NSCI 115 CH 24 "Environmental Policy, Law, and Planning"

A plan or statement of intention and rules outlining acceptable behaviors or accomplishing some end is known as _

policy

Today many view environmental policy as servicing the needs of human health, economic stability, and ecosystem health at the same time. In the pass, it was thought that _.

protecting the environment and human health would surely come at an economic cost.

Amendments attached to bills in conferences committee, often completely unrelated to the bill to which they are added, are called _

riders

Policy making the incorporates "learning by doing" demonstrates the strategy called _

adaptive management

which of the following is an example of a legislative rider?

adding an amendment to eliminate critical habitat for endangered species onto a veteran's health care bill/

the comprehensive, long-range national environmental strategies adopted by national government are called _ plans.

green

from the standing of wanting to successfully add a rider or amendment to a bill in the United States, when is the best time to do so and why?

in conference committee, because the bill goes back only for an up or down vote but no further modification.

the term environmental policy related to the _.

-general public opinion about environmental issues -official rules and regulation concerning the environment that are adopted, implemented and enforced by some governmental agency

which of the following statements help to accurately describe community-based planning?

-it recognizes the value of holistic planning -it involves working with local communities to gain local and traditional knowledge -it acknowledges multiple users and perspectives.

which of the following are principles of the Dutch green plant? (select all that apply) (showed answers) -Unnecessary pollution should be avoided -Motivations should exist for people to behave responsibly. -A "Stand-still" policy that says environmental quality will not deteriorate.

(1) the "stand-still" principle that says environmental quality will not deteriorate (2) abatement at the source rather than cleaning up afterward, (3)the "polluter pays" principle that says users of a resource pay for the negative effects of that use (4) the prevention of unnecessary pollution (5) application of the best practicable means for pollution control (6) carefully controlled waste disposal (7) motivating people to behave responsibly.

which of the following are true regarding historical trends among International treaties and conventions? (select all that apply)

- the rate at which the parties are signing on has increased dramatically. -the number of parties taking place in negotiation has grown.

what are some common air quality concerns that the Clean Air Act protects against?

-Airborne metal such as mercury -Airborne sulfuric acid -Coal smoke

which of the following are large lobbying groups?

-American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) -The National Rifle Association (NRA) -Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS)

which of the following are examples of a civil case leading to a conviction?

-BP agreed to pay nearly $21 billion in cases associated with the 2010 Gulf oil spill. -The Koch oil company paid $35 million in fines and penalties to state and federal authorities for negligence in more than 300 oil spills.

which of the follow are correlated with downsizing government regulation in the United States? (select all that apply)

-Bank deregulation was followed by risky behavior by banks and a Wall Street collapse. -Reduction in USDA foos safely inspections were followed by a rise in food contamination.

The 1970 were an important decade in environmental policy in the United States because the _ .

-Clean Air Act was creates -Environmental Protection Agency was established.

what new, final clean air regulations did the EPA issue in 2016?

-Mercury and Air Toxics Standards -Clean Power Plant Rule.

Which of the following books were especially influential in the environmental movement of the 1960s and 1970s in the Unites States?

-Rachel Carson's Silent Spring (1962) -Barry Commoner's Closing Circle (1971)

EPA funding and forcemeat activity has risen or fallen under each president. Select the president below under which EPA fundings and enforcement declines. (select all that apply)

-Reagan -Bush and Bush

why have most international agreements for environmental protection been based on the honor system?

-States (nations) are wary of interfering with the internal sovereignty of others.

Match the following type of Law with the correct definition.

-Statute law: Formal documents or decrees enacted by the legislative branch of government declaring, prohibiting, or commanding something -Environmental law: A special body of official rules, decision, and action concerning environmental quality, natural resources, and economical sustainability -Case law: Laws derives from court decision in both civil and criminal cases

Select the accurate statements below that reflect the status of the precautionary principle in the European Union and in the Unite States. (select all that apply)

-The European Union adopted the precautionary principle as the basis of its environmental policy. -America first generally oppose the implementation of the precautionary principle in the Unite States

Identify possible paths for the passage of a bill through Congress in the United States.

-The Senate and House pass a similar bill, but it is changed in committee. They vote again and pass the bill to the president, who signs it into law. -A president rejects a bill passed by Congress; Congress overrides the vote with a two-thirds majority and it becomes law.

Select the statements below that accurately describe the "public comment period" of proposed federal rules.(select all that apply)

-comments on proposed laws can be by mail, by e-mail, or in person at the regional hearing. -comments are collected before a proposed rules goes into effect.

The U.S. Supreme Court is _.

-composed of nine justices whose job is to judge whether a law is consistent with the U.S. Constitution -the court of last resort for appeals for both federal and state court systems.

which group below have been known to be the driving force behind many environmental policies in the United States?

-concerned scientists -concerned communities -some policymakers

which of the following statements fall within the scope of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITIES)?

-people involved in the illegal trading of endangered species or other body parts should be penalized -scientific evidence should be used to guide policy -exports and imports of engaged species and their parts should be restricted.

The first goal of the Clean Water Act was to identify and control _.

-point sources pollutants -end-of-the-pipe discharges from factories -discharges from sewage treatment plants

what are some of the challenges in implementing a cost-benefit analysis?

-some values and need are not comparable -Policy makers often prioritize personal rewards such as status, money or reelection over societal goals. -Often there is insufficient intelligence, data, or models to follow in order to calculate actual coasts and benefits.

identify widely-held bellies about the proper size and/or scope of government. (select all that apply)

-the government should be as small as possible so as to let the "Free marker" find solutions to problems. -We need the government to protect the environment and provide basic services.

which of the following are true regarding historical trends among international treaties and conventions? (select all that apply)

-the number of parties taking places in negotiations has grown. the rate at which the parties are signing on had increased dramatically.

which of the following are actual examples of lawmakers trying to weaken or ignore the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)?

-the passage of the "Healthy Forest Initiative", which eliminated public oversight and citizens appeals in many logging projects -The 2005 Energy Bill, which exempts companies from NEPA requirements in many situations on federal land. -The proposal. by the Bureau of Land Management the new coal-bed methane wells would not require environmental review.

What is the purpose of the Clear Air Act?

-to identify and regulate seven major air contaminants -to provide the first nationally standardized rules in the United States for air pollutants -to identify, monitor, and reduce air contaminants

put the steps of policy formation in the correct order, beginning with the firs step on the top and the last step on the bottom.

1. identify the problem and set agenda 2. develop proposals and then build support 3. enact law or rule and then implement policy 4. evaluate results and suggest changes

The _ in the United States saw the passage of more then 27 major federal laws for environmental protection, the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

1970s

Match the level of species protection against international trade in CITIES to its Appendix rating.

Appendix I : Trade is allowed only in exceptional circumstances with permits needed for both export and import Appendix II: relatively free trade is allowed with the required permits Appendix III: Free trade is allowed with only a few permits required in just a few countries

match the term to the correct definition

Arbitration: a formal process of spite resolution that is somewhat like a trial. Mediation: a process in which disputants are encouraged to sit down and talk to see if they can come up with a solution by themselves.

Match the international's agreement with the correct description

Base Convention: Restricts shipment of hazardous waste across boundaries UN Framework Convention on Climate Change: Directs governments to share data on climate change and to develop plans for controlling greenhouse gases. Montreal Protocol: Aims to protect the ozone layer by banning chemical that break down ozone in the atmosphere

the _ and _ are to narwal resources what the Environment Protection Agency is to pollution.

Department of the Interior; Department of Agriculture

the _ Species Act provides rules for protecting endangered species' habitats in order that they can recover.

Endangered

An analysis required by provisions in the National Environmental Policy Act of 1970, determining the effects of the environment of any major program that a deferral agency plans to undertake, is called a _ _ statement.

Environmental Impact

which of the following is an actual quote that famously sums up a widely held belief about the size of governemnt?

Government is not the solution to our planet; government is the problem.

_ species play key role in their ecosystems, and working to protect a(n) _ species means many other species will be indirectly supported.

Keystone; umbrella

a recent example of how lobbyist influence or even write bill occurred in 2013 when the company _ was exempted from judicial review regarding work with genetically engineered crops; this rider was tucked into a huge bill that continued the funding of the federal government.

Monsanto

how are rules and policies made by executive decree commonly overturned?

Presidents often overturn the executive decrees of past presidents of opposing political parties.

what is NEPA?

The National Environmental Policy Act

why is the concept of legal standing especially important in environmental law?

a person or group must show they have personally suffered from environmental degradation to have legal standing.

Revision to the Clean Air Act require the EPA to monitor _ in addition to the original criteria pollutants.

carbon dioxide

How are common law and vicil law related? Civil law is _

clarifies in common law as customs and previous court decision that establish precedents

the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899, one of the first environmental laws in the United States, made it illegal to _

dump so much refuse in waterways that navigation was blocked.

when outside groups exposes distasteful practices such as ocean dumping, public ) make International environmental treaties more effective.

embarrassment

most _ come under the jurisdiction of cabinet-level department such as the Departments of the Interior and of Agriculture.

executive agencies

what is the Bolivia's "Law of Mother Earth"

it is a law that considers the earth to be a living being, and it require that life and biodiversity be protected.

which statement correctly describes the "revolving door" between industry and governmental regulations?

it means workers move back and forth between industry and government, making impartial oversight of industry unlikely.

In addition to the direct mission of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), why was CITES so important?

it was the world's first widely adopted biodiversity policy.

What branch of government establishes environmental policy by hearing cases and determining whether they violate written or customary laws?

judicial

which statement below accurately summarize the major opinion in the U.S. Supreme Court case Citizens Unites v. Federal Election Commission? A majority of the Supreme Court justices ruled that _.

laws that limits corporate and union spending on political campaigns were unconstitutional.

What are SLAPP suits?

lawsuits that have no merit but are brought merely to intimidate and harass private nvitizend who act in the public interest.

what is the practice of talking to or otherwise trying to influence members of Congress to vote in your favor on a particular topic?

lobbying

The Clean Water Act aimed to _

make U.S. water healthy enough to support fish and shellfish population that can be consumed by people.

Most often the key to political power, and subsequently policy making, is _

money

which statement below accurately describes the change view of hot the needs of human health, economic stability, and ecosystem health overlap? These needs were _

oferten viewed as contradictory, but are increasingly being viewed as overlapping.

the establishment and regulation of national _ , monuments, and forests lies with the executer branch of the U.S. government.

parks

Before a trial can start, the litigants must establish that they have legal _ or a right to stand before the bar and be heard.

standing

How has the funding for Superfund cleanup changed over time? the funding came from _

the industrial producers of hazardous waste but not comes from taxpayers.

what was the impact of CITES designation of the African elephant population?

the initial medium priority listing was insufficient. However, the elephant was given a higher listing and is not doing well in many areas.

what is often at the root of environmental policy?

the protection of the fundamental right to an environment adequate for health and well-being

how has the focus of the environmental revolution changed over time?

the shift in focus has been from forcing violators to over the law to prevention and collaborative methods that help everyone.

Which of the following methods were used to enforce the Montreal Protocol and thereby force countries to cut CFC production?

the threat of trade sanctions

how can activists make international treaties more effective?

they can reveal sources of pollution and expose violators.

where do federal (statute) was in the United States start?

they start as legislative proposals called "bills", introduced into Congress.

what is the goal of the Superfund Act?

to generate a large pool of money to help remediate abandoned toxic sites

How did the 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill influences policy? The spill alerted the public _.

to the impacts of oil spills, further raising the public's concern for environmental protection.

the precautionary principle states that _

we shouldn't initiate and activity before fully understanding the risks associated with it.