Non Western World Exam 2

WFB: Chile

- southern south america - 17,789,267 population - o Although Chile declared its independence in 1810, it did not achieve decisive victory over the Spanish until 1818. In the War of the Pacific (1879-83), Chile defeated Peru and Bolivia to win its present northern regions. In the 1880s, the Chilean central government gained control over the central and southern regions inhabited by the Mapuche. After a series of elected governments, the three-year-old Marxist government of Salvador ALLENDE was overthrown in 1973 by a military coup led by General Augusto PINOCHET, who ruled until a democratically-elected president was inaugurated in 1990. Sound economic policies, maintained consistently since the 1980s, contributed to steady growth, reduced poverty rates by over half, and helped secure the country's commitment to democratic and representative government. Chile has increasingly assumed regional and international leadership roles befitting its status as a stable, democratic nation.

what are Nation-states:

-Modern western states: nation states -Nation states claims to represent and protect a nation

What is Nation-building?

-the process of forming an imagined community -Nation building involves creation of commonly accepted mythology (about shared culture, historical destiny, etc.)

What are the top 11 non freedom countries?

1. Syria 2. Eritrea 3. North Korea 4. Uzbekistan 5. South Sudan 6. Turkmenistan 7. Somalia 8. Sudan 9. Equatorial Guinea 10. Central African Republic 11. Saudi Arabia

How is culture integrated in modern societies?

Secular

How was culture integrated in pre-modern societies?

Simple Authority

What is world asceticism?

World asceticism is the (self-disiplined, restrained, management of the world affairs) Coined by: Max Weber

How is stratification integrated in modern societies?

Achievement

"The clash of civilizations" theory

Civilizations defined by their shared cultural foundations • Fault lines of conflict along civilizational lines • Less multiculturalism at home, more - in international politics

When did modernization occur?

1940's-1960's

Top countries of destination of international migration

It is home to about one-in-five international migrants (46.6 million). Other top destinations of migrants include Germany (12.0 million), Russia (11.6 million), Saudi Arabia (10.2 million) and the United Kingdom (8.5 million).

Free, partly free, and not free countries. Which one is the largest group?

45% free 30% not free 25% party free

The consequences of Syria:

A U.S.-led coalition pounded the Islamic State (IS) militant group in the east, but le the pro-Assad alliance undisturbed as it focused its military might on non-IS rebels and civilians. • The enormous refugee flows and IS-inspired terrorism generated by the Syrian conflict have played an important role in the weakening of democratic standards in Europe and the United States. Arrivals of asylum seekers in Europe declined in 2016, largely due to the hardening of borders in the Belkans and an agreement between the EU and Turkey which anakara pledged to bloc o

How is economy used in pre-modern societies?

Agricultural

Attitudes towards immigration in the US

Americans' opinions of immigrants have changed in recent years. In a new Pew Research Center survey, about six-in-ten U.S. adults (63%) say that immigrants strengthen the country through their hard work and talents. By contrast, about one-fourth (27%) say immigrants are a burden to the U.S. by taking jobs, housing and health care. The U.S. public's views of immigrants have largely reversed since the 1990s, when 63% said immigrants were a burden for the country and just under a third (31%) said immigrants strengthened the nation.

How is technology used in modern societies?

Application of science

How was stratification integrated in pre-modern societies?

Ascription

What share of US population consists of international migrants?

For example, while the U.S. has the most immigrants in the world, only 14% of the country's population is foreign born.

What are top European destination countries for displaced Syrians?

Germany, Sweden, Austria

Top countries of origin of international migrants

India (15.6 million), Mexico (12.3 million), Russia (10.6 million), China (9.5 million) and Bangladesh (7.2 million).

How is economy used in modern societies?

Industrial

Is communist terror related to Marxism?

Marx had to respond to the kind of strategy that emphasised not mass action but actions carried out by individuals (such as blowing up buildings or assassinating hated individuals)—what came to be known as 'terrorism' in the latter half of the 19th century

How does immigration impact the population size of the US?

Migrants also alter the demographics of their destination countries. Between 1965 and 2015, 59 million people immigrated to the U.S. Factoring in their children and their children's children, the population of the U.S. is 72 million higher than it would have been had this level of immigration not occurred.

How is family form integrated in modern societies?

Nuclear

Stateless sanctions:

Poles before independent Poland, Kurds in the Middle East)

How was culture integrated in pre-modern societies?

Religious

How is culture integrated in modern societies?

Representation

How were ecological arrangements integrated in pre-modern societies?

Rural

How do politics complicate the diagnosis of state failure?

Some municipal police and councils, and authorities in certain states, have been infiltrated by the narco-mafia, becoming useless or worse in any fight against the drug trade. But the government can still marshal a formidable array of forces against the traffickers; that is quite a different situation from the anomie of Congo or Somalia

What were the migration periods focused on after WW2?

The economies in Europe, north America and Australia needed labor. This is when Turkish migrants arrives to work in Germany and many north Africans went to France and Belgium

Trends in the numbers of refugees

The latest UN estimates suggest that more than 60 million, or nearly 1 in 100 people worldwide, are forcibly displaced from their homes, the highest number and share of the world's population since World War II. As of 2015, nearly two-thirds (63%) of the world's displaced population still lived in their birth countries.

Trends in international migration: overall number and as a share of the world population Refugees

Their total number has also increased from 50 years ago. Not including Palestinian refugees, there were about 1.7 million refugees worldwide in 1960, and about 16 million in 2015, according to United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. The number of refugees in 2015, however, is slightly less than the early 1990s following the fall of the Berlin Wall. As of 2015, refugees account for only about 8% of all international migrants.

How do the us compare with other countries in this regard?

This immigrant share is considerably lower than that in several Persian Gulf countries such as the United Arab Emirates, Qatar and Kuwait, where three-in-four or more people are international migrants. Moreover, top destination countries like Australia (28% foreign born) and Canada (22% foreign born) have much larger immigrant shares of their total population than the U.S.

How were ecological arrangements integrated in modern societies?

Urban

What is the definition of a nation?

an imagined community of people who believe they share common origins, culture, and historical destiny

What is secularization?

decline of religion's role in influence on society

How was family form integrated in pre-modern societies?

extended

The country cases: Sudan

o As Sudan Country of Blacks o Arab and Muslim North o Largely African, Christian, and Animistic South o From 1924 until independence in 1956, the British (assisted by Egypt) ran Sudan as two separate colonies, the south and the north o First Civil War: 1955-1972 o Second: since 1982 o Darfur: conflict and genocide o Oil factor o Regional stability and conflicts (Ethiopia, Egypt, Chad) o Terrorism factor o Division of Sudan was unacceptable for "international community" (Egypt, Libya tried to prevent) • Referendum and Secession o Referendum in 2010: 98% voted for succession • Conflict in South Sudan o Origins: ♣ Struggle for power ♣ Ethnic conflict

•In what countries/regions did declines in freedom occur?

o China, Ethiopia, Poland, South Sudan, turkey, Zambia, Hong Kong, Mozambique, Nicaragua

Freedom Trends over last DECADE (how did proportions of free and not-free countries change?)

o Free countries has declined over the past decade, while the share of Not Free countries has risen.

• What does the world system theory look at?

o Global economic structures o Global class differentiation o Global class struggles

Examples of populist/nationalist and authoritarian challenges to democracy:

oIn Venezuela and Turkey, elected populists who initially limit their authoritarian impulses can graduate to political purges and prosecutions, the militarization of government, sweeping controls on journalism, and politicized wrecking of the economy. oIn the United States, Initially, they focused on neutralizing efforts at the United Nations and other transnational bodies to enforce global standards on democracy and human rights. They also worked to mobilize support for fellow dictators facing domestic or international pressure, like Syria's Assad.

The country cases: Iraq

o In 1921 - 1926, British Empire created Iraq out of three formerly separate regions of the Ottoman Empire: Baghdad, Basra, and Mosul • Ethno-Religious Divisions o Ethnic: ♣ Kurds / Arabs (20% / 75%); Turcoman and other groups (5%) o Religious: ♣ Sunni Arabs / Shiite Arabs (35% / 60%) ♣ Christians and other groups (3 - 5%) ♣ Colonial legacies (British empire created artificial states) ♣ International regulations discourage revision ♣ Danger of a large-scale international conflict ♣ The issue of Kurdistan vs Turkey ♣ Shiite control (Saudi Arabia vs Iran) • Recent History o Baath and Saddam Hussein since 1979 o Pro-Iranian opposition o Iran-Iraq war 1980-1988 o 1990-1991 First US-Iraq War o 2003: US-led intervention o Insurgency o 2007: Surge and Sunni support o 2011: US pull-out • Iraq Recent History o Government mostly Shia control o Sunni Arabs disenfranchised o Support for ISIS o Baath security specialists; Russian connection o Turkey and the Kurdish question o Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the Sunni-Shia split

•Which trends prevailed in 2017 - towards or away from freedom?

o In sub Saharan African countries: 21 counties decreased in freedom and 15 increased in freedom o Asia-pacific countries: most diverse mix of free, partially free, and not free o Americas: Venezuela and Cuba became the second Not Free country in the region o The Middle East and North Africa: world's worst performing region in 2016, followed by Eurasia o Eurasia remained the only country with no freedom (Ukraine, Georgia, Moldova) o European countries accounted for nearly a quarter of all net declines

Mike Pierce: "jagernauts" of Western culture: why the rest hates the west?

o Oblivious domination o No vote for the dead o Condescension to religion o Sexual shamelessness o Weakening families o Materialistic culture

• Where does the "dual threat" to democracy come from?

o Populists and Autocrats: populist and nationalist political forces made astonishing gains in democratic states, while authoritarian powers engaged in brazen acts of aggression, and grave atrocities went unanswered in war zones across two continents.

Nationless states of post colonialism:

o Proliferation of artificial states o People do not choose to live in one country o Imposed international order prevents changing state boundaries o Unequal treatment of countries, depending on their position in the world system

What is Oswald Spengler's view on the "decline of the west"?

o Ruse and fall of civilizations o Life cycle from the birth of a culture to death of civilizations o Culture: foundational beliefs o Civilization social organization and material structure

• World-system theory vs modernization theory

o The main difference is their approach to the way history develops. The critique to Modernization theories centers to its conception of linear, progressive and cumulative time. o the modernization theory focuses on a certain country, region, or nation, and analyzes how that entity has developed, compared to other nations in either the same area, or that are highly acknowledged globally. This also involves some multiculturalism, the belief that all cultures are equal in belief. o The world systems theory is similar, but focuses more on political beliefs, social norms, and concepts like that, which are existent in every area of the world. This does a more general comparison, and these beliefs are compared with time periods, not other countries.

Critique's on Resilience and Resurgence of Religion:

o The only area in the world where organized religion has declined in Europe o Even in Europe, there has been a resurgence of religion in post-atheist states (Ukraine and Russia) o Even in Europe, new forms of religiosity persist

• How is the world system theory one directional?

o They are one directional (they start from the core and go out) o Semi-periphery o Periphery o Economies are the core value system

Threats to democracy from Russia and China

o concerns that progress toward democratic standards was being replaced by a toxic mix of nationalism, corruption, governmental dysfunction, and Russian interference -Russia escalated its military support for the Assad dictatorship in Syria, and solidied its illegal occupation of Ukrainian territory. -China also outed international law, ignoring a tribunal's ruling against its expansive claims of sovereignty over the South China Sea and intensifying its repression of dissent within its borders. -And un- scrupulous leaders from South Sudan and Ethiopia to Thailand and the Philippines engaged in human rights violations of varying scale with impunity

WFB: Brazil How many refugees? What drugs are they known for?

o22,357 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; only includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum) (2018) -known for cocaine and illegal narcotics

What is the definition of a state?

organization that has a monopoly on the legitimate use of force in a country

How is technology used in pre-modern societies?

primitive

Nationless states:

states established in the absence of a nation (Sudan, Iraq, and many others)

Weber's view on culture?

• the relationship between culture and economy • realm of values and ideology seriously as a social force that interacts with and influences other aspects of society like politics and the economy

Why can dysfunctional statehood suit the powerful?

• "Where governments have become deeply complicit in criminal activities...perpetuation of state failure is essential for the criminal enterprise to operate."

How do the numbers of displaced Syrians in the US and Europe compare?

• 21,000 have resettled in the United States (less than 1%) 24,000 Syrians formally resettled as refugees in Europe between 2011 and 2016.

How has freedom trends in 2017 compare to previous years?

• A lot of countries LOST freedom

What do the different modernities have in common?

• Belief in people's ability to redefine their future, society, and tradition, according to a utopian blueprint • Utopia (from Greek), a vision of an ideal society that does not exist in reality • Examples: communist utopia, naziest "thousand years reich, American "new shining city on the hill", isis's caliphate based on "pure Islam"

Who and what was involved during decolonization after WW2?

•Decolonization continued to have an impact on marginations in the movement of millions of Hindus and Muslims after the partition of India in 1947 and of the Jews and Palestinians after the creation of Israel

Religion in modern societies:

• Democracy • Technology • Choice and authenticity • Modernity creates uncertainties

Transnational state-spoilers (anti-state forces with global connections)

• Examples include Somali warlords with deep ties to the diaspora and Western passports; Congolese militia leaders who market the product of tin and coltan mines to end-users in China and Malaysia; Tamil rebels who used émigré links to practice credit-card fraud in Britain; or Hezbollah's cigarette smuggling in the United States.

what is a failing state? what do they fail to do?

• Failing states have a history of violence, weak governance, poverty and destructive competition for natural resources • They fail to control their territories, protect their citizens, enter or execute agreements with outsiders, or administer justice

International migrants: overall number and proportion of the world population. If they all lived in one country, how large would the country be?

• If all of the world's international migrants (people living in a country that is different from their country or territory of birth) lived in a single country, it would be the world's fifth largest, with around 244 million people. Overall, international migrants make up 3.3% of the world's population today.

Where do most displaced Syrians live?

• In the middle east, a million in Europe • about half (49%) of all displaced Syrians worldwide. This number has remained little changed in recent years, as hundreds of thousands of Syrians have returned to their homes and slightly higher numbers have become newly displaced, according to midyear 2017 population estimates from the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC). In the first half of 2017, for example, nearly 700,000 Syrians were newly displaced within the country due to the ongoing conflict.

Is there a problem with considering Afghanistan a failed state? If yes, what is the problem?

• The problem with calling Afghanistan a failed state is that it has always been a land where central power has always been weak

where is Desecularization present?

• Mexico: la Cristiada (1926-1929) • Turkey: Kemalism, laiklik, and political Islam • Laiklik - modeled after French laicism; later the "American" model (freedom of religion, one religion) • Indonesia: Islamization • Israel: Haredization • Haredi - ultra Orthodox Jews (as opposed to heloni <secular Jews>) • Growth of religion in Ukraine (from below; pluralism) Russia (from above; restrictions) • China: desecularization from above and below

How many Syrians have been displaced? How does this compare to other countries?

• Nearly 13 million Syrians are displaced after seven years of conflict in their country - a total that amounts to about six-in-ten of Syria's pre-conflict population, according to Pew Research Center estimates

Where did secularization emerge from?

• Secularization theories emerged in the West from the 18th "Enlightenment" philosophy • The "Enlightenment" philosophy criticized religion for bringing about the "dark ages" heralded the "age of reason" • Comte, Marx, Durkheim, Weber

WFB: Afghanistan

• Southern Asia, north and west of Pakistan, east of Iran Refugees (59,737 (Pakistan) (2016) • Home of ISIS

What are some examples of anti-state forces?

• Tamil Tigers, the IRA in Northern Ireland, or the Kosovo Liberation Army

What are the impacts of international migration?

• The World Bank estimates that each year migrants worldwide send home about $300 billion. This amounts to triple the value of official development assistance, and is the second-largest source of external funding for developing countries after foreign direct investment • majority of advanced economies, migrant workers are overrepresented in agriculture, construction, heavy industry, manufacturing, and services— especially food, hospitality, and domestic services. (It is precisely these sectors that the global financial crisis is currently hitting hardest.) Fi-nally, migrant workers contribute signicantly more to national economies than they take away (through, for example, pensions and welfare bene ts). That is, migrants tend to be young and they tend to work.

Sorokin's view on culture?

• The crisis of our age • Cultures are defined by how they see the origins of important knowledge and truths •Ideational Idealist ----> sesate ----> ideation... and so on Sensate cultures lead to social disintegration o Modernity: growth of sensate culture

How has migration changed security levels and what are the risks of migration?

• There is the perception that migration constitutes a heightened security issue in the era after 9/11 • revolve around irregular migration which, in public and policy discourses, is frequently associated with the risk of terrorism, the spread of infectious diseases, and criminality • For the vast majority of irregular migrants, however, the associations are not fair. Irregular migrants are often assigned bad intentions without any substantiation. • One legitimate risk is irregular migrations threat to the exercise of sovereignty. States have a sovereign right to control who crosses their borders and remains on their territory, and irregular migration challenges this right. Where irregular migration involves corruption and organized crime, it can also become a threat to public security. • Can create xenophobic sentiments within host populations: anxious natives increasingly fear labor competition from migrant workers

Give some examples of multiple modernity's (by: S Einstaedt):

• Western Modernity - first but not the only one • East Asian modernity • Islamic modernity • Hindu modernity

What are the reasons for the rise in international migration?

• more jobs are available in fields that are typically staffed by women: health care, entertainment • an increasing number of countries have extended the right of family reunion to migrants, allowing them to be joined by their spouses and children • some countries of origin changes in gender relations mean that women enjoy more freedom than previously to migrate independently

what is irregular migration?

• people often described as "illegal," "undocumented," or "unauthorized • around 40 million irregular migrants worldwide, of whom perhaps one-third are in the United States. There are between 3.5 million and 5 million irregular migrants in the Russian Federation, and perhaps 5 million in Europe. Each year, an estimated 2.5 million to 4 million migrants are thought to cross international borders without authorization.

What is a kleptocrat?

• a ruler who uses political power to steal his or her country's resources

WFB: Argentina:

• a transshipment country for cocaine headed for Europe, heroin headed for the US, and ephedrine and pseudoephedrine headed for Mexico; some money-laundering activity, especially in the Tri-Border Area; law enforcement corruption; a source for precursor chemicals; increasing domestic consumption of drugs in urban centers, especially cocaine base and synthetic drugs • population: 44,293,293 • declared their independence from Spain • between Chile and Uruguay

WFB: Indonesia

• current issues include: alleviating poverty, improving education, preventing terrorism, consolidating democracy after four decades of authoritarianism, implementing economic and financial reforms, stemming corruption, reforming the criminal justice system, addressing climate change, and controlling infectious diseases, particularly those of global and regional importance • population: 260,580,739 (July 2017 est.) • has established a stable fixed land and maritime boundaries with all of their neighbors. All borders between Indonesia and Australia have been agreed upon bilaterry • large producer of cannabis largely for domestic use; producer of meth and ecstasy

Where do most irregular migrants go?

• migrants who enter or remain in a country without authorization; those who are smuggled or traf cked across an international border; those who seek asylum, are not granted it, and then fail to observe a deportation order; and people who circumvent immigration controls, for example by • arranging bogus marriages or fake adoptions. • A migrant can enter a country in an irregular fashion but then regularize her status, for example by applying for asylum or entering a regularization program. Conversely, a migrant can enter regularly then become irregular by working without a permit or overstaying a visa. In Australia, for example, British citizens who have stayed beyond the expiration of their visas account for by far the largest number of irregular migrants.

What organization conducted this research? What was measured? What three groups of countries are defined based on these measures? (main ideas, no technical details).

•Freedom in the World 2017 evaluates the state of freedom in 195 countries and 14 territories during calendar year 2016. Each country and territory is assigned between 0 and 4 points on a series of 25 indicators, for an aggregate score of up to 100. • These scores are used to determine two numerical ratings, for political rights and civil liberties, with a rating of 1 representing the most free conditions and 7 the least free. • A country or territory's political rights and civil liberties ratings then determine whether it has an overall status of Free, Partly Free, or Not Free. • The methodology, which is derived from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, is applied to all countries and territories, irrespective of geographic location, ethnic or religious composition, or level of economic development. • Freedom in the World assesses the real world rights and freedoms enjoyed by individuals, rather than governments or government performance per se. Political rights and civil liberties can be acted by both state and nonstate actors, including insurgents and other armed groups.

How is migration a new phenomenon?

•Growing global desperation, development, democracy and demography •Rapid rise of policy agendas •It has become bigger and more complex •Allows all ages Ex: hild migration appears to be on the in- crease around the world. Migrants with few skills working "3D" jobs make important contributions to the global economy, but so do highly skilled migrants and student

what are the origins of the term "failed state?"

•The English word "fail" can imply a status: a binary category into which you (or your exam paper) either fall or don't fall. Or it can be a process of indefinite duration. The second sense is more useful when discussing the welfare of states, where no bright line separates success and failure.

What period of time was the migration period focused on?

•The period between 1945 and 1972 about 1 million Britton's migrated to Australia as so called "ten pound poms" under an assisted passage scheme

What do anti-state forces do?

•They function rather like states in the territory they control, operating welfare services and primitive justice systems, while at the same time engaging in crime, from organ-snatching to bank heists, to keep their coffers full. Such organizations may "go straight" when they gain a degree of formal political power. Or they may not. •Anti-state forces with global connections that could never be trumped by a single national government, even a clean one.

What was modernization?

•Type of social change initiated by the British industrial and French political revolution (r. bendix) •Breakup with tradition in economy and politics

How does international migration today compare to the past?

•World total of international migrants has more than doubled in just 25 years; about 25 million were added in just the last 5 years of the twenty- first century.

What was the response to the demographic crisis?

•a number of wealthy countries, a diminishing workforce sup- ports an expanding retired population, and a mis- match results between taxes that are paid into pension and related programs and the payments that those programs must make. Importing youth- ful workers in the form of migrants appears to be a solution—but for two reasons, it turns out to be only a short-term response. First, migrants themselves age and eventually retire. Second, re- cent research indicates that, within a generation, migrants adapt their fertility rates to those that prevail in the countries where they settle.

How has women and migration changed from the 1960's to the 1990's?

•increased from the 1960's to the 1990's •nearly half the world's authorized migrants in 2005 were women, and more female than male authorized migrants resided in Europe, North America, Latin America and the Caribbean, the states of the former Soviet Union, and Oceania •whereas women have traditionally migrated to join their partners, an increasing pro- portion who migrate today do so independently •trends especially evident in asia, there has been growth in migration of women for domestic work (this is sometimes called the "maid trade"; in organized migration for marriage (mail order brides), sex trafficking