NREMT

Flexion posturing

(Formerly known as decorticate posturing). Client flexes one or both arms on the chest and may extend the legs stiffly. Indicates nonfunctioning cortex. Lesions of cerebral hemispheres or internal structures of brain cause this posturing.

White tag (START)

(dismiss) are given to those with minor injuries for whom a doctor's care is not required.

Black tag (START)

(expectant) are used for the deceased and for those whose injuries are so extensive that they will not be able to survive given the care that is available.

Red tag (START)

(immediate) are used to label those who cannot survive without immediate treatment but who have a chance of survival.

Yellow tag (START)

(observation) for those who require observation (and possible later re-triage). Their condition is stable for the moment and, they are not in immediate danger of death. These victims will still need hospital care and would be treated immediately under normal circumstances.

Green tag (START)

(wait) are reserved for the "walking wounded" who will need medical care at some point, after more critical injuries have been treated.

Strain

- An injury to a muscle or a muscle tendon - Caused by overextension/overstretching

Epidural hematoma

-Bleeding beneath the skull, but above the dura mater -Typically includes significant arterial bleeding -Dangerous due to intercranial pressur

Intracerebral Hemorrhage

-Bleeding within the brain tissue -Patients can deteriorate rapidly -High Mortality rate

Subarachnoid Hemmorage

-Bleeding within the subarachnoid space -injury allows blood to enter the cerebrospinal fluid.

Agonal breaths

-Dying gasps, slow and shallow,will not move air into avioli -BVM, artificial breaths required

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

-Occurs more typically with type 1 Diabetes -With DKA, the BGL is frequently above 350 mg/dL Signs and Symptoms: 1. High BGL, above 350 mg/dL 2.Deep, rapid breaths 3.Polydipsia, polyphagia,polyuria

Characterization of a priority pt

-Trouble breathing -Severe Pain -Poor General impression -Chest pain -Uncontrolled bleeding -Childbirth -Exhibiting signs of shock -Unresponsive

What is the worst an APGAR score could be?

0

APGAR scores can range from:

0-10

You are dispatched to the scene of an erratic Midwife who runs towards you and puts a baby in your arms. During your quick examination you notice the following: the baby has cyanosis over its entire body, HR is 40, apneic, is completely flaccid, and gives you no response to your stimulation attempts. What is the APGAR of this newborn?

1

APGAR scores are first measured how many minutes after birth?

1 minute

Flow rate for nasal cannula

1-6 L/min

Right side blood flow

1. Blood enters the heart through two large veins, the inferior and superior vena cava, emptying oxygen-poor blood from the body into the right atrium of the heart. 2. As the atrium contracts, blood flows from your right atrium into your right ventricle through the open tricuspid valve. 3. When the ventricle is full, the tricuspid valve shuts. This prevents blood from flowing backward into the atria while the ventricle contracts. 4. As the ventricle contracts, blood leaves the heart through the pulmonic valve, into the pulmonary artery and to the lungs where it is oxygenated.

Left blood flow

1. The pulmonary vein empties oxygen-rich blood from the lungs into the left atrium of the heart. 2. As the atrium contracts, blood flows from your left atrium into your left ventricle through the open mitral valve. 3. When the ventricle is full, the mitral valve shuts. This prevents blood from flowing backward into the atrium while the ventricle contracts. 4. As the ventricle contracts, blood leaves the heart through the aortic valve, into the aorta and to the body.

Sexual Assault (management of victims)

1.Request police and victim assistance 2.DO NOT touch patient w/o consent 3. Request same sex provider if one isn't already present 4.Encourage patient to NOT change clothing or shower 5.Clothing is evidence

Compensation mechanisms (shock)

1.Tachycardia 2.Peripheral Vasocanstriction 3.Elevated Respiratory Rate

Calculate the APGAR score for the following newborn: - Appearance: pink - Pulse: 120 - Grimace: sneeze - Activity: active - Respiratory: vigorous cry

10

What is the best an APGAR score could be?

10

You respond to an industrial accident where a 34-year-old male has fallen off 25' high scaffolding and lies unconscious on the ground. He opens his eyes and mumbles incomprehensible sounds when your partner shouts at him. He has an obvious deformity of the right elbow and localizes pain when you cut his shirt off. What is this patient's Glasgow Coma Score?

10

When administering an Epi-pen, you should hold the needle to the person's thigh for approximately how many seconds?

10 seconds

A Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) will usually stop after:

10-15 minutes

Heart rate (1 month-1 year)

100-160

You are dispatched for a 65-year-old woman who had a ground level fall. She is lying on the kitchen floor and tracks you as you walk into the house. When you ask the patient what happened today, she responds with clear, but confused speech. The chief complaint is right foot pain. As you lean down and palpate her foot, she attempts to pull her leg away from you. With all of this information in mind, what is the patient's Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score?

12

Your partner is attempting to stimulate an 8-month-old baby boy who was found in respiratory distress. 15 minutes before you got to him. The baby opens his eyes when you call out its name, however, it's only in between inconsolable crying. The baby appears to be moving normally. What is the baby's GCS score?

12

Flow rate for NRB

12-15 L/min

Respiratory rate (12-adulthood)

12-20

You are assessing a 72-year-old female's GCS score. She's looking at you when answering questions, but appears confused by what you're asking. She is able to follow simple commands when you ask her to adjust her body when taking vital signs. What is this patient's GCS score?

14

Severe thermal burns greater than ______ of the total body surface a dry dressing should be used, if it is less than that percentage the dressing should be moistened:

15%

Respiratory rates (6-12 years)

15-20

Respiratory rate (1-3 years)

20-25

Respiratory rate (1 month-1 year)

25-50

You have epinephrine packaged as 1mg/10mL. Medical control advises you to administer 0.3 mg to the patient intramuscularly. How many mL of the drug should you administer?

3

Respiratory rate (0-1 month)

30-60

Calculate the APGAR score for the following newborn: - Appearance: cyanotic - Pulse: 60 - Grimace: cries - Activity: flexion of extremities - Respiratory: slow

4

How many chambers does the heart have?

4

The appropriate dosage for aspirin when given to a patient that is having an acute coronary syndrome is:

4 - 81mg tablets (324mgs)

Systolic blood (0-1 month)

50-70

You have just helped deliver a healthy infant on the side of a highway. The mother's husband was driving her to the hospital when they had to pull over and call 911. You load the patient onto the gurney and initiate transport. During transport, the placenta delivers. Following placental delivery, the patient continues to experience vaginal bleeding. The bleeding persists despite performing a fundal massage. A blood loss of more than how many mL is considered life-threatening in this setting?

500

Normal Tidal Volume

500mL

You are on scene at the local skate park for a 10-year-old male that crashed while not wearing a helmet. The patient fell off his bike while going off a jump. He landed directly on his head and has been unconscious since the accident. He does not open his eyes to verbal or painful stimuli, is making incomprehensible sounds, and has abnormal flexion to a sternal rub. What is this patient's GCS?

6

Heart rate (12-adulthood)

60-100

Heart rate (6-12 years)

70-120

Systolic blood (1 month-1 year)

70-95

Your 32-year-old male patient was involved in an industrial accident and sustained burns to both legs, both arms, genitalia, and his anterior torso. What percentage of his body is burned?

73%

After successfully giving birth to an 8lb 5oz baby boy, your neonatal patient presents with the following: HR 160, respirations are UTO due to severe crying, normal movement that would be expected in a newborn, he grimaces when you stimulate his slightly cyanotic feet. What is this newborn's APGAR score?

8

Calculate the APGAR score for the following newborn: - Appearance: acrocyanosis - Pulse: 140 - Grimace: crying - Activity: active - Respiratory: vigorous cry

8

You are assessing a newborn male patient. You find the patient to have a pulse of 88, weak breathing, flexed arms, strong cry upon stimulation and pink extremities. You would determine the APGAR score to be?

8

Systolic blood (1 years-6 years)

80-100

Systolic blood (6-12 years)

80-110

You are treating a 2-year-old pediatric patient and palpate a brachial pulse of 134 beats per minute. What are the normal limits set for a child of this age?

80-110

A patient involved in a motor vehicle collision opens their eyes to painful stimuli, speaks with inappropriate words, and withdraws to pain. What is this patient's GCS score?

9

Shivering doesn't occur below

90 degrees

Systolic blood (12 years-18 years)

90-110

Systolic blood (19 years-60 years)

90-140

Heart rate (1-3 years)

90-150

Heart rate (0-1 month)

90-180

Temperature range (1 month-3 years)

96.8-99.6

Temperature range (0-1 month)

98-100

Temperature range (3 years-60 years)

98.6

Which of the following patients has adequate respirations?

A 31 year old man breathing at 20 per minute and slightly irregular

Crowing

A breathing sound similar to the cawing of a crow; may indicate that muscles around the larynx are in spasm.

3rd degree burn

A burn involving all layers of the skin; characterized by the destruction of the epidermis and dermis, with damage or destruction of subcutaneous tissue.

1st degree burn

A burn involving only the epidermis; characterized by erythema (redness) and hyperethesia (excessive sensation)

2nd degree burn

A burn involving the epidermis and the dermis; characterized by erythema, hyperesthesia, and visitations (blisters)

Based on your assessment of the skin only, which of the following patient's should have the most serious initial impression?

A firefighter who was led out of a house fire after becoming altered, whose skin is pale, hot, and dry

Which of the following clinical findings would not warrant the use of an AED?

A patient with a history of cardiac arrest

Posturing

A posture in which the pt arches the back and extends the arms straight out parallel to the body. A sign of serious head injury

Cardiogenic shock

A pump problem (Cardiac) -Can cause backup of fluid (Pulmonary)

In reference to a seizure, an aura is?

A sensory hallucination that often occurs just prior to a seizure

Hematoma

A solid swelling of clotted blood within the tissues.

Varix (varcies)

A varicose vein

Of the following, where shouldn't attention be focused during secondary assessment of the arms?

Accessory muscle use

Which of the following drugs would be useful in adsorbing certain toxins from the stomach after ingestion?

Activated charcoal

When describing a patient's alertness, which of the following would you not use?

Active

You are conducting your primary assessment of a patient complaining of difficulty breathing. Using your knowledge of anatomy and physiology, you know that inspiration is __________ and _________ compared to expiration which is __________ and _________.

Active, shorter, passive, longer

What do you do if the baby is breech (butt first)?

Administer supportive oxygen and IV fluids. Transport the mother in a comfortable position or in the left lateral decubitus position.

Activated charcoal works to __________ poisons.

Adsorb

What occurs when the diaphragm contracts?

Air moves into the lungs

You arrive to find a patient who fell five feet off a porch and landed on his head. He is unresponsive, has gurgling respirations, and is bleeding from a head wound. What is the patient's most immediate life threat?

Airway compromise

While treating a patient with Acute Mountain Sickness you would expect signs and symptoms to include all the following except:

Altered Mental Status

A patient has severe facial injuries, inadequate breathing and copious secretions coming from the mouth. What procedures should be performed for this patient?

Alternate suctioning for 15 seconds and ventilation for 2 minutes

Chorioamnionitis refers to an infection of what?

Amniotic sac and amniotic fluid

Sprain

An injury to a ligament

When administering Nitroglycerine to your 79-year-old female chest pain patient, it is important to ask her about recent history of taking erectile dysfunction medications. Women are prescribed these medications as well as men for ailments other than ED. These drugs were initially developed for the treatment of what condition?

Angina pectoris

You are called to an apartment building where a 54-year-old man is complaining of chest pain. You conduct a thorough assessment and SAMPLE history. You learn that the chest pain started while the patient was doing kick boxing exercises in his bedroom. The pain subsided after about 5 minutes and he described the pain as "crushing". This patient was most likely experiencing?

Angina pectoris

Symptoms of a myocardial infarction

Angina pectoris, chest pressure, possibly radiating down the LEFT arm, pain is not relieved by rest, diaphoresis, nausea/vomitting Women often experience non-traditional symptoms including more epigastric pain with a burning sensation

Simple pneumothorax

Any pneumothorax that is free from significant physiologic changes and does not cause drastic changes in the vital signs of the patient.

APGAR definition

Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiratory effort

You are called to a home where a 15-year-old male is experiencing severe abdominal pain. His pulse is 70 BPM, his breath rate is 14 respirations per minute. The pain is localized in the right lower quadrant. The location of his pain is most indicative of which of the following?

Appendicitis

In the bleeding control & shock management psychomotor exam, what step comes directly after taking Body Substance Isolation Precautions?

Apply direct pressure to the wound

Arterioles connect the capillaries to which vascular structure?

Arteries

While at your local gym you notice a victim that seems to be having a hard time breathing. The victim asks you to look for her medicine in the locker room. You find an inhaler in her bag. In order to initiate proper care, you should?

Ask the victim if this is the correct medicine and help her assemble the inhaler

Diseases that have rhonchi

Aspiration Pneumonia Emphysema Chronic bronchitis

Diseases that have wheezing

Asthma Emphysema Chronic bronchitis

When parking your emergency vehicle to block oncoming traffic at the scene of a crash, how should you park your apparatus?

At a 45 degree angle to traffic, taking up multiple lanes

Which vertebrae allows the head to rotate?

Axis

GCS calculation

Best Eye Response Eyes open spontaneously+4 Eye opening to verbal command+3 Eye opening to pain+2 No eye opening+1 Not assessable (Trauma, edema, etc) C Best Verbal Response Oriented+5 Confused+4 Inappropriate words+3 Incomprehensible sounds+2 No verbal response+1 Intubated T Best Motor Response Obeys commands+6 Localizes pain+5 Withdrawal from pain+4 Flexion to pain+3 Extension to pain+2 No motor response+1

Manual traction must be held when using which type of traction splint?

Bipolar

En route to an altered mental status call, your paramedic partner turns to you and says, "When we get on scene, I want a CBG." Your partner is referring to which procedure?

Blood sugar

You respond to a transient camp to find a 47-year-old male complaining of abdominal pain. He tells you to be careful because he has a history of hepatitis C. You know that hepatitis C is primarily spread through?

Blood to blood contact

Hematochezia

Bloody Stool

Butt or feet first is called what?

Breech presentation

A lower airway obstruction occurs in what anatomical structure(s)?

Bronchioles

Suctioning infants

Bulb syringe OR Soft catheter

JVD

Bulging of the jugular Vein is called distension. Is caused by pressure on the jugular vein.

You have been dispatched for a female patient who is unconscious and unresponsive. Upon your arrival, the patient's husband tells you that the patient is pregnant and is due next week. You assess your patient's circulation, airway, and breathing and find that she is pulseless and apneic. What will be your most appropriate intervention?

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation with advanced airway placement and defibrillation as required. Transport immediately to the nearest hospital with surgical capabilities.

When taking a patient's pulse from this particular site on the body, there is a small risk of hypoperfusion to the brain. Which site has this risk?

Carotid

Neurogenic shock

Caused by damage to spinal chord, which leads to massive vasodiliation, reletive hypovolemia due to increase in vascular space. Signs and Symptoms: 1.Mechanism of injury indicative of cervical spine injury. 2. Hypotesion

Septic shock

Caused by severe infection, which damage blood vessels and increases plasma loss out of vascular space.

Concussion

Causes brain function to be disrupted in some manner Signs and Symptoms: 1.Altered Mental Status 2.Loss of consiousness 3.Nausea and Vomiting 4. Irritablility 5. Amnesia

RLQ

Cecum, Appendix, Right Ovary and Ovarian Tube, Right Ureter, Right Spermatic Cord

Normal headfirst delivery is called what?

Cephalic presentation

You arrive on scene for a 24-year-old pregnant female who began choking during lunch. You find the patient to be conscious, but unable to speak. Family tells you she is about 5 months pregnant. You would treat this patient by?

Chest thrusts

You are called to the scene of a man down. Dispatch reports the man is pulseless and bystanders are doing CPR. According to the NREMT Cardiac Arrest Management/AED skill sheet, which of the following sequences is appropriate?

Complete one cycle of CPR, Attach the AED, Have everyone stand clear during rhythm check

Sepsis

Dangerous infection of the blood

You are on scene of a farming accident in which a combine severed the right arm of the driver after he left it running while checking an equipment malfunction. Your patient is a 24-year-old male who is pale, cool, and clammy. He is hypotensive and is conscious but disoriented. Another farm hand is attempting to hold direct pressure with a shirt but blood is running freely from the injury. You estimate that your patient has lost 40% of his blood volume. What stage of shock is this patient in?

Decompensated

DCAP-BTLS

Deformities & Discolorations Crepitus & Contusions Abrasions & Avulsion Penetrations & Punctures Burns Tenderness Lacerations Swelling & Symmetry

Red blood cells main function is to do which of the following?

Deliver oxygen to the tissues

The third stage of labor begins after what event has occurred?

Delivery of the infant

In the human heart, the right ventricle pumps what?

Deoxygenated blood to pulmonary circulation

Signs and symptoms of concussion include all of the following except:

Discoloration around the eyes and ears

Your patient is a 41 year old female who was found lying prone in the kitchen. She does not appear to be conscious and there is a pool of saliva next to her head. You and your partner log roll her into a supine position while maintaining c-spine stabilization. Just as you get the woman rolled over her husband tells you that she has a previous history of heart attacks. What would be the most appropriate course of action to take next?

Do a jaw thrust to open her airway

Which of the following communication systems allows simultaneous two-way communications by using two channel frequencies for each channel?

Duplex

Symptoms of cardiac failure

ECG abnormalities, mycardiopathy, megacardia, apical aneurism

You respond to a medical lab for an employee who had an unknown chemical splashed in his eye. Your patient is complaining of a burning feeling in the affected eye. You should?

Elevate the patient's head, and pour continuous amounts of NS in the affected eye

Endometriosis

Endometrial tissue grows outside uterus,

Layers of skin

Epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous

Your 72-year-old female patient fell down the stairs and is now presenting with a fixed downward gaze. The patient is moaning with agonal respirations. What is the first priority for this patient?

Establishing an airway

The Heimlich maneuver is now recommended to facilitate gastric emptying for a patient that has suffered a drowning/near drowning event:

FALSE

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

Failure of the heart to pump blood away from the heart causing accumulation of fluid in the tissues and lungs

Braxton-hicks contractions are?

False labor

Cardiac Tamponade

Fluid accumulation in the pericardium and puts pressure on heart

You respond to a swimming pool where a maintenance worker accidentally splashed liquid chlorine into her eye. She complains of burning in the eye and blurred vision. The chemical has been secured and the scene is safe. How should you treat this patient?

Flush the eye with water for 30 minutes

What is the large opening in the base of the skull where the spinal cord enters?

Foramen Magnum

Your patient is an 18 month old boy who, as reported by his mother, is "acting strange". You arrive to find the child reclined in his mother's arms. "I don't know what's wrong with him," she says. "I came out of the bathroom and he started making odd sounds and had spit running out of his mouth." What is the first thing you should do?

Get a general impression of the child by visually assessing the quality of his respirations, his skin color, and his appearance.

Which of the following choices is a normal systolic blood pressure in a child?

Greater than 70 mm Hg

You respond to an 78-year-old female with a nose bleed. The patient states that her nose just started bleeding about one hour ago and she couldn't get it to stop. You see many blood-soaked tissues on her table and the patient indicates that she takes blood thinners. How should you treat this patient?

Have the patient lean forward and pinch their nose

You are called to a home where a 91 year old man has had a syncopal episode and is vomiting. The caregiver who called 911 stated that the patient's bowel movements have been bright red since yesterday. The patient has not complained of any pain, but is nauseated. What is most likely wrong with this man and which choice includes appropriate treatment steps?

He has a lower GI bleed and should be given O2 via nasal cannula at 4LPM and transported in a position of comfort while treating for shock

Which body parts are considered to be 9% of total body surface area

Head, chest, both arms, and each individual leg

HEPA Mask

High Efficiency Particulate Air respirator; used for patients with suspected TB; worn by the EMT provider to prevent airborne transmission

You shouldn't suction the airway of an adult patient for more than 15 seconds and should ensure that you only suction while removing the catheter due to the risk of causing?

Hypoxia

Compartment Syndrome

If pressure in the space around the capillaries exceeds the pressure needed to perfuse the tissues, the blood flow is cut off and the cells become hypoxic, leading to compartment syndrome.

Seesaw breathing is indicative of respiratory distress in which type of patient?

Infants

Cells that die during a stroke are called?

Infarcted cells

Pneumonia

Infection of the lungs Signs and Symptoms: 1.Chronic/ Terminal Illness 2.Productive Cough 3.Weakness 4.Chest Pain 5.Fever 6.Low Pulse O2 reading

Tuberculosis (TB)

Infectious disease caused by the tubercle bacillus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Most commonly affects the respiratory system and causes inflammation and calcification of the system.

Cholecystitus

Inflammation of gall bladder (Most common in women from 30 to 50) Signs and Symptoms: 1.RUQ Pain 2. Increased pain at night 3.Increased pain after eating fatty foods 4. Referred pain from shoulder

As you are transporting a pregnant woman to the hospital for labor pains, she becomes lightheaded and dizzy while in the semi-fowlers position on the stretcher. Crowning is not yet present. Your first action should be to?

Instruct the woman to roll over to the left lateral recumbent position

You respond to a 16-year-old male who collided heads with another player on the football field. Vitals: BP - 196/94, P - 50, SpO2 - 94%, R - 10 and irregular. What do you suspect is happening with this patient?

Intercranial Pressure

Diverticulitis

Intestine is infected, commonly presenting in people older than 40 who have had a low fiber diet.

Any female of child bearing age should be asked about their LMP. This stands for?

Last Menstrual Period

Decompensated Shock

Late Sign of Shock Signs and Symptoms: Falling/ Low BP Hypovolemic

You arrive on scene to find a 34 year old male laying on the ground in a pool of blood. Bright red blood is spurting from a large cut in his shirt sleeve and he is clutching a knife between his teeth. What should you do first?

Leave the scene until police arrive to make the scene safe

Myocardium is the muscle of the heart (my/o = muscle). The thickness of the myocardium is dependent on the function of each heart structure. Which structure of the heart has the thickest myocardial section?

Left ventricle

RUQ

Liver Right kidney Gallbladder Colon Pancreas

Parietal/Somatic Pain

Localized intense pain

Intercostal muscles

Located between the rib, help move rib cage during breathing.

What is the easiest way to determine if a vehicle is a hybrid?

Look for the word "hybrid" on the rear of the car

Hypovolemic Shock

Loss of blood, dehydration ( due to vomiting,dirrehea, or burns) Signs and Symptoms: 1.Trauma, blunt or penetrating 2.Bleeding, Altered Mental Status 3.Tachycardia, pale, cool skin. 4. Weak peripheral pulses, hypotension

Very late sign of an ectopic pregnancy

Low BP

Acute Myocardial Infarction (MI)

MI is death of part of the heart due to lack of oxygen Sign/ Symptoms: 1.Chest pain/Pressure and nausea 2.Weakness, Fatigue 3. Dyspnea, Diaphoresis 4.Feeling of impending doom

Obstructive Shock

Mechanical obstruction of the heart muscle **including Cardiac Tamponade & Tension Pneumothorax

Which of the following is not a component of your initial impression of a patient?

Medical hx

You are called to the scene of an accident where a 19-year-old male fell through the ice on a frozen lake. His friends quickly pulled him to the shore. When you arrive he is breathing at a rate of 30 breaths per minute, heart rate 90 BPM, and is shivering uncontrollably. You take his core temperature with an oral thermometer which reads 95 degrees Fahrenheit. He is alert but appears to be slightly withdrawn. This patient is best described as?

Mildly hypothermic

Factors that increase bleeding

Movement Low body temp clotting less effective Medication anticlotting like aspirin Intravenous fluids Removal of bandages

During a large-scale terrorist attack, you are assessing patients that were exposed to a vapor cloud in an underground train station. You note that all patients are sweaty, nauseous, have diarrhea, constriction of their pupils, chest tightness, and are drooling. What do you suspect has occurred with these patients?

Nerve agent toxicity

You are treating a patient complaining of "crushing" chest pain. The patient has a history of angina pectoris, which you suspect is causing the pain now. The most appropriate medication for this patient is?

Nitroglycerin

Partial seizure

No change in level of conciousness; possible twitching or sensory changes, but no convuslsions.

Which of the following oral airway adjuncts should be inserted first when delivering ventilations by bag-valve-mask?

OPA

Spontaneous (primary) pneumothorax

Occurs in the absence of a traumatic injury to the chest or a known lung disease

Blood flow through the lungs

Once blood travels through the pulmonic valve, it enters your lungs. This is called the pulmonary circulation. From your pulmonic valve, blood travels to the pulmonary artery to tiny capillary vessels in the lungs. Here, oxygen travels from the tiny air sacs in the lungs, through the walls of the capillaries, into the blood. At the same time, carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism, passes from the blood into the air sacs. Carbon dioxide leaves the body when you exhale. Once the blood is purified and oxygenated, it travels back to the left atrium through the pulmonary veins.

Evisceration

Open abdominal injury with external organs (usually intestine) protruding

Which of the following is not one of the three phases of the uterine menstrual cycle?

Ovular

Pulmonary Embolism (PE)

PE is the blockage of a pulmonary artery due to a blood clot/other obstruction

P's of dislocation/fracture

Pain- Pallor-Skin Distal to injury maybe pale/flushed Paralysis-Unable to move extremity Paresthesia- Numbness/Tingling sensation Pressure-Patient may complain of pressure on extremity Pulses- The pulse distal to injury maybe absent or irregular

Which body part is considered to be 1% of total body surface area

Palm

If a patient was feeling nauseated this would likely be a_______________ response. If a person was tachycardic it would likely be a___________________ response.

Parasympathetic/sympathetic

Which of the following is not correct in regards to "staging" your ambulance while waiting for police to respond?

Park across the street from the address but leave the ambulance running

Which component of the patient assessment is often the most important in a medical patient?

Patient's medical history

You are asked to assess a patient's pulse quality. Which two things will you relay back to your partner?

Patient's medical history

You are responding to an MCI at a multiple crash pileup. Upon arrival, the incident commander assigns you the task of triage officer. You should immediately?

Perform a triage assessment on all patients

When esophageal varices rupture, the blood (often in great amounts) travels to the stomach via which mechanism?

Peristalsis

Expressed consent

Permission that must be obtained from every conscious, mentally competent adult before emergency treatment may be provided

All of the following are main sources that drugs can be made from, except?

Petroleum

Petechiae

Pinpoint, nonblanchable round red spots that may indicate bleeding under a patients skin.

You are called to a homeless shelter for a 64-year-old male who has been experiencing shortness of breath. The patient states the shortness of breath has been progressively getting worse throughout the day and he has been coughing up green tinged sputum. He also states he thinks he had a heart attack last year. Lung sounds are clear in the upper fields but there are crackles in the patients lower left quadrant. Upon physical examination you notice a 6 cm semi healed laceration on the patient's shin with redness around the injury. Vital signs are as follows: HR 118, BP 164 / 98, SPO2 90% on room air, RR 22, skin is very warm and dry with no discoloration. The only medications you can find for the patient are metoprolol and hydrochlorothiazide. Your primary treatment path for this patient would follow which disease process?

Pneumonia

Diseases that have crackles

Pneumonia Pulmonary edema

Your patient is a 33-year-old female who is 7-months pregnant. She complains of severe headaches and visual disturbances. You suspect?

Preeclampsia

Cricoid pressure

Pressure on the trachea, prevents air from entering the esophagus/stomach and vomiting

You are on a BLS unit, transporting a male who had a seizure but is currently conscious, alert, and oriented. The patient begins to seize on you. What should you do next?

Protect the patient from injuring themselves and call for ALS back up

If indicated, where should you place a tourniquet to control hemorrhage?

Proximal to hemorrhage

In which of the following conditions is the administration of Nitroglycerin contraindicated for the EMT Basic:

Pt does not have NTG prescription

You have been dispatched for an "abdominal problem" at the local movie theater. Your patient is a 54-year-old male with severe abdominal pain. When you ask him where it hurts, he points to the right upper quadrant of his abdomen. In which order should you palpate his abdomen?

RLQ, LLQ, LUQ, RUQ

Respiratory Syncytial Virus

RSV is a respiratory infection very common in infants and children. Is very contagous

You arrive at a local park for a 12-year-old female having an allergic reaction after being stung by a bee. Her friend has been prescribed an Epipen, but the patient, whose condition is worsening has not. Your first priority is?

Rapid transport

Your patient is describing 7/10 pain in their shoulder, although there is no trauma to the area, and you believe the pain is coming from somewhere else. This type of pain is know as?

Referred pain

Which of the following is not an error when deciding whether or not to use air medical transport?

Requesting air transport when the patient has severe, life-threatening injuries

After establishing personal safety during a technical rescue incident, what should your next safety priority be?

Rescue team safety

You have been dispatched for a possible overdose. Your patient is a 19-year-old male whose friend says he took "too many" hydrocodone. The friend says the patient usually only takes 1-2 pills but ingested at least 15 pills. The patient's friend called 911 after he became unresponsive (about 10 minutes ago). The patient has sonorous respirations at 4/minute with an SpO2 reading of 90%. You calculate the patient's GCS to be 7 (Eye: 1, Verbal: 1, Motor: 5). Which of the following terms best describes your patient's respiratory status?

Respiratory failure

Your patient is pulseless and apneic. Your partner performs CPR while you ready the AED. The AED analyzes the patient's heart rhythm and gives a "No Shock Advised" message. What should you do next?

Resume CPR for two minutes

You have been dispatched for a possible anxiety attack. Your patient is a 48-year-old male who has become extremely agitated after learning of a family member's death. He is breathing rapidly, looking around wildly, and clenching his hands. He does not appear to be aware of your presence in the room. The patient stands up suddenly and starts to pace back and forth. What should you do?

Retreat and request law enforcement

You have been dispatched for a medical evaluation at the request of police. Your patient is a 19-year-old male who consumed hallucinogenic mushrooms prior to entering a haunted corn maze. He became hysterical and violent when he encountered costumed participants and police were called. The patient has been "tased" multiple times and police are requesting patient medical evaluation as well as taser barb removal. You determine medical transport is necessary but the patient must be physically restrained for crew safety. What is the most appropriate way to restrain your patient?

Secure all extremities with soft restraints including one arm over the patient's head and the other arm down by his side

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder (COPD)

Several causes but mostly cigarette smoking. COPD is chronic, so patients always experience symptoms 1.Productive Cough 2.Abnormal Lung Sounds

5 Stages of Hypothermia

Shivering Apathy and decreased muscle function Decreased level of responsiveness Decreased vital signs Death

After administering Nitroglycerin to a patient, he begins to complain of a severe headache. The onset of the headache is considered a(n)?

Side effect

START

Simple Triage and Rapid Treatmen

LLQ

Small intestine, large intestine, ovary

Fontanelle

Soft spot on a infants head

French tip

Soft suction

Which of the following is NOT an endocrine gland?

Spleen

Angina Pectoris signs/symptoms

Squeezing, pressure, heaviness, tightness, or pain in the chest. It can be sudden or recur over time.

GCS definition

Standard for mental status assessment in the acutely ill trauma and non-trauma patient and assists with predictions of neurological outcomes (complications, impaired recovery) and mortality.

LUQ

Stomach Spleen Left kidney Colon Pancreas

Calculating APGAR

Strength and regularity of heart rate 100 beats/minute or more (2 points) Less than 100 (1 point) None (0 points) Lung maturity Regular breathing (2 points) Irregular (1 point) None (0 points) Muscle tone and movement Active (2 points) Moderate (1 point) Limp (0 points) Skin color / oxygenation Pink (2 points) Bluish extremities (1 point) Totally blue (0 points) Reflex response to irritable stimuli Crying (2 points) Whimpering (1 point) Silence (0 points)

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

Stroke like symptoms that present like a stroke but disappear within 24 hours. Can be a warning of impending stroke

Cardiac output can be defined as?

Stroke volume X heart rate

Sepsis signs

Subtle,"Not doing well," Hyper or hypothermia, Poor feeding, Jaundice, Abdominal distention, Vomiting, Apnea, Irritability, Pallor/Mottling

Jugular vein distention (JVD) if present, would be best seen with the pt placed in which position?

Supine

DCAP/BTLS is an acronym used for charting pertinent negatives. What does the S stand for?

Swelling

Signs and symptoms of Cushing's phenomenon include all of the following except:

Tachycardia

Your patient is a 58-year-old male complaining of 8/10 chest pain. He has a prescription for nitroglycerin and you notice a bottle on the counter. Your patient's blood pressure is 108/58 and has not taken any drugs for erectile dysfunction in the past 24-48 hours. After giving 1 dose, you should?

Take a blood pressure, ask the patient about their pain, and if necessary give a second dose five minutes after the first dose was administered

When placing a tourniquet, which of the following is incorrect?

Take the tourniquet off after 20 minutes

You've responded to a possible stroke call at a private residence in a well-kept neighborhood. The patient is being loaded onto the gurney while you are carrying the kits back to your ambulance. A woman briskly walks up to you from the house next door and asks if the patient is going to be alright. She states that she has been his neighbor for several years now. What should you tell the neighbor?

Tell her to speak with the patient's wife

In what situation would it be best to remove a motorcycle helmet after an accident?

The airway is inaccessible, but the patient's breathing is stable

Implied consent

The consent it is presumed a patient or patient's parent or guardian would give if they could, such as for an unconscious patient or a parent who cannot be contacted when care is needed.

What is compensated shock

The period of shock where the body is able to compensate and maintain adequate tissue perfusion

Blood pressure definition

The pressure exerted by the blood against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps and then relaxes

Tension pneumothorax

The progressive build-up of air within the pleural space, usually due to a lung laceration which allows air to escape into the pleural space but not to return.

Crepitus

The sound or feeling of broken fragments of bone grinding on each other.

You note crepitation in a patient who is complaining of chest pain after a fall from his ATV. The nurse asks you to clarify what this term you're using means. You would say to her that crepitation refers to?

The sound that occurs when broken bones rub against one another

Traumatic pneumothorax

This occurs when an injury to the chest (as from a car wreck or gun or knife wound) causes the lung to collapse.

A sedative medication can be prescribed for multiple purposes. Which of the following correctly gives TWO reasons why a sedative medication would be prescribed?

To decrease anxiety and inhibitions

You determine that your 62-year-old male patient is hypoglycemic. His vital are: BP 110/63, P 92, R 20, CBG 41 mg/dL. He is lying supine in his bed, unconscious, but will moan when you touch him. You should do what next?

Transport immediately

Which of the following would not limit your exposure to radiation?

Type of radiation

What do you do if the baby has a cord wrapped around its neck?

Umbilical cord around the neck; assess by as soon s the head is out of the vagina, run index finger around the neck; if unable to stretch over the babies head, clamp cord 2" apart and cut, then deliver as normal.

Gastrointestinal (GI) bleed

Upper GI Bleeds due to ulcaers (Feces will be black/tarry) Lower GI bleeds due to diverticulitis

Insulin shock

Used to refer to severe hypoglycemia with signs and symptoms.

Abruptio placenta signs/symptoms

Vaginal bleeding. Abdominal pain. Back pain. Uterine tenderness. Rapid uterine contractions, often coming one right after another.

A fistula is the result of a connection between a(n) __________ and a(n) __________.

Vein; artery

The primary electrical disturbance that results in cardiac arrest is...

Ventricular fibrillations

As you load a trauma patient into the ambulance, you notice a cut on her lower right leg that you missed during your rapid trauma assessment. Your next step should be?

You continue transport and bandage the leg en route when you have a chance

Abruptio placenta

a disorder of pregnancy in which the placenta prematurely separates from the wall of the uterus

Standing orders

a policy or protocol issued by a medical director that authorizes EMTs to perform particular skills in certain situations

Eclampsia

a toxic condition characterized by convulsions and possibly coma during or immediately after pregnancy

Embolic stroke

a type of ischemic stroke that causes a clot to travel to the brain, mostly from the left side of the heart

Allergic reaction

are sensitivities to a specific substance (allergen) that are contacted through the skin, inhaled into the lungs, swallowed, or injected.

Effects of inter-cranial pressure

bradycardia, irregular breathing, hypertension

Seesaw breathing

chest and abdomen work in opposite directions

Angina Pectoris

chest pain caused by a temporary loss of oxygenated blood to heart muscle often caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries

Cardiac angina

chest pain or discomfort that occurs if an area of your heart muscle doesn't get enough oxygen-rich blood

Febrile seizure

convulsions brought on by a fever in infants or small children. During a febrile seizure, a child often loses consciousness and shakes, moving limbs on both sides of the body.

Aortic dissection

damage may result in fatal bleeding, dissection is a condition where the inner layer of the wall of the aorta begins to tear; patient may complain of pain in the chest, abdomen or back will exhibit signs of shock

Dilation stage

first stage of labor; the uterine muscle contracts strongly to expel the fetus; the fetus presses on the cervix and causes it to dilate or expand

FROPVD

flow-restricted, oxygen-powered ventilation device: a device that uses oxygen under pressure to deliver artifical ventilations. Its trigger is placed so that the rescuer can operate it while still using both hands to maintain a seal on the face mask. Has automatic flow restriction to prevent over-delivery of oxygen to the patient.

Beta 1

increases HR, inotrophy (forced contraction of heart) increases electrical impulse in heart

Pelvic Inflammatory Device (PID)

inflammation of organs in the pelvic cavity; usually includes the fallopian tubes, ovaries, and endometrium; most often caused by bacteria

Pulse rate definition

number of beats per minute

Emphysema

obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by overexpansion of the alveoli with air, with destructive changes in their walls resulting in loss of lung elasticity and gas exchange

Embolism

occurs when an object migrates from one part of the body and causes a blockage of a blood vessel in another part of the body

Online orders

orders from the on-duty MD given directly to an EMT-B

Ectopic pregnancy signs/symptoms

pelvic pain and vaginal bleeding

Ectopic pregnancy

pregnancy resulting from gestation elsewhere than in the uterus

Beta 2

relaxes smooth muscle such as bronchioles and some vessels

Offline orders

standing orders issued by the medical director that allow EMTs to do things without speaking to the med director

Minute volume

the amount of air breathed in during each respiration multiplied by breaths/minute

Cricoid cartilage

the ring-shaped structure that forms the lower portion of the larynx

Decompensated shock

when the body can no longer compensate for low blood volume or lack of perfusion. Late signs such as decreasing blood pressure become evident

Compensated shock

when the patient is developing shock but the body is still able to maintain perfusion