NS Chapter 6

How alcohol can lead to CVD disease

1. excessive alcohol intake 2. increased VLDL production in the liver 3. increased blood triglycerides 4. cholesterol in HDL

The structural components of a triglyceride include

3 fatty acid molecules attached to a glycerol backbone molecule

According to the dietary guidelines for americans, cholesterol intake should not be greater than _________ milligrams per day

300

A _______ is very similar to a heart attack except the blockage occurs in the brain

Stroke "brain attack"

Adipose tissue is comprised of

Adipose cells are fat cells- they remove FATTY ACIDS AND GLYCEROL from the blood stream and reassemble them into fat for storage

What are some examples of food sources that contain cholesterol?

Animal foods- egg yolk, liver, meat, poultry, whole milk, cheese, and ice cream

List in order

Bile salts surround the fatty acids and monoglycerides to form a water-soluble particle called a micell. Micelles transport the lipids to the edge of the absorptive cell. These absorptive cells remove the monoglycerides and fatty acids from micelles.

The structure of phospholipids, having water soluble and water insoluble components, allow phospholipids to form the ______ of the cell

Cell membranes

A lipid with carbons arranged in a ring is called _____

Cholesterol

Risk factors for CVD

Family history Diabetes Tobacco Use

Which of he following applies to lipids?

Fats, oils, and cholesterol are lips, a class of organic nutrients that generally don't dissolve in water (water- insoluble)

a lipoprotein that transports cholesterol away from tissues and to the liver

HDL

When a portion of the heart muscle dies due to lack of nutrients and oxygen triggered by a complete artery blockage it is known as a ________ _______

Heart Attack

A condition that is characterized by abnormally high blood pressure levels and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease called

Hypertension

a condition that is characterized by abnormally high blood pressure levels and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease is called

Hypertension

Which of the following parts make up a monoglyceride?

It is a lipid that has a single fatty acid attached to the glycerol backbone of the molecule

LDL is responsible for delivering _______ to the tissues

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)- carries cholesterol to tissues

Outline the process of recycling bile salts

Most used bile salts are absorbed in the small intestine Bile salts enter the bloodstream and travel to the liver Liver recycles the used bile salts to make new bile

The damage when free radicals come in contact with LDL causes they molecule to become

Oxidized LDL cholesterol

Arteriosclerosis is described by which of the following

Plaques reduce the flexibility of arteries, causing arteriosclerosis, a condition that's commonly called "hardening of the arteries" and also contributes to the development of hypertension

Which type(s) of fatty acids are associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease?

Saturate fat Trans fat

A(n) _______ fatty acid is completely filled with hydrogen atoms

Saturated

very low density lipoproteins (VLDL )are formed from

The liver clears (chylomicrons and cholesterol) from the bloodstream and uses their contents to produce VLDL - the remnant of chylomicrons

During digestion, fats move into the small intestine in the form of chyme where they are broken down by the enzyme

The pancreas releases enzyme (lipases) into the small intestine that digest fats and phospholipids.

_________ acids can be saturated or unsaturated

fatty acids

A ______________ has three fatty acids attached to glycerol

Triglyceride

______ comprise about 95% of lipids in the body and in food. they are often referred to as fats and oils.

Triglycerides

_________ is the long term process in which plaques build up inside arterial walls

atherosclerosis

In effort to move lipids through lymph and blood, the body coats lipids with a layer of protein, phospholipids and cholesterol to form ________, a type of lipoprotein

chylomicrons

Saturated Fatty Acid

contains no carbon-carbon double bonds

Monounsaturated fatty acid

contains one carbon carbon double bond

Polyunsaturated fatty acid

contains two or more carbon carbon double bonds

Food manufacturers use the process of hydrogenation to

convert liquid oils into more solid fats, Shortening and sticks of margarine, stored longer

The most common forms of cardiovascular disease in the US include

heart attacks, strokes, kidney failure, coronary artery disease

what does it mean when a fatty acid is considered essential

it must be supplied by the diet in order to maintain health

When blood vessels that carry blood to all tissues except to the heart or brain have atherosclerotic plaques, the condition is called __________

peripheral vascular disease (PVD)

Which cuts of meat are the leanest

pork loin, tenderloin, center loin, arm roast, top round

Why is it important to have fat in your diet and in the body

providing and storing energy maintaining cell membrane produce hormones insulate against cold temp regulate blood pressure and inflammation - not heart rate cushioning against bumps blows and falls

A(n)_______ fatty acid contains no double bonds between carbons in the carbon chain of the fatty acid

saturated

Inflammation in an artery can stimulate cells to form arterial plaque in the

wall of an artery