NRES 102 Exam 2/Final

Today, which of the following regions relies most on the importation of food? - Australia and New Zealand - Western Europe - North America - Asia and Africa

Asia and Africa

Which two areas have the highest net import of grains? - Asian and Africa - North America and Australia - Latin America and Africa - Africa and Western Europe

Asia and Africa

What event occurred in 1986 that caused a general public shift in interest in nuclear energy? - Solar and wind technologies were revealed that could replace nuclear technologies. - The Chernobyl nuclear accident. - Earthquakes impacting Japan's nuclear power plants. - Global climate change due to burning fossil fuels was first well documented.

The Chernobyl nuclear accident.

Which of the following is true of the Green Revolution? - The Green Revolution was confined only to agricultural crops in the United States. - The Green Revolution was not successful in increasing agricultural productivity. - The Green Revolution was of no benefit to food production in less developed countries - The Green Revolution involved the introduction into agriculture of high-yield hybrid grains.

The Green Revolution involved the introduction into agriculture of high-yield hybrid grains.

Consumers wishing to reduce their risk of consuming pesticides in the food they eat purchase food that has been certified organic by what government entity? - Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) - U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) - Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) - Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)

The worst nuclear accident to date occurred in 1986 in __________. - Ukraine, then a part of the Soviet Union - Germany - the United States - China

Ukraine, then a part of the Soviet Union

What is Hubbert's Peak? - a mountain in Wyoming that has been exploited for its natural gas resources - a graphic estimation of when peak oil production would occur - a mountain in West Virginia that has been destroyed by surface mining - a nuclear waste depository in Nevada

a graphic estimation of when peak oil production would occur

Fossil fuels represent -the remains of fossil animals that lived a few thousand years ago. - natural deposits of organic materials that formed long before life on Earth evolved. - a large amount of Paleozoic and Mesozoic biomass buried anaerobically millions of years ago. - sustainable sources of energy that are underused today.

a large amount of Paleozoic and Mesozoic biomass buried anaerobically millions of years ago.

Making agricultural and other adjustments in response to climate change is called __________. - resiliency - deprivation - adaptation - mitigation

adaptation

In the United States, chances are that you have consumed some processed food that includes bioengineered plants - almost every day - at most once a month - once in your lifetime - perhaps once a year

almost every day

Bt crops - should always be planted in pure stands to reduce the change of Bt resistant pests. - produce chemicals that interfere with the molting of the insects pests. - are genetically modified plants that incorporate the gene for producing a potent bacterially produced insecticide. - produce chemicals that are similar to insect pheromones, interrupting pest mating cycles.

are genetically modified plants that incorporate the gene for producing a potent bacterially produced insecticide.

The Keeling Curve shows two distinctive patterns for concentrations of carbon dioxide in the Northern Hemisphere. One of them documents seasonal fluctuations with slightly lower levels of carbon dioxide in summer months as compared to winter months because - transportation releases more emissions in the winter than in the summer months. - more solar energy is used in winter months. - of our inability to accurately quantify carbon dioxide concentrations in summer months. - carbon dioxide is used by plants in photosynthesis in the spring and summer months.

carbon dioxide is used by plants in photosynthesis in the spring and summer months.

Scientists use proxies to study climate in order to measure - current levels of carbon dioxide - changes in the ozone layer over the past 30 years - climates hundreds and thousands of years ago - changes in temperature over the past 100 years

climates hundred and thousands of years ago

More than any other energy source, oil supplies most of the world's energy. In the US, which of the following sources accounts for the most electricity generated? -coal -nuclear power -hydroelectric power -natural gas

coal

What are the three challenges to solar energy? - collection, area, and storage - collection, storage, and area (lmfao wtf same shit as the first one) - collection, storage, and conversion - storage, conversion, and cost

collection, storage, conversion

In the United States, what is most often used to make ethanol? - corn - switchgrass - soybeans - Miscanthus

corn

Which of the following renewable energy sources contributes most to greenhouse gases? - corn-based ethanol - geothermal power - hydropower - wind power

corn-based ethanol

Keeping gutters cleaned out prevents rainwater from creating stagnant pools that mosquitoes need for breeding. This is an example of what kind of pest control? - natural chemical control - genetic control - control by natural enemies - cultural control

cultural control

A pesticide biomagnifies in the food chain as follows: plankton → yellow perch → double-crested cormorant. Which organism will have the highest concentration of the pesticide in its tissues? - yellow perch - double-crested cormorant - plankton - All organisms will have the same concentration

double crested cormorant

Although hydroelectric dams generate electricity without producing greenhouse gases, they - alter water control in ways that make irrigation of crops more difficult. - are short-lived structures that have to be rebuilt about every 20 years. - are only able to contribute to about 5% of the electrical power throughout the world. - eliminate farmland and wildlife habitats and often villages in the regions that are flooded.

eliminate farmland and wildlife habitats and often villages in the regions that are flooded.

Nuclear power plants in use today rely on - fission reactions to generate heat to boil water. - fusion reactions to generate heat to boil water. - fusion reactions to directly generate electricity. - fission reactions to directly generate electricity.

fission reactions to generate heat to boil water.

What are three main concerns regarding genetically modified crops? - decreased profits, justice issues, and environmental problems - food safety, environmental problems, and decreased yields - food safety, justice issues, and environmental problems - decreased yields, decreased profits, and environmental problems

food safety, justice issues, and environmental problems

The industrial revolution resulted in many changes to farms in the United States. This revolution - increased the efficiency of farming resulting in fewer, but larger farms. - introduced new crops that required the development of new farming techniques. - increased the number of family farms and increased the size of each farm. - increased the number of family farms but decreased the size of each farm.

increased the efficiency of farming resulting in fewer, but larger farms.

One of the advantages of solar generation over the use of fossil fuels is that solar power - uses less expensive technology - generates electricity every hour of the day - is sustainable - can work equally well anywhere in the world

is sustainable

Subsistence farming - is carried on large parcels of land that produce crops sold on the international market. - is no longer practiced in most of the world. - is the traditional agriculture practiced by humans 12,000 years ago. - uses modern technology to cultivate just enough food for a family or village.

is the traditional agriculture practiced by humans 12,000 years ago.

When corn is used to produce ethanol for fuel, the process also generates - methane used to heat thousands of homes - livestock feed and corn oil - biodiesel and natural gas - proteins and cellulose

livestock feed and corn oil

You have two X-rays taken, and the time of exposure was limited. According the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Agency, your radiation exposure for the X-rays was - a different type of radiation that does not cause biological damage. - below any level to cause harm. - minimal, but does pose a slight health risk. - harmless, because medical radiation is not the same dangerous energy as radiation from nuclear energy.

minimal, but does pose a slight health risk.

What is the term for efforts that decrease greenhouse gas emissions? - mitigation - adaptation - cap-and-trade - deprivation

mitigation

Which of the following will increase the planetary albedo? - fewer volcanic eruptions and fewer low clouds - more volcanic eruptions and more low clouds - fewer volcanic eruptions and more low clouds - more volcanic eruptions and fewer low clouds

more volcanic eruptions and more low clouds

In terms of pollutants given off, which of the following is best to use? - natural gas - coal - oil - All of the listed options are equally polluting

natural gas

The most cleanly burning fossil fuel available that produces the least pollutants is - nuclear energy, produced from rocks and minerals within the Earth. - coal, usually found in deposits deep within the Earth. - natural gas, usually found in deposits associated with oil. - kerosene, found in deposits associated with oil wells.

natural gas, usually found in deposits associated with oil.

Isotopes of an element have different numbers of __________. - neutrons - protons - electrons - atoms

neutrons

Of the following energy sources, which one is used for no other purpose than producing electricity? - nuclear - natural gas - oil - coal

nuclear

Pesticide resistant insects develop from the widespread use of insecticides because - over many generations, the naturally resistant pests survive and increase in number. - pesticides increase the biotic potential of some insects. - pesticides cause mutations in the insects that make them resistant. - insects lean to avoit the places where insecticides have been applied.

over many generations, the naturally resistant pests survive and increase in number.

Which of the following is more likely to be a problem among the general population in developed countries than in developing countries? -overnourishment -hunger -malnourishment -undernourishment

overnourishment

Integrated pest management refers to the concept that __________. - many different chemical pesticides used together may totally eradicate a pest species - pests can be managed effectively below an economic threshold. - many different pest species are involved in the destruction of a single food crop - every pest species can be controlled by one best method of natural control

pests can be managed effectively below an economic threshold.

Compared to the use of fossil fuels, wind energy - requires no investment - produces no exhaust pollutants and contributes little to global climate change. - is more consistent - is now renewable

produces no exhaust pollutants and contributes little to global climate change.

The fastest-growing energy technology in the world is illustrated by - a pellet stove heating a home - solar collecting panels on rooftops - a hydroelectric dam - a fuel cell

solar collecting panels on rooftops

Where do the majority of the world's undernourished people live? - North and South America - countries of the former Soviet Union - sub-Saharan Africa ad South Asia - sub-Saharan Africa and Central America

sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia

Which one of the following would provide the greatest energy benefit to a home in the United States with cold winters and hot summers? A homeowner has large glass windows facing south. In front of these windows the homeowner should plant - a flower bed below the windows, but no trees - bushes that only grow up to the bottom of the windows - tall oak trees - nothing

tall oak trees

Photovoltaic cells produce electricity using the power of __________. - water - the Sun - the wind - the tides

the Sun

Radioactive wastes consist of - the direct products of fission - the indirect products of fission - the direct and indirect products of fission - the direct and indirect products of fusion

the direct and indirect products of fission

Loss of part of the Earth's cryosphere will exert a positive radiative forcing effect on climate change because - the overall albedo of the planet will be decreased. - more of the sun's radiation will be reflected into space. -ocean thermal expansion will be increased. - less carbon dioxide will be absorbed from the atmosphere by plants.

the overall albedo of the planet will be decreased.

What are the main differences between livestock farming in the developed world and in rural societies in the developing world? - whether the livestock have been genetically modified and the age of livestock raised - the health of the livestock and whether the livestock have been genetically modified - the size of the farm and the number of animals raised - the farmers' knowledge about animal husbandry and whether manure is produced on the land

the size of the farm and the number of animals raised

Which of the following is a goal of sustainable agriculture? - to maintain a productive topsoil - to maximize yield - to decrease the number of farms in the United States - to increase the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides

to maintain a productive topsoil

In which two layers of the atmosphere do the molecules and reactions that influence climate change occur? - thermosphere and troposphere - troposphere and stratosphere - mesosphere and stratosphere - mesosphere and thermosphere

troposphere and stratosphere

For many years, the United States has had tremendous agricultural surpluses. If these surpluses were given to nations chronically in need of food, it would __________. - force citizens of the recipient nation to pay more for food than if the food aid had not been provided - substantially improve the gross national product of the recipient nations - greatly reduce the recipient nations' hunger problem in the long run - undercut the recipient nations' agricultural economy and lead to greater food dependence

undercut the recipient nations' agricultural economy and lead to greater food dependence

What is mined to produce the fuel for nuclear power? - barium - strontium - uranium - plutonium

uranium

The process of fracking involves - using underground explosives to break up gas-rich shale deposits. - using coal and petroleum as a chemical basis for producing natural gas. - processes that are under the regulation of the 2005 Safe Drinking Water Act. - using high-pressure fluids to fracture gas-rich shale deposits far underground.

using high-pressure fluids to fracture gas-rich shale deposits far underground.

What is the difference between bioaccumulation and biomagnification? - Bioaccumulation refers to the accumulation of large amounts of a substance within an individual organism, whereas biomagnification refers to the concentrating of a substance to higher and higher levels as it works its way up a food chain. - Bioaccumulation refers to the accumulation of small amounts of a substance within an individual organism, whereas biomagnification refers to the concentrating of a substance to higher and higher levels as it works its way up a food chain. - Bioaccumulation refers to accumulation of small amounts of a substance within an individual organism, whereas biomagnification refers to the compounding of accumulation through a population. - Bioaccumulation refers to accumulation of small amounts of a substance within an individual organism, whereas biomagnification refers to the magnification of the substance within an organism.

Bioaccumulation refers to the accumulation of small amounts of a substance within an individual organism, whereas biomagnification refers to the concentrating of a substance to higher and higher levels as it works its way up a food chain.

Which country generates the highest proportion of its electricity from nuclear power? - China - Japan - United States - France

France

Which of the following is true regarding insecticides? - Insecticides vary in their toxicity to mammals and their effectiveness on insects. - Insecticides are designed to kill insects and are not toxic to mammals. - Insecticides are always highly toxic to mammals and always highly effective on insects. - Insecticides are always highly toxic to insects, but the toxicity of insecticides to mammals has not been tested.

Insecticides vary in their toxicity to mammals and their effectiveness on insects.

Roughly 70% of the U.S. grain crop is used for what purpose? - It goes to directly feed animals - It goes to directly feed humans - It is turned into biofuels - It is exported to feed the hungry

It goes to directly feed animals

Once a nuclear power plant is up and running, how does it impact climate change with respect to greenhouse gases? - The impact depends on the type of fuel used. - It has a large impact on climate change, because the plant releases large amounts of nitrogen oxides from fuel combustion. - It has no impact on climate change. - It has a large impact on climate change, because it releases large amounts of carbon dioxide.

It has no impact on climate change.

Which of the following accurately describes the enrichment process used to make nuclear fuel? - It requires the separation of uranium-238 from uranium-235 to produce a material containing higher levels of uranium-238. - It involves separating uranium-235 from uranium-238 to produce a material containing higher levels of uranium-235. - It involves processing uranium ore to yellowcake without further processing. - It involves adding more uranium-238 to uranium ore.

It involves separating uranium-235 from uranium-238 to produce a material containing higher levels of uranium-235.

Which of the following is true regarding the greenhouse effect and climate change? - The greenhouse effect is a natural effect. Climate change is a result of an enhanced greenhouse effect caused by an increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. - The greenhouse effect is a result of climate change. - The greenhouse effect and climate change are the same thing. - The greenhouse effect and climate change are not related.

The greenhouse effect is a natural effect. Climate change is a result of an enhanced greenhouse effect caused by an increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Which of the following is true regarding the cultivation of genetically modified crops? -The number of hectares planted to cultivate genetically modified crops is decreasing in both developed and developing countries. -The number of hectares planted to cultivate genetically modified crops is decreasing in developed countries and increasing in developing countries. -The number of hectares planted to cultivate genetically modified crops is increasing in both developed and developing countries. -The number of hectares planted to cultivate genetically modified crops is increasing in developed countries and decreasing in developing countries.

The number of hectares planted to cultivate genetically modified crops is increasing in both developed and developing countries.

These are all arguments opposing the construction of the Keystone XL pipeline, except - The path of the pipeline would threaten the integrity of recharge areas to the Ogallala aquifer. - The pipeline would threaten sensitive lands and sociocultural aspects of native Americans living in the path. - Spills and ruptures may produce large environmental impacts. - The project would increase the amount of oil being shipped from Canada by freight trains.

The project would increase the amount of oil being shipped from Canada by freight trains.

Which one of the following is true regarding models of global climate change during the 21st century? - The various models show close agreement on trends and on 2100 estimates for projected carbon dioxide levels, sea levels, and global temperatures among regions. - The various models show no agreement at all in trends of predicted sea levels and mean global temperatures. - The various models show close agreement on regional trends for projected carbon dioxide levels, sea levels, and temperatures. - The various models show general agreement on global trends for projected carbon dioxide levels, sea levels, and temperatures.

The various models show general agreement on global trends for projected carbon dioxide levels, sea levels, and temperatures.

Which of the following is true regarding the energy content of ethanol compared to oil? - Because humans make ethanol, the amounts of energy cannot be compared. - We get more energy from ethanol than from the same amount of oil. - There is less energy in a barrel of ethanol than in a barrel of oil. - There is less energy in a barrel of oil than in a barrel of ethanol.

There is less energy in a barrel of ethanol than in a barrel of oil.