NRSG 387- Quizes Final

`13-9. Which of the following is used to determine whether there is an association between the presence or absence of a characteristic and the occurrence of an event? A) Chi square test of association B) Chi square test of independence C) Chi square test of fit D) Chi square test of assumptions

A) Chi square test of association

16-4. Who is responsible for obtaining resources for EBP, including electronic databases? A) Chief Nurse executive (CNE) B) Advanced practice nurse (APN) consultant C) Consulting librarian D) Nurse administrator

A) Chief Nurse executive (CNE)

10-9. Which of the following is one of the three requirements for a single-subject study design? A) Continuous assessment of the variable of interest B) Assessment during a baseline period after the intervention C) Measurement of outcomes at predetermined follow-up times D) Periodic assessment of the responses of the individual after the intervention

A) Continuous assessment of the variable of interest

12-4. The quantitative design that is considered the Gold Standard is: A) Experimental design B) Quasi-experimental design C) Comparison of intact groups D) Time-series design

A) Experimental design

11-9. Bar graphs are easiest to create for what types of descriptive data? A) Nominal and ordinal B) Interval and ratio C) Nominal and interval D) Ordinal and ratio

A) Nominal and ordinal

13-8. _____ quantifies the difference between a mean value in a sample and a mean value in the larger population. A) One-sample t test B) Two-sample t test C) Independent-samples t test D) Paired-sample t test

A) One-sample t test

15-4. Which of the following is a process by which the researcher searches for meaning that may lead to a theory through a qualitative data analysis and cognitive process? A) Recontextualizing B) Parsimonious C) Synthesizing D) Comprehending

A) Recontextualizing

10- 7. What strategies can be used by a researcher to collect longitudinal data? A) Retrospective and prospective methods B) Retrospective and cross-sectional methods C) Prospective and cross-sectional methods D) Retrospective, prospective, and cross-sectional methods

A) Retrospective and prospective methods

9-7. Which of the following is a threat to external validity? A) Selection effect B) Study design C) Maturation D) Type I Error

A) Selection effect

16-5. Which of the following is the cornerstone of evidence-based practice and describes the collection and analysis of all available research on a topic? A) Systematic review B) Literature review C) Methodology review D) Introductory review

A) Systematic review

15-3. Which of the following styles is appropriate when a study has a clear theoretical perspective,because the style requires using codes that are devised a priori? A) Template analysis style B) Pre-Theoretical analysis style C) Immersion/crystallization style D) Editing analysis style

A) Template analysis style

16-8. Which model of evidence-based practice is based on a five-step process? A) The Iowa Model B) The Johns Hopkins Model C) Outcomes-focused knowledge translation at the bedside D) Collaborative model for knowledge translation

A) The Iowa Model

10-3. The use of survey designs offers many advantages for the researcher including which of the following? A) The content is flexible and scope is broad. B) This is a cost-effective method for reaching small populations. C) Large sample sizes are not required. D) The content limited to subject recall, self-knowledge, and willingness to respond honestly.

A) The content is flexible and scope is broad.

12-9. Time-series design requires which of the following as the first step? A) The population of interest is identified. B) The variables are defined. C) The baseline condition is measured. D) The study question is applied.

A) The population of interest is identified.

9- 4. Which type of error is frequently referred to as the level of significance? A) Type 1 error (want to make sure that it was the intervention that made the dif - p.value = significant change (0.05) B) Type 2 error C) Measurement error D) Sampling error

A) Type 1 error (want to make sure that it was the intervention that made the dif - p.value = significant change (0.05))

12-1. Quantitative research questions often begin with which of the following words? A) What B) Where C) How D) Why

A) What

16-1. The most important aspect of research is: A) application. B) recognition. C) cost implications. D) quality and patient safety.

A) application.

10-4. The design that is used to examine simultaneously groups of subjects in various stages of development with the intent to describe differences among them is called a: A) cross-sectional design. B) longitudinal design. C) case study design. D) correlational design.

A) cross-sectional design.

10- 1. The type of question used in descriptive studies that is designed to describe what is going on or what exists is labeled as: A) descriptive. B) correlational. C) relational. D) predictive.

A) descriptive.

14-2. The purpose of qualitative research is to: A) gather data to illuminate the meaning of an event or phenomenon. B) disseminate understanding from the perspective of the patient. C) determine the acceptability of an intervention. D) deemphasize the process to understand the context and meaning of an experience.

A) gather data to illuminate the meaning of an event or phenomenon.

11-4. A type of frequency distribution in which variables with different values are plotted as a graph on x-axes and y-axes and the shape can be visualized is referred to as a: A) histogram. B) frequency table. C) scatter plot. D) line graph.

A) histogram.

9-2. The confidence that an experimental treatment or condition made a difference and that rival explanations were ruled out through study design and control is called: A) internal validity. B) reliability. C) external validity. D) population validity.

A) internal validity.

11-6. A measure of central tendency that is the average is called the: A) mean. B) median. C) mode. D) range.

A) mean

13-5. A measure of clinical significance that is commonly reported in study write-ups is: A) minimum important difference. B) maximum important difference. C) minimum important similarity. D) minimum statistical analysis.

A) minimum important difference.

13-2. Quantitative analyses are generally grouped into the following categories: A) parametric and non parametric. B) quasi-experimental and non-quasi-experimental. C) experimental and non-experimental. D) time-series analysis.

A) parametric and non parametric.

12- 8. The primary difference between a quasi-experimental design and experimental design is the way: A) results are interpreted. B) the questions are worded. C) variables are assigned. D) interventions are applied.

A) results are interpreted.

13-7. Qualitative studies are not appropriate candidates for statistical testing because unlike quantitative research: A) they do not involve analysis of numbers. B) the level of measurement of the independent needs to be precise. C) the statistical and mathematical assumptions of the test are too complicated. D) a systematic appraisal is needed. 

A) they do not involve analysis of numbers.

16-2. The paradigm is shifting from nurses providing the evidence for patient care to: A) translating existing research knowledge into practice. B) quantifying research knowledge. C) providing quality reviews of evidence. D) marketing research to healthcare consumers.

A) translating existing research knowledge into practice.

9- 8. Cross-checking conclusions using multiple data sources, methods, or researchers to study the phenomenon is known as: A) triangulation. B) bracketing. C) audit trail. D) random selection.

A) triangulation.

15-7. The qualitative researcher relies on four criteria to establish _______ of conclusions. A) trustworthiness B) credibility C) accuracy D) repeatability

A) trustworthiness

9-3. Which of the following is likely to permit bias? A) Using more than one observer B) Allowing subjects to volunteer for the study C) Blinding treatment groups to the researcher D) Using a carefully constructed demographic questionnaire

B) Allowing subjects to volunteer for the study

15-2. Which of the following is a method of analysis that involves a review of data as the data is gathered to decide when saturation has been reached? A) Saturation level B) Constant comparison C) Engagement D) Information analysis

B) Constant comparison

12-2. Which variable is not part of the central study but exerts an effect? A) Dependent variable B) Extraneous variable C) Intervention variable D) Independent variable

B) Extraneous variable

13-6. Experimental, quasi-experimental, causal-comparative, and case-control designs are all studies suited to which type of analysis? A) Bivariate B) Inferential C) Historical D) Univariate

B) Inferential

16-7. Which of the following is an appealing approach for qualitative researchers because it has characteristics of methods that elevate the level of evidence provided by the outcome? A) Meta-analysis B) Qualitative Meta-synthesis C) Synthesis analysis D) Combination analysis

B) Qualitative Meta-synthesis

9-5. Which type of error is related to the power of the statistical test? A) Type 1 error B) Type 2 error C) Measurement error D) Sampling error

B) Type 2 error

10-10. Which of the following is a typical question for a cross-sectional type of descriptive research design? A) What is the effect of urinary incontinence on the quality of life of long-term care residents over time? B) What are the differences in job satisfaction among nurses working on different types of units? C) Can feeding performance in neonates be predicted by indicators of feeding readiness? D) What were the responses of an individual with Type II diabetes to one-on-one counseling from a nurse?

B) What are the differences in job satisfaction among nurses working on different types of units?

14-6. Prolonged engagement, bracketing, triangulation, and audit trail are all ways to limit: A) confabulation. B) bias. C) control. D) uncontrolled sampling.

B) bias.

15-10. A __________ is a guide that outlines each code, its definition, and any criteria to place data into the category. A) code database B) codebook C) diary D) margin note

B) codebook

11-3. A statistical term that means a count of the instances a number occurs in a data set is called: A) interval. B) frequency. C) ratio. D) rate.

B) frequency.

14-8. Qualitative studies can help the nurse researcher: A) identify needs of clinicians. B) improve the understanding of the impact of the intervention. C) develop protocols to limit attrition. D) modify administrative tasks.

B) improve the understanding of the impact of the intervention.

11- 8. A measure of central tendency that is the exact midpoint of the numbers of the data set is called the: A) mean. B) median. C) mode. D) range.

B) median.

13-4. Confidence intervals are more accurate in representing population parameters than: A) variable analysis. B) point estimates. C) sample size descriptors. D) unit measurements.

B) point estimates.

14-9. Qualitative research designs are sometimes called _____ when they refer to qualitative approaches. A) interpretive B) traditions C) descriptive D) analytical

B) traditions

9- 10. A threat to internal validity in which the subjects' reactions are due to the effect of being observed are referred to as: A) selection effects. B) treatment effects. C) experimental mortality. D) maturation

B) treatment effects.

13-1. Inferential analysis answers the question: A) What is going on? B) What is the question? C) Are you sure? D) Who is the Primary Investigator?

C) Are you sure?

15-5. At the conclusion of an intense examination of the data and the development of an overall schematic, the researcher develops more-specific categories of meaning based on what has been gathered. Which of these terms describes these categories of meaning? A) Relationships B) Perspectives C) Codes D) Perceptions

C) Codes

15-9. _____________ is a measure of interrater or intercoder reliability between two raters or coders. The analysis is taken further by generating a p-value for the probably that random error was responsible for the agreement. A) Pearson R B) Chi square C) Cohen's kappa D) ANOVA

C) Cohen's kappa

15-8. Which of the following is the characteristic of findings that reach congruence between two or more independent researchers? A) Transferable B) Dependable C) Confirmable D) Credible

C) Confirmable

12-5. Which of the following is not a strength of experimental designs? A) Considering the strongest evidence for practice B) Allowing a definitive conclusion about cause and effect C) Directing relationships to evidence-based practice D) Being recognized and valued by other disciplines

C) Directing relationships to evidence-based practic

16-6. _________ is a methodology that synthesizes empirical, theoretical, and experiential research to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the human response to health, illness, and interventions. A) Literature review B) Search strategy C) Integrative review D) Statistical review

C) Integrative review

16-9. _______________ is the dynamic part of the Collaborative model for knowledge translation and is made up of the collaborative relationship between researchers and nurses. A) The content dimension B) The risk dimension C) The process dimension D) The research dimension

C) The process dimension

15-1. Which phase of qualitative data analysis brings the researcher to the point of what he or she believes has truly emerged from the data? A) Comprehending B) Synthesizing C) Theorizing D) Recontextualizing

C) Theorizing

15-6. Which of the following is the smallest element of the data that can be analyzed in qualitative analysis? This might include a document, phrase, word, or picture. A) Artifact B) Statement C) Unit of analysis D) Memorabilia

C) Unit of analysis

9-9. If a threat to validity cannot be eliminated or controlled, the researcher can _____ the threat. A) disclose B) limit C) account for D) ignore

C) account for

9-6. The magnitude of the impact that the intervention or variable is expected to have on the outcome is referred to as the: A) power. B) experimenter effect. C) effect size. D) treatment effect.

C) effect size.

9-1. The ability to generalize findings from a research study to other populations, places, and situations is referred to as: A) internal validity. B) reliability. C) external validity. D) population validity.

C) external validity.

11- 1. The symbol used to designate a population mean is: A) N. B) x. C) m [mu]. D) ρ .

C) m [mu].

11- 7. A measure of central tendency that is the most frequently occurring value in the data set is called the: A) mean. B) median. C) mode. D) range.

C) mode.

10- 2. The type of question used in descriptive studies that is designed to investigate an association is labeled as: A) descriptive. B) correlational. C) relational. D) predictive.

C) relational.

14-3. In qualitative research, the researcher specifically states the: A) objectives. B) aims. C) research question. D) hypothesis.

C) research question.

11-5. A type of graphic presentation of distribution that indicates the nature of the relationship between two variables measured from the same subject at the same time is referred to as a: A) histogram. B) frequency table. C) scatter plot. D) line graph

C) scatter plot.

10- 8. A variable that is not measured in correlation studies but is related to each variable in the relationship and may affect the correlation of the data negatively is called a: A) predictive variable. B) spurious variable. C) suppressor variable. D) correlation variable.

C) suppressor variable.

13-10. Which test listed below is the most frequently used statistical test? A) Mean B) Standard deviation C) Chi square D) ANOVA

D) ANOVA

14-5. Trustworthiness includes which of the following characteristics? A) Credibility B) Confirmability C) Dependability D) Credibility, confirmability, and dependability

D) Credibility, confirmability, and dependability

14-1. What type of research is used in a preliminary way to establish basic knowledge about an individual's response to health and illness? A) Interpretive B) Quantitative C) Phenomenological D) Descriptive

D) Descriptive

11-10. A calculated count derived from dividing the frequency of an event in a given time period by all possible occurrences of the event during the same time period is referred to as the: A) interval. B) frequency. C) ratio. D) Rate

D) Rate

11-2. Common descriptive statistics are not classified in which of the following ways? A) Counts of data B) Measures of central tendency C) Graphic presentations D) Sampling distributions and standard error

D) Sampling distributions and standard error

14-10. Which of the following terms describes when a sample size is big enough in qualitative research? A) Proportional B) Purposeful C) Extreme D) Saturation

D) Saturation

12-6. Which of the following is the hallmark of the experimental design? A) Use of an independent variable B) Extraneous variables are controlled C) Use of a control group D) Subjects randomly assigned to groups

D) Subjects randomly assigned to groups

14-4. Qualitative research involves what type of approach to understanding the experiences of others? A) Interpretive B) Descriptive C) Phenomenological D) Systematic

D) Systematic

16-3. Which of the following are two critical skills for knowledge translation identified by Woods & Magyary (2010)? A) Traditional models of research and isolation techniques B) Variety of data collection methods and treatments C) Integrative analysis and dissemination D) Team science and transdisciplinary efforts

D) Team science and transdisciplinary efforts

16-10. Which model of research incorporates the impact of internal and external environmental factors on nursing problems? A) Knowledge translation as part of Magnet recognition B) The Johns Hopkins Model C) Collaborative model for knowledge translation D) The Community-Based Research Translation Model

D) The Community-Based Research Translation Model

12-3. Which type of quantitative design can reveal both whether a treatment has an effect and when it is likely to occur? A) Experimental designs B) Quasi-experimental designs C) Comparison designs D) Time-series designs

D) Time-series designs

10-6. Although not considered the strongest evidence for change in nursing practice, descriptive research can be used to: A) explore causality. B) support nursing interventions. C) draw conclusions about patient care. D) assess current practice.

D) assess current practice.

12-3. The strength of inferential analysis is derived from: A) comparison of differences to standard error. B) hypothesis testing. C) calculation of the probability of error. D) comparison of differences to standard error and calculation of the probability error.

D) comparison of differences to standard error and calculation of the probability error.

10- 5. The type of design used in descriptive studies that describes the strength and nature of relationships between two variables without clarifying the underlying causes of that relationship is labeled as: A) cross-sectional design. B) longitudinal design. C) case study. D) correlation study.

D) correlation study.

14-7. A research design that studies the features and interactions of a given culture is called: A) case research methods. B) phenomenology. C) proposal. D) ethnography.

D) ethnography.

12-10. Quantitative evidence in nursing practice is used in nursing practice for assessment, interventions, and: A) application of outcomes. B) generalization of processes. C) analysis of procedures. D) evaluation of outcomes

D) evaluation of outcomes

12-7. Studies of cause and effect similar to experimental designs but using convenience samples or existing groups to test interventions are called: A) randomized controlled design. B) experimental design. C) quantitative design. D) quasi-experimental design.

D) quasi-experimental design.