue repair increased intracellular calcium levels increased tissue extensibility

increased tissue extensibility Thermal effects of ultrasound include acceleration of metabolic rate, modulation of pain, reduction of muscle spasm, decreased joint stiffness, alteration of nerve conduction velocity, increased circulation, and increased soft tissue extensibility. The extent of the thermal effects is dependent on the intensity, duration, and frequency selected.

indication for iontophoresis

inflammation

Which modification would increase the resistance experienced by a patient when performing horizontal abduction and adduction with paddles while standing in chest deep water? increased velocity and increased paddle size decreased velocity and decreased paddle size increased velocity and decreased paddle size decreased velocity and increased paddle size

increased velocity and increased paddle size Water molecules tend to attract to each other and provide resistance to movement of the body in water. Increasing velocity will increase the resistance experienced when performing horizontal abduction and adduction in the pool. The larger paddles will also serve to increase resistance.

the resistance of water _____ in proportion to the speed of motion

increases

Which variable is administered to the subject in an experiment? independent dependent intervening semi-intervening

independent The independent variable is presumed to have caused or influenced the dependent variable. It is, in essence, what is controlled or manipulated by the researcher.

Which medical device is used for long-term administration of substances into the venous system such as chemotherapeutic agents, total parenteral nutrition, and antibiotics? arterial line intracranial pressure monitor pulmonary artery (Swan-Ganz) catheter indwelling right atrial (Hickman) catheter

indwelling right atrial (Hickman) catheter An indwelling right atrial catheter is inserted through the cephalic or internal jugular vein and threaded into the superior vena cava and right atrium.

Which of the following is a contraindication to using electrical stimulation? fracture edema wound healing infection

infection An active infection is a contraindication to using electrical therapy since electrical stimulation could increase blood flow and spread infection.

All of the following are indications for cryotherapy except: tenosynovitis musculoskeletal trauma infection muscle spasm

infection Infection is a contraindication for cryotherapy. Other contraindications include cold intolerance, over areas of compromised circulation, over regenerating nerves, peripheral vascular disease, and skin anesthesia

Which of the following conditions is a contraindication to massage? scar tissue adhesions infection Raynaud's syndrome bursitis

infection Infection is a contraindication to massage. All other options are indications for massage.

which 2 conditions would be considered contraindications for use of cryotherapy? m. spasm infection myofascial trigger point cold intolerance tenosynovitis

infection cold intolerance

Procedures that allow researchers to make inferences about a population based on findings best describes: descriptive statistics inferential statistics correlational statistics cross-break tables

inferential statistics Inferential statistics allow researchers to make inferences about a population based on findings from a sample. Descriptive statistics allow researchers to describe information contained in many scores with indices such as the mean or standard deviation. Correlational statistics and cross-break tables are types of descriptive statistics.

Which initial action would be the most appropriate when a physician asks a healthcare provider to provide a treatment that is outside of their scope of practice? inform the physician that performing the treatment would be illegal perform the treatment with the assistance of a qualified provider discuss the situation with the direct supervisor report the physician to the American Medical Association

inform the physician that performing the treatment would be illegal Healthcare providers must practice within the established boundaries of their scope of practice, most often defined in a State Practice Act. When asked to perform an inappropriate treatment, the healthcare provider should explain to the requesting individual why the treatment is not possible. This action serves to protect the healthcare provider and educate others on their established scope of practice.

The principle that healthcare providers have the responsibility to provide all of the necessary information that a patient requires to make a healthcare decision is most consistent with? nonmaleficence informed consent beneficence autonomy

informed consent Informed consent involves telling the patient of the recommended procedure, its risks, benefits, and alternatives. A healthcare provider should also provide the patient with recommendations based on the available evidence and clinical experience.

The action of an autonomous, informed individual agreeing to submit to medical treatment is known as: autonomy informed consent confidentiality competence

informed consent Informed consent is the process of obtaining permission before conducting a healthcare intervention on an individual. A healthcare provider may ask a patient to consent to receive therapy before providing it, or a clinical researcher may ask a research participant to consent before enrolling that person into a clinical trial.

What is the most common mode of transmission for Anthrax? inhalation of bacterial spores direct contact with an infected individual sexual contact with an infected individual a bite from a tick

inhalation of bacterial spores Anthrax can be contracted by direct contact with the bacteria through the digestive system, through a cut or open area of the skin, or through inhalation of spores. Anthrax is considered a biological warfare agent and can potentially be deadly.

Which of the following is an important contraindication for heating modalities? insensate skin subacute injury muscle spasm tissue inelasticity

insensate skin Heating agents should not be applied on areas of the body without sensation, since the patient would not be able to provide adequate feedback on the intensity of the heat. As a result, the patient would be at an increased risk of an adverse event such as sustaining a burn.

Which of the following is a contraindication for the use of iontophoresis? insensate skin open wounds adipose tissue sensitive skin

insensate skin Insensate skin in the area to be treated is considered a contraindication for the use of iontophoresis since the patient cannot feel the current and provide accurate feedback related to intensity.

which of the following would not be considered an abnormal potential with EMG testing? fibrillation potential positive sharp wave insertional activity fasciculation

insertional activity

____ measures the quantity of energy delivered per unit area

intensity

measures quantity of energy delivered per unit area

intensity

Which type of electrical stimulation requires two sets of electrodes from separate channels of the same simulator? direct current interferential biphasic Russian

interferential Interferential current combines two medium frequency, alternating waveforms that are biphasic. The two waveforms are delivered through two sets of electrodes from separate channels of the same stimulator. Interferential current is most often used for pain relief, increased circulation, and muscle stimulation.

Which type of measurement scale describes typical test scores ranging from 0-100? interval ratio nominal ordinal

interval An interval measurement scale refers to intervals between adjacent values that are equal, however, there is no true zero point. Examples of interval scale measurements in physical therapy include temperature (e.g., body, skin, whirlpool) on the Fahrenheit or Celsius scale and some developmental and functional status tests.

types of ____ pressure monitors include epidural sensor, subarachnoid bold and intraventricular catheter

intracranial

What is the most common method of patient-controlled analgesia? epidural transdermal regional intravenous

intravenous Intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is the simplest and most common form of PCA. This form of PCA occurs by inserting a needle into a peripheral vein that connects to a catheter or intravenous line.

Which of the following is not a vehicle for medication administration through inhalation? face mask nebulizer positive-pressure breathing machine intravenous device

intravenous device Medications administered through inhalation include droplets, vapors, and gas. Face masks, nebulizers, and positive-pressure breathing machines are used as the vehicles for administration. Examples of drugs administered through inhalation include bronchodilators, mucolytics, and specific anti-inflammatory drugs.

When using iontophoresis, which of the following medications would be indicated for treating a patient with shoulder adhesive capsulitis? acetic acid dexamethasone iodine lidocaine

iodine Iontophoresis is the process by which ions are introduced into the body through the skin by means of continuous direct current electrical stimulation. Iodine is most often used with iontophoresis when treating scars and adhesive capsulitis.

What type of current is most effective in stimulating a denervated muscle? alternating current direct current pulsatile current high voltage current

irect current Direct current is characterized by a constant flow of electrons from the anode (i.e., positive electrode) to the cathode (i.e., negative electrode) for a period of greater than one second without interruption. Electrical stimulation of a denervated muscle using direct current has been used in an attempt to maintain the muscle, although the benefit is debatable.

Which of the following statements regarding the normal distribution is not true? it is bimodal it is symmetric around the mean the mean, median, and mode are all equal it is asymptotic

it is bimodal The mode refers to the value that occurs most frequently. A distribution with two modes is termed bimodal. The normal distribution has a single mode that is the same value as the mean and median.

removed prior to paraffin application

jewelry

Achieving equality among various societal groups, including those who are disadvantaged, is best characterized by which ethical principle? autonomy beneficence justice fidelity

justice Ethics is a branch of philosophy that emphasizes morality, justice, honesty, right versus wrong, and free will. Justice refers to the fair treatment of patients.

Which of the following principles of conduction would result in a higher rate of heat transfer? materials with low thermal conductivity smaller area of contact between materials large temperature difference between materials high ambient humidity

large temperature difference between materials The rate of heat transfer that occurs via conduction is affected by the temperature difference between the two materials, the thermal conductivity of the materials, and the area of contact between the materials. When the temperature difference between two materials is larger, heat will transfer between them more quickly.

Weakness in which muscle would make it extremely difficult to ambulate on crutches? medial deltoid erector spinae latissimus dorsi rhomboids

latissimus dorsi The latissimus dorsi is innervated by the thoracodorsal nerve (C6, C7, C8). With the origin fixed, the muscle acts to medially rotate, adduct, and extend the shoulder joint. Adequate latissimus dorsi strength is essential to effectively utilize crutches.

Which of the following findings would most warrant physician consultation? left shoulder pain with shortness of breath right shoulder pain in external rotation low back pain costovertebral pain

left shoulder pain with shortness of breath A patient presenting with symptoms of pain in the left shoulder and shortness of breath requires further evaluation since this may be a sign of a cardiac event.

Which of the following is not typically provided by Workers' Compensation? wage replacement benefits legal assistance in suing negligent employers vocational rehabilitation medical treatment

legal assistance in suing negligent employers The use of Workers' Compensation benefits usually prevents employees from suing employers. The other options are provided by Workers' Compensation according to the Department of Labor.

perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation to the line of action of the force

lever arm

Which ion would most likely be used with iontophoresis to treat inflammation and for analgesic purposes? iodine lidocaine copper sulfate acetic acid

lidocaine Lidocaine is a synthetic compound often utilized with iontophoresis to treat inflammation and pain. Lidocaine has a positive polarity and therefore would be applied beneath the positive pole (anode).

Which instruction would be considered poor advice when discussing proper lifting technique? keep objects close to your body avoid twisting bend at the knees lift using your back

lift using your back Keeping objects close to your body will decrease the lever arm and therefore decrease the resultant torque. Twisting will cause a shearing force between the vertebrae when lifting objects. Bending at the knees is important when lifting to ensure that the legs are required to perform the majority of the work. Lifting should be performed primarily by the legs and buttocks and not the back.

___ cushions are typically heavier than other alternatives, but serve to limit shear forces

liquid

Which transferring technique should be used when rolling a patient from supine to sidelying following a spinal surgery? log roll pivot shift "bump" transfer sliding board

log roll Patients should avoid excessive flexion, sidebending, and rotation following spinal surgery. As a result, a log roll transfer is the most desirable since it permits the body to remain in a relatively uniform static position during the transfer.

type of bandage offering the greatest resting pressure

long stretch

spinal posture maintained when lifting

lordosis

which of the following hydrotherapy tanks allows for the pt to long sit? lowboy tank highboy tank hubbard tank extremity tank

lowboy tank

Which of the following would be an indication for the use of intermittent compression devices to treat edema? arterial wound renal edema lymphedema cellulitis

lymphedema Lymphedema is a chronic condition characterized by an abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid caused by a mechanical insufficiency of the lymphatic system. Compression therapy and manual techniques can be effective in promoting lymph drainage.

Which imaging technique provides the best view of a disc protrusion, differentiating between the nucleus pulposus and the annulus fibrosus? computed tomography plain film radiography magnetic resonance imaging xeroradiography

magnetic resonance imaging Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) differentiates soft tissues and bone. MRI uses the quantity of hydrogen in tissues to determine water content, which allows it to differentiate between the nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus.

Which of the following imaging techniques shows the greatest detail in soft tissue structures? magnetic resonance imaging computed tomography fluoroscopy x-ray

magnetic resonance imaging Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses a magnetic field to align hydrogen atoms in the body. MRI can be weighted in T1 images to show the greatest anatomical detail of soft tissues. The other options all utilize x-ray, which is preferable when imaging bony structures.

Which of these is not a principle of good body mechanics? maintain a proper center of gravity maintain a wide base of support maintain proper body alignment maintain a two foot distance from any lifted object

maintain a two foot distance from any lifted object Good body mechanics include maintaining a proper center of gravity, a wide base of support, and proper body alignment. When lifting an object, it is important to keep the object close to the body in order to minimize stress or strain on the back.

When lifting a heavy object off of the floor, a therapist should: bend over to grasp the object keep the back bent throughout the lift lift with their arms maintain the object within the base of support

maintain the object within the base of support When preparing to lift heavy objects off the floor, the therapist should utilize a squat technique: lift using the legs, maintain a straight back, and attempt to maintain the object within the base of support.

contraindication to e-stim

malignancy

bony prominence serving as a point of reference for the trim line in AFO

malleoli

instrument used to measure pressure in central venous pressure catheter

manometer

Which form of traction provides the most specific and controlled distraction force? manual traction inversion traction mechanical traction gravity-assisted traction

manual traction Manual traction is hands-on traction applied by a clinician that involves a continuous steady pull or intermittent pulls. The purpose of manual traction is to provide a very specific and controlled distraction force to the spine.

Which of the following precautions would be unnecessary in the presence of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus? gown gloves mask private room

mask Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterial infection that can be spread through contact. Contact precautions include the use of gloves and a gown as well as a private treatment room for the patient.

Which of the following is a continuous form of practice that is best for simple skills? massed practice part-whole practice distributed practice blocked practice

massed practice Massed practice is similar to what is commonly called "cramming." Massed practice occurs when the practice time in a trial is greater than the amount of rest between trials.

Which of the following is true regarding measurement of electromyographic activity with biofeedback? measurements can be compared to normative data measurements can be used to measure progress from the initiation of care measurements can be used to compare trials during the same treatment session measurements can be used to compare right and left extremities over time

measurements can be used to compare trials during the same treatment session Electromyographic measurements should only be used to compare trials within the same treatment session because of the variability in electrode resistance and placement.

Phonophoresis typically administers all of the following medications transdermally except: lidocaine methotrexate dexamethasone hydrocortisone

methotrexate Phonophoresis describes the use of ultrasound for the transdermal delivery of topical medication. Medications regularly used in phonophoresis include anti-inflammatory agents and analgesics. Methotrexate is a cancer medication and would not be administered using phonophoresis.

measurement unit of phase duration

microsecond

unit of measure for current amplitude

milliamperes

What level of physical assistance is best described by a patient that requires 25% assistance from the therapist to complete a sit to stand transfer? contact guard minimal assist moderate assist maximal assist

minimal assist Minimal assist describes a scenario where the patient requires 25% assistance from the therapist to complete the task.

Which measure of central tendency can be applied to nominal data? mean median mode standard deviation

mode The mode is the only measure of central tendency that is meaningful when applied to nominal data since the intervals between categories are not equal or known. Standard deviation is a measure of variance.

The value that occurs most frequently in a data set is best termed the: mean median mode variance

mode The mode is the value that occurs most frequently in a data set. A distribution with two modes is termed bimodal. A distribution with more than two modes is termed multimodal.

When making workplace accommodations for a person with a disability, which of the following is not an example of an undue burden for the employer? modifications that require an excessive cost modifications that negatively affect other employees modifications that change the nature of the business modifications that would allow for use of assistive devices

modifications that would allow for use of assistive devices Employers must make reasonable accommodations to an employee with a disability, except in situations where those accommodations create an undue burden for the employer. Whether or not the accommodation is considered an undue burden will depend on the size of the business, type of business, number of employees, and nature and cost of the accommodation. Allowing a patient to use assistive devices is unlikely to cause an undue burden on an employer.

Which procedure is a physical therapist assistant not allowed to administer? modifications to the established plan of care tests and measures interventions within an established plan of care patient education

modifications to the established plan of care A physical therapist assistant is a technically educated health care provider who assists physical therapists in the provision of physical therapy. A physical therapist is the only appropriate health care professional to make a change in the established plan of care.

Failure to provide a child with necessary food and clothing is an example of: physical abuse sexual abuse neglect emotional abuse

neglect A failure to meet a child's basic needs including housing, food, clothing, education, and access to medical care is known as neglect.

An individual who is able to complete an activity independently, but requires multiple attempts would be classified as: independent modified independent modified dependent dependent

modified independent An individual who does not require assistance from another person, but requires extra time, the use of an assistive device, the modification of the environment or completes the task with reduced safety would be classified as modified independent. Taking multiple attempts to complete a task would require extra time and therefore classify the individual as modified independent.

term for alteration in amplitude, duration or frequency of current

modulation

which of the following 2 recommendations would have the greatest impact on reducing neck strain at a desk job? monitor with adjustable tilt split keyboard hands-free telephone mouse contoured to hand

monitor with adjustable tilt hands-free telephone

single active electrode used with dispersive electrode

monopolar

The point over a muscle where a contraction of a muscle may be elicited by a minimal-intensity electric stimulus is known as the: motor point axon potential nerve trunk lower motor neuron

motor point The motor point corresponds anatomically to the location of the terminal portion of the motor nerve fibers (end-plate zone).

Which medical condition would be most susceptible to adverse effects caused by exercising in an aquatic environment with a high ambient temperature? osteoarthritis multiple sclerosis osteoporosis Guillain-Barre syndrome

multiple sclerosis Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system characterized by demyelination of the myelin sheaths that surround nerves within the brain and spinal cord. Patients with multiple sclerosis often have extreme sensitivity to heat, potentially resulting in significant worsening of their current status.

Which material has the largest specific heat? air fat bone muscle

muscle Materials with high specific heat require more energy to achieve the same temperature increase than materials with low specific heat.

outcome associated with use of biofeedback

muscle relaxation

indication for NMES

muscle weakness

Positive sharp waves at rest are most indicative of which condition? Guillain-Barre syndrome Huntington's chorea spastic cerebral palsy muscular dystrophy

muscular dystrophy Positive sharp waves at rest are most indicative of denervated muscle disorders such as muscular dystrophy. The other options are not examples of denervated muscle disorders.

dx test to identify bone displacement, disc herniation, spinal cord compression or tumors

myelography

Which diagnostic test is an invasive test that combines fluoroscopy and radiography to evaluate the spinal subarachnoid space? myelography electroencephalography electromyography computed tomography

myelography Myelography combines fluoroscopy and radiography to evaluate the spinal subarachnoid space. The test utilizes a contrast medium that is injected into the epidural space by spinal puncture. Myelography is used to identify bone displacement, disk herniation, spinal cord compression or tumors.

Which of the following types of seizure is characterized by a brief, generalized jerking or stiffening of the extremities? tonic-clonic seizure absence seizure myoclonic seizure atonic seizure

myoclonic seizure Myoclonic seizures are characterized by a brief, generalized jerking or stiffening of the extremities. They may occur as a single movement or in groups. This type of seizure may throw a person to the floor.

Which of the following oxygen delivery systems would most likely be used for a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? nasal catheter nasal cannula oronasal mask tracheostomy mask

nasal cannula A nasal cannula has two prongs that can be inserted into a patient's nostrils for delivery of oxygen. This method of delivery is used most often for patients who require low to moderate concentrations of oxygen, such as a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Which of the following is most commonly used in a hospital setting for short-term feeding? percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy nasogastric tube total parenteral nutrition

nasogastric tube A nasogastric tube is a plastic tube inserted through a nostril that extends into the stomach. The device is commonly used for short-term liquid feeding, medication administration or to remove gas from the stomach.

Which type of feeding equipment is most likely to inhibit a cough? gastric tube gastrojejunal tube jejunostomy tube nasogastric tube

nasogastric tube A nasogastric tube is a plastic tube inserted through the nose and extends into the stomach. The position of the tube in the nostril and back of the throat can inhibit a cough and be irritating for the patient. The remaining options all extend through the abdominal wall.

Which type of ion does the cathode repel? positive negative neutral alternating positive and negative

negative The cathode is negatively charged (repelling negative ions) and the anode is positively charged (repelling positive ions).

Which of the following would be classified as an unintentional tort? battery fraud negligence defamation

negligence A tort refers to a private or civil wrong or injury involving omission and/or commission. Torts can be unintentional (e.g., negligence, malpractice) or intentional (e.g., assault, battery, fraud, defamation). Specifically, negligence refers to the failure to do what a reasonable and prudent person would ordinarily have done under the same or similar circumstances for a given situation.

The mean can be used to measure central tendency for which of the following measurements? Glasgow Coma Scale and breath sound classification Wagner's Ulcer Grade Classification Scale and joint laxity grades Modified Ashworth Scale and manual muscle test nerve conduction velocity and Timed Up and Go Test

nerve conduction velocity and Timed Up and Go Test Nerve conduction velocity and Timed Up and Go Test are considered ratio scale measurements. The mean can be used as a measure of central tendency for data on the ratio and interval scale. The other options contain one or more measurements that fall on the nominal or ordinal scale.

How much does Medicare Part A cost for most beneficiaries? no cost 10 dollars per month 100 dollars per month cost is income dependent

no cost For the majority of beneficiaries, there is no cost for Medicare Part A. Individuals usually sign up as soon as they are eligible, even if they are still working and have coverage through their employer.

Variables such as gender and nationality are measured on which scale? ratio ordinal nominal interval

nominal The nominal level of measurement refers to the assignment of values or scores based on mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories with no inherent rank order. Examples of variables measured on a nominal scale include gender, handedness, favorite color, and blood type.

Which term would be most consistent with the line in the Hippocratic oath "First do no harm?" autonomy beneficence capacity nonmaleficence

nonmaleficence Nonmaleficence is often in conflict with beneficence in the form of a risk/reward paradigm. For example, in the case of a gangrenous foot, a physician may decide to amputate to prevent further tissue damage. To do this the physician would need to hurt the patient by amputating (maleficence) in order to save the patient's life (beneficence).

type of effect that produces increased cell and skin membrane permeability, increased intracellular calcium levels, and facilitation of tissue repair

nonthermal

Infections which are acquired while a patient is in the hospital are best described by which term? communicable nosocomial autoimmune airborne

nosocomial Nosocomial infections are infections which have been acquired while a patient is in a hospital. Nosocomial infections commonly result from transmission from one client to another through a healthcare provider whom has performed inadequate hand hygiene procedures.

A blast lung injury is most likely to result from which of the following types of attacks? cyber attack nuclear attack chemical attack biological attack

nuclear attack A blast lung injury is likely to result from a nuclear attack. It is a serious consequence following detonation of an explosive device. Proximity to the detonation determines the severity of the injuries and mortality rates.

When documenting using a S.O.A.P. note format, the entry "ice massage applied to the lateral portion of the anterior tibia for 5 minutes" would be recorded in the: subjective section objective section assessment section plan section

objective section The objective section of a S.O.A.P. note refers to information the therapist observes. Common examples include range of motion measurements, muscle strength, and functional abilities.

Which of the following functions can be performed with an arterial line? obtain blood samples administer medications administer nutrition insert a coronary stent

obtain blood samples An arterial line is a catheter that is inserted into an artery, typically the radial, dorsal, pedal, axillary, brachial or femoral artery. The device is used to continuously measure blood pressure or to obtain blood samples.

law that deals with relationship between voltage and current

ohms

unit of measure for resistance (e-stim)

ohms

Which of the following is an absolute contraindication for the use of therapeutic ultrasound using non-thermal effects? over the knee on a woman has had a total knee arthroplasty over closed epiphyseal plates on the left shoulder of a patient with a cardiac pacemaker over a region of acute swelling

on the left shoulder of a patient with a cardiac pacemaker Ultrasound waves have the potential to interfere with the electrical circuitry of cardiac pacemakers. As a result, the modality is contraindicated in patients with cardiac pacemakers.

The duty cycle of an ultrasound treatment denotes the ratio of: on time to total time highest to lowest intensity size of the crystal to the size of the sound head the effective radiating area to the peak intensity

on time to total time Duty cycle refers to the portion of the treatment time that ultrasound is generated during the entire treatment. Specifically, the duty cycle of ultrasound is calculated by dividing the time during which sound is delivered (on time) by the total time (on time + off time) and multiplying the result by 100.

which of the following lifts would be most likely used for a very light object? deep squat half kneeling one leg stance lift power lift

one leg stance lift

Which of the following lift techniques would be most appropriate for picking up a light object from the floor? deep squat lift straight leg lift one-leg stance lift half-kneeling lift

one-leg stance lift The one-leg stance lift (also known as a golfer's lift) occurs when the patient shifts their weight onto one leg and bends forward toward the floor. The non-weight bearing leg extends to counterbalance the forward movement of the trunk. This lift is only used to pick up light objects from the floor.

US transducer should be moved _____ to treatment surface when administering US using underwater technique

parallel

The Borg scale is most representative of which type of data scale? nominal ordinal interval ratio

ordinal An ordinal scale of measurement is also known as a ranking scale. The data is ranked on the basis of a property of the variable, but the intervals between the ranks may not be equal or known. The Borg scale of rating of perceived exertion is a type of ordinal scale as higher numbers indicate greater exertion.

Manual muscle testing is an example of what kind of data? nominal ordinal ratio interval

ordinal Manual muscle testing is an example of ordinal data because although there is a hierarchy, the intervals between the rating levels do not represent equal units of measure.

What type of scale is used on the Berg Balance Scale? interval nominal ordinal ratio

ordinal The Berg Balance Scale uses an ordinal scale ranging from 0-4 to score each of the 14 functional tasks. The ordinal scale has descriptive criteria provided for each scoring level based on level of independence, time, and distance.

external device that provides support or stabilization and improves function

orthotic

device used for viewing EMG data

oscilloscope

which of the following scenarios would result in biofeedback being contraindicated? over painful area over recently repaired muscle over denervated m. over edematous area

over recently repaired muscle

Where should a health care provider's hands be placed when performing chest compressions during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) on an adult who is unconscious? over the xiphoid process lateral to the sternum over the heart over the distal sternum proximal to the xiphoid process over the proximal sternum distal to the sternoclavicular joints

over the distal sternum proximal to the xiphoid process When performing chest compressions, the hands should be placed proximal to the xiphoid process over the distal sternum. The hands should not be placed over the xiphoid process due to the increased risk of avulsion of the xiphoid during compressions.

Which two principles does electrical stimulation operate on in order to strengthen muscles? rheobase and chronaxie sensitivity and specificity overload and specificity overload and tetany

overload and specificity The overload principle states that the greater load that is placed on the muscle, the higher force contraction it produces and the more strength that muscle gains. Specificity states that only those muscles involved in a contraction will experience the primary training effect.

photoelectric device used to determine the oxygen saturation of blood

oximeter

potentially diminished using electrotherapy

pain and edema

method of paraffin application

paint

Which of the following modalities would be the most appropriate when attempting to heat the hand and fingers? ultrasound moist hot pack paraffin infrared light

paraffin Paraffin wax is a commonly used heating modality for the distal extremities. Paraffin is used on relatively small or abnormally shaped surfaces because it can conform to almost any shape. There are three methods of paraffin application: dip-wrap, dip-reimmersion, and paint application.

Using a scale as a training tool would be most beneficial for a patient that is: full weight bearing weight bearing as tolerated partial weight bearing non-weight bearing

partial weight bearing Partial weight bearing requires that a patient must learn to judge how much weight they are putting through their extremity. As a result, a scale can be helpful to allow a patient to develop a sense of what a specific weight bearing level feels like. The amount of weight bearing is expressed as allowable pounds of pressure or as a percentage of total weight.

According to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Model, what term is defined as problems an individual may experience in life situations and societal interactions? impairment activity limitation participation restriction disability

participation restriction Participation restrictions are life situations or societal interactions. Activity limitations are more specific. For example, a patient that is status post-stroke may have difficulty carrying/holding objects (activity limitation) with their left hand which would limit their ability to play basketball (participation restriction).

Which patient would be the most appropriate candidate for nasogastric feeding? patient with dysfunctional gag reflex patient with gastroesophageal reflux patient with high risk for aspiration patient in a coma

patient in a coma A nasogastric tube is a plastic tube inserted through a nostril that extends into the stomach. The device is commonly used for liquid feeding, medication administration, and to remove gas from the stomach. Common candidates for nasogastric feeding include comatose patients, patients with neck or facial injuries, premature infants, and patients on a mechanical ventilator.

A physical therapist decides to use mechanical lumbar traction to treat a patient with an L4 disk herniation. Which of the following patient positions and treatment parameters would be the most appropriate? patient in prone with a force of 25% of total body weight patient in prone with a force of 50% of total body weight patient in supine with a force of 25% of total body weight patient in supine with a force of 50% of total body weight

patient in prone with a force of 25% of total body weight The patient in a prone position results in greater separation of the anterior structures such as the disk spaces. A force of 25% of the total body weight is strong enough to stretch soft tissue and treat a disk protrusion; a force of 50% of the total body weight is strong enough to cause actual separation of the vertebrae.

Which scenario would provide the most appropriate justification for a wheelchair with a reclining frame? patient is unable to self-propel the wheelchair patient frequently experiences autonomic dysreflexia patient is unable to perform weight shifting tasks patient has excessive lower extremity spasticity

patient is unable to perform weight shifting tasks A reclining frame can be used to help alter weight bearing in a patient that is wheelchair dependent. Other uses of a reclining frame include when a patient is unable to sit upright for an extended period of time and when a patient has moderate to severe trunk involvement.

What is the highest priority when designing a home exercise program for a patient? patient safety patient adherence patient learning style patient motivation

patient safety Patient safety should be the clinician's first concern when developing a home exercise program. Patient motivation and adherence are needed to have a successful program, but the patient's condition may significantly worsen if they are not safe. It is important to periodically reassess the patient's technique and, if necessary, make appropriate modifications.

Which statement regarding hydrotherapy safety precautions is not true? hydrotherapy units require a ground fault circuit interrupter Hubbard tank temperatures should not exceed 100 degrees Fahrenheit patients with open wounds are not candidates for hydrotherapy the hydrotherapy tank must be drained and cleaned after each treatment

patients with open wounds are not candidates for hydrotherapy The main therapeutic effects of hydrotherapy include wound care, unloading of weight, and reduction of edema. This question is particularly challenging since in some instances it is appropriate to use temperatures exceeding 100 degrees Fahrenheit with hydrotherapy. This is not accurate, however, when using a Hubbard tank since this type of tank is used for full body immersion. As a result, it is necessary to use a lower temperature range (97-100 degree Fahrenheit) due to the difficulty patient's experience dissipating heat when it is applied to very large areas.

When assisting a patient who requires moderate assistance to complete a stand-pivot transfer, the therapist should utilize their hands to control the: shoulders thorax pelvis rib cage

pelvis When assisting with a stand-pivot transfer, the therapist should first block the patient's lower extremities and then place their hands on the patient's pelvis to offer the required assistance, as well as to control the patient's center of gravity.

Which measure is used to express duty cycle when using ultrasound? percent watts per centimeter squared centimeters squared Hertz

percent Duty cycle is defined as the ratio of the on time to the total time and is most often expressed as a percentage.

In order to ascend and descend a curb, an individual in a wheelchair must first learn how to: ascend and descend a ramp perform a wheelie independently enter a wheelchair from the ground perform pressure relief techniques

perform a wheelie Learning how to safely execute and maintain a wheelie are important prerequisites for curb negotiation. The individual should face forward while ascending and descending curbs.

Which of the following is not a component of performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation? open the patient's airway administer breaths chest compressions perform differential diagnosis

perform differential diagnosis Establishing an airway, administering breaths, and performing chest compressions are all potentially associated with cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Although diagnosis related information may become evident throughout the cardiopulmonary resuscitation process, differential diagnosis is not a component of cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

When educating a patient on how to safely perform a balance exercise within the home, which would be the most appropriate? perform exercise while standing on a throw rug perform exercise while multitasking perform exercise with slippers on perform exercise within the corner of two walls

perform exercise within the corner of two walls Standing within the corner of two walls while exercising can help prevent falling if a patient loses their balance. A throw rug is inherently unstable since it is likely to move and therefore should not be used with any active form of exercise. Multitasking makes it difficult for a patient to focus on balance exercises. Patients should use appropriate footwear with adequate support and non-slip soles when exercising.

A patient complaining of a sharp burning pain while receiving continuous ultrasound over the acromion may most likely be experiencing: a normal response tetanic muscle contraction periosteal irritation cavitation

periosteal irritation Sharp pain, especially over bony prominences, may indicate periosteal irritation. The periosteum can absorb excessive sound energy when ultrasound is applied over areas with minimal soft tissue covering. A patient complaint of sharp burning pain requires the therapist to immediately decrease the ultrasound intensity.

which of the following is not an indication for hydrotherapy? burn care joint stiffness muscle spasm peripheral vascular disease

peripheral vascular disease

Which massage technique is the most appropriate to loosen adhesions and to remove metabolic waste? vibration petrissage friction effleurage

petrissage Both friction and petrissage are appropriate for loosening adhesions. Petrissage is also effective in removing metabolic waste which is not a primary goal of friction massage. Petrissage should be performed in a distal to proximal sequence to promote the removal of metabolic waste.

Which massage stroke is best described as kneading? effleurage petrissage tapotement vibration

petrissage Petrissage is often described as kneading. The therapist squeezes the muscle by rolling it under their hands.

use of US for the transdermal delivery of meds

phonophoresis

Application of a topical medication using ultrasound is known as: iontophoresis phonophoresis fluidotherapy diathermy

phonophoresis Phonophoresis describes the use of ultrasound for the transdermal delivery of topical medication. Ultrasound enhances the distribution of medication through the skin, provides a high concentration of the drug directly to the treatment site, and avoids risks that may be associated with the injection of medication.

Which individual would be most appropriate to authenticate a daily note completed by a student physical therapist? physical therapist assistant physical therapist academic faculty member referring physician

physical therapist Documentation completed by student physical therapists should be authenticated by a physical therapist, or when permitted by law, a physical therapist assistant. Additional authentication may be necessary for reimbursement from third party payers.

According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, which category of needs would assume the highest priority? esteem needs physiologic needs safety needs social needs

physiologic needs Maslow's hierarchy of needs hypothesizes that there is a hierarchy of biogenic and psychogenic needs that individuals must progress through. Physiologic needs assume the highest priority since they refer to the basic things necessary in order to survive such as food, water, and shelter.

The energy used during ultrasound therapy is created using a/an: piezoelectric crystal laser light electrode radio wave transmission

piezoelectric crystal Piezoelectric crystals, located in the transducer, have the ability to expand and contract to create sound waves at frequencies that are not detectable to the human ear. The frequency for medical ultrasound is generally between 0.5 and 5 MHz.

How should inaccurate documentation in a handwritten note be corrected? remove the inaccurate documentation and write a new note write a new note and place it over the inaccurate documentation place a single line through the inaccurate information and write a new note place a single line through the inaccurate information, date, and initialize

place a single line through the inaccurate information, date, and initialize Standard procedures should be followed when correcting a note in a handwritten medical record. This involves drawing a straight line through the incorrect part and adding a date and provider initials. This should be followed by the correct statement. Black ink should be used for all entries and corrections made in a medical record.

Which test is the most effective in initially demonstrating a bone or joint abnormality? magnetic resonance imaging computed tomography scan plain film radiographs ultrasound

plain film radiographs Plain film radiographs (i.e., X-rays), are often the first ordered diagnostic study for musculoskeletal disorders. They can screen for a large number of pathologies including bone or joint abnormalities.

What section of an initial examination would anticipated discharge plans most likely appear? diagnosis plan of care prognosis evaluation

plan of care Anticipated discharge plans are typically found in the plan of care section of an initial examination. Hypothesized discharge plans can be changed and documented upon reevaluation if the patient's improvement is greater than expected, or the patient is not achieving the established therapy goals.

Which section of the initial examination contains the short and long term goals? evaluation diagnosis prognosis plan of care

plan of care The short and long term goals appear in the plan of care section of an initial examination. Goals can be modified as necessary, usually upon reexamination.

When documenting using a S.O.A.P. note format, where would be the most appropriate place to document the expected frequency and duration? subjective section objective section assessment section plan section

plan section The plan section includes ideas for future physical therapy sessions. Frequency and expected duration of physical therapy services can also be incorporated into this section.

type of back insert used for a pt that requires mild to moderate trunk support due to tone

planar back insert

which type of trunk support would be the most appropriate for a pt that requires mild to moderate lateral support due to listing or scoliosis? curved back insert chest strap chest harness planar lateral supports

planar lateral supports

common material used in AFO

plastic

intermittent compression with a _____ device is primarily used to reduce chronic edema

pneumatic

What is the term when two therapists measure drastically different values on the same patient? poor intrarater reliability poor interrater reliability poor internal validity poor external validity

poor interrater reliability Interrater reliability refers to the consistency or equivalence of measurements made by more than one person. Interrater reliability indicates the agreement of measurements taken by different examiners.

which of the following would be used to measure the required w/c seat depth? popliteal fold axilla greater trochanter olecranon process

popliteal fold

Which term is best described as the complete collection of elements to be studied? cohort group population sample

population The population is referred to as the complete collection of elements to be studied or stated differently, the group to which the results of research are intended to be generalized.

polarity of lidocaine

positive

Which of the following medical imaging devices produces images from radioactive emissions? magnetic resonance imaging functional magnetic resonance imaging positron emission tomography radiographs

positron emission tomography Positron emission tomography (PET) creates an image based on the amount of a radioactive dye that is absorbed by tissue. As a result, this type of imaging can be used to assess the function of structures and organs.

Which of the following is the least restrictive type of ankle foot orthosis? posterior leaf spring orthosis modified ankle-foot orthosis solid ankle-foot orthosis dual channel ankle-foot orthosis

posterior leaf spring orthosis A posterior leaf spring orthosis is a type of ankle-foot orthosis that provides a dorsiflexion assist during swing phase. The trim line is posterior to the malleoli and as a result the device offers minimal medial or lateral ankle support.

What is the most appropriate initial action when treating a patient who is reporting shoulder pain radiating into their neck and shortness of breath? passive range of motion modalities to the shoulder rotator cuff exercises postpone treatment and refer the patient to a physician

postpone treatment and refer the patient to a physician The most appropriate action is to postpone treatment and refer the patient to a physician for further evaluation. The patient is experiencing signs of cardiac distress that would likely worsen with activity.

The primary rationale for using a reverse walker instead of a traditional walker is to improve: postural alignment ease of movement stability upper extremity involvement

postural alignment A reverse walker is used to facilitate an extension posture for patients that tend to maintain a flexed posture while standing.

Which of the following should be performed first when using an automated external defibrillator? power the defibrillator on prepare the patient by exposing the chest and attaching the electrodes place the patient in a prone position clear the patient's airway

power the defibrillator on When using an automated external defibrillator (AED), the first step is to turn on the power to the device. This activates voice prompts for all subsequent steps.

w/c used for pt with high level SCI

power w/c

Which method of practice would be the most effective to promote long-term retention of basic transfer skills? practice the activities in a random order sequence the activities from easiest to most difficult allow the patient to determine the sequence of activities establish a predictable, but variable practice sequence

practice the activities in a random order It is hypothesized that having a patient practice a number of tasks in a random order offers the highest likelihood of successful long-term retention.

Which of the following will increase the absorption of topical medication when using phonophoresis on the forearm? dehydration thick callous preheating the skin elevating the extremity

preheating the skin Heat increases the kinetic energy of molecules in the skin, which increases the transportation and transmission of medications through the skin into the capillary system. Other factors that may increase absorption include thinner skin, increased metabolism, and increased hydration.

A patient who has researched nicotine replacement therapy, bought lozenges, and told his wife that his quit date will be this upcoming Saturday is in which of the transtheoretical model - stages of change? precontemplation contemplation preparation action

preparation The transtheoretical model - stages of change theorizes that health behavior change involves progressing through six stages of change: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination. A patient in the preparation stage has concrete plans to make a behavior change in the near future. Activities in this stage often include gathering information and communicating the plan to change with others. If the patient does successfully throw away his last pack of cigarettes Friday night and starts making the changes as planned, he will then be in the action stage.

Which scenario is not considered to be a contraindication for magnetic resonance imaging? presence of a pacemaker presence of pins presence of artificial heart valves presence of a tumor

presence of a tumor Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examines the distribution of hydrogen molecules in the body in three dimensions. MRIs are used to differentiate types of tissues. They can be used to examine the brain, tumors, vascular abnormalities, as well as cardiac, respiratory, and renal conditions. MRIs provide greater contrast of soft-tissue structures than CT scans.

When setting the amount of pressure for an intermittent vasopneumatic compression device, which value would most likely restrict arterial blood flow and create a potential medical emergency? pressure greater than the recorded diastolic blood pressure pressure less than the recorded diastolic blood pressure pressure greater than the recorded systolic blood pressure pressure less than the recorded systolic blood pressure

pressure greater than the recorded systolic blood pressure When using an intermittent vasopneumatic compression device, pressure greater than the recorded systolic blood pressure would restrict arterial blood flow and result in serious cardiovascular complications.

The proportion of a population who has, or had, an illness in a given time period is defined as: epidemiology pandemic prevalence incidence

prevalence Prevalence is a statistical concept referring to the number of existing cases of a disease or condition at a point in time, including new and pre-existing cases. Prevalence is often expressed as the number of existing cases per 100,000 people at risk.

Health promotion that is implemented prior to the individual being diagnosed with a disease is considered? primary prevention secondary prevention tertiary prevention quaternary prevention

primary prevention Primary prevention occurs as a form of health promotion prior to an individual obtaining an impairment or being diagnosed with a disease. Secondary prevention occurs promptly after an individual has been diagnosed with the goal of diminishing future health complications. Tertiary prevention occurs late in the disease state and focuses on returning the individual to an optimal level of functioning through restoration and rehabilitation.

Systematic sampling and cluster sampling are examples of which type of sampling method used in human research? probability sampling non-probability sampling sampling with replacement snowball sampling

probability sampling Systematic sampling and cluster sampling are examples of probability sampling since both methods utilize a form of random selection of subjects. Other forms of probability sampling include simple random sampling and stratified random sampling.

Which sampling method would be the most desirable when a research study involves human subjects? probability sampling without replacement non-probability sampling without replacement probability sampling with replacement non-probability sampling with replacement

probability sampling without replacement Sampling without replacement is a sampling method in which a unit selected from the population is not returned to the population and therefore, cannot be selected again for the same sample. This form of sampling is most often used with research studies involving human subjects. Probability sampling is preferable because it eliminates researcher bias in the selection of subjects.

When assisting a conscious infant who is choking, the health care provider should place the infant: supine on the floor prone over one forearm with the head lower than the trunk prone over one forearm with the head higher than the trunk supine over one forearm with the head higher than the trunk

prone over one forearm with the head lower than the trunk When treating a conscious infant (i.e., less than one year old) who is choking, the provider should first place the infant prone over one of their forearms with the head below the trunk. In this position, the provider should provide back blows using the heel of their hand. Then the provider should place the infant supine over their forearm and provide sternal thrusts.

Which of the following is a possible complication with use of an intravenous line? myocardial infarction stroke pulmonary embolism seizure

pulmonary embolism A disrupted or loose intravenous (IV) line connection may result in the development of an air embolus. These emboli can be life-threatening if they make their way to the heart or lungs. Other complications with use of an IV line include phlebitis, infection, thrombosis, and local hematoma.

Which measurement is used to denote the frequency of electrical stimulation? pulses per second microseconds amperes volts

pulses per second Frequency determines the number of pulses delivered through each channel per second. Frequency controls are often labeled as rate and are expressed in pulses per second or Hertz. The frequency affects the number of action potentials elicited during the stimulation.

Researchers investigating the effects of an intervention on an extremely rare genetic condition would most likely utilize which sampling method? simple random sampling systematic sampling cluster sampling purposive sampling

purposive sampling Purposive sampling involves the selection of subjects based on predefined criteria chosen by the investigators. This sampling method is often utilized when the population being studied is small.

A patient with low back pain should be instructed to attempt to move a heavy object with which of the following maneuvers first, prior to utilizing other techniques? traditional lift push and/or pull deep squat lift power lift

push and/or pull Patients with low back pain should be instructed to attempt to push, pull, slide or roll an object prior to lifting or carrying an object to minimize the risk of injury. Pushing and/or pulling activities should occur in a semi-squat position with force applied parallel to the support surface.

Which of the following sampling methods is an example of non-probability sampling? stratified random sampling simple random sampling cluster sampling quota sampling

quota sampling Non-probability sampling does not involve random selection of subjects. Quota sampling is an example of non-probability sampling that involves convenience sampling after stratification.

type of heat an infared lamp uses

radiation

What are the black areas produced on a radiograph called? radiodense radiolucent radiopaque radio waves

radiolucent Dense objects such as bone and metal fragments display brighter because they block more of the beam, therefore reducing the films exposure. Objects that block X-rays are said to be radiopaque, whereas those that pass X-rays are radiolucent and produce black areas.

____ allows current amplitude to gradually increase to a preset max then gradually decrease

ramp

Flipping a coin to determine which participants in a study are in the control group versus the treatment group is a form of: blinding crossover matching randomization

randomization Randomization is used to achieve a balance between treatment and control group subjects and to avoid investigator bias. Methods of randomization range from using complicated software to simply flipping a coin.

The best way to create representative experimental and control groups is by assigning participants through: randomization availability self-selection precision matching

randomization Randomization is used to achieve a balance between treatment and control group subjects and to avoid investigator bias. Methods of randomization range from using complicated software to simply flipping a coin.

Which variable would be the most compelling to warrant use of a scoliosis brace? 10 degree scoliotic curve rapid progression of an existing curve significant pain impacting functional activities subjective report of instability

rapid progression of an existing curve Bracing is typically used in patients with 20-40 degree scoliotic curves. Rapid progression of an existing curve often warrants utilization of a scoliosis brace even if the magnitude of the curve does not reach the typical 20 degree threshold.

Which scale of measurement has an absolute zero? nominal ordinal interval ratio

ratio A ratio measurement scale is an interval scale with a zero position indicating the absence of the quantity being measured. Examples of ratio scale measurements include range of motion (degrees), distance walked (m), time to complete an activity (s), and nerve conduction velocity (m/sec).

If a patient using bilateral axillary crutches loses their balance forward (anteriorly), they should: reach forward with both arms tuck their chin forward toward their chest maintain their grasp on both crutches keep their elbows extended to brace the fall

reach forward with both arms In the event of a forward (anterior) loss of balance, the patient should first release both crutches to the side, not in front of the body. Then the patient should reach forward with both arms and turn their face to one side. As they contact the floor, the elbows should bend to absorb the force and slowly lower the body to the ground.

frame used for a pt that is unable to perform weight shifting tasks

reclining

What type of transfer is used if the patient is unable to assist with the transfer and is unable to be placed in a seated position? standing, assisted pivot standing, standby pivot sitting, dependent lift recumbent, dependent lift

recumbent, dependent lift A recumbent, dependent transfer is used when the patient is physically unable to assist with the transfer and is unable to assume a seated position. One, two, or three people may be needed to complete the transfer, as well as specialized equipment such as a mechanical lift or a low friction bed liner.

Which sign or symptom is not associated with cardiac arrest? apnea red, warm skin absence of carotid or femoral pulse dilated pupils

red, warm skin Cardiac arrest occurs when cardiac function stops. Signs of cardiac arrest include apnea, absence of a carotid or femoral pulse, and dilated pupils. Due to the lack of oxygen, the individual's skin may appear pale and feel cool to touch.

common observation following iontophoresis treatment

redness of the skin

What is the first priority when treating a patient with heat stroke? replenish fluids reduce body temperature increase blood glucose take their blood pressure

reduce body temperature Heat stroke is a condition where the core temperature of a person's body is 106 degrees Fahrenheit or greater. This is an emergent and life-threatening condition. A core temperature at this level can result in the body's organs shutting down. The first priority when treating someone with heat stroke is to decrease the body temperature as quickly as possible, ideally through a cold shower or ice bath.

Which of the following is not a physical effect of spinal traction? stretch soft tissue relax muscles reduce disk protrusion reduce sequestration

reduce sequestration Sequestration is a stage of herniation in which the nucleus pulposus breaks through the annulus fibrosis and lies outside the disk in the spinal canal. Mechanical traction would be ineffective in reducing this type of herniated disc.

which of the following would be the most appropriate type of armrests for a pt that utilizes a sliding board for transfers? full length arms removable arms single posted arms no armrests

removable arms

A wheelchair designed for a patient with paraplegia should include which of the following? reclining frame 4 inch front casters handrims with 12 vertical projections removable desk top arms

removable desk top arms The presence of removable desk top arms will significantly increase the ease of transfers for a patient with paraplegia. This occurs since the patient is unable to utilize their lower extremities to assist with the transfer.

Which statistical test is most appropriate when comparing scores on a visual analogue pain scale before, immediately after, and six months after surgery between patients with a total hip, knee, or shoulder replacement? t-tests odds ratio repeated measures analysis of variance Pearson correlation

repeated measures analysis of variance Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to evaluate the differences between the means of two or more populations or treatment groups. Since the same group of patients are measured at each of the levels for the time factor, it is called a repeated measures ANOVA.

An excessively wide manual wheelchair increases the risk of which of the following for a young male patient with paraplegia? sacral pressure ulcer cervical strain phantom limb effect repetitive strain injuries to bilateral upper extremities

repetitive strain injuries to bilateral upper extremities Repetitive pushing at an inefficient angle is most likely to produce cumulative stress to the muscles and other tissues of both shoulders and arms.

What does the acronym RACE stand for regarding a "code red"? rescue, alarm, contain, extinguish run, alarm, contain, extinguish rescue, alarm, contain, exit run, alarm, contain, exit

rescue, alarm, contain, extinguish "Code red" is often used to announce situations involving fire and smoke. The acronym RACE is used to express the steps to take in the event of a fire. RACE stands for rescue, alarm, contain, and extinguish.

What is the primary purpose of wearing a shoe with a medial sole flare? resist dorsiflexion resist plantar flexion resist inversion resist eversion

resist eversion A medial sole flare increases stability of the ankle by resisting eversion. A lateral sole flare would be used to resist inversion.

which of the following is the equation for resistance? resistance=voltage/amplitude resistance=current/frequency resistance=current/amplitude resistance=voltage/current

resistance=voltage/current

Common devices used in healthcare facilities to prevent falls include all of the following except: bed rails restraints nonskid slippers locks on wheeled equipment

restraints Taking simple steps such as using bedrails, locking wheeled equipment prior to use, and applying nonskid slippers to patients prior to standing up can all help to prevent falls. Restraints are physical devices used to limit a patient's movement, however, they do not prevent falls. Instead, they increase the possibility of serious injury due to a fall and therefore are not commonly used as a preventive measure. Restraints are more commonly indicated to limit movement with the goal of preventing a person from getting hurt or potentially harming others.

The minimum electrical stimulation current amplitude required to produce an action potential is known as: propagation chronaxie rheobase accommodation

rheobase Rheobase refers to the minimum current amplitude of indefinite duration required to produce an action potential for any type of tissue. The relative ease by which a tissue can be stimulated is primarily determined by the strength of the stimulus and the duration the stimulus is applied.

A central venous pressure catheter measures pressures in which heart chamber? right atrium right ventricle left atrium left ventricle

right atrium A central venous pressure catheter is an intravenous tube that is used to measure pressures in the right atrium or superior vena cava. This information is used to determine how well the right ventricle is functioning.

which of the following types of handrims would be the most appropriate for a pt that has a significant grip deficit resulting in difficulty propelling the w/c? small diameter large diameter covered rims rim projections

rim projections

For a patient who has significantly impaired balance and coordination, what would be the most appropriate assistive device for them to use? single-point cane Lofstrand crutches rolling walker quad cane

rolling walker Walkers are used when maximal patient stability, support, and mobility are required. Crutches and canes are far less stable assistive devices.

movement avoided when lifting

rotation

What iontophoresis agent would be the most appropriate to treat muscle or joint pain? calcium chloride iodine salicylates zinc oxide

salicylates Salicylates are chemicals found naturally in plants and are a major ingredient in aspirin and other pain relieving medications. In iontophoresis salicylates are most often used to treat muscle or joint pain.

which 3 meds used in iontophoresis have negative polarity? salicylates copper sulfate iodine lidocaine dexamethasone zinc oxide

salicylates iodine dexamethasone

If 95% of patients with a rotator cuff tear test positive using MRI, then the test would be considered highly: sensitive specific significant stable

sensitive A test that is sensitive will correctly identify the true positives. With high sensitivity, a test that is negative will likely mean that the condition can be ruled out.

condition of skin that increases the likelihood of adverse reaction

sensitivity

When performing electromyography, how long should insertional irritability be detected on an oscilloscope after needle insertion into a healthy muscle? several milliseconds several seconds several minutes several hours

several milliseconds The needle is inserted into the muscle at rest while an oscilloscope observes electrical activity. The insertional activity should last only a few milliseconds in a healthy muscle.

Which of the following is considered to be an endogenous infection? gonorrhea syphilis shingles meningitis

shingles An endogenous infection occurs when the causative organism comes from microbial life harbored within a person, such as shingles. An exogenous infection occurs when the causative organism is acquired from other individuals. Gonorrhea, syphilis, and meningitis are all examples of exogenous bacteria that enter the host.

object a foot orthotic is placed inside

shoe

type of bandage offering low pressure at rest and high working pressure

short stretch

Compared to wheelchair propulsion on a level surface, propulsion while ascending a ramp is characterized by: longer, slower strokes shorter, faster strokes longer, faster strokes shorter, slower strokes

shorter, faster strokes When ascending a ramp in a wheelchair, the strokes should be shorter and faster than the strokes incorporated on level surfaces. The individual should also lean forward with cervical spine and trunk flexion to prevent backward tipping.

The optimal position to place an individual experiencing a seizure is in: prone upright sidelying supine

sidelying Safety procedures should be followed for seizures that involve loss of consciousness. These procedures include protecting the head, loosening any restrictive clothing, and turning the person on their side since vomiting may occur.

Which of the following refers to a result that is not due to chance? significant result non-significant result valid result reliable result

significant result Statistical significance is calculated as the probability that an effect observed in a research study is occurring because of chance. If something is concluded to be significant, this implies that the relationship did not occur by random chance.

Which assistive device provides the greatest amount of mobility? bilateral axillary crutches single-point cane quad cane hemi walker

single-point cane An assistive device that allows the greatest amount of mobility would have a small base of support and minimally impact the patient during mobility activities. A single point cane offers minimal stability, however, allows maximal mobility.

Which wheelchair component would most likely be utilized with a high cervical spinal cord injury? toggle brakes planar back insert rim projections sip and puff controls

sip and puff controls Sip and puff controls describe a switch based system often used for patients with high level spinal cord injuries. The patient controls the direction based on the force of inhalation/exhalation directed into a small tube positioned near the patient's mouth.

What is the quickest and most effective method of pressure relief in a wheelchair? sitting pushup weight shift power tilt wheelchair dismount

sitting pushup The sitting pushup quickly relieves pressure from both ischial tuberosities and allows capillary refill to occur. This is an appropriate and effective technique for an individual with sufficient triceps strength.

What type of transfer would be the best option to move a patient from a bed to a wheelchair if they are unable to bear weight through their legs and require the assistance of one person? standing, independent pivot standing, standby pivot sitting, independent transfer sitting, assisted transfer

sitting, assisted transfer A sitting, assisted transfer is used to move from one surface to another. This type of transfer involves the use of a sliding board, an overhead bar or frame, or other equipment and requires the assistance of at least one person.

Which of the following tissue layers is least likely to benefit from the application of a superficial thermotherapy agent? dermis adipose tissue skeletal muscle superficial fascia

skeletal muscle Superficial thermotherapy agents include hot packs, fluidotherapy, infrared lamp, and paraffin. Each of these agents is utilized to increase the temperature of the skin and superficial subcutaneous tissues up to a depth of 2 centimeters. Skeletal muscle is located below the superficial subcutaneous tissue layers (e.g., adipose tissue, superficial fascia) and would therefore require the use of a deep thermotherapy agent to increase tissue temperature.

pt's _______ should be periodically inspected during treatment to determine relative effect of intervention

skin

contraindication for use of biofeedback

skin irritation

identify 2 contraindications to using iontophoresis arrhythmia skin sensitivity drug allergies diabetes mellitus HTN hemophilia

skin sensitivity drug allergies

type of back insert used for pt that requires no postural support and has no neuro deficits

sling back

common type of w/c seat for short term use

sling sheet

produces higher current density

small electrodes

Which sampling method involves asking current research subjects to identify the names of other potential participants? convenience sampling simple random sampling snowball sampling cluster sampling

snowball sampling Researchers using snowball sampling ask current subjects to identify other potential subjects. Snowball sampling is used when the characteristic to be studied is rare and it is extremely difficult or costly to identify individuals with this characteristic.

When assessing an individual for risk of falls within the home, which of the following would be the least important to consider? environment medications social support system medical issues

social support system Healthcare providers can play a major role in reducing an individual's risk for falls within the home. The acronym D.A.M.E. is often used to assess the risk for falls in older adults within their home. The acronym D.A.M.E. stands for drugs and alcohol use, age-related physiologic problems, medical problems, and environment. Addressing each of these issues can significantly reduce the risk of falls in the home.

Which of the following is not necessary for culturally competent care? speaking the person's language examining your own culture and biases understanding key aspects of the culture collecting information from the person on their cultural background

speaking the person's language Cultural competence is the ability to understand and work with individuals from cultures other than your own. While speaking a person's language certainly makes interactions easier, it is possible to provide culturally competent care using an interpreter.

_______ _____ is defined at the amt of thermal energy required to increase a fluid's temp by one unit

specific heat

What term best describes the percentage of people who test negative for a specific disease among a group of people who do not have the disease? sensitivity specificity validity reliability

specificity Specificity refers to the percentage of people who test negative for a specific disease among a group of people who do not have the disease. Sensitivity refers to the percentage of people who test positive for a specific disease among a group of people who have the disease.

pediatric dx that may utilize a RGO

spina bifida

Which organ is most likely injured when signs and symptoms include shock, abdominal rigidity, nausea, vomiting, and Kehr's sign? spleen kidney liver stomach

spleen Injuries to the spleen typically occur from a direct blow, splenomegaly or an enlargement from infectious mononucleosis. Kehr's sign is a reflex pain that occurs approximately a half hour after injury. The pain radiates to the left shoulder and down a small portion of the left arm.

If a patient is choking on a piece of food and coughing vigorously, what action should be taken by the health care provider? provide abdominal thrusts just below the sternum provide abdominal thrusts just above the umbilicus provide abdominal thrusts just below the umbilicus stand by and monitor the situation

stand by and monitor the situation If a patient who is choking can cough, speak or breathe, their airway is not yet fully obstructed and the health care provider should stand by until the patient is no longer in distress. If the patient loses the ability to cough, speak or breathe, the provider should begin to provide abdominal thrusts just above the umbilicus.

type of footrest used when a pt has full ROM available through feet/ankles

standard

Which measure of dispersion is defined as the positive square root of the variance? coefficient of variation kurtosis skewness standard deviation

standard deviation Standard deviation is a descriptive measure of the spread or dispersion of data. The measure is equivalent to the positive square root of the variance.

type of compression offered by compression bandages

static

Which mode of traction is indicated for an acute condition? pulsed static intermittent continuous

static Static traction is indicated for reduction of disk herniation, lengthening of soft tissue, and reduction of pain. This mode is chosen for more acute conditions to avoid the stretch reflex response and hypersensitivity of soft tissue that may be associated with intermittent traction.

Which of the following would be the anticipated sequence when descending stairs with a lower extremity impairment? step down with the affected lower extremity first step down with the unaffected lower extremity first step down sideways step down backwards

step down with the affected lower extremity first To minimize the risk of injury when descending stairs, the affected lower extremity should lead followed by the unaffected lower extremity. This allows the affected lower extremity to assume less stress, which minimizes the risk of instability.

Which of the following would be the anticipated sequence when ascending stairs with a lower extremity impairment? step up with the affected lower extremity first step up with the unaffected lower extremity first step up sideways step up backwards

step up with the unaffected lower extremity first To minimize the risk of injury when ascending stairs, the unaffected lower extremity should lead followed by the affected lower extremity. This allows the affected lower extremity to assume less stress, which minimizes the risk of instability.

Which of the following therapeutic aquatic exercises would be easiest to perform in deeper water? walking side steps step ups marching

step ups Step ups in deeper water would be significantly easier because more of the body is submerged, thus decreasing the force of gravity. The remaining aquatic exercises would be significantly affected by drag forces acting on the moving body segments.

The purpose of sequential clinical trials is to minimize the risk of harm to participants by: initially testing on non-human subjects stopping the study as soon as significance is established measuring the effects of two different interventions on each subject maximizing the number of subjects in the control group

stopping the study as soon as significance is established Sequential clinical trial designs allow for data to be analyzed as soon as it becomes available. Therefore, the trial can be stopped as soon as a significant difference is established, minimizing the potential harm sustained by subjects.

During a lifting transfer, a therapist's back should be: twisted straight curved bent

straight In order to prevent excessive strain on the back, a therapist should perform a lifting transfer by utilizing a squat technique, driving the power through the legs while maintaining a straight (i.e., neutral) back.

Which assistive device would be the least appropriate for a patient that is non-weight bearing due to a lower extremity fracture? parallel bars walker axillary crutches straight cane

straight cane A cane provides minimal stability and support for patients during ambulation activities. A straight cane provides the least support and is used primarily for assisting with balance. A straight cane should not be utilized for patients that are partial weight bearing or non-weight bearing.

What position is most commonly utilized when casting a pt for a plastic AFO? PF DF subtalar neutral standing

subtalar neutral

how many inches should be added/subtracted to the obtained measurement when determining w/c back height? add 2 inches add 4 inches subtract 2 inches subtract 4 inches

subtract 4 inches

Which of the following would be outside of a physical therapist's scope of practice? suggesting a patient increase their medication dosage fitting a patient with a pair of axillary crutches performing grade IV joint mobilizations administering an ergonomic assessment

suggesting a patient increase their medication dosage Physical therapists cannot prescribe medications or alter the parameters of a prescribed pharmacological agent. Physical therapists should, however, possess basic knowledge related to commonly prescribed pharmacological agents such as mechanism of action and side effects.

What position should an unconscious patient be placed in prior to performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation? sidelying prone Fowler's supine

supine An unconscious patient suspected of being in cardiac arrest, assuming no evidence of spinal injury, should be placed in a supine position on a firm surface. Chest compressions can be administered most effectively in this position.

Which patient position is most appropriate for a patient with orthostatic hypotension? prone supine sidelying sitting

supine Orthostatic hypotension occurs due to a loss of sympathetic control of vasoconstriction in combination with absent or severely reduced muscle tone. Management of orthostatic hypotension includes positioning the patient in a supine position.

Which patient position is most appropriate for a patient with suspected shock? sitting prone supine supine with legs elevated

supine with legs elevated Shock is a life-threatening condition caused by insufficient circulating blood volume. Primary causes include hemorrhage or severe burns. Positional management includes lying in supine with the legs elevated approximately 12 inches.

When assisting an unconscious adult who experienced an episode of choking, the adult should be positioned: standing in front of the health care provider seated in front of the health care provider supine with the body flat prone with the body flat

supine with the body flat If a patient becomes unconscious following an episode of choking, they should be placed supine on the floor. The health care provider should then open the patient's mouth and attempt to sweep out the foreign object. This should be followed by a head tilt-chin lift, rescue breathing, and abdominal thrusts to try and dislodge the object.

Which type of catheter would require an incision in the lower abdominal area? condom catheter external catheter Foley catheter suprapubic catheter

suprapubic catheter A suprapubic catheter is an indwelling urinary catheter that is surgically inserted directly into the patient's bladder. Insertion of a suprapubic catheter is performed under general anesthesia.

biofeedback most often uses ____ electrodes instead of indwelling electrodes

surface

____ catheter is an indwelling urinary tract catheter that is surgically inserted directly into the pt's bladder

surpapubic

Which gait pattern is most closely associated with a patient ambulating by advancing the lower extremities simultaneously beyond the point of the assistive device? swing-to swing-through one-point two-point

swing-through The swing-through gait pattern is typically used with a patient with trunk and/or bilateral lower extremity weakness, paresis or paralysis. The swing-through gait pattern is most often utilized with crutches.

Which gait pattern is described by a patient using crutches and advancing their lower extremities simultaneously only to the point of the assistive device? swing-to swing-through two-point three-point

swing-to A swing-to gait pattern occurs when a patient with trunk and/or bilateral lower extremity weakness, paresis or paralysis, uses crutches or a walker and advances the lower extremities simultaneously only to the point of the assistive device.

The highest level of evidence to support treatment effectiveness is a: randomized controlled trial cohort study case series systematic review

systematic review A systematic review is a comprehensive review of medical literature and/or randomized controlled trials available for a specific research question. This requires a rigorous process of searching, appraising, and summarizing existing information on a selected topic. With a well completed systematic review, the research shown is comprehensive and current.

A patient who has had an endotracheal tube inserted will have the most difficulty with which activity? talking suctioning bedside exercises ambulation

talking An endotracheal tube is inserted into a patient's airway to allow the delivery of gas from a mechanical ventilator. The tube allows for suctioning to still occur, although significantly affects the patient's ability to verbally communicate. A patient who is using a ventilator can still perform low-level exercise and ambulation.

What massage technique provides stimulation through rapid alternating movements such as tapping, hacking, cupping, and slapping? vibration tapotement friction petrissage

tapotement Tapotement provides stimulation through rapid alternating movements such as tapping, hacking, cupping, and slapping. The primary purpose of tapotement is to enhance circulation and stimulate peripheral nerve endings.

T/F primary purpose of vibration is to enhance circulation and stimulate peripheral nerve endings

tapotment

Which variables are most relevant when administering hydrotherapy? elevation and time temperature and pressure temperature and elevation pressure and time

temperature and pressure Hydrotherapy is the medicinal use of water for positive health benefits. These health benefits come from the mechanical and thermal effects of water interacting with the body. It includes the use of physical water properties, specifically temperature and pressure, to manipulate the body's flow of blood, the endocrine system, and associated neural systems in order to treat the symptoms of certain diseases.

Health promotion that is implemented five years after a patient has been diagnosed with a spinal cord injury with the goal of achieving the highest level of function is considered? primary prevention secondary prevention tertiary prevention quaternary prevention

tertiary prevention Primary prevention occurs as a form of health promotion prior to an individual obtaining an impairment or being diagnosed with a disease. Secondary prevention occurs promptly after an individual has been diagnosed with the goal of diminishing future health complications. Tertiary prevention occurs late in the disease state and focuses on returning the individual to an optimal level of functioning through restoration and rehabilitation.

If a measure is consistent on the same individual on separate occasions, it is demonstrating: internal validity construct validity inter-rater reliability test-retest reliability

test-retest reliability Test-retest reliability is a measure of reliability obtained by administering the same test on separate occasions over a period of time to the same individual.

If a patient's transfer status is classified as "moderate assistance x2," the "x2" indicates: that it requires two people to complete the transfer safely that it takes two minutes to perform the transfer safely that it takes two attempts to complete the transfer safely that the transfer can only be performed two times a day

that it requires two people to complete the transfer safely When more than one person is required for safe transfers, the number is indicated by adding the number after the level of assistance, such as x2 (i.e., two people are required to complete the transfer safely).

The center of gravity is: located at the feet the space between a person and the object being moved around the shoulders the area where the mass of an object is centered

the area where the mass of an object is centered Center of gravity, or center of mass, is the point at which all the mass is considered to be concentrated and balanced.

When pushing a wheelchair for a patient, which wheels should touch the ground first when descending a curb using a forward approach? the front wheels the back wheels the right front and right back wheels the left front and left back wheels

the back wheels When descending a curb in a wheelchair using a forward approach, the clinician tilts the wheelchair slightly backwards and then descends the curb with the weight on the larger, more stable back wheels.

During a transfer, who should verbally dictate the execution and timing of the transfer? the patient the clinician the support personnel the family member

the clinician During all transfers, the procedure should be thoroughly explained by the clinician to the patient. During the actual movement, the clinician should control the transfer process and direct other participating members.

An informed consent form should discuss all of the following elements except: the nature of the decision/procedure the risks and benefits alternatives to the proposed intervention the financial cost of the proposed intervention

the financial cost of the proposed intervention In order for informed consent to be valid, the patient must be deemed competent to make decisions and consent must be voluntary. Informed consent should include the nature of the decision/procedure, alternatives, risks and benefits, assessment of patient understanding, and acceptance of the intervention by the patient.

While using electromyographic biofeedback, an increase in the amount of auditory feedback since the beginning of the treatment session would be considered a positive change if: the goal of treatment is to decrease muscle recruitment the goal of treatment is to increase muscle recruitment the goal of treatment is to increase sensation the goal of treatment is to decrease sensation

the goal of treatment is to increase muscle recruitment Increased auditory feedback indicates a positive change if the goal of using biofeedback is to increase muscle recruitment. Feedback is typically delivered in auditory or visual forms when using biofeedback.

Which of the following statements is true regarding data on an interval scale? the scale contains intervals between adjacent values that are equal the scale includes a true zero point the scale is known as a classification scale the scale is considered qualitative

the scale contains intervals between adjacent values that are equal An interval scale is characterized by the intervals between adjacent values being equal, but there is no true zero point. Examples of interval scale measurements include temperature (e.g., body, skin, whirlpool) on the Fahrenheit or Celsius scale and some developmental and functional status tests.

Which action using biofeedback would demonstrate an increase in vastus medialis recruitment in a patient post anterior cruciate ligament tear? the sensitivity is decreased and tasks are simplified the sensitivity is increased and tasks are simplified the sensitivity is decreased and more complex tasks are added the sensitivity is increased and more complex tasks are added

the sensitivity is decreased and more complex tasks are added Decreasing the sensitivity would require greater muscle activation to receive feedback. Adding complex tasks would challenge the patient to activate muscle during functional activities, which is desirable.

Which experimental design would be best for detecting pre-treatment and post-treatment trends in variables of interest? time series design posttest only control design sequential clinical trial crossover design

time series design Time series design includes taking multiple measurements pre and post treatment. This type of design is considered a quasi-experimental design.

During an iontophoresis treatment session, which type of sensation would be considered a normal response? burning tingling sharp throbbing

tingling As current intensity is increased during an iontophoresis treatment session, the patient often reports feeling a tingly or prickly sensation. This is considered a normal response to treatment. If pain or a burning sensation occurs, the intensity is too great and should be diminished.

Which level of weight bearing best describes a patient that is able to place their affected lower extremity on the ground for balance, but is restricted from shifting their bodyweight on to that extremity: non-weight bearing toe touch (touch-down) weight bearing partial weight bearing weight bearing as tolerated

toe touch (touch-down) weight bearing When on toe touch weight bearing restriction, a patient is able to place their affected lower extremity on the ground for balance, but is restricted from shifting their bodyweight on to that extremity. At this level of weight bearing restriction an assistive device is required for ambulation.

What diagnosis would be the most likely to benefit from using a long handled sock assist? Parkinson's disease systemic lupus erythematosus total hip arthroplasty traumatic brain injury

total hip arthroplasty A long handled sock assist allows individuals to independently apply socks, most often using a plastic or wire frame. The long handled device would be ideal for an individual following total hip arthroplasty due the restrictions associated with hip flexion.

Which of the following is considered to be a form of non-verbal communication between a patient and a therapist? vocabulary tone of voice touch voice volume

touch Appearance, body movements, body positions, facial expressions, gestures, pantomime, posture, and touch are important forms of non-verbal communication that can have a profound effect on a patient-therapist relationship.

What is the method of last resort to control external bleeding? air splint direct pressure with a sterile dressing elevation tourniquet

tourniquet In the case of an emergency that involves external bleeding, a tourniquet should be the last option chosen due to the tissue or nerve damage that can result from a lack of oxygen and blood flow.

material added to a moist hot pack if the temp becomes too hot

towel

balance suspension traction requires pins, screws and wires to be surgically inserted into bone for the purpose of applying a ____ force using an externally applied weight

traction

Which action would be most representative of a primary prevention activity for disaster management? administer treatment for sustained injuries train rescue workers in basic first aid provide a safe area for at risk patients offer follow-up care for injuries

train rescue workers in basic first aid Primary prevention activities related to disaster management occur prior to an actual event. The result of these activities can significantly improve the outcomes associated with an adverse event.

most often vary in size for 5-10cm2

transducer

primary therapeutic effects of aquatic therapy include all of the following except: wound care unloading weight reducing edema treating incontinence

treating incontinence

T/F AFO are commonly prescribed for pt with peripheral neuropathy or hemiplegia

true

T/F Biofeedback does not measure muscle contraction itself, but rather the electrical activity associated with muscle contraction

true

T/F ECG identifies 3 distinct waveforms: P wave, QRS comples, T wave

true

T/F Fluoroscopy results in excessive radiation exposure compared to other forms of dx imaging

true

T/F HKAFO can control hip abduction, adduction and rotation

true

T/F HKAFO is heavy and restricts pt to a swing to or swing through gait pattern

true

T/F Rise time is the time it takes for the current to move from 0 to peak intensity within each phase

true

T/F Standard treatment time for whirlpool therapy is 10-30 minutes

true

Which term is most consistent with a screening tool correctly identifying an individual with a disease? true positive false positive true negative false negative

true positive A true positive occurs when a screening tool correctly identifies an individual with a disease. Sensitivity refers to the "true positive rate".

T/F sensation of aching is normal during ice massage

trye

Which of the following diagnoses would require airborne precautions? tuberculosis Clostridium difficile cerebrovascular accident impetigo

tuberculosis Tuberculosis is an infectious condition that affects the lungs. It can cause coughing, fever, malaise, and pain with breathing. Due to the infectious nature of the disease, airborne precautions are established to help protect the staff treating the patient from contracting the disease.

When falling backward in a wheelchair, the patient should be taught to: use both hands to grasp their respective armrests maintain an upright trunk posture reach backwards with one arm to slow the fall tuck the chin toward the chest

tuck the chin toward the chest When falling backwards in a wheelchair, the patient should tuck their chin towards their chest and maintain a semiflexed trunk position to avoid hitting their head against the floor. One hand should grasp the opposite armrest to prevent the thighs from moving backwards during the fall, and the other hand should reach forward.

How many inches should be added to the widest aspect of the user's buttocks when determining the seat width of a wheelchair? two inches three inches four inches five inches

two inches An additional 1.5-2.0 inches provides space for bulky clothing, orthoses or clearance of the trochanters from the armrest side panels. The average wheelchair width is 18 inches.

When using therapeutic ultrasound, what is the difference in size of the total treatment area compared to the effective radiating area of the transducer? two times smaller four times smaller two times larger four times larger

two times larger The effective radiating area is the measure of the actual cross-sectional area of the ultrasound beam as it exits the metal end plate of the transducer. As a general rule, the total treatment area should be twice as large as the effective radiating area of the transducer.

Which gait pattern is most closely associated with a patient ambulating by moving the left crutch forward while simultaneously advancing the right lower extremity and vice versa? one-point two-point three-point four-point

two-point The two-point gait pattern is a pattern in which a patient uses two crutches or canes. Each step is considered one point and a complete cycle is considered two points.

What technique used to quantify body fat is also used to analyze bone mineral content? skinfold measurements bioelectric impedance dual energy X-ray absorptiometry hydrostatic weighing

ual energy X-ray absorptiometry Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) uses specialized computers to analyze penetration of tissues by two rays of differing energies. DEXA is used to quantify regional body fat, muscle, and bone mineral content. It is most often used to investigate suspected cases of osteoporosis.

the handle of a cane should be approximately at what level of the body when standing? metacarpals ulnar styloid process olecranon process distal phalanges

ulnar styloid process

w/c frame used for sports

ultralight

which type of w/c frame would be the most appropriate for a pt that is highly active w/o the need for postural support? hemi frame amputee frame ultralight frame power w/c

ultralight frame

All of the following methods of heat transfer would be considered examples of radiation except: infrared lamp ultrasound laser ultraviolet light

ultrasound Ultrasound transfers heat through conversion. Radiation refers to the direct transfer of heat from a radiation energy source of higher temperature to one of cooler temperature.

Which of the following is not characteristic of managed care? providers share in financial risk unlimited access to specialty providers emphasis on health education and prevention primary care provider as a gatekeeper

unlimited access to specialty providers Under managed care, individuals are offered services from a select pool of providers with the primary care provider serving as the gatekeeper for specialty services. In a fee-for-service model, individuals have enhanced access to specialty providers.

Which of the following conditions would be considered a contraindication to aquatic therapy? edema muscle strain muscle spasm urinary tract infection

urinary tract infection A urinary tract infection (UTI) occurs when the urinary tract becomes infected from an infectious organism. Common symptoms of a UTI include a strong and persistent urge to urinate, as well as a burning sensation with urination. A urinary tract infection is considered an absolute contraindication to aquatic therapy.

Which of the following terms best describes a set of beliefs that are meaningful in life and that act as a standard to guide behavior? behavior attitude values ethics

values A value is a set of beliefs that are meaningful in life and that act as a standard to guide behavior. Values are formed throughout an individual's lifetime and are influenced by the environment, family, and culture. Common modes of transmission include modeling, moralizing, laissez-faire, rewarding and punishment, and responsible choice.

Which method of heat transfer would be considered a form of evaporation? paraffin bath fluidotherapy infrared lamp vapocoolant spray

vapocoolant spray Vapocoolant spray transfers heat through evaporation. Evaporation refers to the transfer of heat that occurs as a liquid absorbs energy and changes form into a vapor.

All of the following are measures of central tendency except: mean median mode variance

variance There are three measures of central tendency and each one plays a different role in determining where the center of the distribution, or the average score, lies. The three measures include the mean, median, and mode.

Which of the following is not an anticipated physiological effect of aquatic physical therapy? increased core temperature decreased abnormal tone pain relief vasoconstriction

vasoconstriction The physiological effects of exercise in water are similar to those experienced with exercise on dry land. The blood supply to the working muscles is increased during aquatic therapy as a result of vasodilation, not vasoconstriction.

While using intramuscular electromyography, which of the following muscles would provide information about the L3 spinal level? gastrocnemius vastus lateralis peroneus longus semimembranosis

vastus lateralis The vastus lateralis is an extensor muscle located on the lateral portion of the thigh that functions to extend the knee. The muscle is the only presented option that typically carries fibers originating at the L3 spinal level.

A bite from an infected insect would be considered a form of: direct transmission vehicle-borne transmission vector-borne transmission airborne transmission

vector-borne transmission Vector-borne transmission occurs when an illness is caused by an infectious microbe transmitted by a living organism. A vector is often an infected insect or animal that transports the infec

During a cerebral angiography, radiopaque dyes are injected into which artery? vertebral artery pulmonary artery middle cerebral artery anterior cerebral artery

vertebral artery During a cerebral angiography, radiopaque dyes are injected into the carotid and/or vertebral arteries. The purpose of a cerebral angiography is to visualize cerebral vessels and localize lesions such as aneurysms, occlusions, angiomas, tumors or abscesse

What massage technique involves the therapist placing their hands or fingers firmly over an area and utilizing a rapid, shaking motion? vibration tapotement friction petrissage

vibration Vibration massage is characterized by a rapid, shaking motion initiated by the therapist's hands or fingers. The therapist initiates this motion from the forearm while maintaining firm contact on the treatment area. Vibration is used primarily for relaxation.

electrical activity measured with biofeedback is commonly represented as either audio or ____ feedback

visual

Which units of measure are necessary to determine electrical resistance? time and rate voltage and time voltage and current current and time

voltage and current Resistance describes the ability of a material to oppose the flow of ions through it. Resistance equals voltage divided by current.

Which ventilator setting delivers a constant tidal volume? computer-assisted control ventilation mechanical control ventilation pressure control ventilation volume control ventilation

volume control ventilation With volume control ventilation (VCV), the ventilator controls the inspiratory flow. The ventilator is set to deliver a constant tidal volume utilizing whatever pressure is required to reach the necessary value.

which type of mechanical ventilation is commonly used with pt that require long term support? pressure cycled volume cycled mechanical cycled

volume cycled

What is the proper hygiene procedure for visibly soiled hands? don latex gloves clean hands with alcohol-based hand gel wash hands with soap and warm water rinse hands with warm water

wash hands with soap and warm water The proper hand hygiene procedure for visibly soiled hands is to wash the hands with soap and warm water. The hands should be rubbed together vigorously for at least 10-15 seconds including all surfaces of the fingers and hands. Care should be taken to turn off the water by using a paper towel rather than contaminate the hands.

The two most effective and commonly used ultrasound coupling mediums are: water and air water and gel gel and air gel and mineral oils

water and gel Because sound waves emitted from an ultrasound transducer do not travel well through air, a coupling medium is necessary. Water and gel are both able to conduct sound waves, while air and mineral oils absorb or reflect sound wave transmission.

Which of the following factors is least likely to contribute to the risk of syncope due to hypotension during a hydrotherapy treatment? use of beta blockers water temperature of 60 degrees Fahrenheit body immersion in a Hubbard tank immersion in a sitting position

water temperature of 60 degrees Fahrenheit Colder temperatures will cause vasoconstriction and temporarily increase blood pressure. Factors that increase the risk of hypotension and syncope include larger exposed body surface, higher water temperatures, and the use of antihypertensive medications.

paraffin ____ is commonly used heating source for the distal extremities

wax

An assistive device is required for all of the following weight bearing restrictions except: non-weight bearing toe touch (touch-down) weight bearing partial weight bearing weight bearing as tolerated

weight bearing as tolerated An assistive device is not required for a patient who is weight bearing as tolerated. Instead, a patient determines the proper amount of weight bearing based on comfort. The amount of weight bearing can range from minimal to full.

Which method of heat transfer would be considered a form of convection? hot pack diathermy ultrasound whirlpool

whirlpool Whirlpools transfer heat through convection. Convection refers to the gain or loss of heat resulting from air or water moving in a constant motion across the body.

Which therapeutic modality should be avoided when treating a patient currently taking an antihypertensive medication? fluidotherapy to the forearm and hand ultrasound to the anterior thigh whirlpool using a Hubbard tank mechanical traction of the lumbar spine

whirlpool using a Hubbard tank Placing a patient in a large tank of warm/hot water (i.e., Hubbard tank) will cause systemic vasodilation, essentially enhancing the effect of the antihypertensive medication the patient is already taking. This could result in a dangerously low blood pressure response.

Repeated measures design is also known as: sequential clinical trial within subjects design single subject design time series design

within subjects design Repeated measures design is also known as within subjects design. All other options are distinct experimental designs.